BUSSINES COMMUNICATION

There are 2 basic categories of Transmission Media:

1. Guided
2. Unguided.

Guided Transmission Media uses a "cabling" system that guides the data
signals along a specific path. The data signals are bound by the "cabling"
system. Guided Media is also known as Bound Media. Cabling is meant in a
generic sense in the previous sentences and is not meant to be interpreted as
copper wire cabling only.

TYPES OF GUIDED MEDIA:-

Open wire
Twisted pairs
Coaxial cables
Optical fiber

Open Wire is traditionally used to describe the

electrical wire strung along power poles. There is a single wire strung between
poles. No shielding or protection from noise interference is used. We are
going to extend the traditional definition of Open Wire to include any data
signal path without shielding or protection from noise interference.

This can include multi-conductor cables or single wires. This media is

susceptible to a large degree of noise and interference and consequently not
acceptable for data transmission except for short distances under 20 ft.

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The wires in Twisted Pair cabling are twisted together

in pairs. Each pair would consist of a wire used for the +ve data signal and a
wire used for the negative data signal. Any noise that appears on 1 wire of the
pair would occur on the other wire. Because the wires are opposite polarities,
they are 180 degrees out of phase (180 degrees - phasor definition of
opposite polarity). When the noise appears on both wires, it cancels or nulls
itself out at the receiving end. Twisted Pair cables are most effectively used
in systems that use a balanced line method of transmission: polar line coding
(Manchester Encoding) as opposed to uni-polar line coding (TTL logic)

The degree of reduction in noise interference is determined specifically by

the number of turns per foot. Increasing the number of turns per foot

reduces the noise interference. To further improve noise rejection, a foil or

wire braid shield is woven around the twisted pairs. This "shield" can be woven
around individual pairs or around a multi-pair conductor (several pairs)

TWISTED PAIR ADVANTAGES:

• Flexible and light weight

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• Easy to work with and install

• Inexpensive and readily available

TWISTED PAIR DISADVANTAGES:

• Susceptibility to interference and noise
• Attenuation problem
 For analog, repeaters needed every 5-6km
 For digital, repeaters needed every 2-3km
• Relatively low bandwidth (3000Hz)

Coaxial cables are a type of cable that is used by cable TV and

that is common for data communications.

Data is transmitted through the center wire, while the outer

braided layer serves as a line to ground. Both of these conductors are parallel
and share the same axis. This is why the wire is called coaxial!

Coaxial consist of two conductors. The inner conductor is held inside an

insulator with the other conductor woven around it providing a shield. An
insulator protective coating called a jacket covers the outer conductor.

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Coax Layers
outer jacket
(polyethylene
)
shield
(braided wire)

insulating
material

copper or
aluminum
conductor

The outer shield protects the inner conductor from outside electrical signals.
The distance between the outer conductor (shield) and inner conductor plus
the type of material used for insulating the inner conductor determines the
cable properties or impedance. The excellent control of the impedance
characteristics of the cable allows higher data rates to be transferred than
twisted pair cable.

COAX ADVANTAGES:-
A HIGHER BANDWIDTH
1… 400 TO 600MHZ
2… UP TO 10,800 VOICE CONVERSATIONS
B CAN BE TAPPED EASILY
C MUCH LESS WEAKER IN HINDRANCES AS COMPARE TO TWISTED
PAIR

COAX DISADVANTAGES:-
A HIGH DECREASING RATES MAKES IT EXPENSIVE OVER LONG
DISTANCE
B VERY BULKY IN SIZE

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Optical fiber consists of thin glass fibers that can carry

information at frequencies in the visible light spectrum and beyond. The
typical optical fiber consists of a very narrow strand of glass called the core.
Around the core is a concentric layer of glass called the cladding. A typical
core diameter is 62.5 microns (a micron= 10^-6meters).typically claddi9nd has
a diameter of 125 microns. Coating the cladding is protective coating
consisting of plastic, it is called the jacket.

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Fiber Optic Types:

• multimode step-index fiber

 the reflective walls of the fiber move the light pulses to the
receiver

FIBER OPTIC MULTIMODE STEP INDEX

• multimode graded-index fiber

 acts to refract the light toward the center of the fiber by
variations in the density

FIBER OPTIC MULTIMODE GRADED-

INDEX

• single mode fiber

 the light is guided down the center of an extremely narrow core

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FIBER OPTIC SINGLE MODE

FIBER OPTIC ADVANTAGES:

• greater capacity (bandwidth of up to 2 Gbps)

• smaller size and lighter weight
• lower attenuation
• immunity to environmental interference
• highly secure due to tap difficulty and lack of signal radiation

FIBER OPTIC DISADVANTAGES:

• expensive over short distance
• requires highly skilled installers
• adding additional nodes is difficult

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Unguided Transmission Media consists of a means for the data signals to

travel but nothing to guide them along a specific path. The data signals are not
bound to a cabling media and as such are often called Unbound Media.

Wireless transmission radiates electromagnetic energy from antennae.

This can be directional - in a beam - or omni directional i.e. all around
radiation.

WIRELESS TYPES:-
 terrestrial microwave
 satellite microwave
 broadcast radio
 infrared

Communication is
accomplished through line of sight parabolic dish antenna located on elevated
sites.

Long distance communication is possible by using a series of relay stations.

The distance between the stations is dependent on the height above the
ground and is governed by the formula d = 7.14 x sqrt (K factor x height above
ground).

Used for voice and television transmission and private communications and
telephone networks e.g. emergency services, utilities etc.

Utilizes a wide frequency band, 2 to 40 GHz but is susceptible to attenuation

and interference. Attenuation can rise markedly in poor an atmospheric
condition e.g. rain, but adversely affects the higher end of the frequency
band which is only used for short distance transmission. Natural noise
severely affects transmission frequencies below 2GHz.

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Quick to install and overcomes the problems of laying cables in congested

locations or over difficult terrain.

TERRESTIAL MICROWAVE USES:

• used for long-distance telephone service

• uses radio frequency spectrum, from 2 to 40 Ghz
• parabolic dish transmitter, mounted high
• used by common carriers as well as private networks
• requires unobstructed line of sight between source and receiver
• curvature of the earth requires stations (repeaters) ~30 miles apart.

Overcomes the
line of sight problems of terrestrial microwave and can be used for point to
point or broadcast transmission. Uses an uplink and downlink frequency, a
common frequency set is referred to as the 4/6 range which uses a downlink
frequency of 4GHz and an uplink frequency of 6GHz.

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Typical uses of satellite microwave - television distribution, long distance

telephone transmission and private business networks for global organizations.
Suffers the same attenuation problems as terrestrial microwave.

SATELLITE MICROWAVE USES:

• Television distribution

• Long-distance telephone transmission

• Private business networks.

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Disadvantages:

• line of sight requirement

• expensive towers and repeaters

• subject to interference such as passing airplanes and rain

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Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.

These waves can be longer than a football field or as short as a football.

HOW THEY ARE MADE:

Radio waves are made by various types of transmitter, depending on the

wavelength. They are also given off by stars, sparks and lightning, which is
why you hear interference on your radio in a thunderstorm.

USES:

Radio waves are the lowest frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, and
are used mainly for communications.

Radio waves are divided into:-

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Long Wave, around 1~2 km in wavelength. The radio station "Atlantic 252"
broadcasts here.

Medium Wave, around 100m in wavelength, used by BBC Radio 5 and other
"AM" stations.

VHF, which stands for "Very High Frequency" and has wavelengths of
around 2m. This is where you find stereo "FM" radio stations, such as "Galaxy
101" and "GWR FM". Further up the VHF band are civilian aircraft and taxis.

UHF stands for "Ultra High Frequency", and has wavelengths of less than a
meter. It's used for Police radio communications, television transmissions and
military aircraft radios - although military communications are now mostly
digital and encrypted.

"Radio waves" transmit music, conversations, pictures and data invisibly

through the air, often over millions of miles -- it happens every day in
thousands of different ways! Even though radio waves are invisible and
completely undetectable to humans, they have totally changed society.
Whether we are talking about a cell phone, a baby monitor, a cordless phone

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or any one of the thousands of other wireless technologies, all of them use
radio waves to communicate. Radio waves do more than just bring music to

your radio Here are just a few of the everyday technologies that depend on
radio waves:

• AM and FM radio broadcasts

• Cordless phones
• Garage door openers
• Wireless networks
• Radio-controlled toys
• Television broadcasts
• Cell phones
• Satellite communications
• Police radios
• Wireless clocks

The list goes on and on... Even things like radar and microwave ovens
depend on radio waves. Things like communication and navigation satellites
would be impossible without radio waves, as would modern aviation -- an
airplane depends on a dozen different radio systems. The current trend
toward wireless Internet access uses radio as well, and that means a lot
more convenience in the future!

DANGERS: Large doses of radio waves are

believed to cause cancer, leukemia and other
disorders. Some people claim that the very low
frequency field from overhead power cables near
their homes has affected their health.

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HOW THEY ARE MADE:-

Infra-red waves are just below visible red light in the electromagnetic spectrum ("Infra"
means "below"). You probably think of Infra-red waves as heat, because they're given off
by hot objects, and you can feel them as warmth on your skin. Infra-Red waves are also
given off by stars, lamps, flames and anything else that's warm - including you.

USES: Infra-red waves are called "IR" for short. They are used for many
tasks, for example, remote controls for TVs and video recorders, and
physiotherapists use heat lamps to help heal sports injuries.

Because every object gives off IR waves, we can use them to "see in the
dark". Night sights for weapons sometimes use a sensitive IR detector.

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Apart from remote controls, one of the most common modern uses for IR is in
the field of security. "Passive Infra-Red" (PIR) detectors are used in burglar
alarm systems, and to control the security lighting that many people have
fitted outside their houses. These detect the Infra-Red emitted by people
and animals.

You've probably seen TV programs in which police helicopters track criminals

at night, using cameras which can see in the dark. These cameras use Infra-
Red waves instead of "ordinary" light, which is why people look bright in these
pictures. Similar cameras are also used by fire crews and other rescue
workers, to find people trapped in rubble

Weather forecasters use satellite pictures to see what's heading our way
Some of the images they use are taken using IR cameras, because they show
cloud and rain patterns more clearly.

DANGER:
Danger from too much Infra-Red radiation is very simple - overheating.

INTERMEDIATE SYSTEM:-
Recently a new type of information transport which is midway between wired
and wireless systems has been discovered. Called E-Line, it uses a single
central conductor but no outer conductor or shield. The energy is transported
in a plane wave which, unlike radio, does not diverge while like radio, has no
outer guiding structure. This system exhibits a combination of the attributes
of wired and wireless systems and can support high information capacity
utilizing existing power lines over a broad range of frequencies from RF
through microwave.

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