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Separable Equations
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
dy
= g(x)f (y)
dx
1
dy = g(x)dx
f (y)
Z
Z
1
dy = g(x)dx + C
f (y)
If |y| = h(x), then y = h(x).
If y = eC h(x), then y = A h(x) where
A is any real number (including zero).
Step 4:
y 0 + P (x)y = Q(x)
Step 1:
I(x) = e
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
= I(x)Q(x)
Z
I(x)y = I(x)Q(x)dx + C
Z
1
I(x)Q(x)dx + C
y=
I(x)
I(x)y
P (x)dx
0
ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0
Step 1:
Step 2:
ar2 + br + c = 0
b b2 4ac
r=
2a
Step 3:
(i)
y = c1 er1 x + c2 er2 x
(ii)
y = c1 erx + c2 x erx
(iii)
y = c1 ex cos x + c2 ex sin x
ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G(x)
Step 2:
(i)
G(x) = P (x)
yp = Q(x)
(i)
G(x) = P (x)ekx
yp = Q(x) ekx
(i)
Here, P (x), Q(x) and R(x) are polynomials of the same degree.
Multiply yp by x (or x2 ) if one of the terms in the sum is y1 (x) or y2 (x).
Step 3:
Step 4:
ay 00 + by 0 + cy = G(x)
Step 2:
y p = u1 y 1 + u2 y 2
Step 3:
u01 y1 + u02 y2 = 0
u01 y10 + u02 y20 = G(x)/a
G(x)y2
G(x)y1
u01 =
u02 =
0
0
0
a(y1 y2 y2 y1 )
a(y2 y1 y10 y2 )
Z
Z
0
u1 = u1 dx + c1
u2 = u02 dx + c2
Step 4:
R
R
y = ( u01 dx + c1 )y1 + ( u02 dx + c2 )y2
ORTHOGONAL
TRAJECTORIES
POPULATION
MODELS
MIXING PROBLEMS
dy/dx = (rate in) (rate out)
y is amount of salt at time t.
(rate in) = (vol in) (conc in)
vol out
y
(rate out) =
vol at time t
Description
Differential Equation
Solution
Eq. Solutions
Natural Growth
dP
= kP, P (0) = P0
dt
P = P0 ekt
P =0
Logistic Model
dP
P
= kP (1 ), P (0) = P0
dt
K
P =
Predator-Prey
Systems
dR
= kR aRW
dt
dW
= rW + bRW
dt
SPRINGS &
ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS
mx00 + kx = 0
P = 0, K
Phase trajectories
(R, W ) = (0, 0)
dW
rW + bRW
=
dR
kR aRW
(R, W ) = ( rb , ka )
Simple
Harmonic
Motion
K
K P0
, A=
kt
1 + Ae
P0
Solution
x(t) = c1 cos t + c1 sin t = A cos(t + )
r
q
k
2
frequency =
, period T =
, amplitude A = c21 + c22
m
c2
c1
, sin =
A
A
Damped
Vibrations
mx00 + cx0 + kx = 0
c2 4mk
2m
c2 4mk > 0 overdamping
x = c1 er1 t + c2 er2 t
2
c 4mk = 0 critical damping
x = c1 ert + c2 tert
c2 4mk < 0 underdamping x = et (c1 cos t + c2 sin t)
Forced
Vibrations
r=
KEY
P
)(1
K
m
),
P
m extinction level.
dW
rW + bRW
Rr W k
=
= bR aW = C (see S9.6Q7)
dR
kR aRW
e e