TOPIC 2

GERUNDS & INFINITIVES

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A. DANH ONG T : (Gerund)

Danh ong t co cau truc giong nh hien tai phan t ( tc la ong t them ING) :
talking, learning, cutting, lying
Danh ong t, nh ten goi, la ong t dung nh danh t. Danh ong t chu yeu
ng v tr, va thc hien chc nang, cua mot danh t trong cau. No thng c :
1/ Dung lam chu t : (subject)
- Swimming is good for our health.
- Being friendly will bring you
friends.
2/ Dung lam tuc t cho ong t : (object of a verb)
- These boys like swimming.
- My brother practises speaking English
every day.
3/ Dung lam bo ng cho chu t : (subject complement)
- My hobby is swimming.
- Seeing is believing.
4/ Dung lam tuc t cho gii t : (object of a preposition)
- He is fond of swimming.
- She is interested in learning English.
5/ Dung trong cau ngan cam ngan (short prohibition) hoac e thanh lap danh
t kep (compound noun)
- No smoking.
- No talking, please.
- a swimming pool. - a dining room.
a
washing machine.
6/ Dung sau tnh t s hu :
- Please forgive my coming late.
- His driving carelessly often causes accidents.
7/ Dung sau mot so ong t va mot so cach dien at nhat nh nh :
admit, advise, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like,
mind, practise, postpone, quit, risk, suggest, cant help, cant bear, cant stand, be
worth, be busy, its no use, theres no
- We enjoy listening to music.
- I cant help laughing when she makes jokes.
B. ONG T NGUYEN MAU : (Infinitive)
ong t nguyen mau thng co gii t to ng trc (to do, to learn, to help, to
advise) va c dung trong nhng trng hp sau :
1/ Lam chu t (subject), tuc t (object) hoac bo ng (complement) trong cau :
- To conceal the truth from her was foolish.
- He wanted to become a spaceman.
2/ Lam tnh t bo ngha cho danh t :
- He was the first man to leave the room.
- English is an important language to master.
3/ Lam trang t dien ta cac noi dung sau :
* Muc ch cua hanh ong.
- He went to the station to meet her.
- He bought a dictionary to study English.
* Ket qua, hau qua. (sau TOO +Adj / Adv)
- She is too tired to go for a walk.
- The box was too heavy for her to carry.
* Hieu qua. (sau Adj / Adv + ENOUGH)
- Im strong enough to carry that heavy box.
- He isnt rich enough to travel everywhere by
taxi.
4/ Dung sau mot so ong t nhat nh nh : afford, agree, arrange, decide,
demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pretend,
promise,refuse, threaten, want, wish, would like
- They promised to come back soon.
- He cant afford to take a taxi.
va dung sau mot so ong t co tuc t (verb + obj + to inf) nh : advise,
allow, ask, beg, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, invite, order, permit,
persuade, prefer, remind, teach, tell, want, warn
- They dont allow us to smoke in the office.
- I taught myself to play the guitar.
+ Chu y : Mot so ong t co the theo sau bi danh ong t hoac ong t
nguyen mau nhng co s khac biet ve ngha trong cau.
(*) Remember + gerund : nh lai viec a thc hien.
- I remember posting the letter.
Remember + to infinitive : nh e thc hien.
- I remember to post the letter.
(*) Stop + gerund : ngng thc hien viec ang lam.
- She stopped mending the dress.

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Stop + to infinitive : ngng lam mot viec g khac e lam viec nay.
- He stopped to have a drink.
(*) Try + gerund : th lam viec g .
- I try writing in blue ink to see if my handwriting is better.
Try + to infinitive : co gang lam viec g.
- They tried to work as hard as they could.
(*) Mean + gerund : mang y ngha.
- Failure in the exam means having to learn one more year.
Mean + to infinitive : d nh lam viec g.
- He means to take the coming exam.
(*) Forget + gerund : quen ieu g a xay ra.
- I forgot telling her this story.
Forget + to infinitive : quen lam ieu g.
- I forgot to tell her about this.
(*) Regret + gerund : hoi tiec viec a xay ra.
- She regrets going to a village school.
Regret + to infinitive : hoi tiec se lam viec g.
- The party was great. He regretted not to go there.
C. ONG T NGUYEN MAU KHONG TO. (Bare Infinitive)
ay la ong t nguyen the khong i kem vi to (infinitive without to) va c s
dung trong cac trng hp sau :
1/ Dung sau cac ong t khiem khuyet (Modal verbs) nh : can, could, may, might,
must, ought to
- You may go now.
- They must finish the work by now.
2/ Dung sau cac ong t : HAVE, LET, MAKE, HELP
- I helped the child tidy his desk.
- He had a painter paint the gate.
- They let him enter the room without a ticket.
- My parents make me go to bed
early.
3/ Dung sau BUT, EXCEPT vi ngha ngoai tr
- Why dont you do anything but complain? - She agreed to do everything but help him with the
homework.
4/ Dung sau cac ong t ch giac quan nh : see, watch, hear, notice, observe,
spot
- We heard them sing all morning.
- He saw the thief enter the hall.
Chu y : nh ta a biet hien tai phan t (present participle) co the c dung cho
cac ong t tren e dien ta hanh ong ang tiep dien. Con ong t nguyen the
dung trong trng hp nay ch hanh ong a hoan tat.
- I watched them playing football for a while. (tran au van ang tiep dien)
- I watched them play football yesterday afternoon. (xem toan bo tran au)
EXERCISE I : Supply the correct form of the verbs :
1/ Could I (see) _________ Mr. Brown, please ? 2/ He told me (try) _________ (come) _________ early.
3/ I wanted her (learn) _________ English.
4/ Will you (help) _______ me (move) _________
this desk ?
5/ Please (let) _________ me (know) _________ your opinion.
6/ Would you like (paint) _________ your bike or should I (have) _________ a painter (do) _________ it for
you ?
7/ He warned me (not come) _________ late. 8/ Theres no (tell) _______ what might (happen)
_________.
9/ Did you (see) _____Tom (try) ___(reach) _____ the top of the dresser ? - Hes too short (reach)
_______it.
10/ We had to (ask) _________ the students (stop) _________ (make) _________ so much noise.
11/ I cant understand his (want) _________ (buy) _________ such an expensive car.
12/ I couldnt stand (be) ____ alone in the dark room. 13/ They dont want us (mention) ____their
(come) ____ late.
14/ You must remember (lock) _________ the door before (leave) _________ the house.
15/ After (get) _________ (know) _________ her at school, he finished by (ask) _________ her address.
EXERCISE II : Use the correct verb form :
1/ The children are busy (collect) _________ shells on the beach..

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he enjoys (listen) _________ to his own voice.

2/ Its no use (ask) _________ him .
3/ We considered (give) ______her a dress for her birthday, but couldnt help (buy) _____her some
flowers, too.
4 Would you mind (keep) _________ quiet for a moment ?.
5.They cant help (make) _________ noise.
6. The miser spent all his time (count) _____ his money and (think) ______ up new hiding places. He
kept (move) ____ it about because he was terrified of (be) ____ robbed.
7. We couldnt help (laugh) ________ when he was making fun of himself.
EXERCISE III : Rewrite the following sentences.
1/ Would you close the door, please ?
- Would you mind _________________________________ ?
2/ They didnt allow us to smoke in here.
They
didnt
let
_______________________________________.
3/ My teacher advised buying that book.
My
teacher
advised
us
_________________________________.
4/ The thief forced the bank manager to lie on the ground. The
thief
made
___________________________.
5/ He has studied English for six years.
He
began
____________________________________________.
6/ It is necessary to master English.
Mastering
____________________________________________.
7/ He spent two hours writing the essay.
It
took
_______________________________________________.
8/ He is too young to ride a motorbike.
He
isnt
______________________________________________.
9/ The bag was so heavy that she couldnt carry it upstairs.- The bag was too
______________________________.
10/ He expects to hear from her as soon as possible.- He is looking
forward________________________________

Gerund and Present Participle/ Perfect gerund and Perfect Participle

A. DANH ONG T : (Gerund)

Danh ong t co cau truc giong nh hien tai phan t ( tc la ong t them ING) :
talking, learning, cutting, lying
Danh ong t, nh ten goi, la ong t dung nh danh t. Danh ong t chu yeu
ng v tr, va thc hien chc nang, cua mot danh t trong cau. No thng c :
1/ Dung lam chu t : (subject)
- Swimming is good for our health.
- Being friendly will bring you
friends.
2/ Dung lam tuc t cho ong t : (object of a verb)
- These boys like swimming.
- My brother practises speaking English
every day.
3/ Dung lam bo ng cho chu t : (subject complement)
- My hobby is swimming.
- Seeing is believing.
4/ Dung lam tuc t cho gii t : (object of a preposition)
- He is fond of swimming.
- She is interested in learning English.
5/ Dung trong cau ngan cam ngan (short prohibition) hoac e thanh lap danh
t kep (compound noun)
- No smoking.
- No talking, please.
- a swimming pool. - a dining room.
a
washing machine.
6/ Dung sau tnh t s hu :
- Please forgive my coming late.
- His driving carelessly often causes accidents.
7/ Dung sau mot so ong t va mot so cach dien at nhat nh nh :
admit, advise, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like,
mind, practise, postpone, quit, risk, suggest, cant help, cant bear, cant stand, be
worth, be busy, its no use, theres no
- We enjoy listening to music.
- I cant help laughing when she makes jokes.
EXERCISE II : Use the correct verb form :

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1/ The children are busy (collect) _________ shells on the beach..

he enjoys (listen) _________ to his own voice.
2/ Its no use (ask) _________ him .
3/ We considered (give) ______her a dress for her birthday, but couldnt help (buy) _____her some
flowers, too.
4 Would you mind (keep) _________ quiet for a moment ?.
5.They cant help (make) _________ noise.
6. The miser spent all his time (count) _____ his money and (think) ______ up new hiding places. He
kept (move) ____ it about because he was terrified of (be) ____ robbed.
7. We couldnt help (laugh) ________ when he was making fun of himself.

2. Present Participle( Phn t hin ti) c cu to bi mt ng t + ING

_ Present participle (V_ing) i sau ng t TO BE din t hnh ng ang xy ra.
V d: I am studying English now.
- Present Participle ( V_ing) c dng thay th mt mnh quan h.
V d: The train arriving at the station is one hour late. ( The train which is arriving at the
station is one hour late.)
Present Participle ( V-ing) dng miu t hai hnh ng.
+ xy ra cng mt thi im, mt ch ng.
V du; We sat in front of T.V, watching football.
+ xy ra ni tip nhau, cng chung mt ch ng
V d: Closing all the windows and the door carefully, she went to bed.
+ Present Participle ( V-ing) dng thay the cho menh de because
Because he practices English everyday he speaks fluently.
Practising English everyday he speaks fluently.
- Present participle ( V_ ing) cng c dng nh mt tnh t .
V d: running water, a boring story
Present Participle.: c dng sau ng t go
V d: go swimming, go fishing.
Present participle ( V_ ing ) cn c th c dng sau mt s ng t thuc v gic quan nh:
see, hear, smell.
V d : I see him passing my house everyday.
Present Participle ( V_ ing) cng c dng sau cc ng t catch, find, leave, object.
V d : I caught them stealing my apples.
He found a tree lying across the road.
I left her talking to my mother.
.Tell what the -ING is gerund or present participle
1.A sleeping child looks lovely.
2.There is no room in the sleeping car , not even for one more passenger
3.A drinking buffalo is the familiar sight in the countryside.
4.Drinking is necessary to maintain life.
5.Smoking is dangerous for your health
6.The posters with a smoking man on the wall are used to advertise.
7.They are sitting on a beach in the park.
8.I object to smoking in my room
9.My lunch waiting for me here is a delicious meal.
10.He's reading a newspaper in the waiting-room.
11.Swimming is my hobby.
12.It's very hot today. There are a lot of people in the swimming pool
13.We saw a boy swimming across the river.
14.Mary is fond of fishing on the lake in hot weather.
15. Tom has bought a new fishing line
16.I watched them fishing on the lake all the afternoon
17.We heard hunters shooting wild animals in the forest.
18.Hunting was Hemingway's favourite hobby.
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19. Air plane is the flying - machine

20.The ducks, which were flying low over the marsh, were easy targets for the hidden hunters.
Combine each pair of sentences into one sentences, using the present participle
1.Because he is a singer he practices singing every day.
..
2. Because she she works hard she often have good marks.

3. Because they have a lot of money they can buy everything

.
II. Perfect gerund and Perfect Participle.
1. Perfect gerund c dng thay cho dng hin ti ca danh ng t khi chng ta cp
ti hnh ng qu kh.
Apologise to sb for + Ving/ having + PII : xin loi vi da lam gi
Amit (to) sb + Ving/ having + PII: thua nhan da lam gi
Accuse sb of+ Ving/ having + PII: buoc toi aid a lam gi
DENY+ Ving/ having + PII: tu choi da lam gi
V d: He denied having stolen her money.
V d : The boy was accused of having stolen/ stealing her money.
She apologized for having broken / breaking my vase.
2. Perfect Participle.( phn t qu kh) c cu trc : Having + PII . Phn t qu kh dng
nhn mnh hnh ng xy ra hon tt trc mt hnh ng khc xy ra trong qu
kh.
V d: Having finished all my exercises, I went to bed.
.
VI. Vit li nhng cu sau bng cch thay th phn in nghing vi PerfecParticiple
m ngha ko i.
1. We switched off the lights before we went to bed.
-> Having switched off the lights, we went to bed.
2. The boy asked his mothers permission and then went out to play.
3. After he had drunk too much, he didnt drive home himself.
5. She filled the washing machine and switched it on.
6. She had watch TV before and she she went to sleep last night,
7. We had worked in the garden all day and were sunburned in the evening.

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VII.Rewrite the following sentences with the beggining words or phrases given.
1. Nam won a scholarship. We are excited about that fact.-> Were
............
2. Entering the room, I was surprised at what I saw.-> When
..............
3. The volunteers couldnt mow the old ladys lawns because of the rain.-> The rain
prevented ....
4. David did his homework and the went to bed.-> After having

5. It is easy for anyone to learn how to cook.->
Learning.
VIII. Rewrite these sentences , using After and Before.
1. I told him off. Then I realized I was wrong.
-> After I had told him off, I realized I was
wrong.
2. I worked very hard for the exam. Then I passed it.->
Before..........................
3. First I considered what to study. Then I decided to major in Maths.->
After.........
4. She wrote a letter. Then she went to bed. ->
After......................................................
5. He bought a radio. First he checked the price. -> After.
.....................................
6. They argued. Then they fought. ->
After............................................
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7. She went out for a walk. Then she had a fatal accident.->
Before
8. She decided to go away. First she faced the matter.->
After.........................................
9. We read the book, then we wrote the assignment.-> Before...........
..
10. She watched the film, then she wrote a report.->
After.......................................

Passive Infinitive and Gerund.

I- Passive Infinitive l dng b ng ca ng t nguyn th. Dng b ng ca ng t

nguyn th TO DO khi i sang cu b ng th ng t chnh gi nguyn thi, ch
i TO DO thnh TO DO DONE.
- to be going to do --> to be going to be done
- used to do
--> used to be done
- to do have to do --> to have to be done
- to want sb to do sth
--> to want sth to be done
- to advise, recommend, urge, order + Direct Object + Infinitive
--> advise that sb should + be done
Example: He urged the council to reduce the rates.
He urged that the rates should be reduced.
The council was/ were urged to reduce the rates ( dng b ng thng thng)
II- Passive Gerund l dng b ca ng t dng V-ing
V-ing khi chuyn sang cu b ng th l dng BEING DONE hoc HAVING BEEN
DONE
For example: They suggested banning that advertisements for cigarettes on TV.
They suggested that advertisements for cigarettes should be banned on TV.
Ch : NEED + V-ing /to be done.
For example: These shoes need polishing.
These shoes need to be polished.
Exercises.
I. Correct the verbs form. ( Passive Infintive and Gerund)
1. The rest of the money ..( send) to his parents.
2. He was always insisted on his ..(call) Dr.Tuner instead of Mr. Turner.
3. To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule( break)
4. The bird was lucky that it just missed (catch)
5. Please excuse my .(come) in without( invite).
6. No one can prevent the plan .. (carry out)
7. This page needs ..( check) again.
8. When he heard the bad news, he stood there. (surprise)
9. The hotel ( build) now beside the park was designed by a group of young men.
10. Do you have any clothes. ( wash) today? the maid said.
11. Anne hope ( invite) to join the private club. She could make important business contact
there.
12. People like..( congratulate) when they have worked hard.
II. Complete the sentences with the correct form GERUND or INFINITIVE.
1. The store ordered ( refund) the money I paid for the book I returned.
2. Dont pretend .( be) what you arent.
3. I persuaded my brother in law not ...( buy) that old car.
4. Annie denied ( throw) the brick through the window.
5. My father expects me ..(get) high marks in school.
6. According to the sign on the restaurant door , all diners are required ..(wear) shirts and
shoes.
7. We are planning .. ( visit) several historical sites in Moscow.
8. There appears. (be) no way to change our reservation for the play at this late date.
9. For some strange reasons, I keep.(think) to is Sunday.
10 All the members agreed..( attend) the emergency meeting.
III. Rewrite the following sentences.

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1. She admitted that she has taken the necklace.

-> She admitted
to
2. I dont intend to tell you my plans.
-> I havent no
intention
3. Youve stolen my money, Tam
-> She accused
Tam.
4. Long found it difficult to concentrate on her lesson because of noise.
-> Long had difficulty
5. Im sorry I broke your glass Hai said.
-> Hai apologized.
6. He tried to escape but the police stopped him.
-> The police prevented him
.
7. John began playing the piano ten years ago.
-> John has.
8. I cant possibly work in all this noise!
-> It is
impossible
9. Susan regrets not buying that house.
-> Susan
wishes..
10. Smoking is not allowed on the public buses. -> They dont
.

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