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Design Example – Precast/Prestressed Concrete Girder
Design Steps:
1. Problem Definition
2. Girder Selection
3. Section Properties
4. Moments and Shears
5. Flexural Design
o Strand Pattern
o Prestress Losses
o Stress Checks
o Flexural Capacity
o Minimum Reinforcement
6. Shear Design
o Vertical Shear
o Interface Shear
7. Anchorage Zone Reinforcement
4-1
1. Problem Definition
Span Data Girder Concrete
Overall Girder Length = 106 ft fc′ = 6.0 ksi
Design Span = 105 ft f ′ = 4.5 ksi
ci
Girder is simply supported
w c = 0.150 kcf
Skew = 0°
Bridge Cross Section Data Deck Concrete
Number Lanes = 4 f ′ = 4.0 ksi
c
Number Girders = 6 w c = 0.150 kcf
Girder Spacing = 9.00 ft
Roadway Width = 48.00 ft Prestressing Steel
Overall Width = 51.00 ft
Type: 0.5‐in Diameter 270 ksi Low‐
Deck Thickness Relaxation Seven‐Wire Strand
Eps = 28,500 ksi
Actual = 9.00 in
Structural = 8.00 in Pull: 75%
H = 75% (Relative Humidity)
Girder Type Time to Release = 24 hrs
PCI BT‐72 (72 in. deep bulb‐tee) Profile: 2‐pt. Depressed
Location: Interior Depression Point: 0.45L = 0.45 (105 ft)
Dead Load Reinforcing Steel (NonPrestressed)
Future Wearing Surface = 0.025 ksf fy = 60 ksi
Barrier Weight = 0.418 klf E s = 29,000 ksi
Live Load
HL‐93 ‐ Design Truck + Design Lane
Figure 1: Bridge Cross Section: Six PCI BT‐72 Bulb Tee Girders at 9’‐0” Spacing
4-2
2. Analysis
2.1 Section Properties
2.1.1 Bare Girder:
The LRFD Specs allow the inclusion of transformed strand in the section properties
for a prestressed member (Article 5.9.1.4). For simplicity, the contribution of the strand
to the section properties is neglected in this example.
Properties of PCI BT‐72:
A = 767.0 in2
I = 545,894 in4
h = 72.00 in
yb = 36.60 in
yt = 35.40 in
St = 545,894 in4 / 35.40 in = 15,421 in3
2.1.2 Composite Section
Figure 2: Cross Section of Single Girder with
Composite Deck
4-3
Note: Any thickening of the slab over the top flange of the girder (i.e., a haunch or build‐
up) will be neglected in the computation of the section properties of the composite
section. However, if they are detailed in the plans, they should be included as additional
dead load.
Effective deck width: (LRFD 4.6.2.6.1)
• One‐quarter span length = (105 ft / 4)(12) = 315 in
• One‐half flange width + (12)(deck thickness):
(42 in) / 2 + (12) (8 in) = 117 in
• Average spacing of adjacent girders = (9 ft) (12) = 108 in (Controls)
Transformed deck width = (n) (effective width) = (0.8165) (108 in) = 88.182 in
E cd ′
f cd 4.0 KSI
n = = = = 0.8165
E cg ′
f cg 6.0 KSI
ybcg = (A yb) / A = 81,686 in3 / 1,472.5 in = 55.47 in
ytcg = h ‐ ybc = 72.00 in ‐ 55.47 in = 16.53 in
ytcd = hc ‐ ybc = 80.00 in ‐ 55.47 in = 24.53 in
Sbcg = Ic / ybc = 1,120,101 in4 / 55.47 in = 20,193 in3
Stcg = Ic / ytcg = 1,120,101 in4 / 16.53 in = 67,762 in3
Stcd = (Ic / ytcd) / n = (1,120,101 in4 / 24.53 in) / (0.8165) = 55,925 in3
2.2 Moments and Shears
2.2.1 Dead Loads
2.2.1.1 Girder Dead Load at Release
The moments for this condition are computed separately from other moments because
the full length of the girder is used in computing these moments, rather than the design
span (distance from center‐to‐center of bearings). The full length is used because,
4-4
when the girder cambers upward in the prestressing bed after release, its only points of
contact with the bed (and therefore its support locations) will be at the ends of the girder.
Locations of interest at release conditions:
1. Transfer point (LRFD 5.8.2.3)
l t = 60 db = 60 (0.5 in) = 30.0 in = 2.5 ft
2. Depression point
x = 0.45 L = 0.45 (106 ft) = 47.7 ft
3. Midspan
x = 0.5 L = 0.5 (106 ft) = 53.0 ft
Girder Dead Load
wgdl = (767 in2 / 144) (0.150 kcf) = 0.799 klf
wx
Mgdli = (L−x )
2
L = 106 ft (overall girder length)
Mgdli = 0.799 (x / 2) (106 ‐ x) = 42.35 x ‐ 0.400 x2
2.2.1.2 Girder Dead Load ‐ Final
L = 105 ft (bearing to bearing)
Mgdl = 41.95 x ‐ 0.400 x2
⎛L ⎞
Vgdl = w ⎜ − x ⎟ = 41.95 ‐ 0.799 x
⎝ 2 ⎠
2.2.1.3 Deck Dead Load (Structural Deck)
Structural Deck Thickness = 8.0 in
wddl = ((8 in x 108 in) /144) (0.150 kcf) = 0.900 klf
L = 105 ft
Mddl = 47.25 x ‐ 0.450 x2
Vddl = 47.25 ‐ 0.900 x
2.2.1.4 Additional Non‐Composite Dead Load (Non‐Structural Deck)
Non‐Structural Deck Thickness = 1.0 in
wncdl = ((1 in x 108 in) /144) (0.150 kcf) = 0.1125 klf
L = 105 ft
Mncdl = 5.906 x ‐ 0.0563 x2
Vncdl = 5.906 ‐ 0.1125 x
2.2.1.5 Composite Dead Load ‐ Barriers
Barriers: (2) (0.418 klf / barrier) = 0.836 klf
wcdl = 0.836 klf / (6 girders) = 0.1393 klf / girder (LRFD 4.6.2.2.1)
L = 105 ft
4-5
Mcdl = 7.313 x ‐ 0.0697 x2
Vcdl = 7.313 ‐ 0.1393 x
2.2.1.6 Composite Dead Load ‐ Future Wearing Surface
Future Wearing Surface: (48.00 ft) (0.025 ksf) = 1.200 klf
wfws = 1.200 klf / (6 girders) = 0.200 klf
L = 105 ft
Mcdl = 10.500 x ‐ 0.100 x2
Vcdl = 10.500 ‐ 0.200 x
2.2.2 Live Loads
2.2.2.1 Distribution Factors (LRFD 4.6.2.2.1)
To use the simplified live load distribution factor formulae, the
following conditions must be met:
• Width of deck is constant O.K.
• Number of girders, Nb, ≥ 4 O.K. (Nb = 6)
• Girders parallel and same stiffness O.K.
• Roadway part of overhang, de, ≤ 3.0 ft O.K. (de = 1.25 ft)
• Curvature < 4o O.K. (Curvature = 0o)
Bridge Type: k (LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.1‐1)
Distribution Factor for Moment (2 or More Lanes loaded):
Kg = n (I + A eg2) (LRFD Eq. 4.6.2.2.1‐1)
E cg ′
f cg 6.0 KSI
n = = = = 1.2247 (Note that this is the reciprocal of the value for n
E cd ′
f cd 4.0 KSI computed earlier)
eg = yt + (ts / 2) = 35.40 in + (8 in / 2) = 39.40 in S 1
x = 0.82
Kg = 1.2247 [545,894 in4 + (767 in2) (39.40 in) 2 ] = 2,126,758 in4 5.5 2
0.2 0.1
⎛ 9.0 FT ⎞
0.6
⎛ 9.0 FT ⎞ ⎛ 2,126,758 IN 4 ⎞
DF = 0.075 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.74 lanes / girder
⎝ 9 .5 ⎠ ⎝ 105 FT ⎠ ⎜ 12.0(105 FT )(8IN )3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
4-6
Distribution Factor for Shear (2 or More Lanes Loaded):
2.0
S ⎛ S ⎞
DF = 0.2 + −⎜ ⎟ (LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.3a‐1)
12 ⎝ 35 ⎠
Provided that the following condition is met in addition to the conditions specified above:
10,000 ≤ Kg ( = 2,126,758) ≤ 7,000,000 O.K.
2.0
9.0 FT ⎛ 9.0 FT ⎞
DF = 0.2 + −⎜ ⎟ = 0.88 lanes / girder
12 ⎝ 35 ⎠
2.2.2.2 Live Load Effects
Figure 3: LRFD Design Truck and Design Lane Load
At Midspan:
Design Truck will govern over Design Tandem for this span.
Mtruck = 18L ‐ 280 (Maximum moment at midspan)
Mtruck = (18) (105 ft) ‐ 280 = 1,610.0 kip‐ft
0.64KLF (105FT )
2
wL2
Mlane = = = 882.0 kip‐ft
8 8
Dynamic Load Allowance (Impact Factor) (LRFD Table 3.6.2.1‐1)
1 + IM = 1 + 0.33 = 1.33 (applied only to truck portion of live load)
MLL+I = DF [Mlane + 1.33 (Mtruck)] = (0.7423) [882.0 + (1.33) (1,610.0)] = 2,244.2 kip‐ft
At 5.68 ft from Centerline of Bearing (Critical Section for Shear ‐ see Section 3.2.1.1 below):
P1 b 1 x P2 b 2 x P3 b 3 x x
Mtruck = + + = (P1 b 1 + P2 b 2 + P3 b 3 )
L L L L
Mtruck = [(32 kip) (99.32 ft) + (32 kip) (85.32 ft) +
(8 kip) (71.32 ft)] (5.68 ft) / 105 ft
Mtruck = 350.5 kip‐ft
wx
Mlane = (L − x ) = (0.64 klf) (5.68 ft) (105 ft ‐ 5.68 ft) / 2 = 180.5 kip‐ft
2
MLL+I,Vmax = DF [Mlane + 1.33 (Mtruck)] = (0.7423) [180.5 + (1.33) (350.5)] = 480 kip‐ft
4-7
Vtruck = Mtruck / x = 350.5 kip‐ft / 5.68 ft = 61.7 kip
⎛L ⎞
Vlane = w ⎜ − x ⎟ = 0.64 klf (105 ft / 2 ‐ 5.68 ft) = 30 kip
⎝2 ⎠
VLL+I = DF [Vlane + 1.33 Vtruck] = (0.8839) [30 + (1.33) (61.7)] = 99.1 kip
2.3 Load Combinations and Load Factors
2.3.1 Applicable Limit States (LRFD Table 3.4.1‐1)
2.3.2 Service I
This load combination is the general combination for Service Limit State stress checks and
applies to all conditions other than Service III.
All load factors are equal to 1.0 for this problem.
For moment at midspan:
Acting on the non‐composite girder, MSLnc:
MSLnc = 1,101.1 + 1,240.3 + 155.0 = 2,496.4 kip‐ft
Girder Deck Addnl Deck
Acting on the composite girder, MSLc:
MSLc = 192.0 + 275.6 + 2,244.2 = 2,711.8 kip‐ft
Barrier FWS LL+I
2.3.3 Service III
This load combination is a special combination for Service Limit State stress checks that applies
“only to tension in prestressed concrete structures with the objective of crack control.”
All load factors are equal to 1.0 for this problem, except that the live load is reduced by a factor of
0.8.
For moment at midspan:
Acting on the non‐composite girder, MSLnc (same as for Service I).
Acting on the composite girder, MSLc:
MSLc = 192.0 + 275.6 + (0.8)(2,244.2) = 2,263.0 kip‐ft
Barrier FWS LL+I
2.3.4 Fatigue (not required)
According to LRFD 5.5.3.1, “Fatigue need not be checked for concrete deck slabs in multigirder
applications. … Fatigue of the reinforcement need not be checked for fully prestressed
components designed to have extreme fiber tensile stress due to Service III Limit State within the
tensile stress limit specified in Table 5.9.4.2.2‐1.” Fatigue of concrete is checked indirectly by
4-8
'
satisfying the compression stress limit of 0.4 f c for the load combination specified in LRFD
5.9.4.2.1.
2.3.5 Strength I
This load combination is the general combination for Strength Limit State design. Since
the structure is simply supported, the maximum values for the load factors are used
because they produce the greatest effect (see LRFD Table 3.4.1‐2).
No distinction is made between moments and shears applied to the non‐composite or
composite sections for strength computations. The factored loads are applied to the
composite section.
The following load factors apply:
Dead Load ‐ Component and Attachments 1.25 DC
Dead Load ‐ Wearing Surface and Utilities 1.50 DW
Vehicular Live Load and Impact 1.75 LL and IM
Mu or Vu = 1.25DC + 1.50DW + 1.75(LL + IM)
For moment at midspan, Mu:
Mu = (1.25) [1,101.1 + 1,240.3 + 155.0 + 192.0] + (1.50) (275.6) + (1.75) (2,244.2)
Girder Deck Addnl Deck Barrier FWS LL+I
Mu = 3,360.5 + 413.4 + 3,927.4 = 7,701 kip‐ft
For shear at the critical section for shear, Vu :
Vu = (1.25) [37.1 + 41.8 + 5.2 + 6.5] +(1.50) (9.3) + (1.75) (99.1)
Girder Deck Addnl Deck Barrier FWS LL+I
Vu = 113.3 + 14.0 + 173.4 = 300.7 kip
For moment at the critical section for shear, Mu :
Mu = (1.25) [239.3 + 269.5 + 33.7 + 41.7] + (1.50) (59.9) + (1.75) (480)
Girder Deck Addnl Deck Barrier FWS LL+I
Mu = 730.3 + 89.9 + 840 = 1660.2 kip‐ft
4-9
Summary of Dead and Live Load Effects
Moments at Release (kipft)
Moments and Shears
At Critical Section for Shear Midspan (52.50 ft)
(5.68 ft from Center of Support, see
Section 3.2.1.1)
Acting on NonComposite Girder:
Acting on Composite Girder:
4-10
3. Design
3.1 Flexural Design
3.1.1 Strand Patterns at End of Girder and at Midspan
A trial‐and‐error procedure is used to determine the strand pattern. For simplicity, the
trial designs that were performed to arrive at the strand patterns shown below are not
included as part of this design example.
The section at midspan is considered first. Generally, strands are added to the section in
pairs, filling the available strand locations from the bottom, until the stress limits and
strength requirements at midspan are satisfied.
The end pattern is then determined by draping strands as required to satisfy the stress
limits at the end of the girder at release. Other methods, which are not considered in this
example, could also be used to control stresses at the end of the girder.
Draped Strands
No. of Dist. from
Strands Bottom
2 68 IN
2 66 IN
2 64 IN Strands at Midspan
2 62 IN No. of Dist. from
Strands Bottom
4 8 IN
Straight Strands
8 6 IN
No. of Dist. from
Strands Bottom 12 4 IN
12 2 IN
2 8 IN
6 6 IN
10 4 IN
10 2 IN
4.22 in.
Figure 4: Strand Pattern at End and Midspan
3.1.2 Properties of Assumed Strand Patterns
For the following computations, all c. g. dimensions are measured from the bottom of the girder.
At Midspan (and between Depression Points):
Depression Point Location:
0.45 L = 0.45 (105 ft) = 47.25 ft from CL bearing = 47.75 ft from end of girder
c.g. @ midspan = [(12 strands)(2 in) + (12)(4 in) +(8)(6 in) + (4)(8 in)] / 36 strands = 4.22 in
eccentricity @ midspan = eCL = yb ‐ c.g. @ midspan = 36.60 ‐ 4.22 = 32.38 in
At End of Girder:
c.g. @ end = [(10 strands)(2 in) + (10)(4 in) +(6)(6 in) + (2)(8 in) + (2)(62 in) + (2)(64
in) + (2)(66 in) +(2)(68 in)] / 36 strands = 17.56 in
4-11
eccentricity @ end = eend = yb ‐ c.g. @ end = 36.60 ‐ 17.56 = 19.04 in
At Transfer Length from End of Member (2.5 ft):
l t = 60 db = 60 (0.5 in) = 30 in = 2.5 ft (LRFD 5.8.2.3)
c.g. of strand pattern @ end = 17.56 in
c.g. of strand pattern @ depression point = 4.22 in
c.g. @ transfer point = 17.56 in ‐ (2.50 ft / 47.25 ft) (17.56 in ‐ 4.22 in) = 16.85 in
eccentricity @ transfer point = etr = yb ‐ c.g. @ t.p. = 36.60 ‐ 16.85 = 19.75 in
At Critical Location for Shear (See section 3.2.1.1, 5.68 ft from CL bearing; 6.18 ft from end of
member):
c.g. @ 6.18 ft = 17.56 in ‐ (6.18 ft / 47.75 ft) (17.56 in ‐ 4.22 in) = 15.83 in
eccentricity @ 6.18 ft = ecv = 36.60 ‐ 15.83 = 20.77 in
Total Area of Prestressing Strands:
Aps = (36 strands) (0.153 in2) = 5.508 in2
C. G. of Straight Strands:
c.g. straight = [(10 strands)(2 in) + (10)(4 in) +(6)(6 in) + (2)(8 in)] / 28 strands =
4.00 in
eccentricity of straight strands = estr = yb ‐ c.g. straight = 36.60 ‐ 4.00 = 32.60 in
Area of Straight Prestressing Strands:
Apss = (28 strands) (0.153 in2) = 4.284 in2
3.1.3 Prestress Losses
3.1.3.1 Components of Prestress Loss
Total loss of prestress is given by: (LRFD 5.9.5.1)
ΔfpT = ΔfpES + ΔfpLT
Where,
ΔfpES = sum of all losses or gains due to elastic shortening or extension at the time of application of
prestress and/or external loads (ksi), and
ΔfpLT = losses due to long‐term shrinkage and creep of concrete, and relaxation of the steel (ksi)
3.1.3.1.1 Elastic Shortening
Ep
Δ fpES = f cgp (LRFD Eq. 5.9.5.2.3a‐1)
E ci
4-12
fcgp = Stress at c.g. of strands at release (at midspan)
Scgp = Section modulus of bare girder at c.g. of strand pattern
Scgp = I / eCL = (545,894 in4) / (32.38 in) = 16,860 in3
Initial value for fcgp can be calculated assuming the stress in strands after release, fi = 0.90 *
0.75fpu. (LRFD 5.9.5.2.3a)
Alternatively, ΔfpES can be calculated using the following closed‐form equation (LRFD Eq.
C5.9.5.2.3a‐1):
Aps f pi ( I g + em2 Ag ) − em M g Ag
Δf pES =
Ag I g E ci
Aps ( I g + em Ag ) +
2
E ps
Where,
Eci = 33,000 w c
1.5
f cI′ = 33,000 (0.146 kcf )1.5 4.5 ksi = 3,905 ksi (LRFD Eq. 5.4.2.4‐1)
wc = 0.145 kcf <= (0.140+f’ci/1000) <= 0.155 kcf = 0.146 kcf
Eps = 28,500 ksi (LRFD 5.4.4.2)
em = Average prestressing steel eccentricity at mid‐span (in.) = 32.38 in.
Mg = Mid‐span moment due to member self‐weight = 1,122 * 12 = 13,464 k‐in. (See table of
Summary of Dead and Live Load Effects)
Therefore,
5.508 x 202.5(545,894 + 32.38 2 * 767) − 32.28 * 1122 * 12 * 767
Δf pES = = 18.1 ksi
767 * 545,894 * 3,905
5.508(545,894 + 32.38 * 767) +
2
28,500
3.1.3.1.2 Time‐Dependent Losses
3.1.3.1.2.1 Approximate Estimate of Time‐Dependent Losses
ΔfpLT = 10.0(fpiAps / Ag) Үh Үst + 12.0 Үh Үst + ΔfpR (LRFD Eq. 5.9.5.3‐1)
Where,
Үh = 1.7 – 0.01H = 1.7 – 0.01(75) = 0.95 ( H = Average annual ambient relative humidity, %)
Үst = 5 / (1 + f’ci ) = 5 / (1 + 4.5) = 0.91
fpi = Prestressing steel stress immediately prior to transfer = 202.5 ksi
ΔfpR = Estimate of relaxation loss = 2.5 ksi for low relaxation strands
Therefore,
ΔfpLT = 10.0 * (202.5*5.508/767) * 0.95 * 0.91 + 12.0 * 0.95 * 0.91 + 2.5 = 25.4 ksi
3.1.3.1.2.2 Refined Estimates of Time‐Dependent Losses
Specifications provide elaborate equations (Refined Estimates) for estimating various
components of time dependent prestress losses such as those due to shrinkage of girder and
deck concrete and due to creep of prestress force and external loads applied at different times.
The reader is encouraged to refer to the specifications for the details. (LRFD §5.9.5.4)
4-13
ΔfpLT = (ΔfpSR + ΔfpCR + ΔfpR1 )id + (ΔfpSD + ΔfpCD + ΔfpR 2 − ΔfpSS )df
= ( 6.55 + 16.62 + 1.2 )id + ( 3.19 + 0.0 + 1.2 - 1.49)df
= 27.3 ksi
Note that the total long‐term loss calculated by the approximate method is quite close to the one
calculated using the refined method. We will use the approximate loss in the remainder of the
example.
3.1.3.2 Prestress Loss and Effective Prestress at Release
Compute initial prestress loss
Δf pi = Δf pES
Δ fpi = 18.1 ksi (8.9 % of initial prestress, fpj )
Compute effective stress and force after losses
fpi = 202.5 – 18.1 = 184.4 ksi
Pi = (Aps) (fpi) = (5.508 in2) (184.4 ksi) = 1,016 kip
3.1.3.3 Prestress Loss and Effective Prestress after All Losses (Final)
Compute final prestress loss
ΔfpT = ΔfpES + ΔfpLT (LRFD Eq. 5.9.5.1‐1)
ΔfpT = 18.1 + 25.4 = 43.5 ksi (21.5 % of initial prestress, fpj )
Compute effective stress and force after losses
fpe = 202.5 – 43.5 = 159.0 ksi
Pe = (Aps) (fpe) = (5.508 in2) (159.0 ksi) = 876 kip
Check effective stress: (LRFD Table 5.9.3‐1)
Calculate gain in prestressing steel due to deck weight (gdw), superimposed dead load
(gsdl), and 0.8 times the live load with impact (g0.8LLI).
Ec = 33,000w c
1.5
f c′ = 33,000 (0.146 kcf )1.5 6 ksi = 4,509 ksi
4-14
Ep 28,500
n PS −Girder Conc = = = 6 .3
Ec 4,509
545,894
ScgPS = = 16,859 in 3
32.38
1,120,101
Scomp−cgps = = 21,856 in 3
(55.47 − 4.22 = 51.25)
M deck weight (1240 + 155) * 12
g dw = * n PS −Girder Conc = * 6.3 = 6.3 ksi
ScgPS 16,859
(192 + 276) * 12
g sdl = = 1.6 ksi
21,856
0.8 * (2244) * 12
g 0.8LLI = = 6.2 ksi
21,856
Total Gain = 6.3 + 1.6 + 6.2 = 14.1 ksi
Stress in Prestressing steel due to prestress after all losses should be limited to 0.8fpy.
fpe = 159.0 + 14.1 = 144.9 ksi < 0.8 fpy = (0.8) (0.9*270 = 243 ksi) = 194.4 ksi O.K.
3.1.4 Midspan
3.1.4.1 Concrete Stresses Due to Loads
Girder Dead Load ‐ At Release with L = 106 ft:
M sw 1,122 1,122
ft = = x 12 = 0.873 ksi fb = x 12 = ‐ 0.903 ksi
St 15,421 14,915
Girder Dead Load ‐ Final with L = 105 ft:
M sw 1,101.1 1,101.1
ft = = x 12 = 0.857 ksi fb = x 12 = ‐ 0.886 ksi
St 15,421 14,915
Deck (Structural) Dead Load:
1,240.3 1,240.3
ft = x 12 = 0.965 ksi fb = x 12 = ‐ 0.998 ksi
15,421 14,915
Additional Non‐Composite Dead Load (Non‐Structural Deck):
155.0 155.0
ft = x 12 = 0.121 ksi fb = x 12 = ‐ 0.125 ksi
15,421 14,915
Composite Dead Load ‐ Barriers + Future Wearing Surface:
(192.0+275.6 ) (192.0+275.6 )
ftg = x 12 = 0.083 ksi fbg = x 12 = ‐ 0.278 ksi
67,762 20,193
4-15
(192.0+275.6 )
ftd = x 12 = 0.100 ksi
55,925
Live Load I:
2,244.2
ftg = x 12 = 0.397 ksi
67,762
2,244.2
ftd = x 12 = 0.482 ksi
55,925
Live Load III:
0.8(2,244.2 )
fbg = x 12 = ‐ 1.067 ksi
20,193
3.1.4.2 Concrete Stresses Due to Prestress
At Release
Bottom:
⎡ 1 e CL ⎤ ⎡ 1 32.38 ⎤
fb = Pi ⎢ + ⎥ = 1,016 ⎢ + ⎥ = 3.530 ksi
⎣ A Sb ⎦ ⎣ 767 14,915 ⎦
Top:
⎡ 1 e CL ⎤ ⎡ 1 32.38 ⎤
ft = Pi ⎢ − ⎥ = 1,016 ⎢ − ⎥ = ‐ 0.809 ksi
⎣A St ⎦ ⎣ 767 15,421 ⎦
After all Losses (Final)
Bottom:
⎡ 1 e CL ⎤ ⎡ 1 32.38 ⎤
fb = Pe ⎢ + ⎥ = 876 ⎢ + ⎥ = 3.044 ksi
⎣ A Sb ⎦ ⎣ 767 14,915 ⎦
Top:
⎡1 e ⎤ ⎡ 1 32.38 ⎤
ft = Pe ⎢ − CL ⎥ = 876 ⎢ − ⎥ = ‐ 0.697 ksi
⎣A St ⎦ ⎣ 767 15,421 ⎦
3.1.4.3 Concrete Stresses at Service Limit State ‐ Before Losses (At Release)
Note: Stresses at depression point will be more critical at release.
Service I:
Bottom of Girder (Compressive Stress):
fb = 3.530 ‐ 0.903 = 2.627 ksi
PS Girder
Check limiting stress: (LRFD 5.9.4.1.1)
2.627 ksi < 0.60 f′ = 0.60 (4.50 KSI) = 2.70 ksi O.K.
ci
4-16
Top of Girder (Tensile Stress):
ft = ‐0.809 + 0.873 = 0.064 ksi
PS Girder
Check limiting stress, without bonded auxiliary reinforcement: (LRFD 5.9.4.2.1)
0.064 ksi > ‐ 0.0948 fci′ = ‐ 0.0948 4.50 = ‐0.201 ksi ≤ ‐0.200 ksi O.K.
3.1.4.4 Concrete Stresses at Service Limit States ‐ After All Losses (Final)
Service III (Tensile Stress in Bottom of Girder):
fb = 3.044 ‐0.886 ‐ 0.998 ‐ 0.125 ‐ 0.278 ‐ 1.067 = ‐ 0.310 ksi
PS Girder Deck Addnl Deck Barrier+FWS LL+I
Check limiting stress: (LRFD Table 5.9.4.2.2‐1)
‐ 0.310 ksi > ‐ 0.190 fc′ = ‐ 0.190 6.00 = ‐ 0.465 ksi O.K.
Service I (Compressive Stress in Top of Girder): (LRFD 5.9.4.2.1)
• Compressive stress due to the sum of effective prestress and permanent loads:
ft = ‐ 0.697 + 0.857 + 0.965 + 0.121 + 0.083 = 1.329 ksi
PS Girder Deck Addnl Deck Barrier+FWS
Check limiting stress:
1.329 ksi < 0.45 fc′ = 0.45 (6.00 ) = 2.70 ksi O.K.
• Compressive stress due to the sum of effective prestress, permanent loads and transient
loads (full service load):
ft = ‐ 0.697 + 0.857 + 0.965 + 0.121 + 0.083 + 0.397 = 1.726 ksi
LL+I
Check limiting stress:
1.726 ksi < 0.60ϕ w fc′ = 0.60(1.0)(6.00) = 3.60 ksi O.K
where ϕw = 1.0 for top flange of girder with composite deck because span/thickness ratio
of flange must be less than 15. See LRFD 5.7.4.7.2.
• Compressive stress due to live load and onehalf the sum of effective prestress and
permanent loads:
ft = 0.397 + 0.5(2.026‐0.697=1.329) = 1.062 ksi
Check limiting stress:
1.062 ksi < 0.40 f c′ = 0.40(6.00 ) = 2.40 ksi O.K
Service I (Compressive Stress in Top of Deck): (LRFD 5.9.4.2.1)
• Compressive stress due to the sum of effective prestress and permanent loads:
ft = 0.100 ksi
Check limiting stress:
′ = 0.45 (4.00 ) = 1.80 ksi O.K.
0.100 ksi < 0.45 f cd
• Compressive stress due to the sum of effective prestress, permanent loads and transient
loads (full service load):
ft = 0.100 + 0.482 = 0.582 ksi
Check limiting stress:
4-17
′ = 0.60 (4.00 ) = 2.40 ksi O.K
0.582 ksi < 0.60ϕ w f cd
where ϕw = 1.0 for deck between tips of girder flanges, because
span/thickness = (9.00 ft – 3.5 ft) / (8 in / 12 in/ft) = 8.2 < 15. See LRFD 5.7.4.7.2.
• Compressive stress due to live load and one‐half the sum of effective prestress and
permanent loads:
ft = 0.482 + 0.5(0.100) = 0.532 ksi
Check limiting stress:
′ = 0.40(4.00 ) = 1.60 ksi O.K
0.532 ksi < 0.40 f cd
3.1.4.5 Strength Limit State (Strength I)
Compute nominal moment capacity, Mn
Check whether section behaves as a rectangular beam or a T‐beam:
A ps fpu + A s f y − A ′s f y′
c= = depth of neutral axis (LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.1.1‐4)
⎛ fpu ⎞
0.85fc′ β1b + k A ps ⎜ ⎟
⎜ dp ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ fpy ⎞
k = 2 ⎜1.04 − ⎟ (LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.1.1‐2)
⎜ fpu ⎟
⎝ ⎠
k = 2 [1.04 ‐ (243 ksi / 270 ksi)] = 0.280
dp = h + hf ‐ c.g. @ midspan = 72.00 + 8.00 ‐ 4.22 = 75.78 in [dp = 64.17 In at critical section
for shear]
Since no mild tension or compression reinforcement is being considered, terms are
eliminated. Note that the full effective (not transformed) deck width is used in this
computation since the deck concrete strength is used.
c=
(5.508 in ) (270 ksi ) 2
= 4.682 in
⎛ 270 ksi ⎞
0.85 (4.0 ksi )(0.85 ) (108.0 in ) + (0.280 ) (5.508 in ) ⎜⎜ 2
⎟
75.78 in ⎟⎝ ⎠
Compute depth of compression block, a:
a = β1c
β1 = 0.85 for fc′ = 4.0 ksi (deck concrete) (LRFD 5.7.2.2)
a = (0.85) (4.682 in) = 3.980 in [a = 3.97 in at critical section for shear]
Since a = 3.98 IN < hf = 8.00 IN, the neutral axis is in the deck, confirming
rectangular beam behavior.
Compute average stress in prestressing strand at strength limit state:
⎛ c ⎞⎟
fps = fpu ⎜1 − k (LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.1.1‐1)
⎜ dp ⎟⎠
⎝
4-18
⎛ ⎛ 4.682 in ⎞ ⎞
f ps = 270 ksi ⎜⎜1 − 0.280 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟ = 265.3 ksi [fps = 264.6 ksi at critical section for shear]
⎝ ⎝ 75.78 in ⎠ ⎠
Compute nominal moment capacity, Mn:
⎛ a⎞
Mn = A ps fps ⎜ dp − ⎟ (LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.2.2‐1)
⎝ 2⎠
( ) ⎛
M n = 5.508 in 2 (265.3 ksi ) ⎜ 75.78 in −
3.980 in ⎞
2
⎟ = 107,827 K‐in = 8,986 kip‐ft
⎝ ⎠
Compute factored moment resistance, Mr:
Check tension/compression controlled section (LRFD 5.5.4.2)
Calculate net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal resistance, εt
dt = 80 – 2 = 78 in.
εt =
(d t
− c)
* 0.003 =
(78 − 4.682) * 0.003 = 0.047 ≥ 0.005
c 4.682
Therefore, tension - controlled section
ϕ = 1.0 for flexure (LRFD 5.5.4.2)
Mr = ϕMn = 8,986 kip‐ft
Compare factored moment resistance, Mr to required moment, Mu:
Mr = 8,986 kip‐ft > Mu = 7,701 kip‐ft O.K.
3.1.4.6 Reinforcement Limits
Check Minimum Reinforcement:
Mr ≥ the lesser of 1.2 Mcr or 1.33 Mu (LRFD 5.7.3.3.2)
Compute Mcr
Mcr = (fr + fcpe ) Sc − M dnc (Sc Snc − 1) ≥ fr Sc (LRFD Eq. 5.7.3.3.2‐1)
where
fr = 0.37 fc′ = 0.37 6.00 = 0.91 ksi (LRFD 5.4.2.6)
fcpe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only
(after … losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is
caused by externally applied loads
fcpe = fb after losses (see Section 3.1.4.2) = 2.926 ksi
M dnc = the non‐composite dead load moment
M dnc = 1,101.1 + 1,240.3 + 155.0 = 2,496.4 kip‐ft
Sc = Sbcg = composite section modulus for the tension face
Snc = non‐composite section modulus for the tension face
⎛ 20,193 in 3 ⎞
( )
M cr = (0.91 ksi + 2.926 ksi ) 20,193 in 3 / 12 − (2,496 .4 kip - ft ) ⎜⎜ 3
−1⎟⎟
⎝ 14,915 in ⎠
4-19
Mcr = 6,455 kip‐ft ‐ 883 kip‐ft = 5,572 kip‐ft
Mcr must be taken greater than or equal to fr Sc = 0.91(20,193)/12 = 1,531 kip‐ft
1.2 Mcr = 1.2 (5,572) = 6,686 kip‐ft GOVERNS since 1.2 Mcr < 1.33 Mu
1.33 Mu = 1.33 (7,701) = 10,242 kip‐ft
Mr = 8,986 kip‐ft > 1.2M cr = 6,686 kip‐ft 0.K.
3.1.5 End and Transfer Point at Release
Stresses only need to be checked at release at this location since losses with time will reduce
the concrete stresses making them less critical.
3.1.5.1 Compute Concrete Stresses Due to Loads (Girder Only)
Msw 1 03.4 1 03.4
ft = = x 12 = 0.080 ksi fb = x 12 = ‐ 0.083 ksi
St 15,421 14,915
3.1.5.2 Compute Concrete Stresses Due to Prestress
Stresses due to prestress are equal to zero at the ends.
At Transfer Point:
Bottom:
⎡ 1 e tr ⎤ ⎡ 1 19.75 in ⎤
fb = Pi ⎢ + ⎥ = 1,016 kip ⎢ 2
+ ⎥ = 2.670 ksi
⎣ A Sb ⎦ ⎣ 767 in 14,915 in 3 ⎦
Top:
⎡ 1 e tr ⎤ ⎡ 1 19.75 in ⎤
ft = Pi ⎢ − ⎥ = 1,016 kip ⎢ 2
− ⎥ = 0.023 ksi
⎣ A St ⎦ ⎣ 767 in 15,421 in 3 ⎦
3.1.5.3 Check Concrete Stresses at Service Limit State ‐ Before Losses (At Release)
Service I:
Bottom of Girder (Compressive Stress):
fb = 2.670 ‐ 0.083 = 2.587 ksi
Check stress limit: (LRFD 5.9.4.1.1)
2.587 ksi < 0.60 f ci′ = 0.60 (4.50KSI) = 2.70 ksi O.K.
Top of Girder (Tensile Stress):
ft = 0.023 + 0.080 = 0.103 ksi
Check stress limit, without bonded auxiliary reinforcement (LRFD 5.9.4.1.2)
0.103 ksi > ‐ 0.0948 f ci′ = ‐ 0.0948 4.50 = ‐ 0.201 ksi ≥ ‐ 0.200 ksi O.K.
3.1.6 Depression Point (0.45L) at Release
Stresses only need to be checked at release at this location since midspan will govern for final
stress conditions.
3.1.6.1 Compute Concrete Stresses Due to Loads (Girder Only)
4-20
1,111 1,111
ft = x 12 = 0.865 ksi fb = x 12 = ‐ 0.894 ksi
15,421 14,915
3.1.6.2 Compute Concrete Stresses Due to Prestress
Bottom:
fb = 3.530 ksi (same as at Midspan)
Top:
ft = ‐ 0.809 ksi (same as at Midspan)
3.1.6.3 Check Concrete Stresses at Service Limit State ‐ Before Losses (At Release)
Service I:
Bottom of Girder (Compressive Stress):
fb = 3.530 ‐ 0.894 = 2.636 ksi
Check stress limit in concrete: (LRFD 5.9.4.1.1)
2.636 ksi < 0.60 f ci′ = 0.60 (4.50 ) = 2.70 ksi O.K.
Top of Girder (Tensile Stress):
ft = ‐ 0.809 + 0.865 = 0.056 ksi
Check stress limit, without bonded auxiliary reinforcement (LRFD 5.9.4.1.2)
0.056 ksi > ‐ 0.0948 f ci′ = ‐ 0.0948 4.50 = ‐ 0.201 ksi ≥ ‐ 0.200 ksi O.K.
3.2 Shear Design
3.2.1 Transverse Shear Reinforcement
In this example, the girder will be designed for vertical shear at the critical
section for shear. In a full design, other sections along the length of the
girder would have to be designed as well.
3.2.1.1 Critical Section for Shear
Shear design using the Sectional Design Model is an iterative process that begins by
assuming a value for θ. To avoid a trial and error iteration process, “0.5 cot θ “ in the
equation for εx (LRFD 5.8.3.4.2) can be taken as 1.0 (C5.8.3.4.2). This example illustrates
the use of both the trial and error and the simplified procedures.
Critical section for shear is at dv from the internal face of support. (LRFD 5.8.3.2)
Compute dv:
dv = Effective shear depth
= Distance between resultants of tensile and compressive forces
The depth of the compression block, a, was computed in determining the moment
capacity of the section (see Section 3.1.4.5).
4-21
But dv need not be taken less than the greater of: (LRFD 5.8.2.7)
0.9 de = (0.9) (80‐15.73) = (0.9) (64.27) = 57.84 in
0.72 h = (0.72) (80) = 57.60 in
Therefore, use dv = 62.2 in
Therefore the critical section for shear is:
0.50 ft + 62.2 in / 12 = 5.68 ft from centerline of support (support assumed to be 1.0 ft wide).
At the critical section for shear, Vu = 300.7 kip
3.2.1.2 Component of Shear Resistance from Prestress, Vp
Pf = 876 kip
Angle of center of gravity of strand profile with respect to horizontal, :
γ = tan‐1 [(eCL ‐ eend) / (dist. to depression point)]
= tan‐1 [((32.38 in ‐ 19.04 in) / 12) / 47.75 ft] = 1.32o
Vp = Pf sin (1.32o) = (876 kip) [sin (1.32o)] = 20.2 kip
3.2.1.3 Governing Equations for Shear
Vu ≤ Vr = ϕVn (LRFD 5.8.2.1‐2)
ϕ = 0.90 for shear (LRFD 5.5.4.2.1)
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp (LRFD 5.8.3.3‐1)
Compute maximum shear capacity of section:
Vn max = 0.25fc′ b v d v + Vp (LRFD 5.8.3.3‐2)
Vn max = (0.25) (6.00 ksi) (6.00 in) (62.2 in) + 20.2 kip = 580 kip
ϕVn max = (0.90) (580) = 522 kip > Vu = 300.7 kip O.K.
3.2.1.4 Concrete Contribution to Shear Resistance, Vc
Vc = 0.0316 β f c′ bv d v (LRFD 5.8.3.3‐3)
To use this equation, the quantity β must be determined. This quantity is a factor that
represents the efficiency of shear transfer by concrete.
Note that 0.0316 f c′ (ksi) = 1.0 fc′ (psi ) , so a β value of 2 would provide a concrete
contribution similar to the familiar simplified value of Vc =2 fc′ (psi ) bd.
v v
To obtain β, the quantities and θ are needed, where is a relative shear stress and θ
′
fc f c′
is the inclination of the compression field.
Vu − Vp 300.7 kip − 0.9 (20.2 kip )
vu = = = 0.84 ksi (LRFD Eq. 5.8.2.9‐1)
bv d v 0.9 (6.0 in )(62.2 in )
v u 0.84 ksi
= = 0.140
fc′ 6.0 ksi
4-22
Begin iterations by assuming a value for θ.
Trial 1: Assume θ = 24°.
Mu
+ 0.5 Nu + 0.5(Vu − Vp )cot θ − Aps f po
dv
εx = ≤ 0.001
2 (E s As + E p Aps )
(LRFD 5.8.3.4.2‐1)
Mu = 1,660 kip‐ft = 19,920 K‐in (see Summary of Dead and Live Load Effects)
Nu = 0 ‐ no applied axial loads
fpo = 0.7 (270) = 189.0 ksi (LRFD C5.8.3.4.2)
Aps = area of prestressing steel on flexural tension side of the member, i.e., the
28 straight strands
A = 28 * 0.153 = 4.284 in2
ps
19,920
+ 0.5 (300.7 − 20.2) cot(24°) − (4.284 )(189.0 )
εx = 62 . 2 ≤ 0.001
2 [ (28,500 )(4.284 )]
320.3 + 315.0 − 809.7 − 174.4
εx = = = ‐ 0.00071
2(122,094 ) 244,188
Because εx is negative, use Eq. 5.8.3.4.2‐3:
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5(Vu − Vp )cot θ − Aps f po
dv
εx =
2 (E c Ac + E s As + E p Aps )
(LRFD 5.8.3.4.2‐3)
Ac = Area of concrete on flexural tension side
= Area of girder below h/2 = 80.00/2 = 40.00 in
= (26)(6) + (4.5)(26+6)/2 + (29.5)(6) = 405 in2
320 .3 + 315 .0 − 809 .7 − 174 .4
εx = = = ‐ 0.00004 = ‐0.04x10‐3
2[(4,696 )(405 ) + 122,094 ] 4,047,948
v
From Table 5.8.3.4.2‐1, with εx = ‐0.04x10‐3 and = 0.140, find The assumed value θ for was 24°,
f c′
so convergence has been achieved.
To avoid the trial and error procedure, the term “0.5 cot θ” in the equation for εx can be assumed
to be 1.0 (LRFD 5.8.3.4.2). This would result in εx = ‐0.05x10‐3 and θ = 24.2° and β = 2.78
per Table 5.8.3.4.2‐1, the same as for the trial and error procedure.
With these values, the concrete contribution, Vc, can now be computed.
4-23
3.2.1.5 Required Shear Reinforcement, Vs
Required Vs = Vu / ϕ ‐ Vc – Vp = 300.7 / 0.9 – 80.3 – 21.8 = 232 kip
Assuming vertical stirrups,
A v f y d v cot θ
Vs = (LRFD 5.8.3.3‐4)
s
Compute Av on an in2/ft basis (s = 12 in):
12 Vs
Av =
fy dv cot θ
VC = 0.0316(5.19) 6.0 ksi (6.0 in )(62.2 in ) = 149.9 kip
Required Vs = Vu / φ − Vc = 300.7 / 0.9 − 149.9 = 184.2 kip
A = (12 in )(184.2 kip ) = 0.325 in 2 / ft
v
(60 ksi )(62.2 in) cot(28.7°)
Check minimum transverse reinforcement:
bv s
A v = 0.0316 fc′ (LRFD 5.8.2.5)
fy
3.2.2 Interface Shear Reinforcement
4-24
In this example, the girder will be designed for interface shear at the initial
critical section for shear. In a full design, other sections along the length
of the girder would have to be designed as well.
The governing design equation is:
Vui = 300.7 kips includes all non‐composite and composite loads.
Vu
v ui = (LRFD Eq. 5.8.4.2‐1)
bvi d v
Where,
The width of the shear interface is equal to the width of the top flange of
the girder, which is 42.00 in. Therefore, bvi = 42.00 in.
dv = Distance between the centroid of the tension steel and the mid‐
thickness of the slab
= 72 – 15.83+ 4 = 60.17 in.
300.7
v ui = = 0.119 ksi
42 x 60.17
Vui = v ui bvi (1 in.) = 0.119(42) = 5.0 kips/in.
(Note: Calculations are performed on per inch basis)
Assume that the top surface of the girder was intentionally roughened to
an amplitude of 0.25 in and cleaned prior to placement of the deck
concrete. The requirement for intentional roughening of the top of the
girder should be indicated on the plans.
Compute the nominal interface shear resistance, Vni:
where:
c = 0.100 ksi and = 1.000 for an intentionally roughened surface (LRFD 5.8.4.3)
Avf = area of shear reinforcement crossing the shear plane within Acv
= 0.40 in2 / 12 in. = 0.0333 in2 / in. (Vertical shear reinforcement provided is 2 # 4 @ 12
in.)
Acv = bvi (1 in.) = 42 in.
fy = 60 ksi (max) per LRFD 5.8.4.1
Pc = permanent net compressive force normal to the shear plane within Acv
= 0
Vni = 0.100( 42) + 1.000[0.0333 * 60] = 6.2 kips/in.
Check limits on Vni (LRFD 5.8.4.3):
Vni ≤ K1 fc′ Acv = 0.3(4)(42) = 50.4 kips/in. (LRFD Eq. 5.8.4.1‐4)
≤ K2 Acv = 1.8(42) = 75.6 kips/in. (LRFD Eq. 5.8.4.1‐5)
Vni = 6.2 kips/in. [Governs]
4-25
Check minimum reinforcement requirement per 5.8.4.4:
The minimum reinforcement requirement is waived since the girder/slab interface is intentionally
roughened to an amplitude of 0.25 in., vui (0.119 ksi) is less than 0.210 ksi, and all vertical shear
reinforcement will be extended across the interface and adequately anchored in the slab.
φVni = 0.9( 6.2) = 5.58 kips/in. > Vui = 5.0 kips/in. O.K.
3.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement Requirement
In this example, the longitudinal reinforcement requirement will be
checked at the inside edge of the bearing. The Specifications require that
this requirement must be satisfied at each section of the girder.
Therefore, in a full design, other sections along the length of the girder
would also have to be checked.
3.3.1 Required Longitudinal Force
Required Longitudinal Force at a typical section:
⎡ Mu N ⎛V ⎞ ⎤
Treqd = ⎢ + 0.5 u + ⎜⎜ u − 0.5 Vs − Vp ⎟⎟ cot θ⎥ (LRFD Eq. 5.8.3.5‐1)
⎣ dv ϕ ϕ ⎝ ϕ ⎠ ⎦
However, at the inside edge of bearing at the simply‐supported ends,
⎛ Vu ⎞
Treqd = ⎜⎜ − 0.5 Vs − Vp ⎟⎟ cotθ (LRFD 5.8.3.5)
⎝ ϕ ⎠
where:
values of Vu, Vs, Vp, and θ may be the same as those for the section dv from the face of the support.
Vs = shear resistance provided by transverse reinforcement, not to exceed Vu / ϕ.
A v f y d v cot θ
= (Use final values from shear design above) (LRFD Eq. C5.8.3.3‐1)
s
(0.40 in )(60 ksi )(62.2 in ) cot (24°)
2
= = 279.4 kip
12.0 in
Vu / ϕ = 300.7 kip / 0.9 = 334.1 kip, so use the computed quantity for Vs.
⎛ 300.7 ⎞
Treqd = ⎜ − 0.5 (279.4 ) − 20.2 ⎟ cot (24°) = (334.1 – 139.7 – 20.2) cot (24°)
⎝ 0 . 9 ⎠
= (174.2) (2.25) = 391 kip
3.3.2 Available Longitudinal Force
The force to resist Treqd must be supplied by the reinforcement on the flexural tension side
of the member. In this case, the available reinforcement consists of the straight strands.
The available force that can be provided by these strands at the critical section for shear
4-26
must be determined considering the lack of full development due to the proximity to the
end of the girder.
The location at which T must be provided is where the failure crack assumed for this
analysis, which radiates from inside face of the support, crosses the centroid of the
straight strands. The angle determined above during shear design at this location is
used here. The inside face of the support is 12 in from the end of the girder.
Figure 5: Assumed Failure Crack and Location Where
Crack Crosses Straight Strands
The total effective prestress force for the straight strands is:
Pes = Aps fpe = 4.284 in2 (159.0 ksi) = 681 kip
The distance from the bottom of the girder to the centroid of these strands is:
d g = c.g. straight strands = 4.00 in
Measured from the end of the girder, the crack crosses the centroid of the straight strands
at:
x = l b + dg cot θ = 12 in + 4.00 in (cot 24°) = 21.0 in
This location is within the transfer length l t , so the available stress is less than the
effective prestress force for the straight strands. The available prestress force, Tavail, at x is
therefore computed assuming a linear variation in stress from the end of the girder to the
transfer length. The transfer length, l t , is 60 db or 30 in. (LRFD 5.11.4.1.)
Tavail = Pes (x l t ) = 681 kip (21 in / 30 in) = 477 kip
Since Tavail = 477 kip > Treqd = 391 kip, the straight strands are adequate to resist the
required longitudinal force at this location and no additional reinforcement is required.
If the strands had not been adequate to resist the force, additional mild reinforcement
would have been added to provide the remainder of the required force. Alternatively, the
stirrup spacing may be reduced to increase Vs which in turn reduces Treqd.
3.4 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement:
3.4.1 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement
Article 5.10.10.1 requires that the factored bursting resistance of a pretensioned
anchorage zone be at least 4.0% of the total prestressing force. This resistance is
provided by vertical reinforcement close to the ends of pretensioned girders.
The factored bursting resistance is given by:
4-27
Pr = fs As (LRFD Eq. 5.10.10.1‐1)
where:
Pr = (0.04) Po = (0.04) [(0.75) (270 ksi) (5.508 in2)] = 44.61 kip
Note: The total jacking force prior to any losses is used as the total prestressing force Po
in this calculation:
fs is the working stress in the reinforcement, not to exceed 20 ksi
Solving for the required area of reinforcement, As:
Pr 44.61 kip
As = = = 2.23 in2
fs (20 ksi )
Therefore, at least 2.23 in2 of vertical reinforcement must be placed within h/4 = 72 in / 4
= 18.0 in from the end of the member. Stirrups placed for vertical or interface shear can
also be used to satisfy this requirement since this reinforcement is only required to resist
forces at release.
3.4.2 Confinement Reinforcement
In accordance with Article 5.10.10.2, confinement reinforcement not less than #3 bars at a
spacing of not more than 6.0 in shall be placed within 1.5 d (say 1.5 h = 9.00 ft) from the
end of the girder. These bars shall be shaped to enclose the strands.
CONSPAN®
4-28
Slide 1 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Prestress Losses ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 2 ___________________________________
Needed for … ___________________________________
___________________________________
• Stress checks
• Camber & deflection ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
2
Slide 3 ___________________________________
Components of P/S Loss ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
∆fpT = ∆fpES + ∆fpLT
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
3
4-29
Slide 4 ___________________________________
Components of Prestress Losses
___________________________________
Stress in
strands
Jacking
___________________________________
___________________________________
Anchorage
Relaxation and
seating loss
A temperature losses
B Creep, shrinkage
C
___________________________________
Elastic shortening and relaxation Elastic gain
D F H due to LL
J
E G
I
___________________________________
Elastic gain Elastic gain K
due to deck placement due to SIDL
Slide 5 ___________________________________
P/S Girder Design Example
Strands at Midspan
No. of Dist. from
___________________________________
Strands Bottom
4
8
8 IN
6 IN
___________________________________
12 4 IN
12 2 IN
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
5
Slide 6 ___________________________________
P/S Girder Design Example
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
6
4-30
Slide 7 ___________________________________
Calculation of ∆fpES
Ep
___________________________________
Δ fpES = f cgp
E ci ___________________________________
Aps f pi ( I g + em2 Ag ) − em M g Ag ___________________________________
Δf pES =
Ag I g E ci
Aps ( I g + em2 Ag ) + ___________________________________
E ps
___________________________________
5.508 x 202.5(545,894 + 32.38 2 * 767 ) − 32.28 * 1122 * 12 * 767
ΔfpES = = 18.1 ksi
767 * 545,894 * 3905
5.508(545,894 + 32.38 2 * 767 ) +
28500 ___________________________________
7
Slide 8 ___________________________________
2005 LRFD Approximate
___________________________________
Long-Term Loss:
___________________________________
∆fpLT = 10.0(fpiAps / Ag) Үh Үst + 12.0 Үh Үst + ∆fpR
___________________________________
Үh = 1.7 – 0.01H = 1.7 – 0.01(75) = 0.95
___________________________________
Үst = 5 / (1 + f’ci ) = 5 / (1 + 4.5) = 0.91
Slide 9 ___________________________________
Long-Term P/S Losses
Detailed Method
___________________________________
___________________________________
∆fpLT = (∆fpSR + ∆fpCR + ∆fpR1)id +
___________________________________
(∆fpSD + ∆fpCD + ∆fpR2 – ∆fpSS)df ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
9
4-31
Slide 10 ___________________________________
Revised Equations for: ___________________________________
___________________________________
• Modulus of Elasticity
• Unit Weight ___________________________________
• Creep & Shrinkage ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
10
Slide 11 ___________________________________
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, Ec ___________________________________
• Ec = 33,000K1 (w)1.5 √f’c ___________________________________
• K1 is a function of local aggregates
• for f’c <= 5 ksi
___________________________________
¾ w = 0.145 kcf
___________________________________
• For f’c > 5 ksi:
¾ w = 0.140 kcf + 0.001 f’c <= 0.155 kcf ___________________________________
Ref: Tadros et al (NCHRP 18-07)
___________________________________
11
2005 AASHTO-
___________________________________
LRFD
Nebraska (Medium
___________________________________
0.975
Aggregate)
New Hampshire (Medium
___________________________________
0.911
Aggregate)
Texas (Medium Aggregate) 1.282 ___________________________________
Texas (Hard Aggregate) 1.359
Washington (Medium ___________________________________
1.154
Aggregate)
All Data 1.000
___________________________________
12
4-32
Slide 13 ___________________________________
Creep & Shrinkage
___________________________________
Equations revised to account for high
strength concrete
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
13
1.80
12SF-7-C ___________________________________
1.60
___________________________________
Creep Coefficient
1.40
C5
1.20
C6
1.00
C7
___________________________________
0.80
C8
0.60
0.40
ACI 209 ___________________________________
New Eq.
0.20
0.00 ___________________________________
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Slide 15 ___________________________________
12SF-7-S ___________________________________
600
Shrinkage (microstrains)
500
S1
___________________________________
400 S2
300
S3 ___________________________________
S4
200 ACI 209
100
New Eq. ___________________________________
0
0 25 50 75 100 125
___________________________________
Time (days)
___________________________________
15
4-33
Slide 16 ___________________________________
AASHTO LRFD 2005 Formulas
___________________________________
Slide 17 ___________________________________
Correction Factors
___________________________________
5
Concrete Strength kf = ___________________________________
1 + f ci'
Time Development
k td =
t ___________________________________
61 − 4f ci' + t
Volume-
Volume-to-
to-Surface Ratio ks = 1.448 − 0.128( V / S) ___________________________________
(Creep) Æ
k hc = 1.56 − 0.008H ___________________________________
Humidity
(Shrinkage) Æ k hs = 2.00 − 0.014 H
−0.118
___________________________________
Loading Age (Creep) k la = t i 17
4-34
Slide 19 ___________________________________
P/S Gains
___________________________________
• Deck weight (6.28 ksi) ___________________________________
Non-composite girder
• SDL (1.62 ksi) ___________________________________
Composite girder
___________________________________
• 0.8LL+I (6.23 ksi)
Non-composite girder ___________________________________
Total Gain = 14.1 ksi ___________________________________
19
Slide 20 ___________________________________
Detailed vs. Approximate Method
___________________________________
Detailed Approximate
Method Method ___________________________________
Elastic Loss 18.1 ksi 18.1 ksi
___________________________________
Long-Term Loss 27.3 ksi 25.4 ksi
___________________________________
Total Loss 45.4 ksi 43.5 ksi
___________________________________
___________________________________
20
4-35
Slide 22 Material and Section Properties ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
22
4-36
4-37