DUT Reference Guide 2013

Acknowledgements
This guide was compiled by:

Shirlene Neerputh, David Thomas, Segarani Naidoo and Sara Mitha,
with input from the DUT Academics and Subject Librarian Unit.
The electronic version of this guide is available at http://library.dut.ac.za
Durban University of Technology Library January 2013
Disclaimer
Please be advised that there are many variations to the Harvard referencing style. This guide attempts
to capture the latest trends and is customised for DUT. As this is a generic guide, please confirm
faculty/departmental preferences.
Kindly note that many of the examples used in this guide are fictional, and were used to merely
illustrate the referencing technique.
Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1
What is referencing? ............................................................................................................................... 1
Why use a referencing system? ............................................................................................................... 1
Plagiarism ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Turnitin ................................................................................................................................................... 1
EndNote .................................................................................................................................................. 1
Steps involved in ensuring academic integrity ....................................................................................... 2
Tips for referencing................................................................................................................................. 2
Definitions............................................................................................................................................... 3
Format for books (print and online) ........................................................................................................ 4
Single author .............................................................................................................................. 4
Multiple authors ......................................................................................................................... 4
Editor ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Author unknown ........................................................................................................................ 5
Corporate author ........................................................................................................................ 5
Books with no publication date.................................................................................................. 5
Secondary sources...................................................................................................................... 6
Chapters in a book ..................................................................................................................... 6
Foreign title ................................................................................................................................ 6
Book reviews ............................................................................................................................. 7
Translated work ......................................................................................................................... 7
Reports ....................................................................................................................................... 8
E-books ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Chapters in an e-book ................................................................................................................ 9
Electronic encyclopaedias .......................................................................................................... 9
Format for journals and periodicals (print and online) .......................................................................... 9
Journals with volume and part/issue number ............................................................................. 9
Journals with no volume number ............................................................................................. 10
Journals: Special issues (supplementary issue) ........................................................................ 10
Journal articles from Internet sources or databases.................................................................. 11
Journals (reference to more than one publication by same author in the same year) .............. 11
Newspapers .............................................................................................................................. 12
Online newspapers ................................................................................................................... 12
Papers in conference proceedings ............................................................................................ 12
Format for other online sources ............................................................................................................ 13
Internet sources with author/s .................................................................................................. 13
Internet sources without author/s ............................................................................................. 13
Personal communications (telephone conversation, interviews and e-mail) ........................... 13
Blogs (weblogs) / Wikis........................................................................................................... 14

Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Bebo, etc.) ......................................................... 14
Computer programs ................................................................................................................. 14
Format for unpublished works (print and online) ................................................................................ 15
Presentations, posters, unpublished policy documents ............................................................ 15
Lecture notes and study guides ................................................................................................ 15
Cartographic material / maps ................................................................................................... 15
Lecture notes on a Learning Management Software (LMS) Platform ..................................... 16
Meeting minutes ...................................................................................................................... 16
Theses and Dissertations .......................................................................................................... 16
Theses and dissertations from an Institutional Repository ...................................................... 17
Format for government publications ..................................................................................................... 17
Commissions with a chairperson ............................................................................................. 17
Commissions without a chairperson ........................................................................................ 17
Councils (as issuing bodies)..................................................................................................... 18
Government departments (as issuing bodies) .......................................................................... 18
Government gazettes ................................................................................................................ 18
Government gazettes (electronic format) ................................................................................. 18
Green papers ............................................................................................................................ 19
Green papers (electronic format) ............................................................................................. 19
White papers ............................................................................................................................ 19
White papers (electronic format) ............................................................................................. 19
Laws or Acts ............................................................................................................................ 20
Laws or Acts (electronic format) ............................................................................................. 20
Law cases ................................................................................................................................. 20
Tax cases .................................................................................................................................. 20
Patents ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Standards.................................................................................................................................. 21
Format for images, artwork, video recordings ...................................................................................... 21
Images ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Online images .......................................................................................................................... 22
Art works (photographs, paintings) ......................................................................................... 22
TV programme / broadcast ...................................................................................................... 22
Film / Video recordings ........................................................................................................... 23
Online video (YouTube, Vimeo) ............................................................................................. 23
Live performances ................................................................................................................... 23
Useful websites ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Example of a Reference List ................................................................................................................. 24
Introduction
The Durban University of Technology (DUT) aims to promote academic integrity and
honesty. Referencing ensures academic integrity and prevents plagiarism. As a student it is
important to acknowledge the work of an author and the most accepted way is to use a
referencing system.
This guide outlines the Harvard Referencing system which most faculties at the university
expect students to use. While there are variations on the Harvard system, this guide is
compiled to suit the needs of both DUT staff and students. The guide will assist in proper
referencing techniques when using the various reference sources. It shows you how to insert
references in the text of your work (in-text reference) and how to compile a reference list or
bibliography. This guide may be used in the absence of a departmental referencing guide.
Consult a Subject Librarian for more information on referencing.
What is referencing?
Referencing is a method of acknowledging the sources of ideas, thoughts, opinions and
information that have been used to compile assignments, projects, theses and dissertations.
Why use a referencing system?
It is good academic practice and is important for academic writing because:
it facilitates the tracing of the original source or verification of quotations
it shows the breadth and depth of the literature you have read or consulted
plagiarism is avoided by correctly referencing the various sources of information.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the theft of a person's ideas or writing. It occurs when work is submitted
without the acknowledgement of the original source. Plagiarism is an academic and legal
offence.
Turnitin
The University has recently introduced a plagiarism software called Turnitin. Turnitin is a software
program used as an originality checker to detect plagiarism and DUT subscribes to it.
EndNote
EndNote is a bibliographic management package available to registered DUT staff and
students. EndNote is used to store and organise references, to search online bibliographic
databases, retrieve full text articles and to create bibliographies. Detailed information on how
to download and use EndNote is available on the DUT Library website http://library.dut.ac.za
Steps involved in ensuring academic integrity
Step 1: Consult
different information
sources to find the
information you need
books
journals
websites
lecture notes
Step 2: Keep records of

sources consulted
(bibliographic details)
generate manually
cite while you write
import from source
(EndNote)
Step 3: Include
references in
document
in text (reference within
the text or body of the
work)
reference list
(alphabetical listing by
author's surname at the
end of the work, of all
sources cited)
Tips for referencing
Ensure that what is cited within your in-text reference has a corresponding record in your
reference list and what is in your reference list has a corresponding record in your in-text
reference.
Check spelling and punctuation carefully.
Be consistent in your style of referencing especially in the use of punctuation and spacing.
Use the Internet with discretion and always state the date on which the site was accessed.
The use of ellipsis () indicates that words have been omitted from a quotation or that the
sentence continues.
In the reference list, the title is usually in italics. If you are handwriting your reference list you
may underline the title instead.
Use author initial/s rather than full names and if an author has more than one initial, please
indicate all initials.
There are two key aspects to referencing:

1. In-text referencing: This refers to citing references within the body or text of your work. For
the in-text reference, you need the following information:
Authors surname
Year of publication
Page number (if available)
2. The reference list: This is an alphabetical list arranged by authors surname at the end of the
assignment, project, thesis or dissertation which contains full details of the sources cited.
Definitions
Author
Bibliography
any person or entity responsible for a particular piece of work. This includes editors,
compilers, composers, persons interviewed or with whom there was personal
communication.
list of sources, arranged in alphabetical order, that have been consulted to compile your
assignment, project, etc., but which are not necessarily cited in the written document.
Note: In academic writing one usually submits a Reference list rather than a
Bibliography.
Citation
a written reference to a specific work or portion of a work.
Citing
to mention, quote by way of an example or bring forward as support, illustration, proof

or authority.
Copyright
a legal right that gives the author of an original work exclusive rights for a certain time
period in relation to that work, including its publication, distribution and adaptation.
Corporate
author
an organisation or group of persons (associations, institutions, companies, etc.) that is

identified by a corporate or group name and acts as an entity responsible for a particular
body or piece of work, e.g. Durban University of Technology (DUT).
Direct
quotation
a phrase or paragraph or part of the original text which has been repeated in exactly the
same way as the original piece of work.
Footnotes:
Reference details of sources of information used, recorded at the bottom of the page
In-text
referencing
the insertion of brief references, in the appropriate places in the text, to sources that are
being cited by the academic work.
Journal,
serials or
periodicals
sources which are published periodically, i.e. weekly, monthly, yearly, etc. Examples are
newspapers, magazines and yearbooks.
Online
database
collection of information arranged in a systematic way to make the search easy and fast.
The University subscribes to different databases such as EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Sabinet,
etc., in order to meet research requirements.
Paraphrasing
expressing someone elses ideas, thoughts or work in your own words.
Published
source
any information source, whether in print or electronic format, that is made available to
the public.
Reference list
an alphabetical list (by authors surname or corporate author) of books, articles, websites
or any other sources, that have been consulted during the writing of your assignments,
projects, research papers, dissertation, thesis, etc. In the absence of authors surname, use
the title.
Source
a person or group, a book, an article, a thesis, or any other work that provides
information.
Summarising
expressing someone elses ideas, thoughts or work in your own words, in a short or
abbreviated form.
Unpublished
source
any information source that has not been published.
Format for books

(print and online)
Editions are only noted from the 2nd edition onwards.
Single author
In-text
Reference list
Surname (year of publication: page

number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication: page
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition.

Place of publication: Publisher.
According to Babbie (2004: 78)

validity refers to the extent
Babbie, E. 2004. The practice of social research. 2nd ed. Cape

Town: Thomson Learning.
Our states capacity problems are

exacerbated by the choice of a Rolls
Royce model of governance
(Ramphele 2008: 147).
Ramphele, M. M. 2008. Laying ghosts to rest: dilemmas of

the transformation. Cape Town: Macmillan.
Multiple authors
If there are two to three authors, all authors have to be cited and should be listed in the order that they appear.
If there are more than three authors, use the surname of the first author, followed by et al. which means and
others.
The surnames of the other authors must be captured in the Reference list.
In-text
Reference list
Surname and Surname (year of publication:

page number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. and Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of

Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
A novice in the research field

(Leedy and Omrod 2005: 77).
Leedy, P. and Omrod, J. 2005. Practical research: planning

and design. 8th ed. New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall.
Mouton et al. (1990: 80) interpret

research as...
Mouton, J., Marais, H. Patton, M. and McRoy, R. 1990.

Basic concepts in the methodology of the social sciences.
Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
Editor
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Editors Surname, Initial/s. ed. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition.

Place of publication: Publisher.
Mellon (2006: 53) argues that

quantitative approach is incomplete
without the qualitative paradigm.
Mellon, A. ed. 2006. The relationship between the

quantitative and qualitative paradigms. New York:
Macmillan.
4
Author unknown
This will apply to most dictionaries and encyclopaedias.

Where the author is unknown or authorship cannot be established, the title of the work is used, followed by the
date of publication. The title can be used in the reference list or Anonymous can be used for an unknown author.
Every effort should be made to establish the authorship if you intend to use this work in an academic submission.
In-text
Reference list
Title (year of publication: page number/s)

or
(Title Year of publication: page number/s)
Title: subtitle. Year of Publication. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

or
Anon. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication:
Publisher.
According to The concise South

African dictionary (2007: 54)...
The concise South African dictionary. 2007. 3rd ed. Cape

Town: Macmillan.
Computer engineering is a growing

discipline in Africa (Encyclopaedia
of software engineering 2002: 100).
Encyclopaedia of software engineering. 2002. Johannesburg:

Wiley and Sons.
Tourism of indigenous areas has

increased (Anon 2000:45).
Anon. 2000. Encyclopedia of Tourism. London: Routledge.
Corporate author
In-text
Reference list
Name of corporate author (year of

publication: page number/s)
or
(Name of corporate author Year of
Name of corporate author. Department. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle.

Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
According to South African Institute

of Chartered Accountants (2011:
12)
South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA).

2011. Johannesburg Stock Exchange equity markets play safe.
Johannesburg: Pearson Education.
South African Maritime Safety

Authority (2012: 2) investigates
historic change in the way
South African Maritime Safety Authority. Department of Sea

Watch and Response. 2012. Maritime safety adopts historic
ship construction regulations. Cape Town: McGraw Hill.
Books with no publication date

In-text
Reference list
Surname (n.d.: page number/s)

or
(Surname n.d.: page number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. n.d. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of

publication: Publisher.
Human resources have reached new

heights (Grobler n.d.: 34).
Grobler, P. A. n.d. Human resources management in South

Africa: a new perspective. 4th ed. Johannesburg: McGrawHill.
Secondary sources
Secondary referencing is found in a book or journal article whose author uses facts or information cited in research
done by someone else. This is regarded as a secondary source as the researcher does not have the original source.
Every attempt should be made to cite from the original source.
In-text
Reference list
Surname (year of publication cited in

Surname year of publication: page number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication cited in
Surname year of publication: page number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title: subtitle. Place of

Sentoo and Mhlongo (1989 cited in

Smith 2009: 15) argue that
Smith, J. P. 2009. Library and information profession in

South Africa: a student perspective. Durban: Juta.
Chapters in a book
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Chapter title: subtitle. In:

Surname, Initial/s. ed. Title of book: subtitle. Place of publication:
Publisher, page numbers.
Mixed methods research is the latest

research trend (Cooke and Philip
2001: 8).
Cooke, D. J. and Philip, L. 2001. To treat or not to treat? an

empirical perspective. In: Hollin, C. R. ed. Handbook of
offender assessment and treatment. Chichester: Wiley, 3-15.
Foreign title
If your assignment, theses, dissertation or project is in the English language but you are referring to sources which
are written in other languages, give the source title exactly as it appears in the original language or give an English
translation of it in square brackets with a language descriptor at the end.
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Original title [Translated

title]. Place of publication: Publisher.

number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Original title. Place of

Candegabe (1997: 25) revealed

that...
Candegabe, E. F. 1997. Materia medica comparada

[Comparative medical material]. Buckinghamshire:
Beaconsfield Publishers.
or
Candegabe, E. F. 1997. Materia medica comparada.
Buckinghamshire: Beaconsfield Publishers.
Book reviews
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Reviewers Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication of review. Title of book

being reviewed by Author(s) of book, reviewed in Title of Journal/Newspaper
containing the review, volume(issue), page.
Time is a contributing factor

(Raju 2005).
Raju, R. 2005. The Project Management Toolkit by Kendrick, T.,

reviewed in Engineering, 57(5), 25.
Parfit (1997) commented that
Parfit, M. 1997. Breathless (Review of the book The climb:

tragic ambitions on Everest). New York Times on the Web
(online). Available:
http://search.nytimes.com/books/reviews/971207.07parfitt.html
(Accessed 7 October 1999).
Reviewers Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication of review. Title of review

(Review of the book Title of book). Title of Journal/Newspaper containing the
review (format). Available: web address. Accessed date.
Translated work
For works which have been translated the reference should include details of the translator and for major historical
works the date of the original work may be included.
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title: subtitle. Translated

from original Language by Surname, Initial/s of Translator. Place of
publication: Publisher
A recent study indicated that...

(Richter and Hebgen 2009: 23).
Richter, P. and Hebgen, E. 2009. Trigger points and muscle

chains in osteopath. Translated from German by Wilms, S.
Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag.
Reports
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Organisational reports:
Authors Surname, Initial/s / Organisation. Year. Title of report. Place:
Publisher.
The report (Department of Health

2001) suggests
Department of Health. 2001. National service framework for

older people. London: Department of Health.
is key to a healthy work

environment (Coulter and Collins
2011).
Coulter, A. and Collins, A. 2011. Making shared decisionmaking a reality: no decision about me, without me. London: The
King's Fund.
The report (Department of Health

2001) suggests
Department of Health. 2001. National service framework for

older people (online). London: Department of Health. Available:
http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/
documents/digitalasset/dh_4071283.pdf (Accessed 2 May 2011).
is key to a healthy work

environment (Coulter and Collins
2011).
Coulter, A. and Collins, A. 2011. Making shared decisionmaking a reality: no decision about me, without me (online).
London: The King's Fund. Available:
http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/nhs_decisionmaking.html
(Accessed 12 September 2011).
E-reports:
Authors Surname, Initial/s / Organisation. Year. Title of report (format). Place:
Publisher. Available: website address (Accessed date).
E-books
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format). Place of

publication: Publisher. Available: website address (Accessed date).

number/s)
Appannaiah and Ramanath (2009)

discuss the importance of industrial
management...
Appannaiah, H. R. and Ramanath, H. R. 2009. Perspective

management (online). Mumbai, India: Global Media.
Available: http://www.ebrary.com (Accessed 20 January
2012).
Chapters in an e-book
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Chapter title: subtitle. In:

Surname, Initial/s. Title of book: subtitle (format). Edition. Place of
publication: Publisher. Available: website address (Accessed date).
According to Johnson (2002: 2)
Johnson, D. 2002. A mans perspective. In: Peter, C. Women

are from Jupiter (online). Durban, South Africa: Global
Media. Available: http://www.ebrary.com (Accessed 20
January 2010).
Electronic encyclopaedias
Wikipedia is not considered an academic source
In-text
Reference list
Title of encyclopaedia. Subject (format). Year of publication. Available:

website address (Accessed date).
(Title Year of publication: page number/s)
Plastic surgery is a speciality

(Mosbys encyclopaedia of anatomy,
2009: 67).
Mosbys encyclopaedia of anatomy. Plastic surgery (online).

2009. Available: http://mosby.org/Plastic_surgery.htm
(Accessed 11 December 2009).
Format for journals and periodicals

(print and online)
To distinguish between the article title and the journal title the journal title is either
underlined or put in italics.
Some journals indicate seasons of the year (Autumn / Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer),
or parts of the year (First quarter, Second quarter, Third quarter, Fourth quarter) or
just the names of the month in which they are published (January, February, March,
etc.) to identify the different parts.
Journals with volume and part/issue number

In-text
Reference list
Surname (year of publication: page number/s)

or
(Surname Year of publication: page number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Article title:

subtitle. Journal title, volume number(part/issue number): page
number/s.
Simelane (2009: 87) stated that natural

resources have been conserved
Simelane, T. 2009. African traditional knowledge

systems and biodiversity management. Africa insight,
39(3): 84-93.
The conservation of natural resources has

long been practiced by African
communities (Simelane 2009: 87).
Journals with no volume number
Use the date or any other descriptor e.g. Summer.

Where there is no volume or issue number, a comma (not a colon) is placed after the title of the journal. This
shows that the page numbers follow.
In-text
number/s)
number/s)
Walton (2011: 12) recommends that

you prepare an argument
Reference list
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Article title: subtitle.
Journal title, Part name/descriptor: page numbers.
Walton, S. B. 2011. A good response to a bad idea:

disagreeing with management confidently and effectively.
Public relations strategist, Fall: 12-14.
Responding effectively to a bad

idea requires making your response
business-relevant and constructing a
supported case (Walton 2011: 12).
Journals: Special issues (supplementary issue)

In-text
Reference list

number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Article title: subtitle.

Journal title, volume number(Supplement): page number/s.

number/s)
According to Mapesela and Hay

(2006: 720) staff is discouraged
about
Mapesela, M. and Hay, D. H. 2006. The effect of change and

transformation on academic staff and job satisfaction: a case
of a South African university of higher education. The
international journal of higher education and educational
planning, 37(Suppl.): 711-747.
10
Journal articles from Internet sources or databases

In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initials. Year of publication. Title of article. Journal title

(format), volume number(issue number): pages. Available: website address
(Accessed date).
Mapesela and Hay (2006: 712)

state that...
Mapesela, M. and Hay, D. H. 2006. The effect of change and

transformation on academic staff and job satisfaction: a case of
a South African university. Higher education: the international
journal of higher education and educational planning (online),
52(4): 711-747. Available: http://search.epnet.com (Accessed 10
December 2009).
According to Ibiyemi, Adenuga

and Odusami (2009: 26)...
Ibiyemi, A. O., Adenuga, A. O., and Odusami, K. T. 2009.

Comparative analysis of traditional procurement methods in
Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of construction (online), 2(2): 26.
Available: http://www.asocsa.org/JOC2009Vol2No2content.pdf
Journals (reference to more than one publication by same author in the same year)
If referencing sources which are written by the same author and published in the same year, use letters a, b, c, etc.
after the publication year (without a space) to distinguish between them. Each source would require a separate
entry in the reference list.
In-text
Reference list
Surname (year of publication{indication of

sequence}): page number/s)
or
(Surname Year of publication{indication
of sequence}: page number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication{indication of sequence}. Title

of article. Journal title (format), volume number(issue number): pages.
Available: website address (Accessed date).
Reynolds (2010a: 165) suggested

that
Reynolds, A. J. 2010a. Predicting adult criminal behaviour from

juvenile delinquency. Advances in life course research (online),
15: 161-170. Available: http://www.elsevier.com/locate
(Accessed 19 January 2012).
Reynolds (2010b: 1056) explained

that
Reynolds, A. J. 2010b. Preschool education, educational

attainment and crime prevention. Children and youth services
review (online), 32: 1054-1063. Available:
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/childyouth (Accessed 19
January 2012).
11
Newspapers
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initials. Year of publication. Title of article. Title of

Newspaper, Date of newspaper issue: page numbers.
Begley (2012: 11) reports that fullgenome sequencing could help

decide
Full-genome sequencing could
provide real benefits in determining
which patients will benefit from a
drug. (Begley 2012: 11)
Begley, S. 2012. Genomes: the future has arrived: a new DNA

reader is set to bring genetics into everyday medicine but
how many advantages will this in fact bring? The Witness, 23
January: 11.
Online newspapers
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of article. Title of

Newspaper (format), Month and day: page number/s. Available: website
address (Accessed date).

number/s)
According to Gontsana (2009: 3)...
Gontsana, M. 2009. Residents clean up after fire. Cape Times

(online), December 11: 3. Available:
http://www.capetimes.co.za (Accessed 11 December 2009).
Papers in conference proceedings

In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of conference

paper/contribution. In: Editor Surname, Initial/s., ed. Title of Conference
Proceedings. Place of conference, date of conference. Place of publication
(if known): Publisher, page numbers.
Huxham (2009: 26) argue that Huxham, M. 2009. Learning in lectures: do interactive
through-put rates
windows help? In: Shakya, G. ed. JISC Conference on

information literacy. England, 6-9 August 2009. Liverpool:
Open University, 25-28.
12
Format for other online

sources
Internet sources with author/s

In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format). Available:

Smith (2009: 712) states...
Smith, P. 2009. Transformation critical to higher education

and training (online). Available:
http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/higher-educationunder-construction-2009-07-17 (Accessed 10 December
2009).
Internet sources without author/s
Items that have no author or date should be evaluated to determine their authenticity or suitability for academic
purposes.
In-text
Reference list
Title (format). Year the website was updated. Available: website address
(Accessed date).
(Title year of publication: page number/s)
Leadership issues were discussed

(Providing leadership for libraries
2009).
Providing leadership for libraries (online). 2009. Available:

http://www.diglib.org/ (Accessed 10 December 2009).
Personal communications (telephone conversation, interviews and e-mail)
Personal communications are noted in the in-text reference but are not included in the reference list.
It is important to get permission from the person referred to in the in-text reference, to use this information.
In-text
Reference list
communication method on date, Name of person
In an e-mail communication on 10 June 1995, the Director of

Siemens, Wren indicated that
In a telephone conversation on 17 July 2011, the KwazuluNatal Director of Nursing, Dr Petty highlighted
No entries in the Reference list
Evidence given by the Director of Nursing, Dr. Petty (1999,
pers. comm. 17 July)
when interviewed on 12 December 2009, Gouden (DUT
student) stated that
13
Blogs (weblogs) / Wikis

In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s / alias). Year of post. Title of the posting. Title
of the site (format). Available: blog address. (Accessed date)
or
Authors Surname, Initial/s / alias). Year of post. Title of the posting. Title
of the site (format). Available: wiki address. (Accessed date)
According to Frank (2009)
Frank, R. 2009. The future of environment. About our country

(blog). Available: http://www.ourcountry.blogger.com
(Accessed 22 May 2009).
HelloDoctor (2012) advises that
HelloDoctor. 2012. Weekly portions of oily fish can help

ward off stroke (wiki). Available: http://www.hellodoctor.com
Social networking sites (Facebook, Twitter, Bebo, etc.)

In-text
Reference list
Surname (year of publication)

or
(Surname Year)
Authors Surname, Initial/s / alias). Year of post. Title of page. (Title of

website) Day month of posted message. Available: web address
(Accessed date).
According to Jones (2009)
Jones, S. 2009. Referencing group. (facebook) 5 May.

Available:
http://www.facebook.com/#!/profile.php?id=1000434
Communication is key (Dr Phil

2009).
Dr Phil. 2009. Rules of engagement. (facebook) 20 February.

Available: http://www.facebook.com/#!/profile.php?id=10876
(Accessed 20 February 2009).
Computer programs
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Creators Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of program (format).

This software will revolutionise

(Thomson Reuters 2010).
Thomson Reuters. 2010. EndNote x4: advance and publish

your research instantly (computer software and manual).
Available: http://www.endnote.com/ (Accessed 21 July
2010).
The results (Schwarzer 1989)

revealed
Schwarzer, R. 1989. Statistics software : meta-analysis

(computer software and manual). Available:
http://www.yorku.ca/schwarze/meta_e.htm (Accessed 13 May
2010).
14
Format for unpublished works

(print and online)
Presentations, posters, unpublished policy documents
The title of an unpublished work is not written in italics
In-text
Reference list
Surname/Corporate author (year of

Author/corporate author. Year or n.d. Title. (format). Person/

organisation responsible if different author.
(Surname/Corporate author Year of

Thomas (n.d.) indicates
Thomas, D. n.d. Information literacy at DUT. (poster).

Durban University of Technology.
(Durban University of
Technology 2009:25).
Durban University of Technology. 2009. Waste management

(unpublished policy document).
Lecture notes and study guides
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
Lecturers Surname, Initial/s. Year. Title. Name of issuing body, date

received.

number/s)
Mkhize (2011: 17) argues that
Mkhize, M. 2012. Community health nursing practice 3,

lecture notes distributed in the department of nursing, Durban
University of Technology, 20 January 2012.
Cartographic material / maps

In-text
Reference list
Issuing body. Year of publication. Title of map, Series (if available).

Publisher: Place of publication.
(Surname Year of publication)
(Department of Minerals and

Resources 2000).
Department of Minerals and Resources. 2000. Coal mines,

South Africa 1:100 000 geological series, sheet 8134,
Chamber of Mines of South Africa: Pretoria.
15
Lecture notes on a Learning Management Software (LMS) Platform

[Blackboard, Moodle]
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Lecturers Surname, Initial/s. Year. Lecture title, from LMS course code
{capitalised} Title of course. Teaching organisation, location and date of
presentation. Available: LMS name. (Accessed date).
Naidoo (2010) recommends
Naidoo, S. 2010. Using the discovery service, from IL102

Information literacy 102. Durban University of Technology,
Durban on 6 June. Available: Blackboard (Accessed 29 July
2010).
Meeting minutes
In-text
Reference list
Committee name (year of publication:

page number/s)
or
(Committee name Year of publication:
page number/s)
Name of Committee. Year. Title. Organisation, Location
The members (Information

Services Committee 2006) put
forward a motion to
Information Services Committee. 2006. Minutes of the meeting

held on 8th November 2006. Durban University of Technology,
Durban, South Africa.
Theses and Dissertations
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year. Title. Degree, Name of institution.
According to Perumal (2010: 18)

higher education
Perumal, R. 2010. The development of universities of

technology in the higher education landscape in South Africa.
D.Tech, Durban University of Technology.
16
Theses and dissertations from an Institutional Repository

In-text
Reference list

number/s)
or
number/s)
Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year. Title (format). Degree, Name of

institution. Available: website address (Accessed date).
Shacksnovis (2005: 11) argues
Shacksnovis, R. 2005. The relative effectiveness of

myofascial manipulation versus ischaemic compression in the
treatment of myofascial trigger points of the upper trapezius
muscle (online). M.Tech, Durban University of Technology.
Available: http://ir.dut.ac.za/handle/10321/167 (Accessed 20
January 2012).
Format for government publications

(print and online)
Commissions with a chairperson
In the title of a Commission of Inquiry, the significant words of the title should begin with capital letters.
In-text
Reference list

number/s)
Chairpersons Surname, Initial/s., Chairperson. Year of publication. Title of

Inquiry. Place of publication: Publisher.

number/s)
In the Commission of Inquiry into

Racism (Grey 2009: 78), it was
stated
Grey, D. S., Chairperson. 2009. Commission of Inquiry into

Racism. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Commissions without a chairperson

In-text
Reference list
Commissions name (year of publication:

page number/s)
or
(Commissions name Year of publication:
page number/s)
Place of inquiry. Title of Inquiry. Year of publication. Place of publication:

Publisher.
It was reported in the Commission of

Inquiry into the Public Health Sector
(2007: 45) that most
South Africa. Commission of Inquiry into the Public Health

Sector. 2007. Final Report. Pretoria: Government Printer.
17
Councils (as issuing bodies)

In-text
Reference list
Council name (year of publication: page

number/s)
or
(Council name Year of publication: page
number/s)
Name of Council. Year of publication. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
The South African Geographical

Names Council (2008: 55) has
researched the meaning
The South African Geographical Names Council. 2008. Annual

Report. Pretoria: Department of Arts, Culture, Science and
Technology.
Government departments (as issuing bodies)

In-text
Reference list
Department name (year of publication: page

number/s)
or
(Department name Year of publication: page
number/s)
Name of Country. Name of Department. Year of Publication. Title.

Place of Publication: Publisher.
According to the latest figures

(Department of Health 2008: 11)
South Africa. Department of Health. 2008. Nursing strategy

for South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Government gazettes
In-text
Reference list
Country (year of publication: page number/s)

or
(Country Year of publication: page number/s)
Name of Country. Year of publication. Title. Government Gazette

number: Day Month.
It was stated in the policy (South Africa

2009: 54-56) that
South Africa. 2009. Environmental policy for South Africa

(Notice 2093 of 2009). Government Gazette number
19862: 18 April.
Government gazettes (electronic format)

In-text
Reference list

or
Name of Country. Year of publication. Title. Government Gazette

number: Day Month (format). Available: website address (Accessed
date).
It was stated in the policy (Republic of

South Africa 2009: 54-56) that
Republic of South Africa. 2009. Environmental policy for

South Africa (Notice 2093 of 2009). Government Gazette
number 19862: 18 April (online). Available:
http://jutalaw.co.za (Accessed 01 January 2010).
18
Green papers
In-text
Reference list

or
Name of Country. Date. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
It was stated (South Africa 2009: 23)

that
South Africa. 2009. Green paper on national strategic

planning. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Green papers (electronic format)

In-text
Reference list

or
Name of Country. Year of Publication. Title (format). Available:

South Africa (2009: 23)
South Africa. 2009. Green paper on national strategic

planning (online). Available: http://jutalaw.co.za
White papers
In-text
Reference list

or
Name of Country. Department. Year of publication. Title. Government

Gazette number: Day Month.
As reported in the White Paper (South

Africa 2009: 54) the results show
South Africa. Department of Education. 2009. White paper

on e-education. Government Gazette number 17564: 17
May.
White papers (electronic format)

In-text
Reference list
Name of Country. Department. Year of publication. Title. Government

Gazette number: Day Month (format). Available: website address
(Accessed date).
As reported in the White Paper (South

Africa 2009: 98) the results show
South Africa. Department of Education. 2009. White paper

on e-education. Government Gazette number 17564: 17
May (online). Available: http://jutalaw.co.za (Accessed 01
January 2010).
19
Laws or Acts
In-text
Reference list

or
Name of Country. Year. Title of Act. Place of publication: Publisher.
The declaration of human rights by

South Africa (2010) state that
South Africa. 2010. Human Rights Act 43 of 2010.

Pretoria: Government Printer.
Laws or Acts (electronic format)

In-text
Reference list
Name of Country. Year. Title of Act (format). Available: website

address (Accessed date).
South Africa Parliament (2010)...
South Africa. 2010. Human Rights Act 4 of 2010 (online).

Available: http://sahrc.org.za (Accessed 6 November
2010).
Law cases
In-text
Reference list
Name v. Name (date)
Name of the parties involved in the law case. Year of reporting. The law
reporting series abbreviated part number/case number, page reference if
available.
In the recent case of Royal v. White

(2011), the defence noted...
Royal v. White. 2011. SALR 842/11240, 190.
Tax cases
In-text
Reference list
Name v. Name (date)
Name vs. Name. Year of publication. (Volume), Source page begins.

(Court).
Avex Air (Pty) Ltd. v. Borough of

Vryheid (1973) revealed that
Avex Air (Pty) Ltd. v. Borough of Vryheid. 1973. (70),

SATC 223. (SCA).
Patents
In-text
Reference list

or
Name of author/inventor. Year of publication. Title of patent. Country

of patent, patent number.
Smith (2009: 20) discovered that
Smith, D. T. 2009. Heat regulator. SA patent, 333371.
20
Standards
In-text
Reference list
Corporate author (year of publication: page

number/s)
or
(Corporate author Year of publication: page
number/s)
Corporate author. Year of publication. Title, number. Place of

According to the South African Bureau

of Standards (2010: 11)
South African Bureau of Standards. 2010. Code of practice

[for] the installation, inspection and maintenance of
equipment used in explosive atmospheres. Part 1,
Installations including surface installations on mines,
SABS 86-1:2001. Pretoria: South African Bureau of
Standards.
Corporate author. Year of publication. Title, number (format).

South African Bureau of Standards. 2010. Code of practice

for the installation, inspection and maintenance of
equipment used in explosive atmosphere. Part 1,
Installation including surface installations of mines, SABS
86-1:2001 (online).
Available: ftp://libraryresources/SANSSABS/
Nov2007/CatalogueNov2007.pdf (Accessed 22 November
2009).
Format for images, artwork, video recordings

(print and online)
Images
In-text
Reference list

or
Originators Surname, Initial/s. Date. Title (format). Place of

Publication: Publisher.
Title (format). Year of publication. Place of publication: Publisher.
The picture (Pillay 2009) illustrates

that
Image with author:

Pillay, S. 2009. Table mountain at night (image). Durban:
ABC Publishing.
Dragons Peak (2009: 3) illustrates
Image without author:

Dragons Peak (image). 2009. Durban: ABC Publishing.
21
Online images
In-text
Reference list
Originators Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format).

(Surname year of publication: page number/s)

Title (year of publication)
Title of Image (format). Year of publication. Available: website address

(Accessed date).
The ship was clearly too close to the

shore as is depicted in the photo
(Thomas 2012).
Image with author:

Thomas, D. 2012. The sinking Costa Concordia (image).
Available:
http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=costa+concordia&f=hp
When looking at the image Mary of

Modena, fleeing with her son James
Francis Edward Stewart (1688), it is
obvious that
Image without author:

Mary of Modena, fleeing with her son James Francis
Edward Stewart (image).1688. Available:
http://www.scran.ac.uk (Accessed 02 February 2006).
Art works (photographs, paintings)

In-text
Reference list

or
Originators Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title (format), size,

location.
or
Originators Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title of the work
(format). In: Author/Editor of book. Year. Title. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Horan (2002) demonstrates
Horan, D. 2002. Kipper in the cats mouth (painting),

20x30 cm, National Gallery, London.
Masolino painting (1427) illustrates
Masolino, T. 1427. The Temptation of Adam and Eve

(painting). In: Brucwmitford, M. 1996. The illustrated
book of signs and symbols. London: Dorling Kindersley.
TV programme / broadcast
If you are accessing the programme online, e.g. via SABC iplayer, then you would amend the reference as
indicated in the second example
In-text
Reference list
Programme title (year of publication)

or
(Programme title year of publication)
Title of programme (format). Date of production. Channel, date of

transmission, time of broadcast.
Sir Alan Sugar (The Apprentice 2008)

exemplifies
The Apprentice (broadcast). 2008. SABC 1, 14 June,

1500hrs.
The Apprentice (broadcast). 2008. SABC 1, 14 June.
Available: http://www.sabc.co.za/iplayer (Accessed 14
June 2008).
22
Film / Video recordings

In-text
Reference list
Film title (year of publication)

or
(Film title year of publication)
Title of Film (format). Year. Directed by Directors name, place of

production: Production company.
The animation of the Ents (Lord of the

rings: the two towers 2003) is a good
example of
Lord of the Rings: the two towers (film). 2003. Directed by Peter
Jackson. New York: Newline Productions Inc.
Online video (YouTube, Vimeo)

In-text
Reference list

or
(Surname Year of publication)
Screen name of contributor. Year of publication. Video Title, Series

Title (if relevant) (format). Available: website address (Accessed date).
Mrgeorged (2009) discusses
Mrgeorged. 2009. Top Gear, The stig revealed (video

online). Available:
http://www.youtube.com/watch#!v=eTapK5dRaw4
(Accessed 23 June 2009).
Live performances
In-text
Reference list
Surname (year of performance)

or
(Surname Year of performance)
Dance:
Composer/Choreographer. Year of premiere. Title. Company
{optional}. (Location. Date seen).
Play:
Title by Author. Year of performance. Directed by Company {optional}.
(Location. Date seen).
Ashton (1994) captured
Ashton, F. 1994. Cinderella. (Royal Opera House,

London. 13 January 2004).
Priestly (2009) illustrated
An inspector calls by Priestley, J. B. 2009. Directed by

Daldry, S. Arts Theatre. (Cambridge. 11 May).
23
Useful websites
This booklet is not a comprehensive guide. For additional information please consult the following
useful sites on Harvard referencing:
http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/pdf/harvard.pdf
http://www.swinburne.edu.au/lib/researchhelp/harvard_system.htm
http://www.turnitin.com
http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/infolit/bibl.htm
http://utas.libguides.com/referencing
http://web.up.ac.za/sitefiles/file/40/753/referencing_2009.pdf
Example of a Reference List

Callison, D. and Preddy, L. 2006. The blue book on information age, inquiry, instruction and literacy.
Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited.
Cronje, M., Murdoch, N. and Smit, R. (eds). 2003. Reference techniques: Harvard method and APA
style (online). Available: http://www.uj.ac.za/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=iMfpK7IpJSM%3D&tabid
Denscombe, M. 2003. The good research guide for small-scale social research projects. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Queen Margaret University. 2001. How to reference using the Harvard system of referencing (online).
Available: http://healthsciences.qmuc.ac.uk/RESOURCES/Documents/Harvard_referencing.htm
University of South Australia. 2007. Referencing using the Harvard author-date system: developed
using the Commonwealth of Australia style manual for authors, editors and printers of 2002 (online).
Available: http://www.unisa.edu.au/ltu/students/study/referencing/harvard.pdf (Accessed 05 February
2010).
24

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Acknowledgements

This guide was compiled by:

Durban University of Technology Library January 2013

Blogs (weblogs) / Wikis........................................................................................................... 14

Steps involved in ensuring academic integrity

Step 2: Keep records of

Tips for referencing

There are two key aspects to referencing:

a written reference to a specific work or portion of a work.

to mention, quote by way of an example or bring forward as support, illustration, proof

an organisation or group of persons (associations, institutions, companies, etc.) that is

expressing someone elses ideas, thoughts or work in your own words.

any information source that has not been published.

Format for books

Editions are only noted from the 2nd edition onwards.

Surname (year of publication: page

Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition.

According to Babbie (2004: 78)

Babbie, E. 2004. The practice of social research. 2nd ed. Cape

Our states capacity problems are

Ramphele, M. M. 2008. Laying ghosts to rest: dilemmas of

Surname and Surname (year of publication:

Authors Surname, Initial/s. and Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of

A novice in the research field

Leedy, P. and Omrod, J. 2005. Practical research: planning

Mouton et al. (1990: 80) interpret

Mouton, J., Marais, H. Patton, M. and McRoy, R. 1990.

Surname (year of publication: page

Editors Surname, Initial/s. ed. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle. Edition.

Mellon (2006: 53) argues that

Mellon, A. ed. 2006. The relationship between the

This will apply to most dictionaries and encyclopaedias.

Title (year of publication: page number/s)

Title: subtitle. Year of Publication. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

According to The concise South

The concise South African dictionary. 2007. 3rd ed. Cape

Computer engineering is a growing

Encyclopaedia of software engineering. 2002. Johannesburg:

Tourism of indigenous areas has

Anon. 2000. Encyclopedia of Tourism. London: Routledge.

Name of corporate author (year of

Name of corporate author. Department. Year of Publication. Title: subtitle.

According to South African Institute

South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA).

South African Maritime Safety

South African Maritime Safety Authority. Department of Sea

Books with no publication date

Surname (n.d.: page number/s)

Authors Surname, Initial/s. n.d. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place of

Human resources have reached new

Grobler, P. A. n.d. Human resources management in South

Surname (year of publication cited in

Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Title: subtitle. Place of

Sentoo and Mhlongo (1989 cited in

Smith, J. P. 2009. Library and information profession in

Surname (year of publication: page

Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of Publication. Chapter title: subtitle. In:

Mixed methods research is the latest

Cooke, D. J. and Philip, L. 2001. To treat or not to treat? an

Surname (year of publication: page

Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Original title [Translated

(Surname Year of publication: page

Authors Surname, Initial/s. Year of publication. Original title. Place of

Candegabe (1997: 25) revealed