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Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

A-scan

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Alternative: A-scan display, A-scan presentation,

Related Entries: logarithmic amplifier, RF display, B-scan, C-scan, D-scan, F-scan presentation, P-Scan, display,
Exhibitors Keywords: Cygnus Instruments L.. Elcometer NDT.. HK Sunlonge INT'L Co..
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Selected Articles:
Recent Advances in the Ultrasonic Inspection Recording and Reporting ? Instrumentation: Part 1 (2003-09-01)
Simulation of an Ultrasonic Inspection (1996-11-01)
Articles Keywords: A-Scan56 nr.points per A-scan1

Description:
A display in which the received pulse amplitude is represented as a displacement along one axis (usually the y-axis) and the
travel time of the ultrasonic pulse is represented as a displacement along the other axis (usually the x-axis). In a linear
amplification system the vertical excursion is proportional to the amplitude of the signal. With the use of logarithmic scale
amplifiers the y-axis presents a logarithmic scale.

A-scan principle
There are different kinds of single presentations possible:
1. both half waves unrectified (RF),
2. positive half wave,
3. negative half wave
4. rectified and unfiltered,
5. rectified and filtered (smoothing).

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A-scan RF echo display

An RF display is necessary for investigation of the signal phase shift (e.g., boundaries). Other presentations are useful for
simplifying the result and its interpretation. A-scan displays are more complex because it is the principles that are displayed,
so multiplied signals ( skips of back wall, waterpath) and wave conversion need careful interpretation.
With digital instruments the A-scan evaluation is supported by functions like maximum hold, averaging, echo filtering and
frozen A-scan.

A-scan practical application

Further Information:
Examples of Echo Signals
The examples picks up common situations of Echo Signal conditions and displays them with their RF Signal, as it will appear
at an Oscilloscope or an Ultrasonic System screen as a so called "one shoot". The conditions will be mostly based on plastic
pipes and will relate to in-line wall thickness measurement.The principles are also adaptable to other materials and to flaw
detection contitions.
Definition and Introduction to Echo Signals Display

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For evaluation of Echoes it is important to analyse them for both of the half-waves (RF). For Wall Thickness Measurement it
is common to use the time of flight (TOF) method within the Interface and Backwall Echo. The release (trigger), for the Start
and Stop Function, is due to a threshold exceeding of the echo half-wave. The thresholds are adjustable for both echoes
separately. The adjust of the position, that means where (distance), the echo is expected. The of the amplitude, that means
according to the certain echo amplitude and noise level. The first wavephase that will exceeds the threshold, will release the
time measurement function.

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Reference:
Ultrasonic Testing in Pipe Extrusion by Rolf Diederichs
Rolf Diederichs created: 1999-12-11

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