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Rebar
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thisarticleisaboutthereinforcementbar.Forthecompany,seeRebar(Taiwan).Fortheartgroup,
seeRebarartanddesignstudio.
Rebar(shortforreinforcingbar),alsoknownasreinforcingsteel,
reinforcementsteel[1]andcolloquiallyinAustraliaasreo,isasteel
barormeshofsteelwiresusedasatensiondeviceinreinforced
concreteandreinforcedmasonrystructurestostrengthenandhold
theconcreteintension.Rebar'ssurfaceisoftenpatternedtoforma
betterbondwiththeconcrete.

Contents
1History
2Useinconcreteandmasonry
3Physicalcharacteristics
4Sizesandgrades
4.1USsizes
4.2Canadiansizes
4.3Europeansizes
4.4Australiansizes
4.4.1Bars
4.4.2Mesh
4.5Grades
5Placingrebar
5.1Stirrups
5.2Welding
5.3Mechanicalconnections
5.4Safety
6Designations
7Reuseandrecycling
8Seealso
9References
10Externallinks

Atiedrebarbeamcage.Thiswillbe
embeddedinsidecastconcreteto
increaseitstensilestrength.

Corrodedconcreteandrebaratthe
bridgeofQueenElizabethWay
crossingtheWellandRiverinNiagara
Falls,Ontario,Canada.

History
Originally,concretestructureswereunreinforced.Rebarhasbeenusedinconstructionsinceatleastthe
15thcenturyforexample,2500mofrebarswereusedintheChteaudeVincennes.[2]
Morerecently,duringthe18thcentury,rebarwasusedtoformthecarcassoftheLeaningTowerof
NevyanskinRussia,builtontheordersoftheindustrialistAkinfiyDemidov.Thecastironusedforthe
rebarwasofhighquality,andthereisnocorrosiononthemtothisday.Thecarcassofthetowerwas
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connectedtoitscastirontentedroof,crownedwithoneofthefirstknownlightningrods.[3]Morerecently
thesetechniqueshavebeenrefinedbyembeddingthesteelbarsintheconcrete,andbytheintroductionof
deformedbarstoimprovebonding,thusproducingmodernreinforcedconcrete.

Useinconcreteandmasonry
Concreteisamaterialthatisverystrongincompression,but
relativelyweakintension.Tocompensateforthisimbalancein
concrete'sbehavior,rebariscastintoittocarrythetensileloads.
Moststeelreinforcementisdividedintoprimaryandsecondary
reinforcement,butthereareotherminoruses:
Primaryreinforcementreferstothesteelwhichisemployed
toguaranteetheresistanceneededbythestructureasawhole
tosupportthedesignloads.
Secondaryreinforcement,alsoknownasdistributionor
thermalreinforcement,isemployedfordurabilityand
aestheticreasons,byprovidingenoughlocalizedresistanceto
RebarinsidetheLeaningTowerof
limitcrackingandresiststressescausedbyeffectssuchas
Nevyansk
temperaturechangesandshrinkage.
Rebarisalsoemployedtoconferresistancetoconcentrated
loadsbyprovidingenoughlocalizedresistanceandstiffnessforaloadtospreadthroughawiderarea.
Rebarmayalsobeusedtoholdothersteelbarsinthecorrectpositiontoaccommodatetheirloads.
Externalsteeltiebarscanconstrainandreinforcemasonrystructures,asillustratedbytheNevyansk
TowerorancientstructuresinRomeandtheVatican.
Masonrystructuresandthemortarholdingthemtogetherhavesimilarpropertiestoconcreteandalsohave
alimitedabilitytocarrytensileloads.Somestandardmasonryunitslikeblocksandbricksaremadewith
voidstoaccommodaterebar,whichisthensecuredinplacewithgrout.Thiscombinationisknownas
reinforcedmasonry.
Whileanymaterialwithsufficienttensilestrengthcouldpotentiallybeusedtoreinforceconcrete(glassand
basaltfibersarealsocommon),steelandconcretehavesimilarcoefficientsofthermalexpansion:[4]a
concretestructuralmemberreinforcedwithsteelwillexperienceminimalstressasaresultofdifferential
expansionsofthetwointerconnectedmaterialscausedbytemperaturechanges.

Physicalcharacteristics
Steelhasanexpansioncoefficientnearlyequaltothatofmodernconcrete.Ifthiswerenotso,itwould
causeproblemsthroughadditionallongitudinalandperpendicularstressesattemperaturesdifferentfrom
thetemperatureofthesetting.[5]Althoughrebarhasribsthatbinditmechanicallytotheconcrete,itcanstill
bepulledoutoftheconcreteunderhighstresses,anoccurrencethatoftenaccompaniesalargerscale
collapseofthestructure.Topreventsuchafailure,rebariseitherdeeplyembeddedintoadjacentstructural
members(4060timesthediameter),orbentandhookedattheendstolockitaroundtheconcreteandother
rebar.Thisfirstapproachincreasesthefrictionlockingthebarintoplace,whilethesecondmakesuseofthe
highcompressivestrengthofconcrete.
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Commonrebarismadeofunfinishedtemperedsteel,makingitsusceptibletorusting.Normallythe
concretecoverisabletoprovideapHvaluehigherthan12avoidingthecorrosionreaction.Toolittle
concretecovercancompromisethisguardthroughcarbonationfromthesurface,andsaltpenetration.Too
muchconcretecovercancausebiggercrackwidthswhichalsocompromisesthelocalguard.Asrusttakes
upgreatervolumethanthesteelfromwhichitwasformed,itcausessevereinternalpressureonthe
surroundingconcrete,leadingtocracking,spalling,andultimately,structuralfailure.Thisphenomenonis
knownasoxidejacking.Thisisaparticularproblemwheretheconcreteisexposedtosaltwater,asin
bridgeswheresaltisappliedtoroadwaysinwinter,orinmarineapplications.Uncoated,corrosionresistant
lowcarbon/chromium(microcomposite),epoxycoated,galvanizedorstainlesssteelrebarsmaybe
employedinthesesituationsatgreaterinitialexpense,butsignificantlylowerexpenseovertheservicelife
oftheproject.Extracareistakenduringthetransport,fabrication,handling,installation,andconcrete
placementprocesswhenworkingwithepoxycoatedrebar,becausedamagewillreducethelongterm
corrosionresistanceofthesebars.[6]Evendamagedbarshaveshownbetterperformancethanuncoated
reinforcingbars,thoughissuesfromdebondingoftheepoxycoatingfromthebarsandcorrosionunderthe
epoxyfilmhavebeenreported.[7]Thesebarsareusedinover70,000bridgedecksintheUSA.[8]
Fiberreinforcedpolymerrebarisalsousedinhighcorrosionenvironments.Itisavailableinmanyforms,
suchasspiralsforreinforcingcolumns,commonrods,andmeshes.Mostcommerciallyavailablerebaris
madefromunidirectionalglassfibrereinforcedthermosetresins.
Reinforcingsteelcanalsobedisplacedbyimpactssuchasearthquakes,resultinginstructuralfailure.The
primeexampleofthisisthecollapseoftheCypressStreetViaductinOakland,Californiaasaresultofthe
1989LomaPrietaearthquake,causing42fatalities.Theshakingoftheearthquakecausedrebarstoburst
fromtheconcreteandbuckle.Updatedbuildingdesigns,includingmorecircumferentialrebar,canaddress
thistypeoffailure.

Sizesandgrades
USsizes
Imperialbarsizesgivethediameterinunitsofinch,sothat#8=88inch=1inchdiameter.Thecross
sectionalarea,asgivenbyr,worksoutto(barsize/9.027),whichisapproximatedas(barsize/9)square
inches.Forexample,theareaof#8baris(8/9)=0.79squareinches.
Largerbarsizesarebasedonthecrosssectionalareaofsquarebarsthatwereformerlyused.Thediameter
oftheequivalentroundshapesisroundedtothenearestinchtoprovidethebarsize.Forexample,#9bar
hasacrosssectionof1.00squareinches,andthereforeadiameterof1.128inches.#10,#11,#14,and#18
sizescorrespondto118inch,114,112,and2inchsquarebars,respectively.[9]#14rebarisparticularly
affectedbythisapproximationbydiameteritwouldbe#13.5.
Thetowerandsignindustriescommonlyuseslightlylarger"jumbo"bars#14Jand#18Jasanchorrodsfor
largestructures.[10]Thebarsarefabricatedfromslightlyoversizedblankssuchthatthreadscanbecutatthe
endstoacceptstandard1.75"(#14J)and2.25"(#18J)anchornuts.

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Steelreinforcementbarswithcolor
codesindicatingthegrade

U.S.rebarsizechart
Imperial
barsize

LinearMassDensity Nominaldiameter Nominalarea

Metricsize

lb
ft

(kg/m)

(in)

(mm) (in) (mm)

#2

#6

0.167

0.249

0.250=28 6.35

0.05 32

#3

#10

0.376

0.561

0.375=38 9.525

0.11 71

#4

#13

0.668

0.996

0.500=48 12.7

0.20 129

#5

#16

1.043

1.556

0.625=58 15.875 0.31 200

#6

#19

1.502

2.24

0.750=68 19.05

#7

#22

2.044

3.049

0.875=78 22.225 0.60 387

#8

#25

2.670

3.982

1.000

25.4

0.79 509

#9

#29

3.400

5.071

1.128

28.65

1.00 645

#10

#32

4.303

6.418

1.270

32.26

1.27 819

#11

#36

5.313

7.924

1.410

35.81

1.56 1006

#14

#43

7.650

11.41

1.693

43

2.25 1452

#18

#57

13.60

20.284

2.257

57.3

4.00 2581

14.60

21.775

2.337

59.4

4.29 2678

#18J

0.44 284

Canadiansizes
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Metricbardesignationsrepresentthenominalbardiameterinmillimeters,roundedtothenearest5mm.
Metric LinearMassDensity Nominaldiameter Crosssectional
barsize

(kg/m)

(mm)

Area(mm)

10M

0.785

11.3

100

15M

1.570

16.0

200

20M

2.355

19.5

300

25M

3.925

25.2

500

30M

5.495

29.9

700

35M

7.850

35.7

1000

45M

11.775

43.7

1500

55M

19.625

56.4

2500

Europeansizes
Metricbardesignationsrepresentthenominalbardiameterinmillimetres.PreferredbarsizesinEuropeare
specifiedtocomplywithTable6ofthestandardEN10080,[11]althoughvariousnationalstandardsstill
remaininforce(e.g.BS4449intheUnitedKingdom).InSwitzerlandsomesizesaredifferentfrom
Europeanstandard.
Metric
bar
size

LinearMass
Density

Nominal
diameter

Cross
sectional

(kg/m)

(mm)

Area(mm)

6,0

0.222

28.3

8,0

0.395

50.3

10,0

0.617

10

78.5

12,0

0.888

12

113

14,0

1.21

14

154

16,0

1.58

16

201

20,0

2.47

20

314

25,0

3.85

25

491

28,0

4.83

28

616

32,0

6.31

32

804

40,0

9.86

40

1257

50,0

15.4

50

1963

Steelreinforcementinstorage

Australiansizes
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ReinforcementforuseinconcreteconstructionissubjecttotherequirementsofAustralianStandards
AS36002009(ConcreteStructures)andAS/NZS46712001(SteelReinforcingforConcrete).Thereare
otherstandardsthatapplytotesting,weldingandgalvanising.Thedesignationofreinforcementisdefined
inAS/NZS46712001usingthefollowingformats:
Bars
Shapecode

Yieldstrength(MPa) Ductilityclass Nominaldiameter(mm)

DdeformedbarGrade300 300MPa

Nnormal

10

DdeformedbarGrade500 500MPa

Nnormal

10

Rroundbar

Llow

12

250MPa

16
20
24
28
32
36
40
Examples:
D500N12isdeformedbar,500MPastrength,normalductilityand12mmnominaldiameteralso
knownas"N12"
R250N20isroundbar,250MPastrength,normalductilityand20mmnominaldiameteralso
knownas"R20"
Barsaretypicallyabbreviatedtosimply'N'(hotrolleddeformedbar),'R'(hotrolledroundbar),'RW'
(colddrawnribbedwire)or'W'(colddrawnroundwire),astheyieldstrengthandductilityclasscanbe
impliedfromtheshape.Forexample,allcommerciallyavailablewirehasayieldstrengthof500MPaand
lowductility,whileroundbarsare250MPaandnormalductility.
India
RebarsareavailableintheFollowingGradesasperIS:17862008FE415/500/500D.Rebarsarequenched
withwateratahighlevelpressuresothattheoutersurfaceishardenedandtheinnercoreremains
soft.RebarsareRibbedsothattheconcretecanhaveabettergrip.CostalregionsusedGalvanizedrebarsthis
prolongsthelifeofRebars.
[2](http://www.indanasteel.com/ptmt.php)WeightchartofIndiansRebarswithtolerancesandsizes.
Mesh

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Shape
code

Ductility
class

Nominaldiameter Nominalspacing(long
(mm)
direction)

Nominalspacing(short
direction)
(onlyrequiredin
rectangularmesh)

Ssquare

Llow
ductility

7mm

1100mm

1100mm

8mm

2200mm

2200mm

10mm

880mm

880mm

R
rectangular

12mm

Grades
Rebarisavailableingradesandspecificationsthatvaryinyieldstrength,ultimatetensilestrength,chemical
composition,andpercentageofelongation.
InUSuse,thegradedesignationisequaltotheminimumyieldstrengthofthebarinksi(1000psi)for
examplegrade60rebarhasaminimumyieldstrengthof60ksi.Rebaristypicallymanufacturedingrades
40,60,and75.
Incountriesthatusethemetricsystem,thegradedesignationistypicallytheyieldstrengthinmegapascals
MPa,forexamplegrade400(similartoUSgrade60).
CommonUSspecifications,publishedbyACIandASTM,are:
AmericanConcreteInstitute:"ACI31814BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcreteand
Commentary",ISBN9780870319303(2014)
ASTMA82:SpecificationforPlainSteelWireforConcreteReinforcement
ASTMA184/A184M:SpecificationforFabricatedDeformedSteelBarMatsforConcrete
Reinforcement
ASTMA185:SpecificationforWeldedPlainSteelWireFabricforConcreteReinforcement
ASTMA496:SpecificationforDeformedSteelWireforConcreteReinforcement
ASTMA497:SpecificationforWeldedDeformedSteelWireFabricforConcreteReinforcement
ASTMA615/A615M:Deformedandplaincarbonsteelbarsforconcretereinforcement
ASTMA616/A616M:SpecificationforRailSteelDeformedandPlainBarsforConcrete
Reinforcement
ASTMA617/A617M:SpecificationforAxleSteelDeformedandPlainBarsforConcrete
Reinforcement
ASTMA706/A706M:Lowalloysteeldeformedandplainbarsforconcretereinforcement
ASTMA767/A767M:SpecificationforZincCoated(Galvanized)SteelBarsforConcrete
Reinforcement
ASTMA775/A775M:SpecificationforEpoxyCoatedReinforcingSteelBars
ASTMA934/A934M:SpecificationforEpoxyCoatedPrefabricatedSteelReinforcingBars
ASTMA955:Deformedandplainstainlesssteelbarsforconcretereinforcement
ASTMA996:Railsteelandaxlesteeldeformedbarsforconcretereinforcement
ASTMA1035:StandardSpecificationforDeformedandPlain,Lowcarbon,Chromium,SteelBars
forConcreteReinforcement
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ASTMmarkingdesignationsare:
'S'billetA615
'I'railA616(supersededbyA996"ASTMA616/A616M96aStandardSpecificationforRailSteel
DeformedandPlainBarsforConcreteReinforcement(Withdrawn1999)".Astm.org.Retrieved
20120824.)
'IR'RailMeetingSupplementaryRequirementsS1A616(supersededbyA996"ASTMA616/
A616M96aStandardSpecificationforRailSteelDeformedandPlainBarsforConcrete
Reinforcement(Withdrawn1999)".Astm.org.Retrieved20120824.)
'A'AxleA617(supersededbyA996"ASTMA617/A617M96aStandardSpecificationforAxle
SteelDeformedandPlainBarsforConcreteReinforcement(Withdrawn1999)".Astm.org.Retrieved
20120824.)
'W'LowalloyA706
HistoricallyinEurope,rebariscomposedofmildsteelmaterialwithayieldstrengthofapproximately250
MPa(36ksi).Modernrebariscomposedofhighyieldsteel,withayieldstrengthmoretypically500MPa
(72.5ksi).Rebarcanbesuppliedwithvariousgradesofductility.Themoreductilesteeliscapableof
absorbingconsiderablymoreenergywhendeformedabehaviorthatresistsearthquakeforcesandisused
indesign.ThesehighyieldstrengthductilesteelsareusuallyproducedusingtheTEMPCOREprocess.[12]
Themanufactureofreinforcingsteelbyrerollingfinishedproducts(e.g.sheetsorrails)isnotallowed.[13]
Incontrasttostructuralsteel,rebarsteelgradesarenotharmonizedyetacrossEurope,eachcountryhaving
theirownnationalstandards.Howeversomestandardizationofspecificationandtestingmethodsexist
underEN10080andENISO15630:
BSEN10080:Steelforthereinforcementofconcrete.Weldablereinforcingsteel.General.(2005)
BS4449:Steelforthereinforcementofconcrete.Weldablereinforcingsteel.Bar,coilanddecoiled
product.Specification.(2005/2009)
BS4482:Steelwireforthereinforcementofconcreteproducts.Specification(2005)
BS4483:Steelfabricforthereinforcementofconcrete.Specification(2005)
BS6744:Stainlesssteelbarsforthereinforcementofanduseinconcrete.Requirementsandtest
methods.(2001/2009)
DIN4881:ReinforcingsteelsPart1:Grades,properties,marking(2009)
DIN4882:ReinforcingsteelsPart2:Reinforcingsteelbars(2009)
DIN4883:ReinforcingsteelsPart3:Reinforcingsteelincoils,steelwire(2009)
DIN4884:ReinforcingsteelsPart4:Weldedfabric(2009)
DIN4885:ReinforcingsteelsPart5:Latticegirders(2009)
DIN4886:ReinforcingsteelPart6:Assessmentofconformity(2010)
BSENISO156301:Steelforthereinforcementandprestressingofconcrete.Testmethods.
Reinforcingbars,wirerodandwire.(2010)
BSENISO156302:Steelforthereinforcementandprestressingofconcrete.Testmethods.Welded
fabric.(2010)

Placingrebar
Rebarcagesarefabricatedeitheronorofftheprojectsitecommonlywiththehelpofhydraulicbendersand
shears.However,forsmallorcustomworkatoolknownasaHickey,orhandrebarbender,issufficient.
Therebarsareplacedbysteelfixers"rodbusters"orconcretereinforcingironworkers,withbarsupportsand
concreteorplasticrebarspacersseparatingtherebarfromtheconcreteformworktoestablishconcrete
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coverandensurethatproperembedmentisachieved.Therebarsinthecagesareconnectedeitherbyspot
welding,tyingsteelwire,sometimesusinganelectricrebartier,orwithmechanicalconnections.Fortying
epoxycoatedorgalvanisedrebars,epoxycoatedorgalvanizedwireisnormallyused.

Stirrups
Stirrupsformtheouterpartofarebarcage.Stirrupsareusually
rectangular,andareplacedatregularintervalsalongacolumnor
beamtopreventshearfailure.[14]

Welding
TheAmericanWeldingSociety(AWS)D1.4setsoutthepractices
forweldingrebarintheU.S.Withoutspecialconsiderationtheonly
rebarthatisreadytoweldisWgrade(LowalloyA706).Rebar
thatisnotproducedtotheASTMA706specificationisgenerally
notsuitableforweldingwithoutcalculatingthe"carbonequivalent".
Materialwithacarbonequivalentoflessthan0.55canbewelded.
(AWSD1.4)

Steelwireusedtosecurerebarbefore
concreteispouredoverit

ASTMA616&ASTMA617reinforcingarererolledrailsteel&rerolledrailaxlesteelwith
uncontrolledchemistry,phosphorus&carboncontent.Thesematerialsarenotcommon.
Rebarcagesarenormallytiedtogetherwithwire,althoughspotweldingofcageshasbeenthenormin
Europeformanyyears,andisbecomingmorecommonintheUS.Highstrengthsteelsforprestressed
concretemayabsolutelynotbewelded.

Mechanicalconnections
Alsoknownas"mechanicalcouplers"or"mechanicalsplices",mechanicalconnectionsareusedtoconnect
reinforcingbarstogether.Mechanicalcouplersareaneffectivemeanstoreducerebarcongestioninhighly
reinforcedareasforcastinplaceconcreteconstruction.Thesecouplersarealsousedinprecastconcrete
constructionatthejointsbetweenmembers.
Thestructuralperformancecriteriaformechanicalconnectionsvariesbetweencountries,codes,and
industries.Asaminimumrequirement,codestypicallyspecifythattherebartospliceconnectionmeetsor
exceeds125%ofthespecifiedyieldstrengthoftherebar.Morestringentcriteriaalsorequiresthe
developmentofthespecifiedultimatestrengthoftherebar.Asanexample,ACI318specifieseitherType1
(125%Fy)orType2(125%Fyand100%Fu)performancecriteria.[15]
Forconcretestructuresdesignedwithductilityinmind,itisrecommendedthatthemechanicalconnections
arealsocapableoffailinginaductilemanner,typicallyknowninthereinforcingsteelindustryasachieving
"barbreak".Asanexample,Caltransspecifiesarequiredmodeoffailure(i.e.,"neckingofthebar").[16]

Safety

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Topreventinjury,theprotrudingendsofsteelrebarareoftenbentoverorcoveredwithspecialsteel
reinforcedplastic"plate"caps."Mushroom"capsmayprovideprotectionfromscratchesandotherminor
injuries,butprovidelittletonoprotectionfromimpalement.

Designations
Reinforcementisusuallytabulatedina"reinforcementschedule"onconstructiondrawings.Thiseliminates
ambiguityinthenotationsusedaroundtheworld.Thefollowinglist
providesexamplesofthenotationsusedinthearchitectural,
engineering,andconstructionindustry.
NewZealand
Explanation

Designation

Highstrength(500MPa)16mmdiameterrebars
HD16300, spacedat300mmcenters(centertocenterdistance)
T&B,EW onboththetopandbottomfaceandineachwayas
well(i.e.,longitudinalandtransverse).
3D12

Threemildstrength(300MPa)12mmdiameter
rebars

Rebarswithsafetycapsinstalled
beforebeingcoveredinconcrete.

Dgrade(300MPa)smoothbarstirrups,spacedat
225mmcentres.BydefaultinNewZealandpractice
R8Stirrups allstirrupsarenormallyinterpretedasbeingfull,
@225
closed,loops.Thisisadetailingrequirementfor
MAX
concreteductilityinseismiczonesIfasinglestrand
ofstirrupwithahookateachendwasrequired,this
wouldtypicallybebothspecifiedandillustrated.
UnitedStates
Explanation

Designation
#4@12OC,
T&B,EW

Number4rebarsspaced12inchesoncenter(centertocenterdistance)onboththetopand
bottomfacesandineachwayaswell,i.e.longitudinalandtransverse.

(3)#4

Threenumber4rebars(usuallyusedwhentherebarperpendiculartothedetail)

#3ties@9
OC,(2)per
set

Number3rebarsusedasstirrups,spacedat9inchesoncenter.Eachsetconsistsoftwo
ties,whichisusuallyillustrated.

#7@12"
EW,EF

Number7rebarspaced12inchesapart,placedineachdirection(eachway)andoneach
face.

Reuseandrecycling
InChinaandmanyothercountries,afterthedemolitionofabuilding,workersarecalledintoremovethe
rebar.Theyscourthesite,extractingthemetalusingboltcutters,weldingequipment,sledgehammers,and
othertools.Themetalispartiallystraightened,bundledandsold.

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Rebar,likealmostallmetalproducts,canberecycledasscrap.Itisusuallycombinedwithothersteel
products,melteddown,andreformed.

Workersextractingrebarfrom
demolitionrubble

Seealso
Carbongrid
Covermeter

Weldedwiremeshorweldmesh
Fusionbondedepoxycoating

References
1. Merritt,FredericS.,M.KentLoftinandJonathanT.Ricketts,StandardHandbookforCivilEngineers,Fourth
Edition,McGrawHillBookCompany,1995,p.8.17
2. "LedonjondeVincenneslivresonhistoire".
3. TheofficeofthefirstRussianoligarch(http://www.itogi.ru/archive/2002/42/102260.html)(Russian)
4. "CoefficientsofLinearThermalExpansion".TheEngineeringToolBox.Retrieved20150706.
5. "GFRPBarTransverseCoefficientofThermalExpansionEffectsonConcreteCover"(PDF).Retrieved
20120824.
6. RecommendedFieldHandlingofExpoyCoatedReinforcingBars
(http://epoxyinterestgroup.org/cfcs/cmsIT/baseComponents/fileManagerProxy.cfc?
method=GetFile&fileID=719D762290A658C44D14365D2D5B5099&fileName=Field_Handling_Card.pdf),
ConcreteReinforcingSteelInstitute
7. Ramniceanu,Andrei[1](http://virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/08CR5.pdf)ParametersGoverning
theCorrosionProtectionEfficiencyofFusionBondedEpoxyCoatingsonReinforcingSteel,Virginia
TransportationResearchCouncil,January2008
8. EpoxyInterestGroup."EpoxyInterestGroupofCRSI".EpoxyInterestGroupofCRSI.Retrieved24August
2012.
9. Wang,ChuKiaSalmon,CharlesPincheira,Jose(2007).ReinforcedConcreteDesign.Hoboken,NJ:John
Wiley&Sons.p.20.ISBN9780471262862.
10. ThreadedRebarBolts(http://www.portlandbolt.com/products/rods/threadedrebar.html)
11. "BSEN10080:Steelforthereinforcementofconcrete.Weldablereinforcingsteel.General.",pp.19(2005).
12. Noville,J.F.(June2015).TEMPCORE,themostconvenientprocesstoproducelowcosthighstrengthrebars
from8to75mm(PDF).2ndESTADMETEC.Dsseldorf.
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13. "BSEN10080:Steelforthereinforcementofconcrete.Weldablereinforcingsteel.General.",clause6.4,pp.13
(2005).
14. Jesse(January29,2013).accessdate=20150204"ReinforcedConcreteBeamDesign:ConcreteBeamStirrups?
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