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Carbonation of flyash concret

Anshul Soni

ABSTRACT
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Cement is huge CO2 producer. Supplementary cementitious materials can help reduce this
outcome. Concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials as, for example fly-ash or
blast-furnace slag has more resistance to carbonation than ordinary Portland cement concrete. In
order to know carbonation initiated corrosion is risk within life span of building, the carbonation
depth
After several years (e.g. 50 years) is mostly predicted based on accelerated carbonation tests on
young concrete specimens. But, these predictions dont take into account the positive effect of
continuing hydration of slag and fly-ash particles over a long time. These tests were performed
on concrete specimens containing different amount of blast-slag-furnace after different curing
periods. Based on these tests different observations made to carbonation of fly-ash and slag blast
furnace cement (13&17).
Keywords: Cement paste, Fly-ash, Hydration extent, Carbonation, Natural environment,
Accelerated test, burn clay, workability, water retention etc
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INTRODUCTION
Concrete containing fly-ash has been used in many parts of the world.Various standards and
codes has restricted the use of fly-ash content to 10 to 25% Relatively large % is used only in
mass concrete. Investigation done by CANMET has confirmed that high volume fly-ash concrte
has many excellent properties.(1) in the design of concrete structures,carbonation is very
important factor to check the age of concrete.there are various papers published to show the data
of concrete carbonation with or without fly-ash.The presence of flyash does seem to result in m
ore rapid carbonation.(2)
We know that carbonation is chemical reation that take splace between
Portlandite(which is present in cement) and H 2O.CO2 present in atmosphere is 0.03%by the
volume of air(3)When CO2 penetrates into the hardened concrete,it reacts with the portlandite in
the presence of moisture forming CaCO3. The rate of carbonation depends upon the relative
humidity ,the concentration of CO2 ,the penetration and the temperature of the environment
where concrete is placed. the carbonation rate increases when compared to normal Portland
concrete cement in flyash concrete cement.the carbonation coefficient increases with an increase
in the replacement ratio of flyash and air content. (3)Different reports different results for the
carbonation of flyash concrete.

As the concrete is a porous material so substance can easily


penetrate through the interconnected capillary pores. When CO 2 in atmosphere diffuses into
concrete,it can react , in the presence of moisture , with calcium hydroxide(CH). Thus CH which
is highly alkaliline cause steel to reduce its protection from the corrosion. Steel which is
corroded causing cracks ,rust stains and spalls on concrete cover. As it is obvious that ,for
corroded reinforced concrete ,it is important to check its life precisely when the carbonation
reaches the location of embedded reinforcing steel bar.(4)
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STUDY OBJECTIVES
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The primary objectives of this research study are to:
Examine the effects of increasing the flyash content in concrete on carbonation.
Effect of water to binder ratio to carbonation
Provide recommendations for optimum quantity of flyash in concrete for preventing
reinforcement from corrosion.
Effect of different composition on carbonation.
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MATERIAL USED
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List of materials those are used in rubberized concrete
1. Cement
2. Aggregate
3. Water reducing admixtures
4. Admixtures
5. Water
6. Slag
7. Fly-ash
1. Cement: - Cement is the most important constituent of concrete, it forms the binding. The
natural cement is obtained by burning and crushing the stones containing clay, carbonate of lime
and some amount of carbonate of magnesia. The natural cement is brown in colour.
The artificial cement is obtained by burning at a very high temperature a mixture
of calcareous and argillaceous materials. The mixture of ingredients should be intimate and they
should be in correct proportion. The calcined product is known as the clinker. A small quantity of

gypsum is added to the clinker and it is then pulverised into very fine powder which is known as
the cement.
All test perform on concrete according to IS 4031 (Part 1 to Part 15) (IS3).
2. Aggregate: - The aggregates are classified into fine and coarse.

The material which is passed through BIS test sieve no. 480(4.75 mm sieve) is termed as
a fine aggregate (IS1). Normally, the natural river sand is used as a fine aggregate. Angular
shape sand produces, good and strong concrete because has good interlocking property,
while round shape particle of sand do not afford such interlocking.
The specific gravity was found to be 2.45, with sieve analysis data
and fineness modulus value of sand confirms to grading zone II as per IS: 383- 1970(12).

The material which is retained on BIS test sieve no. 480(4.75 mm sieve) is termed as a
coarse aggregate. The broken stone is generally used as a coarse aggregate (IS1).
The value of specific gravity is 2.84. The grading of
aggregate conformed to the requirement as per IS 383:1970(12).

3. Water reducing admixtures: - Water required for hydration of cement and moulding of
concrete.
The water cement ratio is needed to get a workable mixture that can be transported, placed,
properly compacted, and finished to desired shape. Therefore, chemically admixture is added in
concrete to improve the workability at small water cement ratio. These are known as water
reducing admixture.
4. Admixtures: - Fly ash and silica fume are mostly used as an admixture in concrete. Fly ash is
used in concrete for improving the workability and reducing the heat of hydration. For obtaining
the high strength silica fume is added in concrete.
5. Water: - The pH value of water shall not less than 6. Water used for curing should not produce
any objectionable stain or unsightly deposit on the concrete surface. The presence of tannic acid
or iron compounds is objectionable (IS2).
6.Fly-ash:- Fly ash may be extracted from flue gases of ground or pulverized or crushed coal or
lignite fired boilers by any suitable process; such as, by cyclone separation or electrostatic
precipitation; bottom ash from the boilers shall not be added to the fly ash. Fly ash collected at
later stages of electrostatic precipitator are finer than the fly ash collected at initial stages of
electrostatic precipitator.( IS 3812 (Part 1) :2003)
7.SLAG:- Slag is a non-metallic product consisting essentially of glass containing silicates and
aluminates of lime and other bases, as in the case of blastfurnace slag, which is developed
simultaneously with iron in blastfurnace or electric pig iron furnace. Granulated slag is obtained
by further processing the molten slag by rapidly chilling or quenching it with water or steam and
air.

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RESEARCH FINDINGS ON THE USE OF TYRE RUBBER IN CONCRETE
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Many researchers have reported different results. few literatures report that effect of type of
flyash on carbonation ,especially in the natural environment rate of carbonation increases.
But,some other papers conclude that due to replacement of fine aggregate reduce the rate of
carbonation.(4)
Factors affecting concrete carbonation:-Concrete carbonation is physiochemical process.The
process includes the diffusion of CO2 in the gaseous phase into concrete pores, its dissolution in
the aqueous film of these pores, the dissolution of solid Ca(OH) 2 in the water of the pores, the
diffusion of dissolved Ca(OH)2 in pore water, its reaction with the dissolved CO 2, and the
reaction of CO2 with C-S-H and with the yet unhydrated C3S and C2S. In addition, there is a
parallel process. This process includes the hydration of cementitious materials and the reduction
of concrete porosity.
The carbonation process indicates that the factors controlling carbonation are the diffusivity of
CO2 and the reactivity of CO2 with the concrete. The diffusivity of CO 2 depends upon the pore
system of hardened concrete and the exposure condition. The pore system of concrete depends
upon the type and the content of binder, water/ binder ratio, and the degree of hydration. The
main exposure conditions related to carbonation are the concentration of CO 2 and relative
humidity. The reactivity of CO2 with concrete depends mainly upon the type and the content of
binder and the degree of hydration. Thus, the main factors affecting concrete carbonation are the
type and the content of binder, water/binder ratio, the degree of hydration, the concentration of
CO2, and relative humidity.

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REFERENCE
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BOOK REFRENCE
B1. S.C. RANGWALA AND K.S. RANGWALA ENGINEERING MATERIALS (MATERIAL SCIENCE)
IS CODE REFRENCE
IS1. IS 383: SPECIFICATION OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATE
IS2. IS 456:2000 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE CODE OF PRACTICE
IS3. IS 4031: METHODS OF PHYSICAL TESTS FOR HYDRAULIC CEMENT

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