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Slender Column Design

using the
ACI 318-08 Building Code
Robert J. Frosch, Ph.D., P.E.
Professor of Civil Engineering
Purdue University

September 21 - 22, 2011

318 Slenderness Task Group

Simplify slenderness provisions


Recognize modern analysis met
Identify when slenderness considered
Combine into one section (10.10)

Flow of Provisions
1.
2.
3.
4.

Determine if slenderness can be neglected


Compute M2nd-order at ends
Compute M2nd-order between ends
Determine if column is too slender

10.10.1 Neglect Slenderness?


Braced Against Sideway
kl u
34 12( M 1 / M 2 ) 40
r

Not Braced Against Sideway


kl u
22
r

5% Increase in Moment Acceptable

Braced or Not-Braced?
Evaluate story stiffness
Kbracing 12Kcolumns

Story
Stiffness

Column - Kcolumn

Shear Wall - Kbracing

Calculate End Moments


Slenderness
Analysis

Nonlinear secondorder analysis

Elastic secondorder analysis

Moment
magnification

10.10.3

10.10.4

10.10.5

10.10.3 Nonlinear 2nd-order analysis


Second-order analysis shall consider:

material nonlinearity
member curvature and lateral drift
duration of loads
shrinkage and creep
interaction with the supporting foundation

Nonlinear 2nd-order analysis


The analysis procedure shall have been shown
to result in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with results of comprehensive tests
of columns in statically indeterminate
reinforced concrete structures.

Only 3 Frame Tests

10.10.4 Elastic 2nd-order analysis


Use second-order elastic program
P option enabled

Consider section properties accounting:


Influence of axial loads
Presence of cracked regions along length
Effects of load duration

10.10.4.1 Recommended I
Compression Members:
Columns

0.70Ig

Walls Uncracked

0.70Ig

Cracked

0.35Ig

Flexural Members:
Beams

0.35Ig

Flat plates/slabs

0.25Ig

1
- Reduce I if sustained lateral loads present
1 + ds

Alternate I
Compression members:

Ast M u
Pu
I = 0.80 + 25
0.5 I g
1

Ag Pu h
P0

0.35 I g I 0.875 I g

Flexural members:
bw

I = ( 0.10 + 25 ) 1.2 0.2 I g


d

0.25 I g I 0.5 I g

10.10.5 Moment magnification


P
MT

MB

=0

MT

MT + MB = 0

MT + MB = P
Amplification
of end moments

No amplification
of end moments

Nonsway

MB
P

Sway

Nonsway or Sway?
Nonsway
Mend, 2nd-order 1.05Mend,1st-order
Kbracing 12Kcolumns
Pu o
Q = V l 0.05
us c

P
MT

MB
P

=0

Sway procedure
M 1 = M 1ns + s M 1s

MTs

+
MBns

1
s =
1
1 Q

MTns

M 2 = M 2 ns + s M 2 s
Option 1

Option 2

1
s =
1
Pu
1
0.75Pc

MBs
P

2nd-order End Moments


Nonlinear
second order

Elastic
second order
Pu
Mu,top

P
Mu,bottom
Pu

Moment
Magnification

10.10.2.2 Second-order along length


Computer analysis
Equilibrium in Deformed Position
Not practical
P

Nodes at ends

Nodes between ends

Moment magnification 10.10.6

Moment magnification due to


member curvature

M c = ns M 2

Pu

Cm
ns =
1.0
Pu
1
0.75 Pc
Pc =

2 EI

( klu )

Mu,top

Pu

Mu,bottom

Mu,top

Mc

Mu,bottom

Moment Amplification
Pu

M1

M1
Mc=M1+P

Pu

M1

M1

1
Mc =
M1
Pu
1
Pc

Equivalent Moment - Cm
Pu

M2

M2

Pu

M1

M1

Meq

Mc
Pu

Meq

Pu

M eq = Cm M 2

M1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4
M2

Meq

Mc

Meq

ACI Simplified Equation


Cm
ns =
1.0
Pu
1
0.75 Pc
Stiffness reduction factor
K=0.75

Pc =

2 EI

( kl u )

Flexural Stiffness
Account for:
axial load, cracking, reinforcement, sustained load
0.2E I
(
EI =

c g

+ Es I se )

1 + dns

EI =

0.40 Ec I g
1 + dns

Alternate Stiffness

Ast
EI = 0.80 + 25

Ag

0.35 Ec I g
1 + dns

Mu
Pu Ec I g
0.5
1
P0 1 + dns
Pu h
0.875 Ec I g
EI
1 + dns

Minimum Eccentricity
M 2,min = Pu ( 0.6in. + 0.03h )
Cm = 1.0 or
= 0.6 + 0.4

Pu

M1
M2

M2,min

Pu

Mc

M2,min

Courtesy Walter P Moore

10.10.6.3 Equivalent Length


P

P
M=0

Pc =

2 EI

( kl )

Pe =
k=1.0
M=0
Flexible Beams

k=0.5
M
Rigid Beams

2 EI
l

Pe

> Pe

>0

k = 1.0
Column loses stiffness as Pe approached
To achieve k < 1.0
Beams must resist moment for P
Beams not designed for P moment

Use k=1.0 for design

Too slender?
M2nd order
1.4M1st order
- 2nd-order effects not dominate response
- Eliminate need for stability analysis

Cross-sectional dimensions
Within 10% shown on design drawings

Design Example
Pu = 200 kips

f c' = 4,000 psi

Mu = 86 ft-kips

f y = 60,000 psi

l u = 16 ft

Psus = 60 kips
12

Mu = 72 ft-kips
Pu = 200 kips

2.5

A
15

2.5

Minimum Eccentricity
A

M 2,min = Pu ( 0.6in. + 0.03h )


= 200kip ( 0.6in. + 0.03(15in.) )
= 200kip (1.05in.)
= 210in.-kip = 17.5 ft -kip

86ft-kip > 17.5ft-kip

Does not control

12

A
15

Amplification between ends


Use k = 1.0

in.
1.0 *16 ft *12
klu
ft
=
0.3*15 in.
r
= 42.7

M1
34 12
M2
72 ft-kip
= 34 12
86 ft-kip
= 24.0

42.7 > 24.0 Slender

Column Properties
A

Ec = 57 4000 = 3605 ksi

12

1
3
I g = (12 in.)(15 in.) = 3375 in.4
12
2.5

dns

A
15

2.5

Sustained Axial Load 1.2 * 60 kips


=
=
= 0.36
Factored Axial Load
200 kips

EI =

0.4 Ec I g
1 + dns

0.4 ( 3605 ksi ) 3375 in.4


1 + 0.36

) = 3.58 x10

kip in.2

Euler Buckling Load

EI
2

Pc =

( klu )

2 ( 3.58 x106 in.2 -kip )


in.

1.0 *16 ft *12


ft

= 958 kips

Amplified Moment

Mu = 86 ft-kips

M1
72 ft-kip
= 0.6 + 0.4
= 0.93
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4
M2
86 ft-kip
Cm
0.93
=
= 1.29
ns =
Pu
200 kips
1
1
0.75*958 kips
0.75 Pc

Pu =
200 kips

M c = ns M 2
= 1.29 *86 ft-kip = 111 ft-kip
Design Column for Pu = 200 kips
Mu = 111 ft*kips

Mu = 72 ft-kips

Magnitude of 2nd-order effects

M2

nd

order

1.4M 1

st

order

Future Directions
Improved EI expressions
Improved dns definition
Increased slenderness limits

Improved EI Expressions
Reduce Conservatism
Provide Simplicity

Axial Load
1.6
1.4
1.2

EI
E c Ig

1
0.8

Pu
1 0.6
P0

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Axial Load, Pu/Po

0.7

0.8

0.9

Eccentricity Ratio
1.6
1.4

EI
Ec Ig

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

Uncracked

Fully
Cracked

Transition Zone

0
0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Eccentricity Ratio, e/h

35%

40%

45%

50%

Analytical Comparison: ACI Eq. 10-15


80%
70%
60%

Frequency

Design

50%

ACI Eq. 10-15

40%

0.4E c Ig

30%
20%
10%

>2.0

1.8

Mc,Eq./Mc,Anal.

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0%

Analytical Comparison: ACI Eq. 10-8


80%
70%

Design

Frequency

60%

ACI Eq. 10-8


50%

Ast
0
.
80
+
25

Ag

40%
30%

Mu
Pu
0.5 EcIg
1
Po
Puh

20%
10%
0%
>2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

Mc,Eq./Mc,Anal.

Improved dns definition


dns =

Pu,sus
Pu

Same Load Combination

For 1.4D Combination:

dns

1.4D
=
= 1.0
1.4D

1
1 + dns

1
= = 0.5
2

EI = 0.20 Ec I g

Future dns
Account for creep
Consider axial stress level
dns =

Pu,sus
Po

Pu,sus
0.85f c' A g

Slenderness Limits
1.4 Maximum Eliminated for P
1.4 Increased for P

Summary
Higher strength concrete
Higher strength reinforcement
Improved estimates of
Short term stiffness EI
Long term stiffness - dns

Increase used of slender columns

Questions?

Sway Frame

M1

2P

M2
M1 + M 2 = (P + 2P)

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