6handle Rule Nec

Electrical System Planning
By
Max Billington, P.E.

March 20, 2012
Goals
March 20, 2012
Safety
Sustainability
Project Specific Parameters
Properly Sized for the Load
Minimum Initial Investment
Maximum Service Continuity
Maximum Flexibility and
Expandability
Maximum Power Quality
Maximum Electrical Efficiency
Minimum Operating Costs
Minimum Maintenance Cost
Safety
Fundamental Canon of
Professional Engineering:
Hold paramount the safety, health

and welfare of the public in the
performance of their duties.
March 20, 2012
Safety
State of Colorado Title 12
Professions and Occupations
Article 25 - Engineers and Surveyors
12-25-101. General Provisions
In order to safeguard life, health and

property and to promote the public
welfare
March 20, 2012
Configuration of the
Distribution System
Functions of structure, present and future

Life and flexibility of structure
NEC Prescriptions
Reliability requirements
Locations of service entrance and distribution
equipment
Sources of power; including normal, standby and
emergency
Continuity and quality of power available and
required
Distribution and utilization voltages
Locations and characteristics of loads
March 20, 2012
System Reliability
Multiple power sources

or services.
Multiple connection paths
to the loads served.
Redundancy of Critical
Components
Maintenance
March 20, 2012
System Reliability
According to recent presentation by
Steve Fairfax of MTechnology:
70% of all data center system failures are

human caused
Most human caused failures occur during
scheduled maintenance
March 20, 2012
UPS maintenance - 250% higher probability of

failure
Generator maintenance - 10% higher probability of
failure
Design Progression

Determining the Load
Voltage selection
Selecting the Type of Distribution System
Layout the system configuration
Power quality
March 20, 2012
Project Specific
Parameters
Short Circuit Calculations

Coordination
Motor Protection
Specific Equipment
Protection
Voltage Drop
Ground Fault Protection
March 20, 2012
Short Circuit Calculations

Cost of bracing
Conductor protection
Motor Protection
Elevation
Temperature
Power quality
Motor starting
Specific Equipment
Protection
March 20, 2012
Voltage Selection
600Y/346
Standard Nominal System

Voltages and Voltage Ranges
(From IEEE Standard 141-1993)
March 20, 2012
Voltage Selection
Selection of Motor Horsepower

Ratings as a Function of System Voltage
(From IEEE Standard 141-1993)
March 20, 2012
Voltage Selection
Voltage drop
Load
Distance
Size and location of utilization equipment
Cost
Less than 1000 amps 120/208 or 120/240
More than 1000 amps 277/480
More than 4000 amps 277/480 or 346/600
March 20, 2012
Selecting the Type of

Distribution System
Number of Services
Six Handle Rule
Only one, except
March 20, 2012
NEC ARTICLE 230 Services

I. General
230.2 Number of Services.
A building or other structure served shall be supplied by only one service unless
permitted in 230.2(A) through (D). For the purpose of 230.40, Exception No. 2
only, underground sets of conductors, 1/0 AWG and larger, running to the same
location and connected together at their supply end but not connected together
at their load end shall be considered to be supplying one service.
(A) Special Conditions. Additional services shall be permitted to supply the
following:
(1) Fire pumps
(2) Emergency systems
(3) Legally required standby systems
(4) Optional standby systems
(5) Parallel power production systems
(6) Systems designed for connection to multiple sources of supply for the
purpose of enhanced reliability
March 20, 2012
ARTICLE 230 Services

230.2 Number of Services (contd)
(B) Special Occupancies. By special permission, additional services
shall be permitted for either of the following:
(1) Multiple-occupancy buildings where there is no available
space for service equipment accessible to all occupants
(2) A single building or other structure sufficiently large to make
two or more services necessary
(C) Capacity Requirements. Additional services shall be permitted
under any of the following:
(1) Where the capacity requirements are in excess of 2000
amperes at a supply voltage of 600 volts or less
(2) Where the load requirements of a single-phase installation
are greater than the serving agency normally supplies through
one service
(3) By special permission
March 20, 2012
ARTICLE 230 Services

230.2 Number of Services (contd)
(D) Different Characteristics. Additional services shall be
permitted for different voltages, frequencies, or phases, or for
different uses, such as for different rate schedules.
230.71 Maximum Number of Disconnects.

(A) General. The service disconnecting means for each service permitted by
230.2, or for each set of service-entrance conductors permitted by 230.40,
Exception Nos. 1, 3, 4, or 5, shall consist of not more than six switches or
sets of circuit breakers, or a combination of not more than six switches and
sets of circuit breakers, mounted in a single enclosure, in a group of
separate enclosures, or in or on a switchboard. There shall be not more than
six sets of disconnects per service grouped in any one location.
March 20, 2012
Services
Only one service, unless
Fire pumps
Emergency systems
Legally required standby systems
Optional standby systems
Parallel power production systems
Systems designed for connection to
multiple sources of supply for the purpose of enhanced
reliability
Multiple-occupancy buildings
structure sufficiently large
in excess of 2000 amperes
Different Characteristics
not more than six disconnecting means
March 20, 2012
Services
Utility
Source
FIRE
PUMP
NEC 230.71(A) Maximum

Number of Disconnects
not more than six
switches
March 20, 2012
SIX HANDLE RULE
Power System
Configurations
Utility
Source
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
LARGE
MOTOR
LOADS
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
CLEAN
POWER
LOADS
Simple Radial
Distribution System
March 20, 2012
Power System
Configurations
Utility
Source A
NO
NC
Utility
Source B
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
Loop Utility Feed to a

Simple Radial
Distribution System
March 20, 2012
Power System
Configurations
Utility
Source A
NO
NC
Utility
Source B
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
Simple Radial
Distribution System
with Draw-Out
Switchgear
March 20, 2012
Power System
Configurations
Utility
Source
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
March 20, 2012
Distribution System
with Auxiliary
Generator
March 20, 2012
Power System
Configurations
Stand-By
Loads
March 20, 2012
Auxiliary
Generator
Critical
Loads
Utility
Source
Life Safety
Loads
Distribution System
with Separated Load
Types
Normal
Loads
Power System
Configurations
MAINT.
BY-PASS
Facilities Managers
need to be able to
completely isolate the
component to repair,
maintain or replace
while maintaining
power to the load.
March 20, 2012
Utility
Source
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
UPS
SYSTEM
UPS
SYSTEM
MAINTENANCE
BY-PASS FOR
CIRTICAL LOADS
MAINT.
BY-PASS
Power System
Configurations
Stand-By
Loads
Auxiliary
Generator
Critical
Loads
Utility
Source
Life Safety
Loads
Distribution System
with By-Pass
March 20, 2012
Normal
Loads
Power System Configurations

Utility
Source A
NC
NO
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
March 20, 2012
NC
NO
Utility
Source B
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
Loop Utility Feed to

Simple Radial
Distribution Systems

Utility
Source A
NC
NO
NO
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
NO
TIE
BREAKER
Distribution System
with Tie Breaker
March 20, 2012
NC
Utility
Source B

Utility
Source A
NC
NO
NO
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
NO
Double-Ended
Distribution System
March 20, 2012
NC
Utility
Source B

Utility
Source A
NC
NO
NO
NC
Utility
Source B
NO
Double-Ended Distribution
System with Parallel Generation
March 20, 2012
March 20, 2012
High School
March 20, 2012
High Rise Office Building
March 20, 2012
TV Broadcast NOC
March 20, 2012
HPC Data Center Primary Distribution
March 20, 2012
HPC Data Center UPS Distribution
Power System
Configurations
If there is only one

alternate path of power to
a critical load, be sure to
provide a manual
alternate path for
maintenance.
Utility
Source
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
100% UPS
SYSTEM
MAINT.
BY-PASS
UPS FOR CRITICAL

LOADS
March 20, 2012
Power System
Configurations
Utility
Source
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
100% UPS
SYSTEM
The second alternate

path of power to a critical
load provides an
alternate path for
maintenance.
March 20, 2012
100% UPS
SYSTEM
N+1 UPS FOR

CRITICAL LOADS
Utility
Source
Power System
Configurations
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
50% UPS
SYSTEM
50% UPS
SYSTEM
50% UPS
SYSTEM
1 OF 3 IS
STAND-BY
March 20, 2012
N+1 UPS FOR

CRITICAL LOADS
Power Quality Design

Subdistribution Design
CLEAN &
DIRTY
POWER
LOADS
CLEAN &
DIRTY
POWER
LOADS
[A] WORST!
March 20, 2012
CLEAN &
DIRTY
POWER
LOADS
CLEAN &
DIRTY
POWER
LOADS
[B] BAD!
DIRTY
POWER
LOADS
CLEAN
POWER
LOADS
[C] BEST!

System Design
Using Separation and Dedication
120/208V,
3PH, 4W
120/208V,
3PH, 4W
120/208V,
3PH, 4W
120/208V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
120/208V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
120/208V,
3PH, 4W
LARGE CLEAN
MOTOR POWER
LOADS LOADS
[A] WORST!
LARGE
MOTOR
LOADS
CLEAN
POWER
LOADS
[B] FAIR!
LARGE
MOTOR
LOADS
CLEAN
POWER
LOADS
[C] OKAY!
LARGE
MOTOR
LOADS
CLEAN
POWER
LOADS
[D] BETTER!
120/208V,
3PH, 4W
LARGE
MOTOR
LOADS
[E] BEST!
FIPS PUB 94 recommended separation of sensitive

equipment power distribution from support equipment
power distribution
March 20, 2012
CLEAN
POWER
LOADS
Electrical System Topology

Tier I
http://uptimeinstitute.com/
Tier I
No redundancy
Multiple single
points of failure
99.67 % availability
(28.8 hours down
time per year)
March 20, 2012

Tier II
Tier II
Electrical
redundancy
required (N+1)
Multiple single
points of failure
99.75 %
availability
(22 hours down
time per year)
March 20, 2012

Tier III
Tier III
(N+1)
No single
points of
failure
99.98 %
availability
(1.6 hours
down time
per year)
March 20, 2012

Tier IV
Tier IV
2(N+1)
No single
points of
failure
99.99 %
availability
48 minutes
down time
per year
March 20, 2012
Tier I 99.67% Availability

29 hours down time per year
calculated 99.92%; 7 hr. per year*
Tier II 99.75% Availability

22 hours down time per year
calculated 99.998%; 11 min. per year*
Tier III 99.98% Availability

(1.6 hours down time per year)
calculated 99.9999%; 32 sec. per year*
Tier IV 99.99% Availability

(48 minutes down time per year)
calculated 99.9999%; 29 sec. per year*
* Stephen Fairfax, MTechnology; Quantitative Reliability Analysis of Tier Like

Data Center Topologies, Nov. 16, 2010; 2010 Fall Conference of the
7x24Exchange International
March 20, 2012
System Coordination
Type of gear
Type of OCPs
Coordination
Fault bracing
March 20, 2012
Coordination
March 20, 2012
Coordination:
Breakers
coordinate
well in short
and long time
scales
Breakers do
not
coordinate
well in
instantaneous
scale
Coordination:
Fuses
coordinate
well in short
and long time
scales
Fuses
coordinate
well in
instantaneous
scale
March 20, 2012
Voltage Drop and

Distance Limitations
NEC 210.19(A)(1) Info Note 4

3% for branch circuits
NEC 215.2(A)(3) Info Note 2

2% for feeders
March 20, 2012
Maximum 5% voltage drop
Voltage Drop
Load
Power Factor
Distance
Voltage
Copper/Aluminum Conductor
Metallic vs. Non-Metallic Raceway
Approximate:
Evd= IR cos + IX sin
Exact Method:
March 20, 2012
Evd= Es + IR cos + IX sin SQRT(Es2+ (IX cos + IR sin)2)
Voltage Drop
Exact Method:
Evd= Es + IR cos + IX sin - SQRT(Es2+ (IX cos + IR sin)2)
March 20, 2012
Voltage Drop
The reality of 80% loaded circuits:

120v 20A2G: 65 ft max (3%vd)
120v 30A2G: 70 ft max (3%vd)
208v 20A2G: 110 ft max (3%vd)
208v 20A4G: 130 ft max (3%vd)
277v 20A2G: 185 ft max (3%vd)
480v 400A4G: 360 ft max (2%vd)
480v 1000A4G: 370 ft max (2%vd)
600v 1000A4G: 460 ft max (2%vd)
4160v 1000A4G: 3300 ft max (2%vd)
March 20, 2012
Voltage Drop
Rules of thumb:
Feeder Circuits
100 ft max for 208 volt 3 ph (2%vd)
Branch Circuits:
120 ft max for 208 volt (3%vd)
March 20, 2012
Ground Fault Protection
NEC 230.95
>150 volts to ground
1000 amps and higher
March 20, 2012
Determining the Load
Amperage and kVA Limitations

Bus and Feeder Sizes
Common Loads
Load Densities
Load Estimating
Examples
March 20, 2012
Amperage and kVA

Limitation Guidelines
3000 amps and larger

Consider the effects of a large scale outage
Costs of switchgear at this size is greater
>1500 kVA service

Excessive short circuit > 65kAIC
Excessive amperage: >2000 amps
>75 kVA transformer

Excessive short circuit > 9kAIC
Excessive amperage: >225 amps
March 20, 2012
Bus and Feeder Sizes
Plan for the future

Full size bus
Full size feeders
Full size neutral
March 20, 2012
Design Guide Loads
Common Loads
Equipment loads
March 20, 2012
Kitchen Loads
Load Densities
Load Estimating
Load Analysis Worksheet

Building Floor Plan
Building Areas
Load Densities
Point Loads
Floor Totals
Building Totals
March 20, 2012
High Rise Office Building

Example
Load Analysis
Typical floor plate
Preliminary
One-Line
Final One-Line
March 20, 2012
Basic Floor Plan

120 feet
70 feet
250 feet
18,500 square feet
Examine proportions and distances

Determine area of major spaces and rooms
March 20, 2012
Load
Estimating
Detailed Loads Per Area
Area Loads
Point Loads
March 20, 2012
Load
Estimating
March 20, 2012
Summary Loads
Per Area
Basic Floor Plan

120 feet
70 feet
250 feet
18,500 square feet
Avoid mechanical rooms and chases, elevator shafts and egress stairs
Consider panel placement for optimal circuit conductor length and size
March 20, 2012
Load Estimating
March 20, 2012
Detailed Loads
Per Area
HVAC Loads
Load
Estimating
March 20, 2012
Elevator Loads
Load
Estimating
March 20, 2012
Summary Sheet
Load
Estimating
March 20, 2012
March 20, 2012
March 20, 2012
Success
Story:
Valor
Christian
High
School
Load
Estimating
March 20, 2012
One that did

not work so
well:
Cordera K8
Load
Estimating
March 20, 2012
Load Estimating
SDs: Load Analysis

Worksheet
DDs: Load Analysis
Worksheet but include
mechanical point loads
65% CDs: Load Analysis Worksheet
but include all point loads
CDs: Actual panel schedule loads
plus all point loads
March 20, 2012
Residential Load Calculations
March 20, 2012
Residential
Load
Calculations
March 20, 2012
March 20, 2012
System Layout
Service Location
Utility requirements
Access and egress
March 20, 2012
Feeder lengths
Branch circuit lengths
Major load locations
Distribution equipment locations
Panel locations
Future expansion
System
Layout
Utility
Source
DIST
DIST
MAXIMUM
300 FEET
MDP
DIST
MAXIMUM
70 FEET
DIST
DIST
DIST
DIST
In an Ideal World
March 20, 2012
March 20, 2012
The Reality
March 20, 2012

Summary of IEEE Recommended Guidelines
Voltage sags or swells

Separation of load types
Separation/Dedication/
Location/Isolation
Harmonic Canceling
Transformers
Connect large loads nearest

utility source
Transient Overvoltages
Lightning protection system
200% neutrals
Ground ring
Proper grounding and

bonding
SPD
Separation/Dedication/
Location/Isolation
Harmonics
Power Outages
UPSs & generators
Ground Faults
Relay coordination
March 20, 2012
12 & 18 pulse drives
EMF/RFI
SPDs
Separation/Location

Recommendations by The RMH Group, Inc.
Design electrical distribution system per IEEE recommended guidelines.
Use an outside copper ground ring and multiple ground electrodes to

achieve lowest practical resistance to ground, and to redirect earth
currents. The grounding electrode system must have a resistance no
greater than 10 ohms, 2 ohms in installations that contain many
computers and other sensitive electronic equipment. All systems must be
properly bonded to the common grounding electrode system. Bond
electrode to ground ring in only one location.
Separate the large motor loads from sensitive loads at the main service or
provide separate service altogether.
Use lightning protection per NFPA 780. Place SPDs at main service,
secondary distribution and branch panelboards feeding sensitive loads.
Progressively reduce SPD clamping voltages from the service to the
panelboard.
March 20, 2012

Segregate outlets that serve computer equipment from those

used for general service. Segregate sensitive loads on separate
branch circuits, fed from separate panelboards, fed from
separate feeders and separate transformers.
Specify 200% neutrals in three-phase feeders to nonlinear-load

branch panelboards. Use separate full-sized neutrals for each
phase leg in branch circuits feeding sensitive equipment.
Use a separate copper grounding conductor (green wire) for

each circuit. Follow recommendations spelled out in IEEE 1100
and TIA/EIA 607.
March 20, 2012

Use RMS sensing feeder breakers, panelboards designed for

non-linear loads (200% neutral, dedicated ground), and highefficiency phase-shifting harmonic-canceling transformers
for panels serving high harmonic loads. Locate transformers
as close to the load as possible. Keep branch circuits short
(70 ft., or less).
Install no more than four to six outlets per branch circuit in

those circuits that serve computers and other sensitive
electronic equipment.
Specify 12 or 18 pulse Adjustable Speed Drives and soft

starts.
March 20, 2012

Comparison using Academic Office West
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
Bus Riser
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
Bus Riser
K-Rated 112.5 kVA

Drytype
120/208V, 3PH, 4W
Combined Loads in
2-Section Panel,
separate circuits for
clean loads
[A] Combined Loads with

K-Rated Dry Type
March 20, 2012
Standard 75 kVA
Drytype
120/208V, 3PH, 4W
Dirty
Power
Loads
45 kVA Harmonic
Canceling, with Phase Shift
120/208V, 3PH, 4W
Clean
Power
Loads
[B] Combined Dry Type and

Harmonic Canceling
What
Does
All
This
Cost?

Comparison using
Academic Office West
3PH, 4W
Bus Riser
K-Rated
112.5112.5
kVA kVA
K-Rated
Drytype
Drytype
120/208V,
3PH,3PH,
4W 4W
120/208V,
Combined
Loads
in in
Combined
Loads
2-Section
Panel,
2-Section
Panel,
separate
circuits
for for
separate
circuits
cleanclean
loadsloads
March 20, 2012

K-Rated Dry Type
277/480V,
Costs
200 A Bus Plug

175 A Primary Feeder
112.5 K-Rated Transformer
350 A Secondary Feeder
2-Section 400 A Panelboard
$17,128 per assembly

including OH&P
$308,340 for nine floors, 2-locations

Comparison using
Academic Office West
Dirty
Power
Loads
45 kVA Harmonic
Canceling, with Phase Shift
120/208V, 3PH, 4W
Clean
Power
Loads

Harmonic Canceling
March 20, 2012

Harmonic Canceling
277/480V,
3PH, 4W
Bus Riser
Standard 75 kVA
Drytype
120/208V, 3PH, 4W
Costs
200 A & 100A Bus Plugs

125 A & 70 A Primary Feeders
75 kVA Drytype
45 kVA Harmonic Canceling
225 A & 150 A
Secondary Feeders
225 A Panelboard
225 A 200%N, IG Panelboard
$21,922 per assembly

including OH&P
Costs

K-Rated Dry Type

Harmonic Canceling
$17,130 for one floor, 1-location

$21,900 for one floor, 1-location

There is about an $86,000 premium for the Power

Quality Upgrade.
Given a total Electrical Project cost of $3,500,000
this results in a 2.5% increase in cost.
Given a total Project cost of $29,000,000 this results
in a 0.3% increase in cost.
March 20, 2012
Costs

Combined Dry Type and Harmonic
Canceling
$86,000
Lightning Protection
$27,930
Ground ring
$18,530
Lightning arrestor at service entry
$4,320
SPD at service and branch panels
$83,590
March 20, 2012
There is about an
$220,300 premium for all
the Power Quality
Upgrades.
Given a total Electrical
Project cost of
$3,500,000 this results in
a 6.3% increase in cost.
Given a total Project cost
of $29,000,000 this
results in a 0.8% increase
in cost.
Putting it all Together

What does all this Power Quality buy?
Canceling ($86,000)
Longer equipment life
Less lost time and data due to
computer malfunctions
Lower labor costs for
maintenance and repairs
ROI of 2 to 4 years for xfmrs
Lower energy bills
for life of building
Lightning arrestor at service

entry ($4,320)
Less damage to expensive
equipment
SPD at service and branch

panels ($83,600)
Longer equipment life
equipment
Less lost time due to
Lightning Protection & Ground Ring
computer malfunctions
($46,460)
Lower labor costs for
Life Safety
maintenance
equipment
March 20, 2012
Putting it all Together

What is the ROI on all this Power Quality?

Lightning arrestor at service entry
Canceling ($86,000)
($4,320)
At $0.07/kWHr
less damage to expensive
ROI of 2.4 to 3.9 years for xfmrs
equipment (at $5,000 per
Lower energy bills ($16,400/yr.)
computer, saving 1 computer
for life of building ($820,000/50yr.)
pays for investment)
Lightning Protection & Ground Ring
($46,460)
Life Safety (priceless)
computer, saving 10 computers
March 20, 2012
SPD at service and branch panels

($83,600)
longer equipment life
computer, saving 17 computers
Questions and Answers

March 20, 2012
ELECTRICAL LOAD DENSITIES WORKSHEET

Project Name:
For:
12600 West Colfax Ave., Suite A-400
ELECTRICAL LOAD DENSITIES

[ ]
By: Max D. Billington, P.E.
Lakewood, Colorado 80215
Job No.: [ ]
Comments: [ ]
(303) 239-0909/FAX (303) 239-8913
10:32 AM
March 16, 2012
[]
Information on this document is presented for information only and is intended for use by design professionals under the supervision of a registered
professional engineer. The user must make careful investigation as to its application.
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Building
Type
High Rise
Low Rise
Lighting
W/SF
Devices
W/SF
HVAC
W/SF
2.2
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
4.5
3.5
15.0
Apartment
Apartment
Art Gallery
Auditorium
Auditorium
General
Stage
0.7
0.7
1.1
1.8
1.6
Bank
Bank
Branch
Main
1.5
1.5
2.1
1.5
5.7
5.7
Cafeteria
Church
Evang.
Church
High
College
Library
College
Phys Ed
College
Science B
Computer
Data Center
Correctional Facility
Corridors
Courthouse
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.9
1.2
0.5
1.1
0.8
0.8
1.0
3.0
1.2
3.4
0.3
2.5
6.8
3.7
3.3
5.7
4.5
5.3
10.0
7.8
Dept Store
Dept Store
Dept Store
Dept Store
Donut Shop
Dormitory
Dwelling
Dwelling
Dwelling
Basement
Main Floor
Upper Floor
Drive In
College
0-3000 SF
3K-120K SF
> 120K SF
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.0
1.0
4.0
1.2
0.5
0.3
0.2
4.0
3.5
6.0
4.5
6.8
4.0
Garage
Commercial
0.9
0.5
Lobby
Rooms
Elderly
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
4.5
4.5
3.8
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.2
Building
1.4
Laboratories
Library
Appliances
W/SF
Heat
W/SF
Computer
W/SF
1.6
1.4
Other
W/SF
Total
W/SF
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.5
6.9
6.7
7.6
7.1
18.1
1.4
1.4
12.3
11.5
4.0
1.0
0.8
1.4
1.1
1.3
2.2
1.2
0.5
0.6
12.7
7.1
6.2
9.7
8.0
12.4
26.6
14.7
1.2
12.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
8.4
8.0
10.0
8.5
14.0
7.2
2.5
5.0
4.4
0.5
1.9
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
0.5
1.0
11.7
12.0
11.3
8.3
8.5
7.0
7.2
2.0
4.5
1.0
8.9
1.2
1.3
5.0
1.0
6.0
5.5
0.5
0.5
14.7
8.3
Mall Shops
Manufacturin Apparel
Manufacturin Food
Manufacturin Tools
Medical
Clinic
Medical
Center
Motel
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
3.2
4.0
3.2
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.5
7.5
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.2
7.5
5.2
Nursing Home
1.0
1.6
4.0
1.0
7.6
Office Bldg
Office Bldg High Rise
Office Bldg High Tech
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.9
2.0
2.3
5.3
4.7
6.5
1.2
1.2
1.0
11.9
10.6
15.8
Hospital
Hospital
Hospital
Hotel
Hotel
Hotel
Housing
Industrial
General
Pediatric
0.5
1.6
12.0
1.2
7.3
0.1
0.4
3.5
3.0
2.0
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.05
1.7
1.7
5.0
LoadDensities-V_0312.xls
ELECTRICAL LOAD DENSITIES WORKSHEET

Project Name:
For:
12600 West Colfax Ave., Suite A-400
ELECTRICAL LOAD DENSITIES

[ ]
By: Max D. Billington, P.E.
Lakewood, Colorado 80215
Job No.: [ ]
Comments: [ ]
(303) 239-0909/FAX (303) 239-8913
10:32 AM
March 16, 2012
[]
Information on this document is presented for information only and is intended for use by design professionals under the supervision of a registered
professional engineer. The user must make careful investigation as to its application.
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65
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67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
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77
78
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80
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84
Building
Type
Lighting
W/SF
Devices
W/SF
HVAC
W/SF
Radio-TV
Studio
Restaurant Dining
Restaurant Fast Food
Retail Store
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.2
0.3
2.0
0.9
7.6
6.0
6.8
5.5
School
Elementary
School
Junior High
School
Senior High
Shops, Corner
Storage
Spaces
Store
Jewelry
Supermarket
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
0.8
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
6.1
5.3
4.6
4.0
1.0
8.5
4.0
Telephone
Theater
Town Hall
1.0
1.2
1.1
0.6
1.0
1.9
4.5
3.3
5.3
1.1
0.8
0.8
2.0
0.6
0.3
5.0
0.0
0.0
Exchange
US Post Office
Warehouse Grocery
Warehouse Storage
I:\RMH Electrical Standards\V_1107 Standard Schedules\[LoadDensities-V_0312.xls]calcsht
Appliances
W/SF
1.81
0.7
0.9
Heat
W/SF
1
0.2
0.1
Computer
W/SF
0.6
0.5
2.0
Other
W/SF
Total
W/SF
1.9
0.5
1.7
1.4
13.3
8.1
11.9
9.3
0.9
0.6
1.3
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
12.8
10.1
10.2
7.0
2.8
11.5
7.5
1.1
0.8
1.3
9.2
6.3
9.6
1.3
0.5
0.5
9.4
1.9
1.6
Version 1107
LoadDensities-V_0312.xls

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