The List of Corrections

SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN SISWAZAH
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
LIST OF CORRECTIONS
NAME
: MUNAIM ALI BIN OMAR BAKI
MATRIC NO. : GS32590
PROGRAM : MASTER OF SCIENCE
APPROVED FIELD OF STUDY : AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
FACULTY/INSTITUTE
: FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
SUPERVISOR
: DR. AZMIN SHAKRINE BIN MOHD RAFIE
SUGGESTED THESIS TITLE
: MECHANICAL AND BALLISTIC PROPERTIES
COMPRESSED COIR-EPOXY COMPOSITE
NO
.
1
COMMENTS FROM THE

EXAMINATION COMMITTEE
CORRECTIONS MADE
[Title]
[Title changed]
Previous title of thesis Mechanical and

Ballistic Properties of Compressed Coir
Composite should be rephrased.
Title of thesis changed to the

one suggested to Mechanical
and Ballistic Properties of
Compressed Coir-Epoxy
Composite.
[Abstract]
[Need to be improved]
[Sentence added]
OF
PAGE NO.
Front cover
As aerospace industry has

expanded with implementation
of new technology, there is a
need to reduce cost and weight
for new aerospace products
with safety as primary concern.
[Abstract]
[Sentence Improved]
Awareness of increasing threat to the

environment by the society, green
technology concept was introduced
which consist of composite made from
natural fibre and polymeric resin for
composite application.
[Abstract]
[Statement need to be changed]
Thus, the concept of green

technology for aerospace
product suit the matters being
considered.
Therefore, coconut fibre (Coir) is the

one of the lightest natural fibre which
may satisfy the required characteristic
for composite material.
With the weight variation of

natural fibre, coir fibre is one of
natural fibre which low in
weight and has the potential to
withstand impact event.
[Abstract]
[Statement changed]
i - ii
[Improved]
1/15
8
9
For mechanical properties of 25% coir

fibre
[Abstract]
[Insignificant finding need to be
removed]
It is found that joining by resin is better
than rivet when kinetic energy
absorption is considered.
[Abstrak]
[Translated title need to be
improved]
SIFAT MEKANIKAL DAN BALISTIK BAGI
KOMPOSIT SABUT KELAPA TERMAMPAT
[Abstrak]
hand lay-up
[Chapter 1]
[Title of Subchapter 1.1 should be
changed]
Thesis statement
10
11
[Removed]
ii
[Improved]
SIFAT MEKANIKAL DAN BALISTIK
BAGI KOMPOSIT SERAT KELAPAEPOKSI TERMAMPAT
[Italicized]
iii
iv
[Subchapter
changed]
1.1
title
Background
[Added]
1
[Chapter 1 > Subchapter 1.1]
Aerospace
industry
has
progressively expanded with
implementation
of
new
technology such as composite.
Current composite technology
greatly reduce the weight of
parts. With less weight, the
aircraft flight duration, range
and performance will increase.
[Sentence improved]
the coir fibre is among natural
fibre that shows low density
characteristic which is 1.20
g/cm3

[Background need to be improved]
[Sentence added]
As for high velocity impact test
for coir composite, some
researchers suggested that coir
has the potential as an impactworthy constituent in advanced
aerospace material (Affandi et
al., 2011)
13
ii

[Background need to be improved]
coir fibre shows lowest density

characteristic which is 1.20 g/cm3
12
For mechanical properties of 25

wt% coir fibre

[Problem statement need to be
clarified]
[Added and clarified]

Current aerospace product
such as panels were based on
3
2/15
metal and high performance

composite. Further
improvement of aerospace
product could be achieved with
introduction of new composite.
NFC could be the product which
able to improve current
aerospace composite.
14
To create new product, testing

of chosen material is important
so that the properties and
behaviour can be understand.
Aerospace product which based
on NFC will need to be tested
and investigated due to lack of
literature.
Another important matter is

regarding coir fibre availability
which highly abundant. The
matter arise at certain region
where consumption of coconut
is high and it lead to problem
of disposing the waste.
[Removed]
Unlike natural fibre which may

require more understanding of
its properties and potential if it
was to be included in
application such as composite.
In order to discover certain
capability of coir fibre, it will
need to be included as
reinforcement in composite.
[Added]
The safety evaluation of NFC
can be achieved by
investigating its impact
worthiness at high velocity
region. From previous studies,
it is suggested that coir
composite has the potential to
be impact-worthy constituent
in advanced aerospace
material. Ensuring good
understanding of impact
resistance is critical and
decisive at design stage if coir
composite to be implement
during operation.
15

[One of objective need to be
removed due to insignificant
finding]
[Removed]
3
3/15
16
2. To investigate the best joining

methods for the coir composite.
[Objective added]
2. To investigate the potential
of compressed coir-epoxy
composite to withstand impact
at high velocity.
17

[Scope of the study need to be
improved]
18
19
For determining ballistic impact

characteristic
20
21
22
23
24
25

[Consistency of chosen materials]
[Removed]
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Polymer
Matrix Composite Materials,
Standard Test Methods for

Flexural Properties of
Unreinforced and Reinforced
Plastics and Electrical
Insulating Materials
Standard Test Methods of Static

Tests of Lumber in Structural
Sizes
[Sentence improved]
For determining ballistic impact

properties
Figure 2.1 moved from page 7
to page 8
Table 2.1 moved from page 8 to
page 9
Table 2.2 moved from page 9 to
page 10
to page 11
Table 2.3 moved from page 11
to page 12
to page 15
[Contradicting claim from

previous studies]
16
8
9
10
11
12
15
[Statement added]
26
27
28
29
it seems that the claim of coir

consistency is questionable.
This behaviour is probably due
to differences in percentages
composition of hemi-cellulose,
cellulose and lignin.
to page 17
to page 21
to page 25
to page 27
16
17
21
25
27
4/15
30

[Jonas-Lambert curve need to be
comprehensively elaborated]
31
32
33
[Chapter 3]
34
[Chapter 3]
[Theoretical framework and
analytical basis for compressed
coir-epoxy composite]
[Added]
Ballistic limit is one of
parameter used to compare the
performance between
materials. The concept of
ballistic limit introduced by
Jonas-Lambert indicates the
relationship between residual
velocity and initial velocity.
Some researchers preferred
logarithmic trend line and the
other used linear trend line.
Since the nature of composite
material come with certain
imperfection, linear trend line
is rarely used to describe the
residual velocity versus initial
velocity relationship. From
experimental work done by
Naik and Doshi (2008), Sevkat
et al. (2009) and Shaktivesh et
al. (2013), it showed that the
Jonas-Lambert curve for epoxybased composite is more
towards logarithmic trend line.
[Added]
Figure 2.9 Jonas-Lambert curve
for epoxy-based composite
to page 33
to page 36
[Added]
The idea of composite rise in
the search for light material
especially from non-metal
group. It is believed that
composite has the capability to
improve current technology
where weight issue is critical.
For example, current
transportation technology
depended too much on parts
which based on metal. Mostly,
metal parts were heavy.
Improvement of parts can be
achieved by reducing weight.
Lighter parts will reduce overall
cost and at same instant
increase performance,
duration, range and so on.
Introduction of composite in
modern transportation is fairly
acceptable. With composite,
the weight of parts were
dramatically reduce and the
strength are better than metal
in some cases.
31 - 32
32
33
36
37
5/15
35
36
37
[Chapter 3]
[Chapter 3]
[Chapter 3]
[Added]
Composite is a material which
yield from combination of
reinforcement and matrix. The
improvement of composite can
be attained by altering types of
reinforcement or matrix.
Recent preferred reinforcement
such as carbon and glass were
effecting environment
condition due to its making
process. There is rising concern
among society that something
must be done in order to
conserve the environment.
Thus, the idea of NFC was
introduced. NFC yield from
combination of natural fibre
and polymeric resin.
[Added]
NFC promotes lightweight
material and environmental
friendly product. With NFC,
current composite weight is
able to be further reduced. It
seems that these
circumstances is favorable but
it is questionable whether NFC
will be able to maintain
required safety requirement.
From engineering side,
understanding the behavior of
NFC can be derive from
knowledge of its properties.
From mechanical properties,
several factors to be consider
are NFC strength, stiffness and
resistance to impact condition.
[Added]
Coir composite is one of NFC
which yield from combination
of coir fibre and polymeric
resin. Coir composite is
considered having decent
impact resistance
characteristic among other
NFC. Currently, available form
of coir fibre is limited to woven
and random orientation. Thus,
method of fabricating is very
much depending on weight
percentage ratio of coir fibre
and polymeric resin. Then, ratio
which shows the best
mechanical properties will be
selected for investigating
impact resistance
characteristic. The decision is
37
37-38
38
6/15
based on assumption that any

material with better
mechanical properties will have
good impact resistance.
38
[Chapter 3]
39
40
41
[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.2.3]
42
43
44
45

[Choice of sample size need to be
further elaborated]
[Added]
Figure 3.2 : Framework for
compressed coir-epoxy
composite
Previous at page 36. Now starts
at page 40
Previous Figure 3.2 changed to
Figure 3.3
39
40
46

Figure 3.4
47

Figure 3.6 under subchapter
3.1.1
Previous title Mechanical test
machine changed to
Projectile
to page 49
[Improved]
Previous Figure 3.6 caption
improved to Figure 3.7 :
Single-stage light gas gun
tunnel
Figure 3.8, moved from page
46 to page 51
50
[Added]
For ballistic impact test
specimen, a replication of 170
specimens was prepared for
chosen 25% wt of coir fibre. NIJ
Standard 0108.01 was referred
as a guideline. 5 specimens are
required for each type of group.
[Added]
For tensile test, a replication of
36 sample was prepared for
each coir fibre wt% group.
ASTM D3039-08 Standard Test
Method for Tensile Properties of
Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials was referred as a
guideline. The suggested
standard speeds chosen was
Constant Head-Speed Tests A
standard head displacement
rate 2 mm/min. The
dimensions, tolerances and
so on from the guideline are for
recommendations only.
Variations are permissible
48
49
50
51
52
52 - 53
7/15
46
47
provided that the requirements

in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3 are
met.
[Added]
Table 3.2 : Specimen
requirement, Table 3.3 :
Suggested dimension
according to orientation of
specimen
[Added]
For flexural test, 48 sample
were used. ASTM D790-02
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Properties of
Unreinforced and Reinforced
Plastics and Electrical
Insulating Materials was
referred as a guideline. The
dimensions, tolerances and so
on were referred to several
condition.
1) Material 1.6 mm or greater
in thickness
53
54
The specimen width shall not

exceed one fourth of the
support span. The specimen
shall be long enough at least
10% of the support span.
The specimen is deflected until
rupture occurs in the outer
surface of the test specimen or
until a maximum strain of 5.0%
is reached, whichever occurs
first.
48

[Tool for fabrication need to be
included]
49
50

[Jigs for fabrication need to be
included]
51

[Choice of sample size need to be
further elaborated]
[Added]
Figure 3.9 : Hand mixer for
stirring epoxy and hardener
48 to page 56
[Added]
Figure 3.11 : Cutting machine
[Elaborated]
For ballistic impact test
specimen, a replication of 170
specimen was prepared for
chosen 25% wt of coir fibre.
Then, specimens were divided
into 17 group where each
group consist of 10 specimens.
The thickness of each
specimen measured and
average value of every 10
specimens represents
thickness of single layer. Then,
55
56
57
57
8/15
the average value of thickness

was calculated from 17 groups.
52
53
54
55

[Error analysis and accuracy of
ballistic impact specimen should
be included]

[Test measurement procedure for
mechanical properties should be
included]
[Added]
The percentage error is about
4.71% with final measurement,
3.15 mm 0.11 mm.
49 to page 58
57
58
Previous Figure 3.10 changed

to Figure 3.13, moved from
page 49 to page 59
59
Previous Table 3.2 changed to

Table 3.4, moved from page 50
to page 59
59

page 50 to page 59
page 51 to page 60
59

page 52 to page 61
61
[Added]
For tensile test,
characterization of composites
can be determine by
investigating specified
properties such as strength,
modulus and elongation. When
tensile test was initiated, the
software is plotting the graph
of tensile stress versus tensile
strain. From the graph, the
gradient of straight trend line
will be the tensile modulus
value. The changes in tensile
stress are divided with changes
in tensile strain. Then, the
value of tensile modulus is
fitted into mathematical
straight line equation, y = mx
+ c.
[Added]
For flexural test, common
investigated specified
properties are strength and
modulus. When flexural test
was initiated, the software is
plotting the graph of flexural
stress versus flexural strain.
From the graph, the gradient of
60
61
61
9/15
straight trend line will be the

flexural modulus value. The
changes in flexural stress are
divided with changes in flexural
strain. Then, the value of
flexural modulus is fitted into
mathematical straight line
equation, y = mx + c.
56
57

[Test condition requirement need
to be included]
[Added]
The experimental setup and
requirement was refer to NIJ
standard 0108.01. Instead of
using chronograph, high speed
camera was used. From the
literature, high speed camera
accuracy is better than
chronograph.
[Added]
Figure 3.17 : Schematic of
ballistic impact test from NIJ
standard.
[Elaborated]
Gas cylinder contain Helium
gas and connected with
pressure vessel. The pressure
is set at gas cylinder. The
projectile is placed at breech
and there is inner valve
separating pressure vessel and
breech. The valve then will
open when trigger is pressed.
The gun tunnel barrel is about
four meter in length and the
nozzle protruded the capture
chamber.
58

[Error analysis from non-digitized
scale need to be included]
62
62 63
[Added]
Figure 3.18 : Schematic of gas
gun tunnel
page 53 to page 64
63

page 54 to page 65
65

page 54 to page 66
66

page 55 to page 67
59
62
[Added]
There are potential error in
measuring the velocity of
projectile. One source of error
64
67
67
10/15
is from non-digitized scale

where each interval of point is
about 2cm. For non-digitized
scale, the error percentage was
about 0.78%. This error will
affect the readings of initial
velocity and residual velocity.
60

[Environmental requirement and
evaluation should be included]
[Added]
Kyoto protocol focuses on
reducing greenhouse gases
emissions especially carbon
dioxide. Some of contributing
to greenhouse emission is from
composite manufacturing
process. Due to expansion of
aerospace and aviation
industry, carbon fibre
composite is so favorable
during material selection in
design stage. As the demand
for carbon fibre increased, the
carbon dioxide emission from
carbon fibre production could
be uncontrollable and will pose
danger to human health. Thus,
heavy regulation has been
imposed by environmental
community so that atmospheric
concentration of carbon dioxide
can be stabilize (Grubb, 2004).
[Added]
With rising awareness
regarding environment
condition among researchers,
lots of investigation being
carried in the search for
alternative material. From the
literatures, many suggested
that NFC has the potential to
improve current composite
problems. Currently, the
improvement of NFC is still
being carried out so that
someday it can be reliable
material and suit the
environmental requirements.
61
[Chapter 4]
[Added]
The disposal problem of coir
can be manage effectively by
turning it into something useful
such as coir composite. Any
trouble region which
environment piled up with coir
wastage will be much clearer
than before.
Previous Chapter 4 starts at
page 57. Now starts at page
69.
68
68
68
69
11/15
62
63

[Choices of composition, 25 wt%
coir fibre, should be elaborated on
elasticity and strength]
Previous Figure 4.1 moved from

page 57 to page 70.
70

page 58 to page 71.
71
[Elaborated]
Ratio of 25% coir fibre and 75%
epoxy resin is the best for
compressed coir-epoxy
composite when subjected to
tensile and flexural test. The
tensile strength and flexural
strength for particular ratio is
also evaluated.
[Added]
Table 4.1 : Tensile and flexural
strength for 25% compressed
coir-epoxy composite
[Added]
The results then are compared
to the tensile and flexural
strength of coir-epoxy
composite with similar
thickness of 3 mm that was
done by Harish et al. as shown
in Table 4.2.
64
72
72
72
[Added]
Table 4.2 : Tensile and flexural
strength from Harish et al.
73
[Elaborated]
The average value of tensile
strength is comparable but the
average flexural strength
difference is large. Factors that
contributed to lower value are
because poor interfacial
bonding and the formation of
voids on the resin surface. At
this point, it can be seen that
when the coir-epoxy composite
subjected to bending, various
quality of specimens can be
related from its tendency to
bend. Usually, the value of
elastic modulus obtained from
the tensile and flexural test are
close. For coir composite, the
value of elastic modulus gained
from both test showed quite
large difference. Thus,
identification of the elastic
modulus should be deal
differently which related to
testing type.
73
75
12/15
page 60 to page 75.
65
66

[Further elaboration of JonasLambert curve is required]
[Elaborated]
The ballistic limit value
obtained then was compared
with work done by Yahaya et al.
which investigated ballistic
limit of the kenaf-epoxy
composite. The value of
ballistic limit is comparable
with coir-epoxy composite.
Thus, estimation of ballistic
limit with logarithmic trend line
is suitable. This also proved
that NFC has the capability to
withstand high velocity impact.
[Added]
Since Jonas-Lambert curve
method is not yet optimum, the
ballistic limit value is also
investigated with the linear
trend line.
Previous Figure 4.4 at page 61
removed.
[Added]
Figure 4.4 : Ballistic limit
estimation for 1-layer by linear
trend
67

[Impact energy should be further
elaborated]
[Elaborated]
From the linear trend line, it is
estimated that the ballistic
limit, V50 is about 18.76 m/s.
The difference is very large
when compared to logarithm
trend line. With current
knowledge of high performance
composite and NFC, the
logarithmic trend line is the
best when estimation of
ballistic limit value is required.
Previous Figure 4.5 removed.
Now, Figure 4.5 : Translational
kinetic energy absorbed for
without joining method.
[Added]
The obtained absorbed energy
then compared to coir-epoxy
composite which fabricated by
Affandi et al. with normal
compression method up until 4layer. Figure 4.6 shows
comparison of absorbed energy
for compressed coir-epoxy
composite and coir-sheet
composite. Then, the difference
in energy absorption is also
evaluated in Table 4.3.
76
76
76
77
78
79
13/15
Previous Figure 4.6 removed.

Now, Figure 4.6 : Comparison
of compressed coir-epoxy and
coir-sheet composite
[Added]
Table 4.3 : Percentage
difference of energy absorption
68

[Caption need to be improved]
69
[Chapter 5]
70
[References]
71
References:
Additional
work.
72
references
from
1) Grubb, M. 2004
2) Shaktivesh et al. 2013
3) Sevkat et al. 2009
4) Naik and Doshi. 2008
5) Yahaya et al. 2014
6) Khalil et al. 2012
[Appendix A]
[Appendix B]
[Caption improved]
Figure 4.7 : Overall linear trend
line for absorbed energy vs
layer
Previous Chapter 5 starts at
page 66. Now starts at page 83
Changed from Bibliography to
References
80
80
81
81
83
85
previous
[Oil palm baseline properties need

to be included]
73
[Elaborated]
As number of layer increased,
the energy absorption is also
increased. For 1-layer group,
the difference is quite low and
not significant but the
compressed coir-epoxy is
slightly better than coir-sheet
with percentage difference of
16.91%. From 2-layer till 4layer, it clearly indicates that
compressed coir-epoxy is
better than coir-sheet by
percentage difference of more
than 50% in capability of
absorbing energy.
page 64 to page 81.
79
Cited
Cited
Cited
Cited
Cited
Cited
in
in
in
in
in
in
page
page
page
page
page
page
68.
32.
32.
32.
76.
93.
87
91
90
89
92
88
Previous Appendix A starts at

93.
93
[Added]
Fiber; Oil palm, Density; 0.71.55, Tensile Strength; 20
200, Tensile Modulus; 2-8,
Range of elongation; 3-16
Previous Appendix B starts at
94.
93
94
14/15
74
[Appendix C]
75
[Appendix D]
76
[Appendix E]
77
[Appendix F]
78
[Appendix G]
79
[Appendix H]
80
[Biodata of The Student]
81
[List of Publications]
Previous Appendix C starts at

95.
Previous Appendix D starts at
97.
Previous Appendix E starts at
100.
Previous Appendix F starts at
111.
Previous Appendix G starts at
117.
Previous Appendix H starts at
119.
Previous
Biodata
of
The
Student starts at page 104.
Now starts at page 122.
Previous List of Publications
starts at page 105. Now starts
at page 123.
[Changed from submitted
to accepted]
Munaim Ali Omar Baki, Azmin
Shakrine Mohd Rafie, Rizal
Zahari and Noorfaizal Yidris.
2015. High Velocity Impact
Analysis for Compressed Coir
Fibre Composite Using Single
Stage Gas Gun, International
Review
of
Mechanical
Engineering. (Accepted)
95
97
100
111
117
119
122
123
123
15/15

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SEKOLAH PENGAJIAN SISWAZAH

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

COMMENTS FROM THE

Previous title of thesis Mechanical and

Title of thesis changed to the

As aerospace industry has

Awareness of increasing threat to the

Thus, the concept of green

Therefore, coconut fibre (Coir) is the

With the weight variation of

For mechanical properties of 25% coir

[Chapter 1 > Subchapter 1.1]

[Chapter 1 > Subchapter 1.1]

[Chapter 1 > Subchapter 1.1]

coir fibre shows lowest density

For mechanical properties of 25

[Chapter 1 > Subchapter 1.2]

[Added and clarified]

metal and high performance

[Chapter 1 > Subchapter 1.2]

To create new product, testing

Another important matter is

Unlike natural fibre which may

[Chapter 1 > Subchapter 1.3]

2. To investigate the best joining

[Chapter 1 > Subchapter 1.4]

[Chapter 1 > Subchapter 1.4]

For determining ballistic impact

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.1]

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.1]

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.1]

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.1]

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.2]

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.2]

Standard Test Methods for

Standard Test Methods of Static

For determining ballistic impact

[Contradicting claim from

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.3]

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.3]

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.5]

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.5]

it seems that the claim of coir

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.7]

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.7]

[Chapter 2 > Subchapter 2.7]

based on assumption that any

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.1]

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.1]

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.2.3]

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.2.3]

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.2.3]

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.3.3]

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.4]

Previous Figure 3.3 changed to

Previous Figure 3.4 changed to

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.4]

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.4]

provided that the requirements

The specimen width shall not

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.4.1]

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.4.1]

[Chapter 3 > Subchapter 3.4.3]