1

Copyright 2007 Mc4 Software, LLC

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1

GETTING STARDED..............................................................11
1.1

Overview................................................................................... 11

1.2

Installing and Launching Mc4Suite Duct Module ..................................... 12

INTRODUCTION..................................................................13

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS...................................................15

ARCHIVES.........................................................................16
4.1

Duct Project Archives.................................................................... 16

4.2

Air Outlet Archive ........................................................................ 18

4.2.1

4.3

Standard Sizes Archive................................................................... 22

4.4

Fittings Archive ........................................................................... 24

Air Duct Drawing................................................................26

5.1

AHU Placement ........................................................................... 26

5.2

DUCT Drawing ............................................................................. 28

5.3

Diffusers drawing ......................................................................... 33

5.3.1

Manufacturer Archive .......................................................................22

Diffusers multiple drawing (array) ........................................................38

5.4

Diffuser-Duct connection................................................................ 39

5.5

Legend drawing ........................................................................... 40

EDITING ...........................................................................41
6.1

Duct Details ............................................................................... 41

6.2

FITTINGS DETAILS......................................................................... 43

6.2.1

Transition .....................................................................................43

6.2.2

Elbow ..........................................................................................44

6.2.3

Tee ............................................................................................45

6.2.4

Tee Branch..................................................................................46

6.2.5

Tee Cross....................................................................................47

6.3

CALCULATION ...................................................................49
7.1

Diffusers Details .......................................................................... 47

Supply Air Duct Calculation ............................................................. 50

7.1.1

Equal Friction Sizing Method...............................................................50

7.1.2

Sizing and Balancing with dampers .......................................................52

7.1.3

Sizing and Balancing without dampers ...................................................52

7.1.4

Static Regain Sizing and Balancing without dampers...................................53

7.1.5

Static Regain Sizing and Balancing with dampers.......................................53

7.1.6

Verification of existing duct system ......................................................54

REPORTS .........................................................................55
8.1

Sizing Report Printout ................................................................... 55

8.2

Bill of Material Report ................................................................... 57

PREFACE
This manual will introduce you to all aspects regarding Duct network drawing and sizing
calculation with Mc4Suite Duct Module.
The program allows the user to draw the air duct network (supply and/or exhaust) using
rectangular, circular and flexible ducts, and place the diffusers in each ventilated space. The
user draws lines only (axis of duct or one of face axis) and the program will create the 3D model
automatically. Plus, the program is able to create also the 3D model for each type of fittings
(Tee, Elbow, Cross, etc.) allowing the user to customize them (dimensions, radius, type of
junction).
Once a duct network has been drawn, it is possible to size it according to two different
calculation methods:

Equal Friction Method

Static Regain Method

After calculation it will be possible to balance the air duct distribution with or without
regulation damper.
Finally, it is possible to obtain any plant view, for every floor inserted in the project, any cross
section and isometric view. Plus, the program produces the reports for calculation and material
list.

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1 GETTING STARDED
1.1 Overview
The users manual is designed to help you get familiar with McSuite 2006 Duct Module. Simply
follow the manual and perform all of the steps in the same order as described here. This will
guide you in a duct project drawing.
It is possible to find additional information in the Mc4Software documentation:

Mc4 Software Tutorials;

On-line Help;

Sample movies and technical newsletters;

On-line technical support;

Internet website www.mc4software.com;

Mc4 Software trainings and meetings

Warning!
Please note that User manual has been developed in I-P system only. If you are unfamiliar with I-P
system units, we recommend you to use the Tutorial as a learning tool and simply input the numbers
as shown here. You will easily transition to Metric system on your real-life project. Unit
measurement system can be switched fro IP to SI mode in each moment by using the specific
command.

Mc4 Suite requires AutoCAD 2006 or later installed in your computer. If AutoCAD works on your
PC, so does Hvac Cad. If you have not AutoCAD 2006, Mc4 Software provides full software
packages including AutoCAD 2006 OEM.
Mc4Suite hardware and software requirements are following:
o

Windows 2000 Professional - Windows XP (Professional, Home Edition, Tablet PC

Edition)

CPU Pentium III 800 MHz

RAM 256 Mb (recommended 512 Mb )

500 MB free disk space for installation

VGA video or higher

Monitor resolution 1024x768 with True Colour (16.8 million colours)

Internet Explorer 6.0

CD-Rom Drive

To apply Mc4Suite successfully, you need some AutoCAD knowledge. Basically, needs to know
how to:

open and save drawings;

use zoom command;

pick a single entity;

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select entities using select objects options;

pick a point on the screen;

Input a numeric and alphanumeric value in the dialogs and in the command
prompt area;

Optionally, you may use AutoCAD move command to improve the presentation of the final
drawing, and layer and plot commands to produce a hard copy of the drawing.

1.2 Installing and Launching Mc4Suite Duct Module

In case of problems installing the software, contact Mc4Software Technical Support at
www.mc4software.com/Technical support.

Insert the Mc4Suite 2006 CD into your computers CD drive.

In a few seconds, the installation program will run automatically. If it does not run, the auto
run feature may be turned off on your system. You can still run the install program manually.

Go to operative system Start button and select <Run..> option.

Type [D]:\setup.exe (where D is your CD drive) and press <Enter>.

While the install program is running, just follow the instructions that appear.

After computing the space requirements click the 'Next' button.

Read and Accept the Mc4Software EULA then click the 'Next' button.

Select installation type and click the Next button.

If you want to change either the Program installing folder or Working Directory, specify
the new location at this step by clicking on the input box and typing the correct path
(include the drive letter if appropriate). You may also click 'Browse' to choose a
directory. When the drive and directory are set, click on the 'Next' button.

Continue by following the instructions on the screen and clicking the 'Next' button to
proceed. You can go back to a previous screen by clicking the 'Back' button. At the end of
the installation process, a pop-up window will appear to let you know you are done. Click
OK.

Double click on the shortcut that was placed on your desktop or click on the Windows
Start button then select Programs, Mc4Software, and Mc4 Suite 2006 from the menu to
run Mc4 Suite 2006.

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2 INTRODUCTION
It is possible to use duct module with or without building input (stand alone). In this case we
suggest the user to fill out the level form and insert the architectural plan, if available, in order
to use the objects filter by level. This feature is really important to better understand what
being drawn and at which level.
Following two figures show a duct net distribution through two levels and how the automatic
filter by level works. In the first figure a cross section is shown. In the second figure are show
first and second floor only, and the program filters automatically the part of air duct net has to
be displayed.

Floor 2
Cross section view

Floor 1

Floor 2 Plant view

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Floor 1 plant view: the

program shows just the
air duct have been
drawn in this floor

14

3 SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS
Figure below shows a typical approach to the duct design.

Figure 3.1 - Duct drawing: Typical approach flow chart

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4 ARCHIVES
4.1 Duct Project Archives
Duct Project Archive appears when Project Data Duct System.. command is running, or when
the user select Add to project option in the side bar Duct section (see figure below).

Figure 4.1 - Duct Project side bar

It is necessary to define a duct project record for each AHU. The program allows the user to
draw supply and return duct net for each AHU/Duct project.
Duct Project Archive mask is displayed in the figure below.

Figure 4.2 - Duct Project Archive - Design Data Form

In this mask three buttons and two tabs are present. Three buttons are helpful to create a new
project <New Project> button, a delete one already present, <Delete> button, and a create a
new one by copying <Copy>. When a new project is being inserted, the program shows the box
message mask where enter a description.
In the project mask, two tabs are present: Design Data and Curvature Radius.
In the first one, all general information is present. The program fills up the form using default
data; the user can change it at any time.

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DESIGN DATA TAB

For reference see fig.4.2.
Followings input data field are present:
Unit: Select an AHU if present or create a new one. AHU list will be not empty if an AHU has
been sized with the program (heating and/or cooling load calculation with air ventilation
system). If empty, create a new one by selecting Add to project option.
Designer: select a designer from the list, if desired;
Name: Enter a description for the project;
Supply\Return color: Select the default color for supply and return duct net from drop
down menu;
Air temperature and R.H.: Thermo-Hygrometric Moist Air conditions. The program uses
these parameters to calculate air density and air viscosity used for the head loss calculation;
Internal Coating: This data is a detail printed in the report. It is not used for calculation;
Duct Roughness: Enter a average value of duct roughness. It is involved in the head loss
calculation;
Height/Width Ratio: this is ratio between height and wide of rectangular duct used by the
program in the automatic sizing;
Maximum Width and Maximum Height: These values represent the dimensions limits for
duct sizing;
Circular Duct Approximation [n]: this the quantity of lines used for circular drawing
resolution;
Thickness: Enter the total thickness of duct. In case of insulated duct, the insulation
thickness has to be included;
Converging/Diverging Angle: Angle value is shown in the figure 4.3. Default value is set in
the Duct Project mask and the user can modify it;

Figure 4.3 - Converging/Diverging Angle

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Flange Height: enter the height of the flange in order to obtain a realistic duct drawing;

Duct Section Length: it represents the length of the duct. This is the distance between two
flanges;
ELBOW RADIUS DEFAULT VALUES

Figure 4.4 - Elbow Radius Default Values

In this mask the user sets the radius of elbow based on the width of the duct. In this case, as
shown in the figure, the program will use a 4 inches radius if the width of duct is less or equal to
10 inches.

4.2 Air Outlet Archive

Run Data Base - Air Outlet command in the main drop down menu. The program will display the
mask of the archive that contains two tabs: Project and Database.
Copy the diffusers which will be inserted in the project from Database tab to the Project tab; to
do so, select the diffuser and click on <To Project> button.
If it is necessary to insert a new article in the archive, it needs to insert it in the Project tab and
then it will be possible to store it in the Database tab using <To Database> button.
The mask contains three areas:

List of articles stored in the archives

Image of diffuser

List of dimensions for each type of diffuser

18

Figure 4.5 - Diffusers Database

To insert a new diffuser select the Project tab and click on <New> button. If the user did not use
a template file, the list is empty at first access to this mask.
While this command running, the program shows the message box where enter the description of
diffuser (see figure below).

19

Figure 4.6 - New Article in the diffusers Archive

After description entering, click on <OK> to register the new record. The program will copy the
description in the relative field on the right side of the mask. Once the description has been
entered it is necessary to select the type of diffuser from the apposite drop down menu (see
figure 4.7) between available options. According to selection the program will display the image
of diffuser in order to better understand all the required dimensions helpful for drawing.
In our example, Round type of diffuser has been selected.
At this point it needs to insert all different sizes for this diffuser. To do so, use control buttons
present in that section of the mask and shown in the figure 4.8.

20

Figure 4.7 - Diffuser Type Selection

Press <New> and the program will insert a new row.

Figure 4.8 - Sizes of diffusers

Insert an identification code for each size. Plus, it needs to enter the maximum air flow rate and
the relative head loss in order to allow the program to calculate the Kv coefficient based on
following formula:

Kv =

Q
P

where Q is the air flow rate and P represents the head losses. Kv value is almost constant for
different flow rate values. Therefore, the program can use it to calculate the head losses with a
different air flow rate.
The program is also able to select automatically the size of diffuser according to the flow rate of
the room, or the flow rate typed manually from the user.

21

For instance, if in the database there are two diffusers like displayed in the figure 4.8, the
program will select one of them based on following criteria:

if Q 100 cfm, the diffuser selected automatically will be Diff-1;

if 100 < Q 200 cfm, the diffuser selected automatically will be Diff-2;

if Q > 200 cfm, the diffuser selected automatically will be Diff-2 because it is the last one
of the list.

In order to draw the diffuser with the real scale factor, it is necessary to specify all dimensions
in the apposite fields (connection diameter, exits diameter, etc.). Of course, the quantity and
the type of fields where enter the dimensions, depend on the type of diffuser.
<Sort by flow rate> button orders the diffusers based on the maximum flow rate, from the
smallest to biggest one.

4.2.1 Manufacturer Archive

By selecting <Add to project> option in Manufacturer drop down menu, it is possible to activate
the Manufacturers managing mask (see figure below).

Figure 4.9 - Manufacturers Archive form

For each record it is possible to enter all information available. Like all databases present in the
program, click <To database> for saving the record into the database in order to use it again in a
different project.

4.3 Standard Sizes Archive

The archive already contains a list of commercial sizes used by the program for sizing (see figure
4.11).
While duct sizing calculation is running, the program displays the mask shown in the figure 4.10.
By enabling the check button No Standard Dimensions the program will not use the dimensions

22

present in the Archive but it will find the right size of duct increasing step by step the minimum
value specified in the apposite field.

Figure 4.10 - Sizing Form

If that check control has been not enabled, the program will use the dimensions registered in
the Archive.

Figure 4.11 - Duct Commercial Sizes

23

If we do not to use a particular size, it is sufficient to cancel it from database or modify the
value inserted.
To add dimensions click on <New> button. The program will insert a new record and the cursor is
focused on the new cell: type the value in the unit of measure shown on the top of the columns.

4.4 Fittings Archive

All fittings inserted in the program are grouped by type and each one of them is linked to an
explaining picture where it is possible to find also the ASHRAE referring in order to evaluate the
local loss coefficient C0.
For every fitting the program contains a form where set its own properties. Run the command
Database Duct Fittings in the main drop down menu and the following mask will appear:

Figure 4.12 Fittings Form

In this mask it is possible to distinguish three areas:

Area #1: (left side of mask) it contains the list of available fittings. On the top we can
find a drop down menu helpful for filter (it contains all categorizes: Elbows, Tees, Wyes,
etc.). The user cannot add a new fitting.

Area #2: (middle of the mask) the picture of the fitting is displayed;

Area #3: (right side of mask) all technical information and all alternative fittings useable
with the focused one, are displayed. Fields contained in this area are following:
Code: code of fitting;

Type: description of fitting. The same description is displayed on the list of fitting but
the user can modify it in this field only;
Category: category of fitting. It is helpful when a filter is active;

24

Section Type: it is a code to specify the type of sections for each fitting
N of exits: relative to the main duct, the number of exits.
ASHRAE reference: code referred to the ASHRAE Handbook helpful to evaluate the local
loss coefficient C0;
Alternative fittings: code of fittings used automatically by the program when it has to
redraw the net after modification.

25

5 AIR DUCT DRAWING

5.1 AHU Placement
Run Mc4Suite Duct Air Handling Unit command from drop down menu (or click on
in the
tool bar) and the side bar shows all necessary information for drawing (the type of AHU, Z
coordinate).
The side bar is shown below.

Figure 5.1 - AHU Drawing: side bar

Here, the user has to select the AHU from drop down menu and enable the check control to
place the object up on the ceiling of the current level (the program will calculate the Z value
automatically).
If the list of AHU is empty it is necessary to select Add to project option in the drop down menu
to display the mask which allows the user to define the AHU graphical data correctly. The mask
which will appear is shown in the figure 5.2.
In this mask it is possible to find five sections containing general and graphical data:

General data: it contains four fields where enter the description of the AHU (Type), the
Abacus Code which will be used in the label and in the Bill of Material form, the
Manufacturer and the Net Air Flow Rate (this value is just a data for the AHU, it will be
not used for calculation);

Dimensions: here needs to specify the dimensions of the body referred to the figure
shown in the middle of the form;

Supply connections: enter the dimensions of the supply attachment and its position
(Lateral or Top). First supply duct net attached to the AHU will have these dimensions;

Exhaust connections: same thing as supply connections, but for return duct net;

Primary Air connections: AHU drawing includes also an attachment for renewal air (for
instance, when the air system includes also an air changing). Enter the dimensions of the
attachment in order to obtain a realistic drawing and a correctly occupied spaces
evaluation.

26

Figure 5.2 - AHU graphical data form

The graphical object drawn by the program is shown in the figure below, where it is possible to
better understand the dimensions of the body and attachments.

Figure 5.3 - AHU details

27

5.2 DUCT Drawing

To draw the ducts needs to run following command Mc4Suite>Ducts>Duct from drop down menu
or straight from tool bar:

Figure 5.4 - Duct drawing commands

While the command is running, the side bar shows the property of the duct which has being
drawn.

Figure 5.5 - Duct drawing - Side Bar

In the duct project mask it is possible to create more than one project so, before starting
drawing make sure the current project is that one desired. Current projects are shown in the
side bare represented in the figure 5.6. In the list of projects is always available Add to project
option in order to open the relative manager mask.

Figure 5.6 - Current Projects Bar

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Distribution Line: in the same duct project it is possible to draw both supply and return
(exhaust) duct distribution, so here it is necessary to specify if the duct has being drawn belongs
to the supply or return duct net;
Air Direction: two options are available: Downstream and Upstream. It is necessary to
select Downstream when the user is drawing a duct starting from AHU to Diffuser or from a main
duct to a branch. Upstream has to be select if the drawing direction is the opposite. It is
necessary to meet this requirement because the air flow direction has to be from fan to diffuser
in the supply duct net, and it has to be the opposite in the exhaust duct distribution. In case of
error, during the sizing calculation the program will display a warning text message;

Figure 5.7 - Air Direction Setting

Figure above should make clear the criteria used for duct drawing. Both of ducts shown in the
figure have been drawn from right to left (see starting and ending point). Arrow indicates the air
flow direction.
Fixed Z coordinate: in the pull down menu three options are available:

Nothing: Z coordinate of the duct has being drawn is free. That means if the user use an
OSNAP to an object, the Z coordinate of the duct will be the same as the object.
Therefore it is necessary to select this option when the starting point of the duct has to
be the AHU attachment or another duct;

Absolute Coordinate: to draw a duct at certain height from the ground (from Zero) it is
necessary to select this option and type the value of the height in the next field (Z field).

Relative to ceiling: in this case the user has to select the correct level and digit in the Z
field just the distance between the interior part of the ceiling and the axis of the duct.
Z[ft]: the value entered in this field depends on the previous selection (previous field).

29

Figure 5.8 - Duct Z coordinates example drawing

To make clear the interaction between the two fields just above described, we can do an
example referring to the figure above shown. To draw the ducts both in the basement and main
floor it is possible to set the parameters as follow:

Fixed Z coordinate = Absolute coordinate Z [ft] = 7.25 (duct in the basement) Z =

17.25 (to draw the duct in the main floor)

Fixed Z coordinate = Relative to ceiling Z [ft] = - 1.00 (for both basement and main
floor), but it is necessary to select the current level correctly.
Section type: select the type of the duct between rectangular, round, flexible;

Rotated: if this check is enabled the program rotates the duct so the program switches
width and height dimensions. Of curse, this option makes sense with rectangular duct only;
Dimensions: dimensions of the duct have being drawn. This section contains two fields
where typing Base/Diameter and Height. Use Base/Diameter field to enter a diameter of the
round/flexible duct. If the user does not fix the value here entered, the program is free to
modify them after sizing calculation in order to meet the fluid-dynamic conditions specified in
the calculation mask (max P/ft and max air velocity in the main and branch ducts).
Thickness: thickness of duct. It may include the thickness of the insulation.
Line: specify the horizontal and vertical relative position of the line being drawn. The user
will draw just lines as ducts; the program will create automatically the 3D model based on the
dimensions and the line position. See the figure below to better understand how to use this
feature.

30

Figure 5.9 - 2D - 3D Lines Position Correspondence

In the figure below is shown difference between right and left horizontal line in a plan view.

Figure 5.10 - Horizontal duct line settings Plan View

Instead, in the following figure is displayed the difference between Top, Center and Bottom
vertical duct line.

31

Figure 5.11 - Vertical duct line settings

Fittings: For every type of fitting (Elbow, Tee, Wye, Cross) it is possible to select which
one the program has to use while drawing. Available choices for every type of fitting are
Dynamic, Semi-Static and Static. Dynamic fittings have a lower local loss coefficient; the Static
ones have a higher value of C0.
Duct Layout can be executed by launching duct command and using the mouse tracking to draw
lines. It is possible to draw horizontal, vertical and sloped ducts.
While the command is running, in the prompt line following options will be displayed:

From point: place the cursor in the starting position and click the mouse. This option is
available at every first access to the command;

Specify next point [up/down/rx/ry]: all these options will be available after first click.
Select the second point with a mouse left click or select:
o

Up: to draw a vertical duct from starting point to a higher point. Enter the length
of the duct;

Down: to draw a vertical duct from starting point to lower point. Enter the length
of the duct;

Rx,Ry: helpful to rotate the AutoCAD axis in order to allow the user drawing with
an isometric view. Axis rotation is necessary because AutoCAD allows the user to
draw in XY Plan only.

If an AHU has been inserted, the first duct connected to it will have the same dimensions as the
AHU attachments. Duct dimensions will be locked until the first node. The program creates a
node where the direction of the duct changes or where the user clicks with the mouse.
Therefore, we suggest user to draw a little duct in order to allow the program to insert the

32

transition fitting immediately after AHU, also because this is the most common type of
installation.
To start correctly from the AHU it is necessary to activate the AutoCAD OSNAP tool. To do so, it
needs to open the manager mask by right click on the Osnap button placed at bottom of the
screen and by selecting Settings option in the menu which will appear. We suggest you the
configuration shown in the figure 5.12.

Figure 5.12 - Suggested OSNAP settings

Plus, it is necessary to do not lock the Z coordinate so, in the side bar it needs to select Nothing
in the Fixed Z coordinate field. The program will fill out the Z field automatically showing the Z
value of the attachment.
Plus it is possible to check out the Z-values at bottom of the screen where AutoCAD shows
X,Yand Z coordinate. The unit of measure of those numbers is Drawing Unit, instead, in Z field it
is possible to see straight the value expressed in feet [ft] (it is calculated as drawing unit x scale
factor).

Figure 5.13 - AHU - Duct connection sample

5.3 Diffusers drawing

The command which allow the user to insert diffusers in the project plan is Mc4 suite - Duct
Diffuser from drop down menu, or through the apposite icon in the tool bar.

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Side bar is shown here below.

Figure 5.14 - Diffuser drawing: side bar

Distribution line: Select the type of the duct distribution between Supply and Return;
Pre-code + Progressive: to associate a numerical code to the terminal. It could be helpful
for the calculation report checking.
Type: Select in the pop up menu the type of diffuser. The program will show, in the article
type field the terminals belong to that category only.
Article Type: Select desired diffusers producer. Of course, these terminals have to be
inserted in the database;
Flow Rate [cfm]: air flow rate through the terminal. The program will accept the value
here entered and it will size the terminal based on this flow rate only if the terminal will be
inserted outside building, or if in the room is not present a ventilation calculation. If the flow
rate value is fixed (fixed check box enabled) the program will use it even a ventilation
calculation has been executed.
In order to make clear how the program works, please, follow the example. Consider a room
where the ventilation flow rate is 150 cfm. In the figure below, two diffusers have been inserted
on the room and the program divided the air rate automatically (75 cfm per each).

34

Figure 5.15 - Duct Sharing data - Diffuser's flow rate

It is also possible to fix just one or both diffusers flow rate. For instance, in the same sample, if
the user fixes the rate of the first diffuser at 90 cfm; the second one will be sized for 60 cfm
automatically (see figure 5.16). Of course, it is possible to fix both of flow rates, regardless of
calculation.

Figure 5.16 - Fixed flow rates

A/D B: Dimensions of selected diffuser. In case of round diffuser, field A/D will show its
diameter;

35

Pressure drop: Head loss thorough the diffuser.

Junction section:
Diffusers can be inserted on the duct at any position (along or at the end of the duct) by using
the apposite OSNAP (nearest, endpoint). To do so it is necessary to enable following check field:
Connected to duct: If this check is enabled the user has to select a duct for diffuser
drawing (by using OSNAP tool). In this case the program will create automatically the connection
branch between selected duct and diffuser. To place the diffuser whenever, but not connected
to the duct (it is possible to create a connection after duct drawing), needs to do not activate
this control.
Connected to duct = Enabled
Figure below shows the result of drawing based on the side bar settings. If the Distance from
duct is null, the program will place the diffuser at the end of the duct; in this case the field
Angle is not involved in the drawing.

Figure 5.17 Diffuser drawing: side bar settings

Distance from duct: referred to the value of the angle entered in the next field, the
program will draw a duct using this value as a length;
Angle: this field can be used in two different ways depending on the Distance from duct is
null or not:

Distance from duct null: two values are available: 90 - 270 referred to the duct
direction;

36

Figure 5.18 - Angle value meaning with Dist0

Distance from duct = null: angle value is involved if the diffuser along the duct (not at
ending point). It is referred to the horizontal axis of the section view of the duct (see
figure below). This feature is particularly helpful to place the grid diffuser straight on the
duct (no connection duct is required).

Figure 5.19 - Angle meaning with Dist=0

Distance from duct/ceiling: enter the vertical distance between duct/ceiling and diffusers,
depending on Connect to duct option is enable/disable
Connected to duct = Not Enabled
The diffuser can be placed wherever. The user has to connect them to the duct at another time.
In this case fields Distance from duct and Angle are not involved in the drawing procedure. The
user can set the distance from ceiling of the current level in the field Delta Z from the roof.

37

Figure 5.20 - Not connected diffusers drawing

5.3.1 Diffusers multiple drawing (array)

The program allows the user to cover a large area with diffusers by using just one command. Run
Mc4 Suite Ducts Outlet/Inlet Array from drop down menu (see figure below).

Figure 5.21 - Diffusers Array Command

While this command is running, in the side bar it is possible to set all parameters helpful for
drawing.

38

Figure 5.22 - Array diffusers command

The user has to specify the distance between diffusers perpendicularly and parallel to the
selected wall (Parallel Dist/Perpendicular Dist). Plus, it needs to specify the height of
installation of diffusers (distance from ceiling, from floor, absolute Z coordinate) in the Position
field and the Delta Z value.
To place the diffusers, it is necessary to click the mouse twice: first click to indicate the area
(click wherever in the room space), second click on a wall line to indicate the direction of
displacement.

5.4 Diffuser-Duct connection

As before explained, if some diffuser has been inserted by using the free way, it means it is
not connected to any duct, it is necessary to link them to the duct for sizing calculation. To do
so, two commands are available: the first one allows the connection terminal by terminal; the
second one allows connecting more than one diffuser to the same duct, simultaneously.
To use the first command, run Mc4 Suite>Ducts>Join Outlet/Inlet command from drop down
menu, or from tool bar.

39

While the command is running, it needs to select the diffuser and then the duct has to be
connected. The type of duct will be brawn automatically by the program for connection will be
the same as the last one used during the drawing, with the same type of fittings.
The connection between duct and grid terminal or linear diffuser will be drawn only if they have
been placed at same height from the ground. Instead, for round and/or square terminal, the
connection will be drawn only if they are not at the same level; in this case the program will
draw also the vertical branch.

5.5 Legend drawing

Run the command Mc4Suite>Legend.
The program displays a form where it needs to select, in the drop-down menu, the Type of the
legend (Duct-Diffusers).
Once the type of the object has been choice, it is necessary to select the Layout of the legend
and then the name of the duct project (if the project will be selected is not the current one, the
legend will be placed in the drawing but it could be not displayed if the project is off).
The field project has a different means according to the selected object. That means that a
floor will be a project when the room is the selected object. For Air and Hydronic System the
project is the same as the pipe or duct project.
Once the selection form has been filled out, it is possible to draw the legend. To do so, it is
necessary to click in the working area to pick the point where the legend has to be placed.
Note: the details printed in the legend are not dynamics. So, if something in the project will
change once the legend has been drawn, it is necessary to redraw it for updating.

40

6 EDITING
All object information can be displayed and modified, if required, in the details mask. To open
this form it needs to follow these simple steps:

Select the object (multiple selection is allowed)

Right click on mouse to show the quick drop-down menu

In this menu it is necessary to select Extended Data option

The program will adapt the mask according to the selected object. When more than one object
has been selected, common field (property) will be filled up with a blank space. If the user
changes those properties, they will be assigned to all objects.
Please, close the mask by clicking <OK> button for confirmation.

6.1 Duct Details

The mask containing all details will appear by selecting the line and running Extended Data
command, as explained in the previous section. Instead, to edit the property of the fittings it
needs to select the fittings in the 3D model view.
Duct Extended Data mask contains four tabs: Technical Data, Axis Data, Calculation and Label.
TECHNICAL DATA
Details shown in this mask are following:

Figure 6.1 - Technical Data tab

Width, Height: dimensions of selected duct. If a calculation has not been executed, these
dimensions are those one used during the drawing. After calculation the program will adapt
them, if necessary, according to the total flow rate and the maximum air velocity allowed.
When the check fixed has been marked, the dimensions will be kept also after the calculation,
the program will not modify them. It is possible to fix just one of them; that means that the
program will adapt the remaining one.

41

Length: length of the duct coming form the drawing. The user cannot edit or modify the
length in any way. For all transition fittings, instead, it is possible to edit and fix this value
manually in this mask. Default value of the angle is contained in the duct project mask. The
program uses that value while the user is drawing.
Joint Type: program show the type of the joint for the inlet and outlet section of selected
duct. Flanged, Welded and No Joint are the three available options.
Code: Code of the duct. We have 310R for rectangular duct, 310C for circular and 310F for
flexible duct.
AXIS DATA Tab
All Details Data shown in this tab are following:

Figure 6.2 - Single-Line Data tab.

Line: explain the position of the line relative to the duct. It is helpful to place the duct in
the right position.
Rotated: when marked it rotates the duct by switching the width and height dimensions
values.
Label Visibility: default option is If required. Additional two options are available: Never
and Always. In the first case the program will show the label just if required, because if the duct
is connected to another one having the same dimensions, probably is not necessary to show
twice the same information. Instead, if Never/Always has been selected, the program
hides/shows the label regardless.

CALCULATION DATA Tab

Program fills up this tab just after calculation. All data cannot be modified by the user, it is just
a control mask.

42

Figure 6.3 - Calculation Data tab

Program displays the head loss through the duct and its rate and air velocity (important for
noise).
LABEL
In this mask it is possible to set the type of label (user can customize it by let it showing all
information desired) and lock his position even the program will redraw it for updating (use this
feature after layout setting).

Figure 6.4 - Label Tab

6.2 FITTINGS DETAILS

In the next section all detail data mask regarding the fittings will be shown. All masks will be
almost the same as the duct one. Technical data mask will change because it has been adapted
to the specific fitting (transition has different parameters than Tee, for instance).
So that, in the next section just the technical data tab will be treated, the rest of the tabs are
not different than the duct one.

6.2.1 Transition
The program will use it automatically when the dimensions of duct change or when there is
transition from rectangular/square to round ducts or vice versa.
This type of fitting can be symmetric or asymmetric. Figure below shows the two different
scenarios.

43

Figure 6.5 - Symmetric and Asymmetric Transitions Fittings

Figure above shows the two situations mentioned before. The user can select the type of fitting
by setting the property of the duct Axis.
Details tab shows following information about this type of fitting:

Figure 6.6 - Transition Fitting: Technical data Tab

Dimensions for inlet and outlet section can be managed through the relative duct sizes (because
they will be the same as the duct), so they cannot be modified in this mask.
The user can set the type of joint and the angle of the converging/diverging fitting. The default
value of this angle is set in the duct project mask and it can be modified at any time.
The code of the fitting is 273R.

6.2.2 Elbow
The user can decide the type of fitting (dynamic, dynamic with vanes or static) at drawing time
in the side bar (see figure below).

44

Figure 6.7 - Elbow Fittings

Any way, it is possible to change the type also after drawing through the details data mask
where it needs to select another fitting code.
Figure below shows the detail mask for an elbow.

Figure 6.8 - Elbow Detail Mask - Technical Data Tab

The user can set the dimensions (width and height) of the inlet section because the outlet
section will have the dimensions of the duct connected with the elbow.
Besides, it is possible to change the internal radius by typing the value and by enabling the
fixed check.
To change the type of fitting (elbow or with tap) please select a different type from the relative
drop-down menu and by selecting the relative code.

6.2.3 Tee
As well as the elbows, for the TEE fitting it is possible to have three different types of fittings:
Dynamic, Semi-Static and Static. Figure below shows the difference between them.

45

Figure 6.9 Diverging TEE fittings

Figure below, instead, shows the details it is possible to check through the details manager
mask. It is possible to change all accessible properties, the rest are just for checking.

Figure 6.10 - TEE Data Mask

All information have been highlighted in red are changeable: inlet section dimensions, type and
relative height of joint, code of fitting. By changing the code the type of fitting will change (to
static or semi static type).

6.2.4 Tee Branch

Three types of tee branch are available, as shown in the figure below. Select it while a duct is
being drawn or after in the detail manager mask.

46

Figure 6.11 Diverging TEE Branch

6.2.5 Tee Cross

Figure below shows all available types of fittings.

Figure 6.12 - Diverging TEE Cross

6.3 Diffusers Details

As well as every detail mask contained in the software, to open the diffuser information mask it
needs to select it and then to select Extended Data option from the short cut menu that appears
when right-click.
The mask contains two tabs, all diffuser information is shown in the Outlet tab, and instead the
label mask permits the selection of the label.
The Outlet tab is displayed in the figure below.

47

Figure 6.13 - Diffuser Extended Data - Outlet Tab

Here it is possible to modify some diffusers data that are already inserted in the project:
Article Type: this is the description of the diffuser (manufacturer) has been selected from
the database.
Model: each type of diffuser more than one model might be available (size). The program
selects it according to the rate but the user can select a different one in this mask (once it has
been drawn) or while it is being drawn.
Code: this code will be used in the bill of material stage.
Flow Rate: this field shows the flow rate through the diffuser. This value can be calculated
automatically by the program if the building has been drawn and the ventilation calculation has
been run. If not the designer has to specify it manually. However, it is possible to set this value
differently than the calculated one; to do so it needs to mark the fixed check placed near the
field.
Loss: Head Loss through the diffuser.
Label Visibility: if marked, the label of the diffuser, with all information the designer
wants to show, will be displayed.
Duct Alignment: if the axis of the duct will be changed, the diffuser could not be aligned
with the duct self. If this control is marked, the position of the diffuser will be adapted to the
new situation automatically (automatic alignment).

In the second tab it is possible to select a different type of label from the label database,
showing different information, and fix its position by marking the relative check present in the
second row.
Figure below shows how the tab looks like.

Figure 6.14 - Diffuser Extended Data mask - Label Tab

48

7 CALCULATION
Calculation options depend on the type of the duct net is being sized (supply or exhausting).
Following figures (calculation masks) summarizes all available calculation for both systems
(supplying exhausting):
Supplying:

Figure 7.1 - Calculation Mask - Supplying

Exhausting:

Figure 7.2 - Calculation Mask - Exhausting

49

To run the calculation command it needs to execute the Calculation>Duct System command from
the main drop-down menu, or click on the relative icon on the duct tool bar.

Figure 7.3 - Duct Tool Bar

Once the command is running two different options are available to the user:
1. Select a duct in the drawing area by clicking on it
2. Select Supply between all available options present in the command line.
In the first case the program will size all ducts are included between the selected one and the
rest of the distribution system (toward diffusers).
The second option, instead, is available if the duct system has been connected to the AHU only.
In this case the software will size the entire duct distribution.
In the next sections will go through every mask has to be filled out in order to provide the
software all information needed for the calculation.

7.1 Supply Air Duct Calculation

7.1.1 Equal Friction Sizing Method
The first available option in the calculation mask allows the user sizing the system with the
equal friction method. Using this method, ducts are sized for a constant pressure loss per unit of
length.

Figure 7.4 - Friction Chart for Round Duct - Font: ASHRAE

50

The shaded area is the suggested range of friction rate and air velocity. The choice of the value
depends on the cost of the energy and the cost of installation and material. Lower is the energy
cost then higher can be the friction loss. Instead, if the installation cost is economical, the
friction loss can be low (larger ducts will be required).
In the program, once selected the first available option (sizing), it needs to click on <Next>
button in the right lower corner of the mask.
At this time, the mask shown in the figure below will be displayed.

Figure 7.5 - Sizing Calculation Mask

In this mask it is possible to distinguish two different sections.

All information about sizing calculation have to be specified in the Input General Data where it
needs to specify the friction loss (ft of water/100 feet) and the air velocity limits (ft/s) the
program has to meet, for the main ducts and the branches. Ducts will be sized according to
these limits.
If not otherwise specified, the standard dimensions of the duct will be used (the ones present in
the database). Instead, if the check highlighted in the figure above the program will not use the
standard dimension. In this case, it will find the best solution starting from the value specified in
the Minimum Dimension, and increasing that value at any repetition (iterative calculation) in the
amount has been specified in the Dimensional Spacing field; in any case the dimension will not
go over the limit specified in the Maximum Dimension field.
Once everything have been set, click on <Next> arrow button; the next mask that appears will
show the result of the calculation (see figure below).
Total pressure value is the head pressure has to be provided by the fan, with the total flow rate.
Results mask shows also the code of the most demanding diffuser and the total unbalancing
between this diffuser the less demanding one. Based on this value, the designer has to decide if
a balancing is required or not because higher is this value and higher will be the difference
between the theoretical and real flow rate to the diffusers (this affects the real temperature/RH
in the diffuser surrounding zone).

51

Figure 7.6 - Results Mask

7.1.2 Sizing and Balancing with dampers

Through this type of calculation the program will insert a damper where it is needed and
calculate the drop pressure it has to provide. The calculation mask looks like the one displayed
in the figure 7.5, just the section dedicated to the balancing calculation is also active (see figure
below).

Figure 7.7 - Balancing Data

The first field contains the minimum allowable unbalancing value; that means that if the
unbalancing is higher than this value the program has to find the best dimensions of the duct to
reduce this gap (smaller duct dimensions).
Instead, if the unbalancing is higher than the value typed in the second field, the program has to
insert the dampers where needed. Therefore, if the two values are the same, the program does
not change the duct dimension but it adds just dampers.

7.1.3 Sizing and Balancing without dampers

Same thing as described above, but in this case the first field only is active (just one parameter
has to be specified). The program does not add any damper but it tries to find the best
dimensions for not included in the most demanding path.

Figure 7.8 - Balancing Data - No Dampers

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7.1.4 Static Regain Sizing and Balancing without dampers

The objective of this method is to obtain the same static pressure at diverging flow junctions by
changing downstream duct sizes.
The calculation parameter mask is shown in the figure below.

Figure 7.9 - Static Regain Sizing Mask

The user has to specify the desired air velocity in the first duct downstream the fan (root
section) in the Calculation Option section and the program will fill out the Test S1 section. In
this section following field are present:

D/De: it is the diameter D of the round duct or the Equivalent Diameter De of a

rectangular duct

B: it is the height of the first rectangular duct (connected to the fan)

L: it is the width of the duct

V: Calculated air velocity

For this type of calculation the parameter Increment/Decrement is important because it is the
maximum increment/decrement that the duct size has to have for the static pressure
recovering. If this value is not typed, the program tries to recover the maximum allowable
pressure; that means that the dimensions of the duct might be really large.
If a standard dimensions have not to be used, it needs to mark the relative check and specify the
range of the duct dimensions and increasing step use for the iterative calculation.
Finally, in the balancing section, it needs to specify the air velocity at the end of the net system
and the minimum allowed unbalance.
Once finished, it needs to click on <Next> arrow button to run the calculation.
At the end, the mask already displayed in the figure 7.6 will show up with all results.

7.1.5 Static Regain Sizing and Balancing with dampers

Calculation detail mask is the same as the 7.9 figures. In this mask the user has to set the
minimum unbalancing allowed value. The program calculates the dampers and inserts them in
the correct position.

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7.1.6 Verification of existing duct system

The last option is useful when the dimensions of the ducts have not to be changed (just head
loss calculation). In this case, the fixing of the dimensions is not required.
Plus, this option allows the balancing of the system. If the balancing check has been marked, it
is necessary to specify the values for the minimum admitted unbalancing; when this value will
be exceeded the program reduces the dimensions and inserts the dampers.

Figure 7.10 - Verification Calculation Mask

When all data have been set it needs to click on Next arrow button and the program
calculates the head loss through the system and shows the results in the mask that looks like the
7.6 figures.

Settaggi per le derivazioni 3722D e 3736

I due rapporti indicati nei campi rbi/acb e ls/ac vengono utilizzati per il calcolo delle perdite
localizzate nelle derivazioni con invito 3722D e 3736. In particolare si assume che le perdite che si
hanno nelle derivazioni 3722D e 3736 siano essenzialmente dovute sul main a variazioni di sezione
(allargamento o restringimento fittizio) e sul branch ad una o due curve a 90.

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8 REPORTS
In the File drop-down menu are available two options, for calculation and bill of material report
creation.

8.1 Sizing Report Printout

Run File>Reports Output>Duct System command. While this command is running following mask
will appear.

Figure 8.1 - Reports Selection Mask

The caption of the mask indicates the system information is being printed (Supply / Exhausting)
and the current duct project name (Duct Sys in the sample displayed in the figure 8.1).
The program shows the Supply System first and then the Exhausting one, regardless the supply
duct net is present or not. If it is not present (the designer did not draw it), click on <Cancel>
button to skip this step.
Once the type on system has been choice, please select the type of information have to be
printed: Dimensioning or Bill of Material; in this case select the first one. Select the language if
necessary or leave English and then click on three dots button to set the path and file name the
program will create. RTF is the file format; it is editable with MSWord or any type of word editor
programs.
Click <OK> button once finished and the program creates the report file and opens automatically
this file by using MSWord. If this software program is not installed on the users computer, the
file just created will be not edited; the user can edit it by using a different word editor
program.
The first part of the report contains all information about the designer and the project. The
program will fill that form in automatically if the user filled up the relative form present in the
program. However, it is possible to edit the file; that means that it is possible to add, change
and delete all required data.
In the second section, instead, all details regarding the design data and the calculation method
has been used for dimensioning.
At the end of this section, the numbering of the most request duct path is displayed.

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Figure 8.2 - Design Data and Result Summary

The designer can set the duct label in order to show the number of themselves (this is useful to
find the most demanding path and to check the system out because there is a correspondence
between report and drawing).
To do so, run Database>Label command from the main drop-down menu to open the label
manager mask. Here, it needs to select the duct label type in the upper section of the mask, and
mark the check corresponding to Duct # label (see figure below) in the lower section.

Figure 8.3 - Label Manager Mask - Duct Properties

At any time the user can manage this information and show/plot everything has to be plotted or
displayed. To speed up the modifying process it is also possible to create a New Label type and
assign it to the ducts have been drawn.
Warning: the number of the duct will be displayed after sizing report creation only.

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Figure 8.4 -Duct Label Sample

The second section of the report shows all fluid-dynamic information about the calculation for
every single duct portion of the net (from node to node). Figure below displays a typical duct
analysis printed in the report.

Figure 8.5 - Duct Fluid-Dynamic Analysis

The table shown in the figure above is replicated for each duct present in the project.

8.2 Bill of Material Report

Run the same command described in the previous section: File>Reports Output>Duct System. In
the mask that appears select the second available option, Bill of Material, as shown in the figure
below.

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Figure 8.6 - Bill of Material Report

Select the language and the folder where the file has to be created and type the name; click on
<OK> button to confirm.
At this stage the program shows a settings mask where the user can specify the thickness of the
duct according to the shape (round, rectangular) and to the dimensions. Based on the thickness
and on the type of material, the designer has to specify the weight of the duct, as well as the
maximum length of them. The settings Mask look like the one shown in the following figure.

Figure 8.7 - Bill of Material Settings Mask

The details shown in this mask are following:

Cross Section: Shape of the duct: Round or Rectangular.
A: it represents the largest dimension of the rectangular and the diameter of it in case of
round duct.

L: Maximum allowable length for each duct trunk (between two joints).
S. Thickness
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Weight: Weight of the duct per unit of surface (footage).

Glong: Type of longitudinal joint (along the axis of the duct);
Gtrasv: Type of Joint between two duct trunk
Click on <Execute Bill of Material> button to create the file.

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