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Buddhi S. Shrama
The Objective
ACECOMS, AIT
The Program
ACECOMS, AIT
STRUCTURE
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal Changes
pv
RESPONSES
Displacements
Strains
Stresses
Stress Resultants
ACECOMS, AIT
Analysis
so that:
We can ensure that the structure
can sustain the excitation with an
acceptable level of response
Design
ACECOMS, AIT
Analysis of Structures
xx yy zz
pvx 0
x
y
z
Real Structure is governed by Partial
Differential Equations of various order
pv
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal Changes
pv
Displacements
Strains
Stress
Stress Resultants
Structural
Model
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Equilibrium
Actual Structure
xx yy zz
pvx 0
x
y
z
Partial Differential
Equations
FEM
Assumptions
Classical
Structural Model
Kr R
Stress-Strain Law
Compatibility
Algebraic
Equations
_
dV p u dV p u ds
t
v
t
s
K = Stiffness
r = Response
R = Loads
ACECOMS, AIT
Loads (F)
Fv
(Stiffness)
F
Equilibrium Equation
F=Ku
ACECOMS, AIT
RESPONSES
EXCITATION
pv
Static
Dynamic
Elastic
Inelastic
Linear
Nonlinear
Elastic
2. Linear-Dynamic
Elastic
3. Nonlinear - Static
Elastic OR Inelastic
Ku FNL F
4. Nonlinear-Dynamic
Elastic OR Inelastic
Structure
Response
Static
Elastic
Linear
Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static
Elastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static
Inelastic
Linear
Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static
Inelastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Dynamic
Elastic
Linear
Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Elastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Inelastic
Linear
Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic
Inelastic
Nonlinear
Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
Non-linear Analysis
P-Delta Analysis
Buckling Analysis
Static Pushover Analysis
Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
Large Displacement Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Steady State Dynamic Analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
Solve FE Model
Interpret FEA Results
Engineer
ACECOMS, AIT
The Fundamentals
In Finite Element Method
ACECOMS, AIT
3D SOLIDS
Discretization
Simplification
(geometric)
3D-CONTINUM
MODEL
(Governed by partial
differential equations)
CONTINUOUS MODEL
OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by either
partial or total differential equations)
DISCRETE MODEL
OF STRUCTURE
(Governed by algebraic
equations)
ACECOMS, AIT
Equilibrium
Actual Structure
xx yy zz
pvx 0
x
y
z
Partial Differential
Equations
Structure
Assumptions
Continuum
Structural Model
Kr R
Stress-Strain Law
Compatibility
Algebraic
Equations
_
dV p u dV p u ds
t
v
t
s
K = Stiffness
r = Response
R = Loads
ACECOMS, AIT
Continuum Vs Structure
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Structural Members
Continuum
Regular Solid
(3D)
y
Plate/Shell (2D)
x z
t<<(x,z)
z
x
Beam (1D)
b h
L>>(b,h)
h
z
x
L
b
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Primary Relationships
ACECOMS, AIT
Loads
Actions
Deformations
Strains
Stresses
Stress Resultants
ACECOMS, AIT
Mechanics Relationships
Load
Action
Stress Resultant
Deformation
Stress
Strain
ACECOMS, AIT
Primary Relationships
ACECOMS, AIT
AE
Moment-Curvatures, Load-Deflection
Curves are samples of this relationship
The represents to Element Stiffness
P
P
ACECOMS, AIT
3M
2V
V
M
PL
AE
L
2 EI
2M
ACECOMS, AIT
Shortening
Curvature
Shearing
Twisting
Axial Strain
Axial Strain
Shear Strain
Shear Strain + Axial Strain
1 v v v 0 0 0
v 1 v v 0 0 0
x
x
v v 1 v 0 0 0 y
y
z
1
2
v
0 0 0
E
0 0 z
2
xy 1 v 1 2v
xy
1 2v
0 0 0 0
0 yz
yz
2
zx
1 2v zx
0 0 0 0 0
kfc
fy
xx E x
xy G xy
ACECOMS, AIT
yy
y
x
yz
xy
zy
zz
yx
zx
xz
xx
Secondary Relationships
Global Axis - Local Axis
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
N1 (s) 0.5 s (1 s)
S =-1
S=0
S=0
S =+1
N1 (s) (1 s)
S=1
N 2 (s) (1 s)(1 s)
N3 (s) 0.5 s (1 s)
N1 (s) s
S is the Natural Coordinate System
w( s) N1 ( s) w1 N 2 ( s) w2 N 3 ( s) w3
3
w( s) N i wi
i 1
ACECOMS, AIT
N 3
N 2
w N1
J
w1
w2
w3
s
s
s
s
J N i , s wi
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Dx, Dy, Dz
ACECOMS, AIT
ry
uy
y
u x rx
x
z
uz
rz
wz
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Restrained
the displacement is specified, and the corresponding
reaction is computed during the analysis
Constrained
the displacement is determined from the
displacements at other degrees of freedom
Null
the displacement does not affect the structure and is
ignored by the analysis
Unavailable
The displacement has been explicitly excluded from
the analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
Constraints
Linked or dependent limits on DOF
Internal linkages within the structure, in addition to
or in place of normal connections
Rigid Diaphragm, Master-Slave DOF
ACECOMS, AIT
Body Constraints
Constraints in SAP2000
A constraint is a set of two or more constrained
joints.
The displacements of each pair of joints in the
constraint are related by constraint equations.
The types of behavior that can be enforced by
constraints are:
Rigid-body behavior
Equal-displacement behavior
Symmetry and anti-symmetry conditions
ACECOMS, AIT
Constraints in SAP2000
Rigid-body behavior
Rigid Body: fully rigid for all displacements
Rigid Diaphragm: rigid for membrane behavior in a
plane
Rigid Plate: rigid for plate bending in a plane
Rigid Rod: rigid for extension along an axis
Rigid Beam: rigid for beam bending on an axis
ACECOMS, AIT
The Concept of
Stiffness
What is Stiffness ?
In structural terms, stiffness
may be defined as
Resistance to Deformation
So for each type of
deformation, there is a
corresponding stiffness
Stiffness can be considered
or evaluated at various levels
Stiffness is also the
constant in the ActionDeformation Relationship
uF
Ku F
F
K
u
ACECOMS, AIT
Material Stiffness
Cross-section Geometry
EA, EI
Section Stiffness
Member Geometry
EA/L
Member Stiffness
Structure Geometry
Structure Stiffness
ACECOMS, AIT
Structure Stiffness
The overall resistance
of the structures to over
all loads, called the
Global Structure
Stiffness.
Derived from the sum
of stiffness of its
members, their
connectivity and the
boundary or the
restraining conditions.
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
uz Cross-section area, Ax
ux Shear Area along x, SAx
uy Shear Area along y, SAy
rz Torsional Constant, J
rx Moment of Inertia, Ixx
r y Moment of Inertia, Iyy
wz Warping Constant, Wzz or Cw
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
I .W dv
External Work
E.W F
I .W dv
Stress-Strain
D
Strain-Disp.
I .W T D dv
V
I .W T B T D B dv
V
I .W B D B dv
V
Equilibrium
E.W I .W
T
F B D B dv
V
F B D B dv
V
F K
ACECOMS, AIT
D
B
DE
1
B
L
L
K
V
K B D B dv
T
1
1
E
dv
L
L
E
L2
dv
E
K 2 AL
L
EA
K
L
EA
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
r2
r3
r6
r1
r4
Node1
Node2
R1
K11
K12
K13
K14
K15
K16
r1
R2
K21
K22
K23
K24
K25
K26
r2
R5
K51
K52
K53
K54
K55
K56
r5
R6
K61
K62
K63
K64
K65
K66
r6
31
41
32
42
33
43
34
44
35
45
36
46
3
4
ACECOMS, AIT
U2
U3
U3
E ,A ,I ,L
U1
U1
Node1
Node2
(P1)1
EA/L
-EA/L
(U1)1
(P2)1
12EI/L3
6EI/L2
-12EI/L3
6EI/L2
(U2)1
(P3)1
6EI/L2
4EI/L
-6EI/L2
2EI/L
(U3)1
(P1)2 =
-EA/L
EA/L
(U1)2
(P2)2
-12EI/L3
-6EI/L2
12EI/L3
-6EI/L2
(U2)2
(P3)2
6EI/L2
2EI/L
-6EI/L2
4EI/L
(U3)2
( U1)1
(U2)1
(U3)1
(U1)2
(U2)2
(U3)3
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Isoparametric Elements
Introduction
In real world, the problem domains are such that
they have no proper shape
It is difficult to find the exact solution of the real
problems
Isoparametric elements are used to discretize a
complex shape problem domain into a number of
geometrical shapes
Analysis is carried out on the simple discretized
shapes and then the result is integrated over the
actual problem domain to get the approximate
numerical solution
ACECOMS, AIT
1D Isoparametric Shape
Consider the example of a bar element
For simplification, let the bar lie in x-axis
First, relate the Global coordinate X to natural
coordinate system with variable r,
Y
x2
x1
U1
U2
X, U
r = -1
r = +1
1 r 1
ACECOMS, AIT
1D Isoparametric Shape
Transformation is given by:
1
1
X (1 r ) X 1 (1 r ) X 2
2
2
h1
x2
x1
U1
U2
X, U
r = -1
r = +1
h2
1
1
are interpolation of
h1 (1 r ) and h2 (1 r )
shape functions
2
2
U hiU i
i 1
ACECOMS, AIT
1D Isoparametric Shape
dr dX
dU U 2 U1
dr
2
dX X 2 X 1 L
and
dr
2
2
ACECOMS, AIT
1D Isoparametric Shape
Therefore, we have
U 2 U1
Bu
So, Strain displacement transformation
matrix can be shown as:
1
B 1 1
L
ACECOMS, AIT
1D Isoparametric Shape
The Stiffness Matrix is given by:
K BT EB dV
AE
K 2
L
1
1 1 1 1 Jdr
1
Where,
A = area of the bar
J = Jacobian
relating an element
length in the global
coordinate system
to an element
length in the
natural coordinate
system
dX J dr
L
so J
2
ACECOMS, AIT
1D Isoparametric Shape
Therefore, K is evaluated as
AE 1 1
K
L 1 1
And put in
1
1
X (1 r ) X 1 (1 r ) X 2
2
2
To get
rX
U hiU i
i 1
( X 1 X 2) / 2
L/2
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 01
Derive
Interpolation Matrix H
Strain Displacement
Interpolation Matrix B
Jacobian Operator J
for the three-node element
as shown in figure
1
2
X, U
r = -1
x1
r=0
L/2
r = +1
L/2
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 01
r
h1 (1 r )
2
+1
r = -1
r=0
+1
r = -1
r=0
r
h2 (1 r )
2
r = +1
+1
r = -1
h3 1 r
r = +1
r=0
r = +1
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 01
So,
H h1 h2 h3
dH
dr
1
1
B J 1 ( r ) ( r ) 2r
2
2
B J 1
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 01
For Jacobian Operator
x h1 x1 h2 x2 h3 x3
r
r
L
(1 r ) x1 (1 r )( x1 L) (1 r 2 )( x1 )
2
2
2
L L
x x1 r
2 2
dx
J
dr
L
J
2
L
2
J 1 ; det J
2
L
ACECOMS, AIT
2D Isoparametric Element
1
3
2
ACECOMS, AIT
2D Isoparametric Element
Shape functions Ni are
defined in local
coordinates
, (1 , 1)
u N i ui ; v N i vi
x N i xi ; y N i yi
ACECOMS, AIT
2D Isoparametric Element
Shape functions for linear quadratic twodimensional isoparametric elements are shown
here
Linear Elements 4-node:
1
N i (1 o )(1 o )
4
ACECOMS, AIT
2D Isoparametric Element
where
o i ;o i
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
Derive the expressions
needed for the calculation
of Stiffness Matrix of the
isoparametric 4-node
finite element shown in
the figure. Assume plane
stress or plane strain
conditions
y, v
or s
or r
y4
3
4
x4
x, u
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
y, v
or s
or r
y4
3
4
x4
x, u
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
The coordinate interpolations for the element is given by
4
i 1
i 1
x hi xi ; y hi yi
Using the interpolation functions, the coordinate
interpolations for this element are
1
1
1
1
x (1 r )(1 s) x1 (1 r )(1 s) x2 (1 r )(1 s) x3 (1 r )(1 s) x4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
y (1 r )(1 s) y1 (1 r )(1 s) y2 (1 r )(1 s) y3 (1 r )(1 s) y4
4
4
4
4
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
The displacement interpolations for the element is given
by
4
i 1
11
u hi ui ; v hi vi
Using the interpolation functions, the coordinate
interpolations for this element are
1
1
1
1
u (1 r )(1 s)u1 (1 r )(1 s)u2 (1 r )(1 s)u3 (1 r )(1 s)u4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
v (1 r )(1 s)v1 (1 r )(1 s)v2 (1 r )(1 s)v3 (1 r )(1 s)v4
4
4
4
4
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
The element strains are given by
T xx yy xy
xx
u
v
u v
; yy ; xy
x
y
y x
x
r r
x
s s
y
r x
y
s y
or
J
r
x
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
where
x 1
1
1
1
(1 s ) x1 (1 s ) x2 (1 s ) x3 (1 s ) x4
r 4
4
4
4
x 1
1
1
1
(1 r ) x1 (1 r ) x2 (1 r ) x3 (1 s ) x4
s 4
4
4
4
y 1
1
1
1
(1 s ) y1 (1 s ) y2 (1 s ) y3 (1 s ) y4
r 4
4
4
4
y 1
1
1
1
(1 r ) y1 (1 r ) y2 (1 r ) y3 (1 r ) y4
s 4
4
4
4
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
For any value of r and s
1 r 1 and 1 s 1
We can form the Jacobian matrix. Assuming we evaluate
J at r r and s s
i
x
1 r
J
y
s
at r ri and s s j
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
u
1
r
0
1
r
0
(
1
r
)
0
(
1
s
)
0
4
y
and
v
x
0 1 s 0 (1 s ) 0 (1 s ) 0 1 s
1
J 1
u
v
0
1
r
0
1
r
0
(
1
r
)
0
(
1
s
)
4
Where
u T u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
where r ri and s s j
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
Strain-displacement transformation is given by
ij Bij u
So, we can get
0
(1 s)
0
1 s
0
1 s 0 (1 s)
1
Bij 0 1 r 0
1 r
0
(1 r )
0 (1 r )
4
1 r 1 s 1 r (1 s) (1 r ) (1 s ) (1 r ) 1 s
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 02
Stiffness Matrix K is given by
K tij ij Fij
i, j
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 03
Calculate the
deflection uA
of the
structural
model shown
Z
U4
U3
U1
6 cm
U6
U5
U2
0.1cm
U8
U7= uA
E= 30 x 106 N/cm2
6 cm
0.3
0.1cm
Section AA
A
8 cm
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 03
Z
U4
U3
U6
x
r
J
x
s
y
r
y
s
U1
6 cm
U5
U2
U8
Y
U7= uA
E= 30 x 106 N/cm2
6 cm
0.3
A
8 cm
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 03
So, we have
4 0
J
0
3
Now, calculating B
3(1 s )
1
B
...
0
48
4(1 r )
...
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 03
Stiffness K for an Area is,
K BT EB t det J dr ds
3(1 s )
E
1
3 (1 s )
(0.1)(12)dr ds
3
(
1
s
)
0
4
(
1
r
)
1 48 1 2
2(1 )(1 r )
1 1
K 1336996.34 N / cm
The stiffness of the truss is AE/L, or
(1)(30 X 106 )
k
3750000 N / cm
8
ACECOMS, AIT
Example 03
Hence,
Ktotal = 6.424 x 106 N/cm
Now, since P = Ku
Therefore, u = P/K
6000
4
u
9
.
34
X
10
cm
6
6.424 X 10
u 9.34 X 104 cm
ACECOMS, AIT
Shell Element
ACECOMS, AIT
Shell Element
Axis 3
Axis 2
Face 3
J3
Axis 1
Face 2
J2
J4
Face 4
Face5 Bottom
Face6 Top
J1
Face 1
ACECOMS, AIT
Shell Elements
A simple quadrilateral Shell Element
Two dimensional plate bending and membrane
elements are combined to form a four-node shell
element
y
y
z
uy
ux
uy
uz
ux
Membrane Element
Shell Element
ACECOMS, AIT
Shell Elements
ACECOMS, AIT
What are
The Finite Elements
(in SAP2000)
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Independent spring
stiffness in each DOF
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
where u1 ,u2 ,u3 ,r1 ,r2 and r3 are the joint displacements and rotations,
and the terms u1, u1u2, u2, ... are the specified spring stiffness
coefficients.
ACECOMS, AIT
Plane Stress, Plane Strain, Axisymmetric, Plate and Shell Elements (2D,3D)
Brick Elements
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Dx
2D Truss
Dy
Dy
Rz
Dz
Dx
3D Truss
2D Beam
Ry
Dy
Rz
Dy
Dx
Rz
Dy
Dz
Rx
Dx
Rx
Rz
2D Frame
2D Grid
3D Frame
ACECOMS, AIT
Variation of 1D Elements
Based on DOF
2D Truss
3D Truss
2D Beam
3D Beam
2D Grid
Based on Behavior
Thick Beam/ Thin Beam
Liner/ Isoperimetric
Non-Linear Elements
NL Link
Gap Element
Tension Only
Compression Only
Friction
Cable
Damper
ACECOMS, AIT
Usage of 1D Elements
3D Frame
2D Grid
2D Frame
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Ry ?
Dy
Rz
Rx
Dx
Dy
Dy
Membrane
Plate
Dz
Dx
Rx
Rz
Shell
ACECOMS, AIT
Membrane Element
General
R3
U2
U2
Node 4
Node 3
U1
3
U1
2
Application
For Modeling surface elements
carrying
in-plane loads
R3
U2
Node 1
R3
U2
Node 2
U1
U1
Membrane
ACECOMS, AIT
x
1 unit
x2
x1
x3
3D Problem
2D Problem
ACECOMS, AIT
Plate Element
General
Total DOF per Node = 3
Total Displacements per
Node = 1
Total Rotations per Node = 2
Plates are for flat surfaces
U3
U3
R2
Node 3
R2
Node 4
R1
3
R1
2
Application
For Modeling surface
elements carrying
out of plane loads
U3
R2
Node 1
U3
R2
Node 2
R1
R1
Plate
ACECOMS, AIT
Shell Element
General
U3, R3
U3, R3
U2, R2
U2, R2
Node 3
Node 4
U1, R1
3
Application
For Modeling surface elements
carrying general loads
U1, R1
U3, R3
1
U3, R3
U2, R2
Node 1
U2, R2
Node 2
U1, R1
U1, R1
Shell
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Dz
Dx
Solid/ Brick
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Frame
Shell
Membrane
Plate
Shell
Solid
OK
OK
Dz
OK
OK
OK
Rx, Ry, Rz
OK
Rx ?
Dx, Dy
Rx ?
Rx, Ry, Rz
OK
OK
OK
Dx, Dy
OK
OK
Rx, Rz
OK
Rx, Rz
OK
OK
Rx, Rz
Rx, Ry, Rz
OK
Dx, Dz
OK
Rx, Rz
OK
OK
Dz
Dx, Dz
OK
OK
Membrane
Plate
Frame
Solid
ACECOMS, AIT
Beams to Plates
Beam to Brick
Plates to Brick
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Shear-Walls
using Panels only
ACECOMS, AIT
Zipper
ACECOMS, AIT
Load Cases
Load Combinations
Design Envelopes
Design Actions
ACECOMS, AIT
Load Cases
Load cases are defined by the user and used for
analysis purpose only
ACECOMS, AIT
Load Combinations
The Load Combinations may be created by the
program, user defined or a combination of both.
1.4DL
1.4DL + 1.7(LL + RLL)
0.75[1.4DL + 1.7(LL + RLL) + 1.7WL]
0.75[1.4DL + 1.7(LL + RLL) - 1.7WL]
0.9DL + 1.3WL
0.9DL - 1.3WL
1.1 [1.2DL + 0.5(LL + RLL) + 1.0E]
1.1 [1.2DL + 0.5(LL + RLL) - 1.0E]
1.1 (0.9DL + 1.0E)
1.1 (0.9DL - 1.0E)
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
A Point
A Line
An Area
A Volume
A system consisting of combination of several mediums
Point Supports
Line Supports
Area Supports
Volume Supports
ACECOMS, AIT
Load
Geometry
Medium
Support
Boundary
Point
Point Load
Concentrated Load
Node
Point Support
Column Support
Line
Beam Load
Wall Load
Slab Load
Beam / Truss
Connection Element
Spring Element
Line Support
Wall Support
Beam Support
Area
Slab Load
Wind Load
Plate Element
Shell Element
Panel/ Plane
Soil Support
Volume
Seismic Load
Liquid Load
Solid Element
Soil Support
Vol.
Area
Complexity of Load
Complexity of Medium
Complexity of Boundary
Line
Point Line
Line
Area
Volume
Medium
Area
Volume
Boundary
ACECOMS, AIT
Line
Area
Volume
To Lines
To Points
Wx
Wy
Wxy
ACECOMS, AIT
Comb1
Comb2
Comb3
Comb4
Comb5
Comb6
Wx
+f
-f
Wy
+f
-f
Wxy
+f
-f
Free Vibration
Forced Vibration
Random Vibration
Seismic Excitation
Response Spectrum
Time History
Steady-State Harmonic Load
Impact
Blast
ACECOMS, AIT
(in SAP2000)
ACECOMS, AIT
At Joints
Joint Displacements
Spring Reactions
Restrained Reactions
Constrained Forces
Results Available For:
For all Available DOF
Given on the Local Joint Coordinates
Given for all Load Case, Mode
Shapes,Response Spectrums, Time Histories,
Moving Loads, and Load Combinations
ACECOMS, AIT
+V2
+M2
+P
2
+V3
+V3
+P
+V2
+T
+M3
+M3
+T
+M2
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Membrane Results
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Comb2
Comb3 Comb N
Load Case -1
Load Case - 2
Load Case - 3
Envelop Results
Load Case - M
Total
P1
P2
P3
PN
Max, P
Min, P
ACECOMS, AIT
P, Mx, My
Mx, Vy, Tz
Mx
My
ACECOMS, AIT
Combinations
Load Cases
Design Actions
Obtained as set
from all
Combinations
ACECOMS, AIT
+
1 for each Time Step
OR 1 for envelop
Load
Combination
Table
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
P, Mx, My>
ACECOMS, AIT
Max Val
T (sec)
Option 1:
Envelope Design
Min Val
ACECOMS, AIT
Time-History Results
The default design load combinations do not include any time
history results
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Axial- Flexural:
Shear Torsion:
My
Vy
Nx
x
Vz
Mz
Tx
3D Beam Column
y
My
P, Mx, My
T, Vx, Vy
Mz
Beam Design:
Column Design:
Mx, Vy, T
Mx, My, P
Nx
ACECOMS, AIT
dy
mc mx k 2 m y 2kmxy
dx
dy
ds
Crack
ACECOMS, AIT
dy
mrc mrx k 2 mry
dx
my kdy
mxy dy
mx dy
ms ds
mry kdy
mrx dy
mrc ds
mrx , mry
Positive moment
capacities per unit width
ACECOMS, AIT
The reinforcement at
the bottom of the slab in
each direction is
designed to provide
resistance for the
positive moment
The reinforcement at
the top of the slab in
each direction is
designed to provide
resistance for the
negative moment
mry m y mxy
mrx mx mxy
mry m y mxy
mrx mx mxy
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
P Pi
i 1
C1
M i C1 x1 C2 x2 Tx3 .......
x1
x3
M Mi
i 1
CL
x2
C2
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling
Structures
Using FEM
ACECOMS, AIT
(c) 3D Plate-Frame
(e) 2D Fram e
(d) 3D Fram e
(f) Grid-Plate
ACECOMS, AIT
3D or 2D
Frame or Grid
Plate, Membrane, Shell, Solid
Linear or Nonlinear
Static or Dynamic
Linear static or Nonlinear dynamic
Linear dynamic or Nonlinear static
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
P-Delta Analysis
Buckling Analysis
Static Pushover Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
Steady State Dynamic Analysis
Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
Large Displacement Analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
Static Excitation
When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
When the Load can be assumed to be applied Slowly
Dynamic Excitation
When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
When the Inertial Force becomes significant
Static
Dynamic
Self Load
Normal Operation
At lifting/ placement
Superimposed Dead
Load
Normal Operation
At placement
Live Load
Normal Operation
Depends on type
Highway Traffic
Quasi Static
Impact
Water/ Liquid
Normal Operation
Filling, Sloshing
Creep, Shrinkage
Static
No Dynamic
Component
Wind
Equivalent Static
Random Vibration
Seismic Excitation
Equivalent Static
Response Spectrum,
Time History
Vibratory Machines
Equivalent Static
Impulse At Startup
ACECOMS, AIT
Steady State at
Excitation/ Load
Elastic Material
Inelastic Material
Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and
may not returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc.
after removal of load/ excitation
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Point Object
Line Object
Area Object
Brick Object
Represents Node
Represents 1D Elements
Represents 2D Elements
Represents 3D Elements
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Unstable Structures
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Geometric Instability
Material Instability
Not enough Material Stiffness, (E, G)
Not enough Cross-section Stiffness (A, I, J, ..)
ACECOMS, AIT
Structure Types
Cable Structures
Cable Nets
Cable Stayed
Bar Structures
2D/3D Trusses
2D/3D Frames, Grids
Surface Structures
Plate, Shell
In-Plane, Plane Stress
Solid Structures
ACECOMS, AIT
Soil-Structure Interaction
Simple Supports
Elastic Supports
Spring to represent soil
Using Modulus of Sub-grade reaction
ACECOMS, AIT
Soil
Modeling of Mat
Beam
Plate
Brick
Constraint
Yes
Yes
Yes
Spring
Yes
Yes
Yes
Brick
No
Yes
Yes
ACECOMS, AIT
B
B
K= ks*A*B
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling of Piles
For analysis and design
of individual Pile, it can
be modeled as beam
element and soil
around it as series of
lateral and vertical
springs
For analysis of super
structure, entire pile
can be represented by
a single a set of springs
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Using Truss
t
B
Rigid Zones
ACECOMS, AIT
txt
C
t x 2t
B
ACECOMS, AIT
Uniaxial
Biaxial
ACECOMS, AIT
Plate-Shell Model
Truss Model
ACECOMS, AIT
Introduction
To Dynamic Analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
The General
Dynamic Analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
U = P/K or K u = P
K
Inertia Only :
Acceleration (a)=Force (P) / Mass(M)
a = P/M or Ma = P
BOTH :
Ma+Ku=P
ACECOMS, AIT
FI + F D + FS = F
F = External Force
FS = Internal Forces
FD = Energy Dissipation Forces
FI= Inertial Force
(t) = Varies with time
u = Acceleration (a)
u = Velocity (v)
u = Displacement
M = Mass
C = Damping
K = Stiffness
ACECOMS, AIT
Roof
Column
Ground
ACECOMS, AIT
Roof
Column
Ground
One Cycle
uo
uo
-uo
5
ACECOMS, AIT
Dynamic Response
Displacement
uo
Amplitude
time
3
-uo
uo
uo
-uo
5
ACECOMS, AIT
Mass m
Stiffness K
Damping C
To incorporate damping or
dying out of dynamic
response feature into the
idealized structure, an energy
absorbing element should be
introduced.
Viscous damper is the most
commonly used energy
absorbing element in the
dynamic modeling of
structures
ACECOMS, AIT
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Time Period
Frequency
Change in Location
Rate of Change of Displacement wrt Time
Rate of Change of Velocity wrt Time
The time taken to complete one cycle
The no. of cycles per second
u
du
v u
dt
d 2u
a v u 2
dt
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
u c u K ut Pt
t
t
Solution gives
Natural Frequencies
Associated mode shapes
An insight into the dynamic behavior and response
of the structure
ACECOMS, AIT
Free Vibration
K n w n2 M n
K w M 0
det K w M 0
2
n
2
n
w = natural frequencies
F = Mode shape
ACECOMS, AIT
Modal Analysis
Determination of
natural frequencies
and mode shapes.
No external load or
excitation is applied
to the structure.
Obtained from
eigenvalue analysis.
There are as many
modes as there are
DOF in the system
ACECOMS, AIT
Analysis for
Ground Motion
ACECOMS, AIT
mu cu ku F
F mu mg mug
k
w
; c 2w m
m
mu cu ku mug
mu 2w mu mw 2u mug
u 2w u w 2u ug
The unknown is displacement and its
derivatives ( velocity, acceleration)
Variables are ground acceleration, damping
ratio and circular frequency
ACECOMS, AIT
u 2w u w u ug
Finite Element Analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
0.15
Acceleration (a/g)
0.1
0.05
0
-0.05 0
10
15
20
25
30
35
-0.1
-0.15
Time (Second)
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Response
Spectrum
Analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
u 2w u w u ug
Finite Element Analysis
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Spectral Parameters
S v wS d
Spectral Displacement
Pseudo Spectral Velocity
Pseudo Spectral Acceleration
Sd
Sv
Sa
S a wSv w 2 S d
u
v u
du
dt
d 2u
a v u 2
dt
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
SRSS
Square Root of Sum of Squares of the
peak response from each mode.
Suitable for well separated natural
frequencies.
CQC
Complete Quadric Combination is
applicable to large range of structural
response and gives better results than
SRSS.
ro
ro
n0
n 1
2
r
n0
n 1
i 1 n 1
r r
in i 0 n 0
ACECOMS, AIT
Uses modal
combination rules to
determine total peak
response from all
modes
Spectral Acceleartion
Determination of
peak response of the
structure based on a
design or specified
response spectrum
and the specified
mode shapes
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0%
2%
5%
ACECOMS, AIT
Introduction to
Non-linear Analysis
Material Non-Linearity
Compound Non-Linearity
P
P
Large Displacements
d
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Material Non-Linearity
kfc
Example: Stress-Strain
curve is non-linear
The cross-section
properties change with
level of strain
Example: Cracking in
reinforced concrete
reduces A, I etc
Kd
N.A
yt
As
ACECOMS, AIT
Material Non-linearity
Moment Curvature
curve generated for a
rectangular column
with circular core. The
outer portion is
modeled by stressstrain curve for low
strength unconfined
concrete where as the
core is modeled by
lightly confined
concrete. Observe the
drop in moment
capacity as the outer
concrete fails.
Semi-confined,
High Strength Concrete
ACECOMS, AIT
Types of Non-Linearity
Smooth , Continuous
Softening
Hardening
Discontinuous
Snap-through
Bifurcation
Elastic Buckling
In-Elastic Buckling
P-Delta
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Introduction to
Push-over Analysis
Fully Operational
Operational
Life Safe
Near Collapse
Collapse
ACECOMS, AIT
Pushover Spectrum
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Demand Vs Capacity
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
Important Considerations
ACECOMS, AIT
Important Considerations
Mathematically, static nonlinear analysis does not
always guarantee a unique solution.
Small changes in properties or loading can cause
large changes in nonlinear response.
It is Important to consider many different loading
cases, and sensitivity studies on the effect of
varying the properties of the structure
Nonlinear analysis takes time and patience.
Dont Rush it or Push to Hard
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT
ACECOMS, AIT