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Equivalent Circuit Device Models

Since a Model is a representation for a specific purpose, there can be two kinds of device models for Circuit analysis:

(i) Models to be used with circuit simulation

(ii) Models to be used for "hand analysis" of circuits

In the first case, the models have to be as accurate as possible without compromising
simulation speed.
They can be nonlinear and relatively complex because they are numerically evaluated.

In the second case, a simple model that would allow a reasonably accurate estimate of circuit characteristics with
minimum computational effort is required. These models are commonly linear and obtained through simplification of
more complex models using appropriate assumptions.

The models of devices used for circuit simulation are general purpose in nature so that they can be used in a wide
variety of situations. This results in their complexity.

On the other hand, models for "hand analysis" of circuits have limited range of validity. Due to the requirements of
both simplicity as well as reasonable accuracy, several simplifying assumptions have to be used which restrict their
range of application.

There are a variety of models here, each catering to a specific kind of analysis problem.

A model of a PN Junction diode suitable for circuit simulation can be obtained using the general expression for
current derived in preceding lectures:

The model can be made more accurate by including a parameter called the ideality factor n, to model the departure
of real diode behavior from the ideal diode characteristics. A series resistance can also be included to model the
diode behavior more accurately at high current densities.

As mentioned earlier, the model for junction capacitance is not very accurate in forward bias especially as it begins to
approach the built-in Voltage. A better capacitance model uses the conventional expression upto

For higher voltages, a different model such as the one given below may be used

For

The revised model now has eight parameters which are listed below, along with their SPICE representation and
default values.

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The SPICE model for the diode includes several other parameters describing the reverse characteristics and
breakdown. There are parameters for modeling noise also which has not been dealt with in the present treatment. In
all there are at least 15 parameters in the diode model.

It is obvious that this model is not suitable for "mental" simulation of circuits. As mentioned earlier, there are several
models that are used for different kinds of "hand analysis" problems:

Consider first the dc model:

Even an expression of the form is unsuitable for analysis of a simple circuit shown below due

to its nonlinear nature:

The analysis of the simple diode circuit requires solution of a nonlinear equation:

In such cases the analysis is greatly simplified through use of the following simple diode model:

In forward bias:

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is frequently taken as between 0.6-0.7 V. The basis for this model is the weak (logarithmic) dependence of the
diode voltage on current so that in comparison with other linear elements, the voltage across can be assumed to be
constant.

If the applied bias is such that is much larger than say about 100mV (expected
deviation in diode voltage for currents which are two orders of magnitude different) then the simplified model gives
fairly accurate results.

The dc model can be used under transient conditions also provided the frequency of the waveform is lower than the
inverse of the transit time.

In reverse bias the diode can simply be modeled as an open circuit.

For situations where the excitation is of the form:

where is the dc forward bias voltage and is the small sinusoidal signal riding on it, a small signal
model of the diode is useful. It can be derived as follows:

where is the net current flowing though the diode has both a dc and an ac component

Eq.(12) can be re-written as

Eq. (13), which represents the relationship between small signal diode current and small signal diode voltage is
known as the low frequency small signal model of the diode.

For so that the model is simply a resistor

This simplified linear model is used to a great advantage in wide variety of situations .

It is to be noted that the small signal model was obtained basically through linearization of the large signal non linear

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model. All that needs to be done is a Taylor series expansion of the model equations around a dc bias point.

The small signal model for the high frequency case can be quickly obtained by noting that the contributions of the
capacitive terms is :

Therefore, the high frequency model is simply the low frequency model along with capacitances in parallel as shown
below:

The small signal model is valid only when the small signal diode voltage is much less than the thermal voltage. The
table below shows the accuracy of this model for different values of small signal voltage

+0.1 5%
-0.1 -4.8%
+0.5 30%
-0.5 -21.3%
+1 72%
-1 -37%

If the small signal voltage is a sinusoidal voltage, then the small signal model overestimates the peak value on the
positive side and underestimates on the negative side. As a result, if peak-to-peak signal value is evaluated, the
error even at is less than 10%

Another model that is very useful particularly for large signal transient analysis is the charge control model. This
model along with its application has already been discussed earlier.

Example 5.1 Can a small signal model be used for the estimation of sinusoidal current flowing through the diode in the
circuit shown below. Assume low frequency case.

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Solution : The dc analysis of the diode gives a forward current of (5-0.7)/20K = 0.21mA. Let us apply the small signal model
and then apply a consistency check. The small signal resistance of the diode will be . The small signal
circuit is shown below:

The small signal voltage drop across the 121 resistor (or the diode) will be 11.6mV. Now for the validity of small signal
model, this voltage drop should be much smaller than the thermal voltage. This is roughly half the thermal voltage and
accoding to the table given in the text, the errors would be of the order of 30%.

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