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01/07/2014
= tan-1 [
w
]
w
(1)
where w = shear stress at the wall; w = pressure acting norm al to the wall
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hb =
(2)
a
)
g
g (1+
vfo + 2 g h
(3)
Equation (3) neglects air resistance, which in the case of a chute, is lik ely to be sm all. If air resistance is tak en into account, the relationship between
height of drop and velocity Vi (Figure 9) is,
v
1-
vfo
vi - vo
(4)
(5)
where E = equivalent friction which tak es into account the friction coefficient between the bulk solid and the chute surface, the stream cross-section
and the internal shear of the bulk solid. E is approx im ated by
E
= [ 1 + Kv H/B ]
(6)
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= actual friction coefficient for bulk solid in contact with chute surface
Kv = pressure ratio. Norm ally K~ = 0.4 to 0.8.
H = depth of flowing stream at a particular location
B = width of chute
(7)
=[1+
C1
(8)
Kv vo H o
B
(9)
(10)
If the curved section of the chute is of constant radius R and ~E is assum ed constant at an average value for the stream , it m ay be shown that the
solution of equation (10) leads to the equation below for the velocity at any location .
v=
__________________________________________
2g R
[( 1 - 2 E) sin + 3 E cos ] + K e -2E
4E+1
(11)
For v = vo at = o,
K = { vo -
2g R
4E+1
(12)
Special Case:
W hen o = 0 and v = vo, K=vo -
6Eg R
1+4E
(13)
v=
_____________________________________________________
6ER g
2g R
[( 1 - 2 E) sin + 3 E cos ] + K e -2E [vi 4E+1
4E+1
(14)
dv + v = g R (cos + sin )
E
E
d
v
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(15)
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For a constant radius and assum ing E is constant at an average value for the stream , the solution of equation (15) is
v=
_____________________________________________
2g R
[ sin (2 E - 1) + 3 E cos ] + K e 2E
4E+1
(14)
For v = vo at = o, then
2g R
[ 3 cos o + (2 E - 1) sin o ]} e -2Eo
1+4E
K = {vo -
(17)
K = {vo -
(18)
and
v=
__________________________________________________________________
2 R g (2 E + 1)
2g R
[ sin (2 E - 1) + 3 E cos ] + e -E( - 2) [vo ]
4E+1
4E+1
(19)
Equations (16) to (19) apply during positive contact, that is, when
v
sin
R g
(20)
(21)
(22)
It is noted that Figure 13 also applies in this case with the vertical ax is now representing the m ax im um value of the velocity for chute contact.
For a constant radius and assum ing E is constant at an average value for the stream , the solution of equation (21) is
v=
_____________________________________________
2g R
[ (1 + 2 E)sin - E cos ] + K e 2E
4E+1
(23)
For v = vo at = o, then
K = {vo -
2g R
[( 1 + 2 E) sin o - E cos o ]} e -2Eo
1+4E
(24)
Special Case: v = vo at o = /2
K = {vo -
2g R
1+4E
[1 + 2 E]} e -E
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and
v=
________________________________________________________
2g R
2R g
[(1 + 2 E) sin + E cos ] + e E(2 - ) [vo 4E+1
4E+1
(26)
5. WEA R IN CHUTES
Chute wear is a com bination of abrasive and im pact wear. Abrasive wear m ay be analysed by considering the m echanics of chute flow as will be now
described.
5.1 A brasive Wear Factor of Chutes
In cases where the bulk solid m oves as a continuous stream under 'fast' flow conditions the abrasive or rubbing wear m ay be determ ined as follows:
Q m g Kc tan
NWR
B
(27)
v
+ sin
R g
(28)
Q m Kc tan g sin
B
(29)
O n the assum ption that Kc is nom inally constant, then the wear is constant along the chute and independent of the velocity variation.
(ii) Constant Radius Curved Chutes
In this case R is constant and the wear W c is given by equations (27) and (28).
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W c Kv
(30)
2 Kc
Kc and Kv are as previously defined. If, for ex am ple, Kc = 0.8 and Kv = 0.4, then the average side wall wear is 25% of the chute bottom surface wear.
5.2 Impact Wear in Chutes
Im pact wear m ay occur at points of entry or points of sudden change in direction. For ductile m aterials, greatest wear is caused when im pingem ent
angles are low, that is in the order of 15 to 30. For hard brittle m aterials, greatest im pact dam age occurs at steep im pingem ent angles, that is
angles in the vicinity of 90.
6. WEA R OF BELT A T FEED POINT
An im portant application of feed and transfer chutes is to direct the flow of bulk solids onto belt conveyors. The problem is illustrated in Figure 17.
(k Pa)
(31)
where = bulk density, t/m ; vey = vertical com ponent of the ex it velocity, m /s
Abrasive wear param eter
W a = b vey (vb - vex)
(k Pa m /s)
(32)
W here b = friction coefficient between the bulk solid and conveyor belt; vb = belt speed
The wear will be distributed over the acceleration length L a.
Equation (32) m ay be also ex pressed as
W a = b ve Kb
(33)
(34)
Figure 18. Non-Dim ensional W ear Param eter versus Slope Angle
For the chute to be self cleaning, the slope angle of the chute at ex it m ust be greater than the angle of repose of the bulk solid on the chute
surface. It is recom m end that
tan -1 ( E) + 5 o
(35)
vb - vey
2 g mb
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M.10
mm
A
(37)
Figure 21. Conveyor Belt Transition Geom etry and Load Profiles
(38)
(39)
1
r
tan
{r sin +
sin2 +
[1 + 4 r cos + 2 r (1 + cos2)]}
(1 + 2 r)
2
6
where r = C/B
(40)
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tan
4
(41)
b. Mean height h a
h a = C sin + (B + 2 C cos ) tan
6
(42)
A
(B + C)
(43)
(44)
F A = oA = adhesive force
= bulk density
8.6 Minimum Belt Speed for Discharge at First Point of Drum Contact
In m ost cases, the speed of the conveyor is such that discharge will com m ence as soon as the belt m ak es contact with the discharge drum . In this
case = - , where = slope of the belt at contact point with the drum . The critical case will be for the belt surface, that is, when r = 0. The
m inim um belt speed for discharge at the first point of drum contact is
vb =
________________
o
R g (cos +
)
g h
(45)
1
g
2
x
v cos
(46)
The bounds for the trajectories m ay be determ ined for the two radii (R + h) and R for which the angle is obtained from equation (45).
9. CURVED IMPA CT PLA TES
Section 4.1 presented an analysis of flow around curved im pact plates. Referring to Figure 22, the radius of curvature of the discharge trajectory is
given by
[1 + (
Rc =
g x
vb cos
) ] 1.5
---------------------g
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vb cos
For contact to be m ade with a curved im pact plate of constant radius, the radius of curvature of the trajectory at the point of contact m ust be such
that,
Rc R
(48)
1. CHARLTO N, W. H., CHIARELLA, C. and RO BERTS, A. W., "Gravity Flow of Granular Materials in Chutes: O ptim ising Flow Properties". Jnl. Agric.
Engng. Res., Vol. 20, 1975, pp. 39-45.
2. CHARLTO N, W. H and RO BERTS, A. W., "Chute Profile for Max im um Ex it Velocity in Gravity Flow of Granular Materials". Jnl. Agric. Engng. Res.,
Vol. 15, 1970.
3. CHARLTO N, W. H. and RO BERTS, A. W., "Gravity Flow of Granular Materials: Analysis of Particle Transit Tim e". Paper No. 72, MH-33, A.S.M.E.,
(presented at 2nd Sym posium of Storage and Flow of Solids, Chicago, U.S.A., Septem ber 1972)
4. CHIARELLA, C. and CHARLTO N, W. H., "Chute Profile for Minim um Transit Tim e in the Gravity Flow of Granular Materials". Jnl. Agric. Engng.
Res., Bol. 17, 1972.
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5. CHIARELLA, C., CHARLTO N, W. H. and RO BERTS, A. W., "O ptim um Chute Profiles in Gravity Flow of Granular Materials: A Discrete Segm ent
Solution Method": Paper No. 73, MH-A, A.S.M.E., 1972.
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Presented at Sym posium on 'Solids and Slurry Flow of and Handling in Chem ical Process Industries', AIChE, 77th National Meeting, June 1974,
Pittsburg, U.S.A.
7. Chute Design, First International Conference, Bionic Research Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1991.
8. "Chute Design Problem s and Causes", Sem inar, Bionic Research Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa, February 1992.
9. LO NIE, K.W., "The Design of Conveyor Transfer Chutes". Paper Reprints, 3rd Int Conf on Bulk Materials Storage, Handling and Transportation,
Newcastle, NSW , Australia, June 1989, pp 240-244.
10. MARCUS, R.D., BALLER, W.J. and BARTHEL, P. "The Design and O peration of the Weber Chute". Bulk Solids Handling, Vol. 16, No.3,
July/Septem ber 1996. (pp.405-409).
11. RO BERTS, A. W., "The Dynam ics of Granular Materials Flow through Curved Chutes". Mechanical and Chem ical Engineering Transactions,
Institution of Engineers, Australia, Vol. MC3, No. 2, Novem ber 1967.
12. RO BERTS, A. W., "An Investigation of the Gravity Flow of Non-cohesive Granular Materials through Discharge Chutes". Transactions of A.S.M.E.,
Jnl. of Eng. in Industry, Vol. 91, Series B, No. 2, May 1969
13. RO BERTS, A.W ., "Bulk Solids Handling : Recent Developm ents and Future Directions". Bulk Solids Handling, 11(1), 1991, pp 17-35.
14. RO BERTS, A.W., O O MS, M. and W ICHE, S.J., "Concepts of Boundary Friction, Adhesion and Wear in Bulk Solids Handling O perations". Bulk
Solids Handling, 10(2), 1990, pp 189-198.
15. RO BERTS, A.W., SCO TT, O .J. and PARBERY, R.D., "Gravity Flow of Bulk Solids through Transfer Chutes of Variable Profile and Cross-Sectional
Geom etry". Proc of Powder Technology Conference, Publ by Hem isphere Publ Corp, W ashington, DC, 1984, pp 241-248.
16. RO BERTS, A.W. and CHARLTO N, W.H., "Applications of Pseudo-Random Test Signals and Cross-Correlation to the Identification of Bulk
Handling Plant Dynam ic Characteristics". Transactions of A.S.M.E., Jnl. of Engng. for Industry, Vol. 95, Series B, No. 1, February 1973.
17. RO BERTS, A. W., CHIARELLA, C. and CHARLTO N, W. H., "O ptim isation and Identification of Flow of Bulk Granular Solids". Proceedings IFAC
Sym posium on Autom atic Control in Mining, Mineral and Metal Processing, Inst. of Engrs., Aust., Sydney, 1973.
18. RO BERTS, A. W. and ARNO LD, P. C., "Discharge Chute Design for Free Flowing Granular Materials". Transactions of A.S.A.E., Vol. 14, No. 2,
1971.
19. RO BERTS, A. W. and SCO TT, 0. J., "Flow of Bulk Solids through Transfer Chutes of Variable Geom etry and Profile". Proceedings of Powder
Europa 80 Conference, W iesbaden, W est Germ any, January 1980.
20. RO BERTS, A. W. and MO NTAGNER, G. J., "Identification of Transient Flow Characteristics of Granular Solids in a Hopper Discharge Chute
System ". Paper presented at Sym posium on Solids and Slurry Flow and Handling in Chem ical Process Industries, AIChE, 77th National
Meeting, June 2-5, 1974, Pittsburg, Pa., U.S.A.
21. RO BERTS, A. W . and MO NTAGNER, G. J., "Flow in a Hopper Discharge Chute System ". Chem . Eng. Prog., Vol. 71, No.2, February 1975.
22. RO BERTS, A. W., SCO TT, O . ,J. and PARBERY, R. D., "Gravity Flow of Bulk Solids through Transfer Chutes of Variable Profile and CrossSectional Geom etry". Proceedings of International Sym posium on Powder Technology, Kyoto, Japan, Septem ber 1981.
23. RO BERTS, A. W. and SCO TT, O . J., "Flow of Bulk Solids through Transfer Chutes of Variable Geom etry and Profile". Bulk Solids Handling, Vol.
1, No. 4, Decem ber 1981, pp. 715.
24. RO BERTS, A.W . "Basic Principles of Bulk Solids Storage, Flow and Handling", TUNRA Bulk Solids, The University of Newcastle, 1998.
25. RO BERTS, A.W. and W ICHE, S.J. "Interrelation Between Feed Chute Geom etry and Conveyor Belt Wear". Bulk Solids Handling, Vol. 19, NO .1
January, March 1999
26. RO BERTS, A.W. "Mechanics of Buck et Elevator Discharge During the Final Run-O ut Phase". Lnl. of Powder and Bulk Solids Technology, Vol. 12,
No.2, 1988. (pp.19-26)
27. SAVAGE, S. B., "Gravity Flow of Cohesionless Granular Materials in Chutes and Channels". J. Fluid Mech. (1979), Vol. 92, Part 1, pp. 53-96.
28. SAVAGE, S.B., 'The Mechanics of Rapid Granular Flows". Adv Appl Mech, 24, 1984, pp 289.
29. SCO TT, O .J., "Conveyor Transfer Chute Design, in Modern Concepts in Belt Conveying and Handling Bulk Solids". 1992 Edition. The Institute
for Bulk Materials Handling Research, University of Newcastle, 1992, pp 11.11-11.13.
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