Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Study of
Seismic
Analysis of
Structure with
Different Height
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wishes to record our appreciation to the help and guidance
received in preparation of this report. We would like to thank and express
deep sense of gratitude to project guide Mr. ABHISHEK VERMA, Assistant
Professor
of
Civil
Engineering,
Jaypee
University
of
Engineering
&
We would also like to thanks our parents, friends and well-wishers for
their constant encouragement and moral support at every stage during the
completion of this project.
ABSTRACT
Tall buildings are susceptible to dynamic horizontal loads such as wind and
earthquakes.
These
horizontal
forces
cause
important
stresses,
displacements and vibrations due to the buildings inherent tallness and
flexibility. Wind induced displacements and vibrations become critical with
increasing height. Excessive displacements can cause damage to partitions,
cladding and interior finishes, whereas the human motion perception can
induce concern regarding the structural safety and cause nausea and
dizziness to the occupants. Analyzing and designing of buildings for static
forces is a routine affair these days because of availability of affordable
computers and specialized programs which can be used for the analysis.
Stiffness and ductility considerations rather than strength would govern the
design. The intent in seismic design then is to limit building movements, not
so much to reduce perception of motion but to maintain the buildings
stability and prevent danger to pedestrians due to breakage and falling down
of nonstructural elements. In this study, structural systems that can be used
for the lateral resistance of tall buildings are classified based on the basic
reaction mechanism/structural behavior for resisting the lateral loads.
In this Study G+6, G+12, G+18 storied regular building model has
been analyzed by static & dynamic analysis. This building has the plan area
of
25 m x 15 m with a storey height 3.0m and depth of foundation is 2.0 m.
The static & dynamic analysis has been done on computer with the
help of STAAD-Pro & etabs software using the parameters for the designing
as per the IS-1893- 2002-Part-1 for the all zones and different soils
conditions and the post processing result obtained has been summarized
later work.
Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction about Seismic Loading:
Apart from gravity loads, the structure will experience dominant lateral
forces of considerable magnitude during earthquake shaking. It is essential
to estimate and specify these lateral forces on the structure in order to
design the structure to resist an earthquake. It is impossible to exactly
determine the earthquake induced lateral forces that are expected to act on
the structure during its lifetime. However, considering the consequential
effects of earthquake due to eventual failure of the structure, it is important
to estimate these forces in a rational and realistic manner.
The earthquake forces in a structure depend on a number of factors such as:
Characteristics of the earthquake (Magnitude, intensity, duration,
frequency, etc.)
Distance from the fault
Site geology
Type of structure and its lateral load resisting system.
1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy:
Apart from the factors mentioned above, the consequences of failure of the
structure may also be of concern in the reliable estimation of design lateral
forces. Hence, it is important to include these factors in the lateral force
estimation procedures.
Code of practice for earthquake resistant design of structures primarily aims
at accomplishing two primary objectives; total safety against loss of life and
minimization of economic loss.
These objectives are fulfilled by design philosophy with following criteria:
Resist minor earthquake shaking without damage.
Resist moderate earthquake shaking without structural damage but
possibly with some damage to nonstructural members.
Resist major levels of earthquake shaking with both structural and
nonstructural damage, but the building should not collapse thus
endangerment of the lives of occupants is avoided.
4
Surface waves travel at or near the surface of the Earth only. These can be
the most destructive waves in that they appear to roll along lifting and
dropping the ground as they pass and they are slowest. There are two types
of surface waves:
1) Love waves move like S waves in that they have a shearing motion in
the direction of travel, but the movement is back and forth horizontally.
2) Rayleigh waves move both horizontally and vertically in a vertical plane
pointed in the direction of travel.
Love and Rayleigh waves both produce ground shaking at the Earths surface
but very little motion deep in the Earth. Because the amplitude of surface
waves diminishes less rapidly with distance than the amplitude of P or S
waves, surface waves are often the most important component of ground
shaking far from the earthquake source, thus can be the most destructive.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURES
10
CHAPTER 3
SEISMIC ZONES
3.1 Introduction to Seismic zones:
1
A seismic zoning map for engineering use is a map that specifies the
levels of force or ground motions for earthquake-resistant design, and
thus it differs from a seismicity map, which provides only the occurrence
of earthquake information. The task of seismic zoning is multidisciplinary
and involves the best of input from geologist, seismologist, geotechnical,
earthquake and structural engineers.
11
revised again in 2002 with only four zones such as II, III, IV and V (IS: 1893
(Part 1): 2002) (Fig. 4). The Peninsular India was modified and Zones I and
II were combined. The new zone placed the 1993 Latur earthquake in zone
III. The areas falling under zone V is most seismically active. The areas
under this zone are the entire northeastern part of India, parts of
northwestern Bihar, the Kangra Valley in Himachal Pradesh, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, eastern part of Uttaranchal, the Rann of Kutchh in Gujarat
and the Srinagar area in Jammu and Kashmir. Two major metropolitan cities,
with a high population density, i.e. Delhi, lie in zone IV, and Kolkata, at the
boundary of zone III and IV of the zonation map. The recent four seismic
zones of India are assigned PGA values ranging from 0.1 g to 0.4 g with
10% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The changes in zonation map of
India with the occurrence of significant earthquakes are an indication that
the zoning at a national level does not provide the solution for tackling the
seismic hazards.
Zone
II
III
IV
Intensity
Low
Medium
Severe
Very Severe
Zone value
0.1
0.16
0.24
0.36
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CHAPTER 4
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
4.1 Determining Soil Profile Type for Identifying the Response
Spectrum:
The soil profile mainly constituting the local soil below the foundation
required for use of response spectra is divided into three types.
It is quite natural to have variation in properties of soil, and most soil
deposits have both vertical as well as lateral variation of properties
depending on the geomorphic forces and source of soil formation. There may
be soil layers of varying properties of the similar soil type namely coarsegrained soils (Gravels, Sands or Sandy Gravels, or Gravelly Sands); finegrained soils (Clays or Silty Clays or Clayey Silts) or there may be interlaying
of coarse grained soils and fine grained soils. The importance of local site
conditions and its role on the response of structures has been well
recognized. The soil and rock at a site have specific characteristics that can
significantly amplify the incoming earthquake motions traveling from the
earthquake source.
14
IS: 1893-2002 - Part 1 has acknowledged the importance of local site effects
and has defined three soil profile types, which essentially are rock or hard
soils (Type I), medium soils (Type II), and soft soils (Type III). The code has
suggested a design spectrum for each of these soil profile types. However,
the code does not explain how to decide the type of soil profile to be used to
select the appropriate design acceleration spectrum, given the variation of
soil profile in a particular locality. Thus, a procedure is required to arrive at
the type of soil profile.
Soil profile types are to be characterized based on the average soil
properties for the upper 30 m of the soil profile. Standard penetration test is
a field test conducted at regular intervals in every borehole, which has a
good correlation with engineering properties of soil. N values, which are
corrected for overburden and dilatancy effects, are correlated with relative
density and hence the angle of internal friction for coarse-grained type of
soils and the undrained shear strength of fine-grained soils. Relative density
reflects the state of compactness of coarse-grained soils, and the undrained
strength reflects the stiffness of fine-grained soils. These, in turn, reflect the
field behavior of a profile of soil. For layered soils having varying properties
over the exploration depth of 30 m, the average N values are to be obtained.
Type I: Rock or Hard Soils
1) Well graded gravel (GW) or well graded sand (SW) both with less than
5% passing 75 m sieve (Fines).
2) Well graded Gravel- Sand mixtures with or without fines (GW-SW).
3) Poorly graded Sand (SP) or clayey sand (SC), all having N above 30.
4) Stiff to hard clays having N above 16.
Where N is the Standard Penetration Test value.
Type II: Stiff or Medium Soils
1) Poorly graded sands or poorly graded sands with gravel (SP) with little or
no fines having N between 10 and 30.
2) and stiff to medium stiff fine-grained soils, like Silts of Low compressibility
(ML) or Clays of Low compressibility (CL) having N between 10 and 16.
Type III: Soft Soils
All soft soils other than SP with N<10. The various possible soils are:
1) Silts of Intermediate compressibility (MI).
15
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Hard
Medium
Soft
CHAPTER 5
FRAMES & BRACING
5.1 Introduction:
The selection of a particular type of framing system depends upon two
important parameters i.e. seismic risk of the zone and the budget. The
lateral forces acting on any structure are distributed according to the flexural
rigidity of individual components. Indian Codes divide the entire country into
four seismic zones (II, III, IV & V) depending on the seismic risks. OMRCF is
probably the most commonly adopted type of frame in lower seismic zones.
However with increase in the seismic risks, it becomes insufficient and
SMRCF or Steel Brace frames need to be adopted.
A rigid frame in structural engineering is the load-resisting skeleton
constructed with straight or curved members interconnected by mostly rigid
connections which resist movements induced at the joints of members. Its
members can take bending moment, shear, and axial loads. They are of two
types: Rigid-framed Structures & Braced-frames Structures. The two
16
may undergo through lateral forces caused due to seismic activity, wind
forces, fire, and blasts etc. Here the columns and beams of the structures
are used to transfers the major portion of the gravity loads and some portion
of lateral loads but that is not significant to the stability of structure. So we
provide bracing systems, shear walls, dampers etc. to resist or transfer
these lateral forces to the structure uniformly without affecting the stability
and strength of the structure.
CASE-1:
CASE-2:
CASE-3:
CASE-4:
CASE-5:
CASE-6:
Building
Building
Building
Building
Building
Building
frame
frame
frame
frame
frame
frame
CHAPTER 6
BUILDING DESCRIPTION
6.1 Plan of Building:
18
CHAPTER 7
METHODOLOGY
In general, the methods of seismic analysis can be classified as (1)
Static and (2) Dynamic. Dynamic analysis can further be classified as (i)
Dynamic Characteristics based (static) Analysis and (ii) Time Domain
Analysis. All of the above categories have their (a) Linear and (b) Non-linear
19
counterparts.
7.1 Static Analysis:
The static procedure of building is modelled with their linearly elastic
stiffness of the building. The equivalent viscous damps the approximate
values for the lateral loads to near the yield point. Design earthquake
demands for the LSP (LINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE) are represented by
static lateral forces whose sum is equal to the pseudo lateral load. When it is
applied to the linearly elastic model of the building it will result in design
displacement amplitudes approximating maximum displacements that are
expected during the design earthquake. To design the earth quake loads to
calculate the internal forces will be reasonable approximate of expected
during to design earth quake.
a) Linear Analysis
Seismic Coefficient Method (SCM): Here the seismic base shear for the
building is determined by using an emphatically determined time period, and
distributed over the stories as lateral load proportional to an assumed mode
shape, which is parabolic (but interestingly with 100% mass participation
assumed). Here lateral load determination is all formula based, no modal
analysis is required, and the method is therefore STATIC.
b) Non-linear: This is done by running a non-linear analysis on a non-linear
building model. Non-linearity is incorporated in the analysis model in form of
non-linear hinges inserted into an otherwise linear elastic model which one
generates using a common analysis-design software package.
maximum among all the BMs, each corresponding to each time point over
the duration of earthquake.
b) Non-linear: As said above, this is done by running a non-linear analysis
on a non-linear building model.
i) Dynamic Characteristics based (static) Analysis:
Non-linear Static Analysis (NSP) or the same Pushover Analysis
mentioned above, but with the 1st mode proportionate lateral loads or more
rightly, a combination (SRSS) proportionate lateral loads. Note that unlike
the RSA, its not the results corresponding to each mode shape that is
SRSSed, but the loads themselves. No one considers putting this version of
pushover analysis under Non-linear Dynamic Analysis (and as the non-linear
counterpart of RSA.)
ii) Time Domain Analysis
Non-linear Time History Analysis (NL-THA) This is same as the, but
here since the structure has non-linear hinges inserted, the members can
undergo and stiffness degradation, strength deterioration in general,
damage, as a real building would, during the progress of an earthquake.
22
CHAPTER 8
REFRENCES
1. IS 1893 (Part-1): 2002 CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
2. IS 875 (Part-1): 1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS
(OTHER
THAN
EARTHQUAKE)
FOR
BUILDINGS
AND
STRUCTURES
3. IS 875 (Part-2): 1987 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS
(OTHER
THAN
EARTHQUAKE)
FOR
BUILDINGS
AND
STRUCTURES
4. IITK-GSDMA-Project on Building Codes
23