ASSIGNMENT

TITLE: HUMAN GENOME

PROJECT

Submitted To
Madam Shumaila Azam

Submitted By
Sohaila Qamar
Class # : 1
Section:

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL
SCIENCES
THE UNIVERSITY OF SWABI FOR
WOMEN ,
KPK, PAKISTAN.

Human Genome:
The entire genetic makeup of human cell nucleus.
Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and
maintain that organism.
Genes carry the information for making all of the proteins
required by the body for growth and maintenance.
The genome also encodes rRNA and tRNA which are involved in
protein synthesis.
Made up of about 35000 genes which codes for functional
proteins in the body.

Human Genome Project(HGP):

The human genome project was an international research effort
to determine the sequence of human genome and identify the
genes that it contains.
The Project was coordinated by the Department of Energy and
the National Institutes of Health. Additional contributor includes
universities across the United States and international partners in
the United Kingdom France Germany China and Japan.
The project was planned to last 15 years, but rapid technological
advances have accelerated the expected completion date to
2003.

Main Goals:

Identify all the approximate 30,000 genes in human DNA,

Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs
that make up human DNA,
Store this information in databases,
To develop a technology for management of human genome
information.
2

Develop tools for data analysis,

Transfer related technologies to the private sector, and
Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise
from the project.

Milestones:

1990: Project initiated as joint effort of U.S. Department of

Energy and the National Institutes of Health .
June 2000: Completion of a working draft of the entire human
genome (covers >90% of the genome to a depth of 3-4x
redundant sequence).
February 2001: Analyses of the working draft are published.
April 2003: HGP sequencing is completed and Project is declared
finished two years ahead of schedule.
HGP sequencing is completed and project is declared finished 2
years ahead of time.

Future Challenges:
What We Still Dont Know

Gene number, exact locations, and functions

Coordination of gene expression, protein synthesis, and posttranslational events
Interaction of proteins in complex molecular machines
Predicted vs experimentally determined gene function
Protein conservation (structure and function)
Proteomes (total protein content and function) in organisms
3

 Disease-susceptibility prediction based on gene sequence

variation
Genes involved in complex traits and multi-gene diseases
Developmental genetics, genomics

Other Completed Genomes:

Microbial Genome:
Escherchia Coli
Bacillus Subtillus
Sreptococcus Pneumonia

Insect Genome
Drosophila melangoster
And many more

APPLICATIONs

MEDICINE: Improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic applications,

Implementation of preventative measures. Increases in gene therapy
applications.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: Production of useful protein products for use in
medicine, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries.

BIOINFORMATICS: The newest, fastest growing specialty in the life

sciences that integrates biotechnology and computer science. Involved in
DNA sequence assembly and analysis using computer-based techniques to
determine gene function, regulation and control. Unknown gene sequences

can be compared to databases of known genes to enable similarities to lead

to determination of an unknown genes.

SUMMARY:

The significance of the completion of the human genome project

cannot be overstated.
With the dictionary of the genome available, the molecular
mechanisms of human health and disease will be resolved.