C Band Microstrip Patch Antenna With EBG & Superstrate Structure

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 2 Issue: 8
ISSN: 2321-8169
2106 2110
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
C Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with EBG & Superstrate Structure

Raju Verma M.Tech (Student)
Namrata Dewangan Asst.Professor
Dept. of ET&T, RCET

Bhilai,CG,India
raju.rrr.arg.cit@gmail.com
Dept. of ET&T, RCET

Bhilai,CG,India
namrata.dewangan@rediffmail.com
Abstract EBG structure and a dielectric layer over a microstrip patch antenna have remarkable effect on its input characteristics and
bandwidth. In proposed paper we studied both electromagnetic band-gap structure and a superstrate to increase the bandwidth of patch antenna.
We measured bandwidth with and without EBG to design an Antenna for resonance frequency 4 GHz. And then implemented superstrate in
EBG structure. This antenna designed on Ansoft HFSS designer software, impedance bandwidth ,VSWR ,return losses & smith charts are
observed and experimentally studied. Details of simulated results are presented and discussed.
Keywords- Microstrip Patch Antenna, Coaxial Feed, Electromagnetic band-gap (EBG), Superstrate layer.
__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
I.
INTRODUCTION
Compact microstrip antennas have recently received much

attention due to the increasing demand of small antennas for
personal as well as communication equipment commercial. It
has been demonstrated that equilateral triangular microstrip
patch can effectively reduce the required patch size for a
given operating frequency [1]. In mobile communication
system such as satellite, RADAR, Global Position System
(GPS) often require extremely small size,light weight
.Microstrip Antenna also possess some limitations such as
narrow impedance bandwidth ,low efficiency and gain.many
process are used to overcome its limitations are reported[2][3].
Many techniques are uses to increase bandwidth like
stacked patches with truncating the opposite corners [4]Lshaped probe with impedance matching network [5] but such
processes require large antenna height and some additional
impedance matching network that creates some problem to
design antenna. The EBG structure shows high impedance
characteristic. There are various type of EBG structure are
proposed but mushroom type structure are widely used [6]
Like EBG a dielectric layer over patch antenna also plays a
important role to improve impedance bandwidth of microstrip
antenna . However , the presence of superstrate may affect the
performance of antenna like gain and efficiency.
In proposed paper we compare the bandwidth of equilateral
triangular patch in three condition
(A) Patch without EBG and superstrate
(B) With EBG
(C) With EBG and superstrate.
separated by a thin dielectric substrate. The lower conductor

acts as a ground plane. The device becomes a radiating
microstrip antenna when the upper conductor is a patch with a
length that is an appreciable fraction of a wavelength (),
approximately half a wavelength ( / 2 ). In other words, a
microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one
side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the
other side as shown in Fig. 1.1. The patch is generally made of
conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any
possible shape.
Fig.1.1: Typical microstrip patch antenna
COAXIAL FEED
The coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common

contacting scheme of feeding patch antennas. The
configuration of a coaxial feed is shown in figure 1.2 . As
shown in figure1.2, the inner conductor of the coaxial
connector extends through the dielectric and is soldered to
the radiating patch, while the outer conductor is connected
to the ground plane. The main advantage of this type of
feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at any
desired location inside the patch in order to match with its
input impedance. This feed method is easy to fabricate and
has low spurious radiation.
We also discuss the details and simulated study of

proposed antenna.
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
Microstrip patch antennas are the most common form

of printed antennas. They are popular for their low profile,
geometry and low cost [4].A microstrip device in its simplest
form is a layered structure with two parallel conductors
Fig. 1.2: Coaxial feed for patch antenna
2106
IJRITCC | August 2014, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Volume: 2 Issue: 8
ISSN: 2321-8169
2106 2110
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
ELECTROMAGNETIC BAND-GAP (EBG) STRUCTURE
Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures, also

known as photonic bandgap (PBG) structures with origin in
the area of optics have attracted much attention among
researchers in the microwave and antenna communities in the
recent past [6]. In general, EBG material is a periodic structure
that forbids the propagation of all electromagnetic surface
waves within a particular frequency band called the bandgap.
Because of this, it permits an additional control of the behavior
of electromagnetic waves other than conventional guiding
and/or filtering structures. EBG has the potential to provide a
simple and effective solution to the problems of surface and
leaky waves [15].
EBG structures have been found to have a wide
variety of applications in components of the microwave and
millimeter wave devices, as well as in antennas. In the recent
years, various types of EBG structures have been studied for
different applications [11].
In one of the first applications by using EBG
materials to antennas, a planar antenna mounted only on EBG
substrate was considered to increase the overall radiation
efficiency of the device. Increasing antenna directivity was
studied using an EBG structure. A mushroom like EBG
structure was designed by Sievenpiper et al [6].
This structure is characterized by having high surface
impedance. A fork-like shape novel EBG structure was later
studied which is very compact in nature. The area of the forklike structure was about 44% less than when compared to the
conventional mushroom EBG structure [13]. A compact spiral
EBG structure was studied for microstrip antenna arrays.
Spiral EBG structures, because of their compact nature are
very useful in wireless communications where size matters.
These spiral EBG structures have also been examined to
improve the performance of a triple band slot antenna [by
etching them on the feed line [16].
The original EBG structure fabrication method needs
painstaking work of drilling through the substrate in order to
form periodic array of dielectric inclusions with a dielectric
constant different from that of the host dielectric. It costs a lot
and time is wasted. Then comes the second method, which just
etches the periodic lattice on the ground plane of microstrip
line. This method is cheap and convenient [17].
enough, a superstrate layer may be used to eliminate surface

wave excitation, resulting in a radiation efficiency of 100%.
II. DESIGN OF ANTENNA
In proposed paper we uses an modified equilateral
triangular patch whose dimensions is 2727 mm ,and uses 2.54
mm thick Rogers RT /Duriod 5880 with a permittivity of 2.2 and
dielectric losses of 0.001. The modified patch is made by cutting
the each corner of triangle patch is shown in figure 2.1. The EBG
structure of proposed antenna is shown in figure 2.2.
Fig. 2.1: Modified triangle patch antenna without EBG and Superstrate
Fig. 2.2: EBG structure of patch antenna
In EBG structure mushroom like structure is

implemented in which unit cell dimensions of 2.062.06 mm
with separation of 0.5 mm. total 44 EBG structures are
implemented in proposed design.
Next we implemented a superstrate layer of thickness
12.70 mm shown in figure 2.3. We observed that improved
bandwidth is achieved by implemented superstrate layer over
electromagnetic band-gap structure.
SUPERSTRATR LAYER
A superstrate together with its antenna ground plane forms

a resonance structure, [2]-[3],which gives rise to a field
distribution that produces a larger effective aperture. The
resultant increase in the overall directivity of a single patch
can be quite significant depending on sizes of the superstrate
and the antenna ground plane. A superstrate can be
constructed in several ways, including use of multiple layers
of dielectric materials with high dielectric constants, layers of
EBG FSS structures, and use of parasitic patches. The
superstrate have been very effective in reducing the antenna
size and increasing the bandwidth at the expense to some
extent of antenna gain [16]. It is noteworthy that a superstrate
(cover) layer on top of a microstrip antenna may significantly
influence the radiation properties. If the substrate is thin
Fig. 2.3: Patch antenna with EBG and superstrate
2107
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Volume: 2 Issue: 8
ISSN: 2321-8169
2106 2110
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Microstrip Patch Antenna with EBG Structure :-
1. Microstrip Patch Antenna without EBG and Superstrate :-
The antenna is simulated using Ansoft HFSS 11.1

which employs finite element method . The measured return
loss is -29.4356 dB & impedence bandwidth is 38.62%. In
this case measured VSWR is 1.0698 & resonance frequency is
4.9594 GHZ. Measured return loss, VSWR, smith chart and
radiation pattern is shown in fig.3.1.1-fig 3.1.4.
Ansoft
NameCorporation
X
m10.00 4.9594
XY Plot 1
HFSSDesign1
-29.4356
Curve Info
dB(S(WavePort1,WavePort1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
-5.00
The antenna is simulated using Ansoft HFSS 11.1

which employs finite element method . The measured return
loss is -28.1369 dB & impedence bandwidth is 41.29%. In
this case measured VSWR is 1.0816 & resonance frequency is
5.0977 GHZ. Measured return loss, VSWR, and smith chart is
shown in fig.3.2.1-fig 3.2.3.
Ansoft
NameCorporation
X
m10.00 5.0977
XY Plot 25
HFSSDesign1
-28.1369
Curve Info
Setup1 : Sw eep1
-5.00
III. SIMULATION RESULT
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
-10.00
-25.00
-15.00
-30.00
m1
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Freq [GHz]
5.00
6.00
7.00
Fig. 3.2.1: Measured impedence bandwidth
-20.00
Ansoft
NameCorporation
X
m1
180.00 5.0977
XY Plot 26
HFSSDesign1
1.0816
Curve Info
-25.00
VSWR(WavePort1)
Setup1 : Sw eep1
160.00
m1
-30.00
140.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Freq [GHz]
5.00
6.00
7.00
VSWR(WavePort1)
0.00
Fig. 3.1.1 : Measured impedance bandwidth

Ansoft
NameCorporation
X
m1
70.00
4.9594
XY Plot 2
HFSSDesign1
1.0698
60.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
Curve Info
40.00
VSWR(WavePort1)
Setup1 : Sw eep1
20.00
m1
0.00
0.00
VSWR(WavePort1)
50.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Freq [GHz]
5.00
6.00
7.00
Fig.3.2.2: Measured VSWR
40.00
Smith Plot 1
Ansoft Corporation
30.00
110
100
120
130
20.00
HFSSDesign1
Curve Info
90 80
70
1.00
0.50
S(WavePort1,WavePort1)
Setup1 : Sw eep1
60
2.00
50
140
10.00
40
150
30
160 0.20
5.00 20
170
m1
10
0.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Freq [GHz]
5.00
6.00
7.00
0.00
0.00
180
0.20
0.50
1.00
2.00
5.00
-170
-160
Fig. 3.1.2: Measured VSWR
-10
-0.20
-5.00
-150
Smith Plot 1
Ansoft Corporation
110
100
120
130
Setup1 : Sw eep1
60
2.00
50
140
40
150
30
160 0.20
-1.00
-90
-70
HFSSDesign1
Curve Info
0
-30
5.00 20
0.80
10
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.50
1.00
2.00
5.00
rETotal
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='3.2GHz' Phi='0deg'
30
rETotal
0.60
-60
180
-50
-60
-80
Radiation Pattern 3
Ansoft Corporation
170
-2.00
-100
-40
Fig. 3.2.3 : Input impedance loci using smith chart
Curve Info
90 80
70
1.00
0.50
-0.50
-130
-120
-110
HFSSDesign1
-20
-30
-140
60
0.40
rETotal
0.20
-170
-10
-160
-0.20
-5.00
-150
-90
90
-20
-140
-0.50
-130
-120
-110
-2.00
-100
-1.00
-90
-40
rETotal
rETotal
-30
-120
120
rETotal
-50
-60
-80
-70
-150
150
-180
Fig.3.2.4 : Radiation Pattern

Fig.3.1.3 : Input impedance loci using smith Chart
Radiation Pattern 1
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
-30
rETotal
30
0.96
rETotal
0.72
-60
60
0.48
rETotal
0.24
-90
90
rETotal
rETotal
-120
120
-150
3. Microstrip Patch Antenna with EBG and Superstrate :-
Curve Info
150
-180
rETotal
The antenna is simulated using Ansoft HFSS 11.1 which

employs finite element method . The measured return loss is 22.1642 dB & impedence bandwidth is 44.95%. In this case
measured VSWR is 1.1691 & resonance frequency is 4.8156
GHZ. Measured return loss, VSWR, and smith chart is shown
in fig.3.3.1-fig 3.3.3.
2108
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Volume: 2 Issue: 8
ISSN: 2321-8169
2106 2110
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Ansoft
NameCorporation
X
m10.00 4.8556
XY Plot 50
HFSSDesign1
-22.1642
Curve Info
Setup1 : Sw eep1
-5.00
structure. Further when we implemented superstrate layer

over electromagnetic band gap structure bandwidth is
increased by 5.13% but return loss is maximized.
-10.00
-15.00
V. CONCLUSION
-20.00
m1
-25.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Freq [GHz]
5.00
6.00
7.00
Fig. 3.3.1 :Measured impedance bandwidth

Ansoft
NameCorporation
X
90.00
m1
4.8556
XY Plot 51
HFSSDesign1
1.1691
Curve Info
VSWR(WavePort1)
Setup1 : Sw eep1
80.00
VSWR(WavePort1)
70.00
In this paper, design microstrip patch antenna with

electromagnetic band gap (EBG) and with superstrate has been
studied.
The main impact for studying this antenna structure with
electromagnetic band gap structure and with superstrate is to increase
the impedance bandwidth of patch antenna, the antenna has
successfully improved impedance bandwidth.
60.00
50.00
REFERENCES
40.00
30.00
[1]
20.00
10.00
m1
0.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Freq [GHz]
5.00
6.00
7.00
[2]
Fig. 3.3.2 : Measured VSWR

Smith Plot 4
Ansoft Corporation
110
100
120
130
HFSSDesign1
Curve Info
90 80
70
1.00
0.50
Setup1 : Sw eep1
60
2.00
50
140
40
150
30
160 0.20
5.00 20
170
10
0.00
0.00
180
0.20
0.50
1.00
2.00
5.00
[4]
-170
-160
[3]
-10
-0.20
-5.00
-150
-20
-30
-140
-0.50
-130
-120
-110
-2.00
-1.00
-100 -90
-40
-50
-60
-80
[5]
-70
Fig. 3.3.3 : Input impedance loci using smith Chart

Radiation Pattern 7
Ansoft Corporation
HFSSDesign1
Curve Info
0
-30
rETotal
30
1.12
60
0.56
rETotal
0.28
-90
90
rETotal
rETotal
-120
120
-150
[6]
rETotal
0.84
-60
[7]
rETotal
150
-180
IV. COMPARISON TABLE

Table 1. Comparison of simulated Result
Microstrip
Bandwidth
VSWR
Return loss
Patch Antenna
(db)
Without
EBG 39.82%
1.0698
-29.4356
and Superstrate
With
EBG 41.29%
1.0816
-28.1369
Structure
With EBG and 44..95%
1.1691
-22.1642
Superstrate
As comparison table 1 shows bandwidth of patch
antenna is increased by 1.47 % by implementing
Electromagnetic band gap structure, return loss is also
minimized by implementing electromagnetic band gap
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
S. R. Chowdhury and Dr. S. Basu, Miniaturization of

Equilaterl Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna using
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Using a Superstrate Layer, ETRI Journal ,Volume 25,No,
5, oct-2003
5, oct-2003
Teruhisa Nakamura,Takeshi FUKUSAKO Broadband
Design of Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna Using
EBG Structure with Rectangular Unit Cells, The 2009
International Symposium on Antenna and Propagation
(ISPA 2009)Oct.20-23,2009,Bangkok,THAILAND
K.L. Lau and K. M. Luk, A novel wide band circularly
polarized patch antenna based on L- probe and aperture
coupling techniques , IEEE Trans antennas propagate .,
vol. 53, no. 1, jul. 2005,pp.577-580
Electromagnetic
Band
GapStructures
in
AntennaEngineering,Fan Yang,University of Mississippi
Yahya Rahmat-Samii,University of California at Los
Angeles,Page130-132
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novel compact Electromagnetic Bandgap structure and its
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5, oct-2003
5, oct-2003
Teruhisa Nakamura,Takeshi FUKUSAKO Broadband
Design of Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna Using
EBG Structure with Rectangular Unit Cells, The 2009
International Symposium on Antenna and Propagation
(ISPA 2009)Oct.20-23,2009,Bangkok,THAILAND
K.L. Lau and K. M. Luk, A novel wide band circularly
polarized patch antenna based on L- probe and aperture
coupling techniques , IEEE Trans antennas propagate .,
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Electromagnetic Band GapStructures in Antenna
Engineering,Fan Yang,University of Mississippi Yahya
2109
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Volume: 2 Issue: 8
ISSN: 2321-8169
2106 2110
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
Rahmat-Samii,University
of
California
at
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novel compact Electromagnetic Bandgap structure and its
applications for microwave circuits, in IEEE Trans.
Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 183190, Jan 2005.
M. Fallah, F. H. Kashani, and S. H. Mohseni Side Effect
Characterization of EBG Structures in Microstrip Patch
Antenna Published on Progress In Electromagnetics
Research Symposium Proceedings, Cambridge, USA, July
5-8, 2010.
Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum, Sholampettai Subramanian
Karthikeyan,Dipto Dey Bandgap determination of
triangular lattice EBGs in the ground plane Int. J. Electron.
Commun. (AE) 63 (2009) 699702
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patch antenna performance using EBG structure , IEEE
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Dec2006,pp.558-563
Vesna Radisic, Yongxi Qian, Roberto Coccioli and Tatsuo
Itoh, Novel 2-D Photonic Bandgap Structure for
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Applications Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute
of Technology Pasadena,CA 91109
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AUTHORS PROFILE
Mr. Raju Verma received his B.E. degree
from CSVTU, India in 2009. He is presently
persuing M.Tech. in Digital Electronics
Branch From RCET,Bhilai. He is student
member of IEEE.
Miss. Namrata Dewangan received her

B.E.
degree
in
Electronics
and
Telecommunication Branch from CSVTU,
India in 2008 and M. TECH degree from
SSCET, india in 2013. She is presently
working as Asst.Prof. in RCET, Bhilai.
2110
_______________________________________________________________________________________

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication