Chapter 1: SOCIETAL PROBLEMS

Necessity it the mother of

invention
The need to address pervasive
problems
with
post-colonial
backgrounds
prompted
the
evolution
of
development
communication as a professional
and scientific discipline.
Pervasive is ASSOCIATED WITH
UNDERDEVELOPMENT.
ROOT CAUSES OF SOCIETAL
PROBLEM MAY IN TURN BE
REMEDIED BY INFORMATION
AND COMMUNICATION.

PROBLEMS
1. Poverty the most menacing
problem
- Brings with it a host of other
virulent problems such as
societal instability, vices and
diseases.
- Child
labour
exploitation,
prostitution
and
Overseas
Filipino workers
- 8 out of 10 Filipinos are below
the poverty line.
What it means to be poor?
BEING ETERNALLY DEBT
a. Unable to eat properly
b. Unable to clothe yourself
properly
c. Cannot purchase medicine for
ailments

d. Cannot dwell in a safe place/

comfortable shelter
d. Unable to get education
e. Not being able to support your
family/ adequately provide them
with the basic necessities.
2. Unemployment
Unemployment

you
are
unemployed if you do not earn a
living.
Underemployed
you
are
underemployed if your job requires
skills that are way below what you
trained for.
3. High Population Growth
4. Inequality
- 10% of the Filipinos still
controls 90% of the nations
resources.
5. Environmental
Degradation
and Loss of Arable Land
- Agricultural lands are rapidly
being transformed to industrial
parks and residential divisions.
- Can result to low food and
environmental problems.
6. Malnutrition
Under
nutrition

currently
experienced
by
underdeveloped
countries.
Over nutrition Western countries
that have the capability yet they are
still obese.

7. Ethnic Conflict
- The cultural and ethnic strife.
- Can be due to territory
8. Societal Priorities
- More spending on military and
drugs but low spending in
education.
- Wrong allocation of budget
Chapter 2: UNDERDEVELOPEMENT
PROBLIMATIQUE
-

Mid-1960s Vicious Cycle of

Poverty was introduced by policy
scientist Daniel Lerner.

Vicious Cycle of Poverty a

situation wherein no sustained
economic
growth
is
possible
because each specific advance is
rapidly checked by some countertendency in the social system.
- Excessive
population
growth is the most critical
counter-tendency
in
the
development process.
Flaw of Lerners Model
- He assumed that these problems or
so called dominant features come
individually and sequentially.
He did not considered that problem
associated with underdevelopment
are:
a. are pervasive
b. are interrelated
c. come in clusters

d. have an innate tendency to

recur.
The Problematique Method
- Created by two communications
scientist from Indiana University:
Michael Molenda and Anthony
Di Paolo
Problimatique Situations - certain
tendency for problems in any situation
to come in clusters and recur.
- Complex cluster of problems that
are so virulent in nature that they
recur every so often.
How to solve:
Tracing
and
differentiating
between symptoms (subordinate
influential factors) and the root
causes (superordinate influential
factors)
- In any situation problems are
usually interrelated, one being
the cause or effect of another.
- Decision making usually falls on a
trap of mistaking a symptom for
the root cause; thus problems
recur.
How to Identify Root problems
Identifying the Root Cause
of the problem (Superordinate
influential factor) can be done
through
a
series
of
UNSTRUCURED,
OPEN-MINDED
INTERVIEWS.

The Problimatique Map

- A diagram that shows the root
causes of the problems and its
symptoms.
Root
Causes
(superordinate
influential factor)
- are the blocks/boxes with no arrow
pointing towards them.
Symptoms (subordinate influential
factor)
- are the boxes with arrows pointing
towards them

CHAPTER 3: WHAT IS
DEVELOPMENT?
Development the true measure of
development
is
man
in
the
perspective
of
development
communication.
Definitions and Measures
a. The First Development Decade
1960s
- After the Second World War
- Development is associated with
infrastructures
and
agriculture.
- The yardstick for development
in 1960s is the GNP (Gross
National Product)
- underdeveloped substituted
by the word developing

GNP the total money value of the

goods and services produced by a
country in a given year.
Gave a misleading picture since
the majority of the developing
countrys population remained
poor.
- Trickle Down Effect the
benefits of the economic
development
to
every
stratum of human society
including the poorest of the
poor.
Serious rethinking of the use of
GNP as yardstick sparked when
there was a comparison of
Western
aid
model
of
development to the Chinese
model.
b. Second Development Decade
1970s
- The
paradigm
shifted
in
perspective from economic
(infrastructures)
to
the
humanistic.
- improvement of the quality
of life of the individual
According to Dudley Seers:
- the following conditions should
serve
as
indicators
for
development:
a. enough food, clothing, footwear
and shelter
b. meaningful employment
c. equality

d. education
Philippine
Social
Indicators
Project (Oct. 1973)
Philippines national social
accounting system.
- Mahar Mangahas is the project
director.
Its Indexes:
1. Health and Nutrition
2. Education and Skills
3. Income and Consumption
4. Employment
5. Capital and Non-Human Resources
6. Housing, Utilities and Environment
7. Public Safety and Justice
8. Social Mobility
9. Political Views

b.

c.

d.
c. Third
Development
Decade
1980s
- This decade was characterized
by further refinements and
focus.
- Brought
realignment
of
priorities
from
infrastructures
&
investments to agriculture,
education and health.
- Also
brought
the
seven
landmark concerns:
a. Women in Development
concerning the roles of women
in the development became
translated as valid components

e.

in all fields of development

endeavour.
Environment stresses the
importance of the environment
in
every
development
endeavour by assessing the
effects of project to the
environment
- This is done by doing the
prerequisites
to
environmental
agencies
before executing the project.
Social
Dimension

considering the social and

cultural impacts not just the
technical,
economic
and
environment since the cost of
the social struggle outweighs
the benefits of the facility.
Indigenous Peoples should
also be consider since the
spread of progress has led
to the extinction of an
entire ethnic culture or way
of life.
- Modernizing the way of life
of cultural minorities will
incur economic costs in our
ecosystems.
Thus,
it
becomes counter-productive.
Sustainable Development
the convergence of economic,
social, and environmental goals.
- Green
Revolution

program of Marcos that uses

chemicals to increase rice

yields -> limited the future

produce.
Sustainable Agriculture
doing agriculture without the
use of chemicals but using
alternative
production
technology that yields the
same
result
as
using
chemicals.

CHAPTER 4: Of Blind Men and

Paradigms
Paradigm Shifts the changes in
development perspectives from 1960s
to the 1980s.
Paradigms a way of explaining
things.
- Adopts a set of assumptions
about nature (epistemology), a
unique pattern of interpretation,
reasoning and theorizing.
- a
perspectiveway
of
looking thing
The FOUR PARADIGMS:
1.
Technological
Paradigm
(elephant = wall)
- Argued that problems can be
solved
by
adopting
new
technology.
- People are true believers of
technical
assistance
or
technology transfer where the
know-how of the WEST is
transplanted, modified and

practiced in the developing

world.
How
to
solved
underdevelopment
problematique?
By addressing the root cause, which
is TECHNOLOGICAL BACKWARDNESS
2. Economic Paradigm (elephant =
spear)
- Underdevelopment
is
a
function of economic policy
- The best instruments for
development
are
sound
monetary and fiscal policies
(Economic Fundamentalism)
- Unsound economic policies has
made
the
Philippines
the
basket case of Southeast Asia.
- If only they pursued agroindustrialization
and
invested more on education
Philippines would become and
NIC (Newly Industrialized
Country)
- Graft and Corruption the
major hindrance to economic
prosperity.
We have the best economists but
we also have the worst crooks
3. Structural Paradigm (elephant =
snake)
An
unjust,
self-perpetuating
social system is responsible for
the social ills in this country

- Assumes that the existing social

orders dictating the different classes
as well as the implicit and explicit laws
that governs them have innate
deficiencies and contradictions that
breed to:
1. Inequality
2. Poverty
3. Corruption
4. And eventually leads to collapse
How
underdevelopment
was
solved?
By changing the social order through
revolution or devolution.
- Concern for empowerment is rooted
in this paradigm

Senate Resolution Number 10 a

resolution sponsored by Sen. Leticia
Ramos.
- Directed to DepEd, Culture and
Sports to look for strengths and
weaknesses
of
the
Filipino
national character to determine
how
these
affects
our
development as nation.
- Later
spawned
the
Moral
Regeneration Movement.
How
to
solve
development
problematique?
By changing our values for the better
and see to it that our children adopt
and imbibe positive values associated
with development.

4. Values Paradigm (elephant =

tree)
There is the cultural explanation
based on the observation that NICs
countries have predominantly Chinese
population
and
not
of
Malay
populations
- According to this paradigm the ills
of our society may be traced to
our values as a people.
- Chinese populations deeply rooted
their
values
from
Confucian
teachings. Thus, good society is a
function of values of people but
not of race.

Principle of Selectivity a principle

that argues that our vision of the world
is limited by selective exposure,
selective perception and selective
retention.
- Have been part of the human
nature

Kincaid Convergence Model of

Communication convergence point
of views could result in a holistic, more
accurate picture of underdevelopment.
- Development communications
does not espouse them to any
particular paradigm.

Whatever paradigm one adopts,

there is an adequate development
communication response.
Development
communication
response it is the right information

provided at the right time at the right

place
The PEACE PARADIGM
P Participatory (engaging)
E Encompassing (inclusivity)

A Appropriation (useful and relevant)

C Conscientization? (Empowerment)
E Environment-friendly