Petition For Certiorari

DOCKETNO:
INTHESUPREMECOURTOFTHEUNITEDSTATES
DARRELLBROWN,
PetitionerinCertiorari,
v.
STATEOFGEORGIA,
RespondentinCertiorari.
ONPETITIONFORAWRITOFCERTIORARI
TOTHEGEORGIASUPREMECOURT
PETITIONFORAWRITOFCERTIORARI
COUNSELOFRECORD:
LloydW.Walker,II.
119ShadowoodLane
PeachtreeCity,GA30269
Tel.7706318187
Fax.7707831458
AttorneyforPetitionr
RECEIVED
MAR 1 29
OFFICEot"T.Eelf
SUPRF. ~ ("~.::.. 0.
DOCKETNO:
INTHESUPREMECOURTOFTHEUNlTEDSTATES
DARRELLBROWN,
v.
STATEOFGEORGIA,
ONPETITIONFORAWRITOFCERTIORARI
TOTHEGEORGIASUPREMECOURT
PETITIONFORAWRITOFCERTIORARI
COUNSELOFRECORD:
LloydW.Walker,II.
119ShadowoodLane
Tel. 7706318187
Fax.7707831458
AttorneyforPetitioner
(p\\
"'-~""~/....
__.
........
'"
QUESTIONSPRESENTED
1.
WhethertherecidivistexceptionsetforthinAlmendarezTorresv.United
States,523U.s.224(1998)remainsviableunderthisCourt'sevolvingSixth
AmendmentjurisprudenceassetforthinApprendiv.NewJersey,530U.S.466
(2000);Blakelyv.Washington,542U.S.296(2004);UnitedStatesv.Booker,543
U.S.220(2005)andCunninghamv.California,549U.S.270(2007),andifnot,
whetheritshouldbeoverruled;and
2.
WhetherGeorgia'sTwoStrikelaw,O.C.G.A.17107(b),whichmandates
theimpositionofthesentenceoflifewithoutparolefortheconvictionofcertain
violentfelonies,uponafmdingofrecidivismbythetrialcourt,violatesPetitioner's
SixthAmendmentrighttoatrialbyjuryinthatthetrialcourt,notajury,findsthe
predicatefactofrecidivismwhichistheonlybasisfortheimpositionofthe
sentenceoflifewithoutparole.
TABLEOFCONTENTS
PAGE
QUESTIONSPRESENTED
TABLEOFCONTENTSAPPENDIX
TABLEOFAUTHORITIES
OPINIONBELOW
1
11
III
JURISDICTION
STATUTORYPROVISIONSINVOLVED
STATEMENTOFTHECASE
REASONSTOGRANTTHEWRIT
11
CONCLUSION
22
11
TABLEOFCONTENTSAPPENDIX
OrderonMotionforReconsiderationandRevisedOpinion
Page
1
GeneralDemurrer;AmendedGeneralDemurrerandOrder
SecondAmendmenttoGeneralDemurrer
15
VerdictandRedactedIndictment
18
TranscriptofSentencingHearing
22
Judgment,SentenceandFinalDisposition
27
MotionforNewTrialandAmendedMotionforNewTrial
31
BriefInSupportontheIssueofSentencing
36
MotionforNewTrialHearingTranscript
48
OrderonMotionforNewTrial
64
FederalQuestionPortionofBriefbeforetheGeorgiaSupremeCourt
66
OriginalIndictment
75
CertifiedConvictionforArmedRobberyfromLouisiana
79
1777ConstitutionoftheStateofGeorgia
88
1777GeorgiaStatuteofReception
98
iii
TABLEOFAUTHORITIES
Cases:
AlmendarezTorresv.UnitedStates,523U.S.224(1998)
Apprendiv.NewJersey,530U.S.466(2000)
Blakelyv.Washington,542U.S.296(2004)
Cunninghamv.California,549U.S.270(2007)
Page
i, 9,11,13,14,16
i,ll, 13,15,17
i,II,18,19
i,11,12
Jonesv.UnitedStates,526U.S.227(1999)
16,17
Ringv.Arizona,536U.S.584(2002)
15,20
UnitedStatesv.Booker,543U.S.220(2005)
Waltonv.Arizona,497U.S.639(1990)
12,16
20
Constitutions:
UnitedStatesConstitutionAmendmentVI
TheConstitutionoftheStateofGeorgia,~I(1777)
19
TheConstitutionoftheStateofGeorgia,,xLIII(1777)
19
TheConstitutionoftheStateofGeorgia,~VI(1777)
19
Statutes:
O.C.G.A.17107(b)
i,2,8.'12,13
O.C.G.A.17106.1
3,8,12
O.C.G.A.17102(a)(1)
O.C.G.A.161041
iv
Page
a.e.G.A. 16-5-40
GeorgiaActNo.236,AnActtoExtendandenforcetheauthority...
6
(1777)98
OPINIONBELOW
DarrellBrownv.Stateo/Georgia,GeorgiaSupremeCourtDocketNo.
S08A1878,November3,2008,MotionforReconsiderationDenied,December15,
2008,withsubstituteopinion.App.p.3.
JURISDICTION
ThisCourthasjurisdictionpursuantto28U.S.C.1257(a).Theopinion
uponwhichreviewissoughtwasissuedbytheGeorgiaSupremeCourt,the
highestcourtfortheStateofGeorgia.ThePetitionercallsintoquestionwhether
a.C.G.A.17107(b)isrepugnanttotheSixthAmendmentoftheUnitedStates
Constitution.ThisPetitionistimelyfiledinthattheopinioninquestionwasissued
onNovember3,2008withamotionforreconsiderationdeniedonDecember15,
2008.Thequestionspresentedherewereproperlyraisedbelowandruleduponby
thetrialcourtandtheGeorgiaSupremeCourt.
STATUTORYPROVISIONS
U.S.Const.Amend.VI.:
Inallcriminalprosecutions,theaccusedshallenjoytherighttoaspeedyand
publictrial,byanimpartialjuryoftheStateanddistrictwhereinthecrime
shallhavebeencommitted,whichdistrictshallhavebeenpreviously
ascertainedbylaw,andtobeinformedofthenatureandcauseofthe
accusation;tobeconfrontedwiththewitnessesagainsthim;tohave
compulsoryprocessforobtainingwitnessesinhisfavor,andtohavethe
AssistanceofCounselforhisdefence.
O.C.G.A.17107(b):
(1)Asusedinthissubsection,theterm"seriousviolentfelony"meansa
seriousviolentfelonyasdefinedinsubsection(a)ofCodeSection1710
6.1.
(2)Anypersonwhohasbeenconvictedofaseriousviolentfelonyinthis
stateorwhohasbeenconvictedunderthelawsofanyotherstateorofthe
UnitedStatesofacrimewhichifcommittedinthisstatewouldbeaserious
violentfelonyandwhoaftersuchfirstconvictionsubsequentlycommitsand
isconvictedofaseriousviolentfelonyforwhichsuchpersonisnot
sentencedtodeathshallbesentencedtoimprisonmentforlifewithout
parole.Anysuchsentenceoflifewithoutparoleshallnotbesuspended,
stayed, probated, deferred, or withheld, and any such person sentenced

pursuanttothisparagraphshallnotbeeligibleforanyformofpardon,
parole, or early release administered by the State Board ofPardons and
Parolesorforanyearnedtime,earlyrelease,workrelease,leave,orany
othersentencereducingmeasuresunderprogramsadministeredbythe
DepartmentofCorrections,theeffectofwhichwouldbetoreducethesentence
oflifeimprisonmentwithoutpossibilityofparole,exceptasmaybe
authorizedbyanyexistingorfutureprovisionsoftheConstitution.
O.C.G.A.17106.1:
(1) AsusedinthisCodesection,theterm"seriousviolentfelony"means:
(1) :Murderorfelonymurder,asdefinedinCodeSection1651;
(2) Armedrobbery,asdefinedinCodeSection16841;
(3) Kidnapping,asdefinedinCodeSection16540;
(4) Rape,asdefinedinCodeSection1661;
(5) Aggravatedchildmolestation,asdefinedinsubsection(c)ofCode
Section1664,unlesssubjecttotheprovisionsofparagraph(2)of
subsection(d)ofCodeSection1664;
(6) Aggravatedsodomy,asdefinedinCodeSection1662;or
(7) Aggravatedsexualbattery,asdefinedinCodeSection16622.2.....
3
ThebalanceofthiscodesectionissetoutintheAppendix,supra.
O.e.G.A.17102(a)(1):
Exceptincasesinwhichthedeathpenaltyorlifewithoutparolemay
beimposed,uponthereturnofaverdictof"guilty"bythejuryinany
felonycase,thejudgeshalldismissthejuryandshallconducta
presentencehearingatwhichtheonlyissueshallbethedetermination
ofpunishmenttobeimposed.Inthehearingthejudgeshallhear
additionalevidenceinextenuation,mitigation,andaggravationof
punishment,includingtherecordofanypriorcriminalconvictions
andpleasofguiltyornolocontendereofthedefendant,ortheabsence
ofanypriorconvictionandpleas.
O.C.G.A.161041:
(a)Apersoncommitstheoffenseofarmedrobberywhen,with
intenttocommittheft,heorshetakespropertyofanotherfromthe
personortheimmediatepresenceofanotherbyuseofanoffensive
weapon,oranyreplica,article,ordevicehavingtheappearanceof
suchweapon.Theoffenseofrobberybyintimidationshallbealesser
includedoffenseintheoffenseofarmedrobbery.
4
(b)Apersonconvictedoftheoffenseofannedrobberyshallbepunished
bydeathorimprisonmentforlifeorbyimprisonmentfornot
lessthantennormorethan20years.
(c)(1)TheprecedingprovisionsofthisCodesectionnotwithstanding,
inanycaseinwhichthedefendantcommitsarmedrobberyandinthe
courseofthecommissionoftheoffensesuchpersonunlawfullytakesa
controlledsubstancefromapharmacyorawholesaledruggistand
intentionallyinflictsbodilyinjuryuponanyperson,suchfactsshallbe
chargedintheindictmentoraccusationand,iffoundtobetruebythe
courtorifadmittedbythedefendant,thedefendantshallbepunished
byimprisonmentfornotlessthan15years.
(2) Asusedinthissubsection,theterm:
(1) "Controlledsubstance"meansadrug,substance,orimmediate
precursorinSchedulesIthroughVofCodeSections161325
through161329.
(2) "Pharmacy"meansanyplacelicensedinaccordancewithChapter
4 ofTitle26whereinthepossessing,displaying,compounding,
dispensing,orretailingofdrugsmaybeconducted,includinganyandall
portionsofanybuildingorstructureleased,used,orcontrolledbythe
licenseeintheconductofthebusinesslicensedbytheStateBoard
5
ofPharmacyattheaddressforwhichthelicensewasissued.Theterm
pharmacyshallalsoincludeanybuilding,warehouse,physician's
office,orhospitalusedinwholeorinpartforthesale,storage,or
dispensingofanycontrolledsubstance.
(C)"Wholesaledruggist"meansanindividual,partnership,
corporation,orassociationregisteredwiththeStateBoardof
PharmacyunderChapter4ofTitle26.
(d)AnypersonconvictedunderthisCodesectionshall,inaddition,be
subjecttothesentencingandpunishmentprovisionsofCodeSections
17106.1and17107.
a.C.G.A.16540:
(1) A personcommitstheoffenseofkidnappingwhenheabductsor
stealsawayanypersonwithoutlawfulauthorityorwarrantandholds
suchpersonagainsthiswill.
(2) A personconvictedoftheoffenseofkidnappingshallbepunished
by:
(1) Imprisonmentfornotlessthantennormorethan20yearsifthe
kidnappinginvolvedavictimwhowas14yearsofageorolder;
(2) Imprisonmentforlifeorbyasplitsentencethatisatermof
imprisonmentfornotlessthan25yearsandnotexceedinglife
imprisonment,followedbyprobationforlife,ifthekidnapping
involvedavictimwhoislessthan14yearsofage;
(3) Lifeimprisonmentordeathifthekidnappingwasforransom;or
(4) Lifeimprisonmentordeathifthepersonkidnappedreceived
bodilyinjury.
(c)AnypersonconvictedunderthisCodesectionshall, in addition,be
subjecttothesentencingandpunishmentprovisionsofCodeSections
17106.1and17107.
STATEMENTOFTHECASE
Petitionerwasconvictedontwocountsofarmedrobbery,threecountsof
kidnappingandonecountofpossessionofafirearmduringthecommissionofa
crime.Upontheconviction,thetrialcourtreceivedevidenceofPetitioner's
criminalhistoryincludingacertifiedconvictionforarmedrobberyinLouisiana.
App.p.78.Forpossessingapriorconvictionfora"seriousviolentfelony",
O.e.G.A.17106.1(a),thetrialcourtwasmandatedtoinvokethespecial
sentencingprovisionssetforthinO.C.G.A.17107(b).Petitionerreceivedfive
lifesentenceswithoutparoleandatermoffifteenyearsfortheweaponscount
consecutive.App.p.27.HadPetitionerbeensentencedonthefactsfoundsolely
bythejury,themaximumsentenceavailabletothetrialcourtwasforatermoflife
foreachofthearmedrobberycountsandtwentyyearstoserveforeachofthe
kidnappingcounts.AndthePetitionerwouldbeeligibleforparole.
ThecrimesoccurredonJune16,2005.TheindictmentwasfiledonJuly15,
2005.App.p.75.CounselwaivedarraignmentandfiledaGeneralDemurrer
challengingtheconstitutionalityofO.C.G.A.17107(b).App.p.8.TheDemurrer
raisedEighthAmendmentgrounds,violationofseparationofpowers
and,"Section17107alsoviolatestheDefendantsdueprocessrightstoa jury
trial,inthatthesentencewillbebased,inpart,onfactsnotdeterminedbyajury
renderingtheconvictionwhichresultsinasentenceoflifewithoutparole." Id.An
8
AmendedGeneralDemurrerwasfiledpriortothemotionshearing.Theamended
demurrerwasheardandoverruledonAugust1819,2005.App.p.14.
TrialbeganonSeptember19andendedSeptember22,2005.Priortotrial,
counselrenewedhisattackonSection17107(b)byfilingaSecondAmendment
toGeneralDemurrerwhichraisedagainthefederalquestionandalsoalleged
adequateandindependentstategrounds.App.p.15.Upontheverdictofguilty,
priortosentencing,counselagainarguedtheunconstitutionalityofSection1710
7(b)andwasoverruled.App.pp.22.
OnSeptember23,2005,Petitionerfiledamotionfornewtrialwhichwas
amendedonDecember20,2007andheardonDecember21,2007.App.p.31.
Amendedgroundsinthemotionfornewtrialincludedthefederalandstate
groundsattackingtheconstitutionalityofSection17107(b)asaviolationofthe
Petitioner'srighttotrialbyjury.Counselalsofiledabriefinsupportofhismotion.
There,therecidivistexceptionoutlinedinAlmendarezTorresv.United
States,523U.S.224(1998)wasacknowledgedbutitwasalsostated,"[W]e
contestthecontinuedviabilityoftheAlmendarezexceptionandtakeexceptionto
itsholding.Webelieveitmustbeoverruled".App.p.41.Themotionfornew
trialwasoverruledandappealtotheGeorgiaSupremeCourtfollowed.App.p.64.
Onappeal,Petitionerraisedthreequestionsforreview.Thesecondissue
renewedthefederalgroundsattackingSection17107(b)asunconstitutionalin
violationofPetitioner'sSixthAmendmentrighttoarighttotrialbyjury.App.p.
67.Inrejectingthisargument,theGeorgiaSupremeCourtcitedAlmendarez
Torres,523U.S.224(1998),ascontrollingandquotedApprendiv.NewJersey,
530U.S.466,490(2000),"[oJtherthanthefactofapriorconviction,anyfact
thatincreasesthepenaltyforacrimebeyondtheprescribedstatutorymaximum
mustbesubmittedtoajury,andprovedbeyondareasonabledoubt.App.p.6.
(emphasisoriginal).TheGeorgiaSupremeCourtheldthetrialcourtdidnoterrin
overrulingtheGeneralDemurrer.
PetitionerfiledarequestforaMotionforReconsideration,whichwas
deniedonDecember15,2008.App.p.1.Withthedenial,theGeorgiaSupreme
Courtissuedaslightlyrevisedopinionmakingcleartheirholdingincludedthe
stateaswellasthefederalgrounds.
Havingraisedthefederalissueattheearliestopportunity,andreceiving
rulingsfromthetrialcourtandtheGeorgiaSupremeCourtontheissueraised,
PetitionernowbringstheSixthAmendmentissuetothisCourtforconsideration.
1
0
REASONSTOGRANTTHEWRIT
ThiscasepresentstheCourtwithanopportunitytorevisititsholdingin
AlmendarezTorresv.UnitedStates,523U.S.224(1998)inlightofitsseminal
holdinginApprendiv.NewJersey,530U.S.466(2000)anditsprogeny.Further,
unlikeAlmendarezTorres,theSixthAmendmentissuepresentedhereininvolves
therighttohaveajurydetermineallthefactsnecessaryfortheimpositionofa
criminalsentence.ThepleadingrequirementsoftheFifthAmendmentarenot
implicated,norraisedinthismatter.Thus,thiscaseofferstheCourttheabilityto
addresstheambivalenceitexpressedinApprendiwithrespecttotheholdingin
AlmendarezTorreswhentheissueissolelythatoftherighttotrialbyjury.
Apprendi,530U.S.at488489.
ThefactsofthiscasefitneatlywithinthisCourt'srecentSixthAmendment
jurisprudence.ThePetitioner'ssentenceisgreaterthanthestatutorymaximumthat
canbeimposedbyfactsfoundonlybythejury.Apprendi,530U.S.at470,471.
Blakelyv.Washington,542U.S.296,303(2004).Thetrialjudgefindsthefact
justifyingtheimpositionoftheenhancedormandatedsentence. Id,at304,305;
Cunninghamv.California,549U.S.270,279(2007).Finally,uponconvictionand
oncethetrialcourtdeterminesthedefendantisarecidivist,lifewithoutparole
ismandated.Thetrialcourthasnodiscretionindeterminingthesentence.United
1
1
Statesv.Booker,543U.S.220,233234(2005);SeeCunningham,549U.S.at
285).1
Butthiscaseisalsounique.UnlikeApprendi,CrawfordandCunningham
wheretheCourtconfronteddetenninatesentencingschemes,Georgiaisold
school.UnderGeorgialaw,almostallsentencingisindetenninate.Cf
Cunningham,549U.S.at276277.Unliketheothercases,theonlyfactthatcan
triggerenhancedsentencing(lifewithoutparole)isrecidivism.Thequestionthen,
isstarklyandsimplypresented;"[u]ponnoticebytheStateofitsintentintroduce
theAppellant'scriminalhistoryasarecidivistatsentencing,doesadefendant
indictedforaseriousviolentfelony,havetheconstitutionalrighttohavethejury
detenninebeyondareasonabledoubt,whetherheis, infact,arecidivist,and
thereforesubjecttoenhancedormandatorysentencing?"App.p.67.Thisissue
pertainstotheveryimportantindividualdueprocessrightsoftheaccused.
Butacorollaryissueisequallycompelling;hastheConstitutionreservedtothe
jury,thepowertodeterminewhetheradefendantisarecidivistbeforethetrial
courtcanimposemandatoryorenhancedsentencing?Thatissuepertainstothe
allocationofpoweramongthethreebranchesofourgovernment.Ormore
I TheopinionoftheGeorgiaSupremeCourtacknowledgesthis,"Brown'sprior
convictionforannedrobbery,andpresentconvictionoffiveseriousviolentfeloniesas
definedbyOCGA17106.1(a),requiredthetrialcourttoconsiderBrowna
recidivistoffenderandimposefivelifesentencesunderOCGA 17107
(b)."App.at6.
12
precisely,whatroledoestheinstitutionofthejuryhaveinrestrainingthepowerofthe
threegoverningbranches?
ButfortheAlmendarezTorresrecidivistexception,Apprendimandatesthe
affirmativefortheabovetwoinquiries."Otherthanthefactofapriorconviction,
anyfactthatincreasesthepenaltyforacrimebeyondtheprescribedstatutory
maximummustbesubmittedtoajury,andprovedbeyondareasonabledoubt."
530U.S.at489490.ItisthefirstphraseofthatoftcitedsentencePetitioner
petitionsthisCourttoexcisefromitsjurisprudencebyoverrulingtherecidivist
holdingofAlmendarezTorresv.UnitedStates,523U.S.224(1998),hold
O.C.G.A17107(b)repugnanttotheSixthAmendmentandvacatePetitioner's
sentencesoflifewithoutparole.
Indoingso,thisCourtcompletessettingforththebrightlineruleof
Apprenditherebyeliminatinganexceptionthatisinconsistentwiththelegal
premisesofthatcase."EventhoughitisarguablethatAlmendarezTorreswas
incorrectlydecided,andthatalogicalapplicationofourreasoningtodayshould
applyiftherecidivistissuewerecontested,Apprendidoesnotcontestthe
decision'svalidityandweneednotrevisititforpurposesofourdecisiontoday...
."Apprendi,530U.S.at489490.Thepassagequotedclearlyindicatesthis
Court'sintentiontorevisitAlmendarezTorreswhentheissueofrecidivismis
properlyraisedandplacedbeforetheCourt.AlmendarezTorresmustbemeasured
1
3
againstthenewprecedentofApprendiandsubsequentholdings,tosecureits
positioninthisCourt'sSixthAmendmentjurisprudenceor,asPetitionercontends,
loseitsprecedentialvalue.
AlmendarezTorresconcernedconstruingafederalcriminalstatuteregarding
theillegalreentryofpreviouslydeportedaliens.Reentrywasacrime.If
theinitialdeportationwastheresultofthecommissionofanaggravatedfelony,
convictionforillegalreentrycouldbepunishedbyuptoanadditional18years
overandabovethetwoyearmaximumforjustillegalreentry.AlmendarezTorres,
523U.S.at226.AlmendarezTorresarguedthatfortheenhancedsentenceto
apply,hisrecidivismmustfirstbepleadintheindictment.Therefore,thetrial
courtcouldnotimposeasentenceexceedingthestatutorytwoyearmaximum.ld.,
at227.TheopinionturnedonwhetherCongressintendedtocreateanewcrime
whenitenactedtherecidivistenhancementorwassimplyauthorizinganincreased
sentencebaseduponasentencingfactor,i.e.,recidivism.ld.,at227228.
Applyingnormalrulesofstatutoryconstruction,theCourtheldthat
Congressintendedtoenhancethemaximumavailablesentenceinthepresenceof
recidivismasasentencingfactor,anddidnotintendtocreateaseparatecrime.Id.,
at235.Thus,AlmendarezTorresisprimarilyaholdingconcerningstatutory
construction.Theconstitutionalquestionsaresubsidiarytotheholdinganddonot
preciselyaddressthequestionpresentedinthecasesubjudice.
1
4
AlmendarezTorrescontendedthattheConstitutionimposedthree
requirementsinsettingforthelementsofcrimes;1)theindictmentmuststatethe
element;2)theGovernmentmustprovetheelementtothejury,and;3)itmustdo
sobeyondareasonabledoubt.ld.,at238.TheCourtrespondedtothiscontention
byholdingthatrecidivismisnotan"element"buta"sentencingfactor"and
thereforethepleadingrequirementsdonotapply."([D]ueprocessdoesnotrequire
advancenoticethattrialforsubstantiveoffensewillbefollowedbyaccusationthat
thedefendantisahabitualoffender."ld.,at244,quoting,Oylerv.Boles,368U.S.
448,452(1962).Insoholding,theAlmendarezTorresCourtdidnotreachthe
secondandthirdrequirements;whetherajurymustpassonthefactandwhether
thefactmustbeprovedbeyondareasonabledoubt.Therefore,AlmendarezTorres
haslittleprecedentialvalueindecidingtheissueraisedherein.
Thecasesubjudicemeasuresstatelawagainstfederalconstitutional
requirements.ThepleadingrequirementsoftheFifthAmendmentarenotimposedon
theStatesviatheFourteenthAmendment.Ringv.Arizona,536U.S.584,597
(2002);Apprendi,530U.S.at477,n.3.Thisaspectalsolimitsapplicationof
AlmendarezTorresinasmuchasitconstruesfederallawandnotstatelaw.Unlike
AlmendarezTorres,thiscaseturnsonwhetherthejuryshouldfindthefactof
recidivism.
1
5
AlmendarezTorresholdsthatrecidivismissimplyasentencingfactor,andas
such,doesnottriggerthedueprocessrequirementsoftheFifthandSixth
Amendments.AlmendarezTorres,523U.S.at245.Thebasisforthisconclusionis
historicaltradition,"thesentencingfactoratissuehererecidivismisatraditional,if
notthemosttraditional,basisforasentencingcourt'sincreasingan
offender'ssentence...."ld.,at243.Accord,Jonesv.UnitedStates,526U.S.
227,248249(1999).Apprendivitiatesthiscontention."Anypossibledistinction
betweenan"element"ofafelonyoffenseanda"sentencingfactor"wasunknownto
thepracticeofcriminalindictment,trialbyjury,andjudgmentbycourtasit
existedduringtheyearssurroundingourNation'sfounding."Apprendi,530U.S.
at478and520521(IThomas,concurring).
Further,Apprendiandsubsequentdecisionsmakeclearthatlabelingafacta
sentencingfactorratherthatanelementtoavoidSixthAmendmentprotection,
cannotavoiditsrule.UnitedStatesv.Booker,543U.S.220,231(2005).Thusitis
clearsubstancetakesprecedenceoverform,andthatanyfactthatmandatesan
increasedsentenceoverandabovewhatisauthorizedbythefactsfoundbythe
jurymustbesubmittedtothejury.
Ifthehistoricalbasisjustifyingexcludingrecidivismisnolongervalid,
what,ifanything,justifiestheexceptionscontinuedapplication?Almendarez
Torresdoesnotprovideone.ButinJonesv.UnitedStates,526U.S.227(1999),
1
6
theCourtdiscussedAlmendarezTorresandprovidedadditionalreasoningforthe
recidivistexception:
TheCourt'srepeatedemphasisonthedistinctive
significanceofrecidivismleavesnoquestionthatthe
Courtregardedthatfactaspotentiallydistinguishablefor
constitutionalpurposesfromotherfactsthatmightextend
therangeofpossiblesentencing.[citesomitted]Onebasis
forthatpossibleconstitutionaldistinctivenessisnothard
tosee:unlikevirtuallyanyotherconsiderationusedto
enlargethepossiblepenaltyforanoffense,andcertainly
unlikethefactorbeforeusinthiscase,apriorconviction
mustitselfhavebeenestablishedthroughprocedures
satisfyingthefairnotice,reasonabledoubt,andjurytrial
guarantees.
Id.,at249.
Thisthen,isthelastrefugefortherecidivistexceptiontotheruleof
Apprendi.Recidivismisdifferentfromallotherfactsbecauseitcomesinto
existencethroughjudicialprocess.Thepointhassuperficialappealbutintheend,
itisapleaforjudicialeconomy.Inshort,itisajustificationandnotalegitimate
reasontoforegotheprotectionsoftheSixthAmendment.
Asnotedabove,twoamaranthineprinciplesundergirdandmotivatethis
Court'sSixthAmendmentjurisprudence;concernforindividualdueprocessrights
and;theallocationpowerbetweentheexecutive,legislativeandjudicialbranches
andtheroleofthejuryinrestrainingthosepowers.AsApprendinoted,
Atstakeinthiscaseareconstitutionalprotectionsof
surpassingimportance:theproscriptionofany
deprivationoflibertywithout"dueprocessoflaw,"
1
Arndt.14,andtheguaranteethat"[i]nallcriminal
prosecutions,theaccusedshallenjoytherighttoa
speedyandpublictrial,byanimpartialjury,"Arndt.6.
[footnoteomitted].Takentogether,theserights
indisputablyentitleacriminaldefendantto"ajury
determinationthat[he]isguiltyofeveryelementofthe
crimewithwhichheischarged,beyondareasonable
doubt."
Apprendi,530U.S.at466477,quotingfromUnitedStatesv.Gaudin,515U.S.
506,510,(1995).
InBlakelyv.Washington,542U.S.296,305306(2004),theCourtstated:
OurcommitmenttoApprendiinthiscontextreflectsnot
justrespectforlongstandingprecedent,buttheneedto
giveintelligiblecontenttotherightofjurytrial.Thatright
isnomereproceduralformality,butafundamental
reservationofpowerinourconstitutionalstructure.Just
assuffrageensuresthepeople'sultimatecontrolinthe
legislativeandexecutivebranches,jurytrialismeantto
ensuretheircontrolinthejudiciary.SeeLetterXVbythe
FederalFarmer(Jan.18,1788),reprintedin2The
CompleteAntiFederalist315,320(R.Storinged.1981)
(describingthejuryas"secur[ing]tothepeopleatlarge,
theirjustandrightfulcontroulinthejudicial
department");JohnAdams,DiaryEntry(Feb.12,1771),
reprintedin2WorksofJohnAdams252,253(C.Adams
ed.1850)("[T]hecommonpeople,shouldhaveas
completeacontrol...ineveryjudgmentofacourtof
judicature"asinthelegislature);LetterfromThomas
JeffersontotheAbbeArnoux(July19,1789),reprintedin
15PapersofThomasJefferson282,283(J.Boyded.
1958)("WereIcalledupontodecidewhetherthepeople
hadbestbeomittedintheLegislativeorJudiciary
department,[wouldsayitisbettertoleavethemoutof
theLegislative");Jonesv.UnitedStates,526U.S.227,
244248,119S.Ct.1215,143L.Ed.2d311(1999).
Apprendicarriesoutthisdesignbyensuringthatthe
judge'sauthoritytosentencederiveswhollyfromthe
1
8
jury'sverdict.Withoutthatrestriction,thejurywouldnot
exercisethecontrolthattheFramersintended.
ThefoundingdocumentoftheStateofGeorgiaillustratesperfectlythe
importanceattachedbythefoundingfatherstotrialbyjury.OnFebruary5,1777,
theUnitedStateswas217daysoldandtheoutcomeoftheRevolutionwasvery
muchindoubt.Onthatday,Georgiaadopteditsfirstconstitution.Withinthe
documentthejuryismentionedthreetimes."Thejuryshallbejudgesoflaw,as
wellasoffacts,andshallnotbeallowedtobringinaspecialverdict;butifall,or
anyofthejury,haveanydoubtsconcerningpointsoflaw,theyshallapplytothe
bench,whoshalleachoftheminrotationgivetheiropinion."TheConstitutionof
theStateofGeorgia,,peLI(1777),WATKINS,ROBERT&GEORGE,ADIGEST
OFTHELAWSOFTHESTATEOFGEORGIA,p.14,(R.Atkin,No.22Market
Street,Philadelphia)1800,reprintedinTHEFIRSTLAWSOFTHESTATEOF
GEORGIA,MichaelGlazier,Inc.1981.App.p.95.Further,"Thejuryshallbe
sworntobringaverdictaccordingtolaw,andtheopiniontheyentertainofthe
evidence,provideditbenotrepugnanttotherulesandregulationscontainedinthis
constitution."ld.,,r,xLIII,App.p.95.(emphasissupplied).Finally,"Freedomof
thepress,andtrialbyjury,toremaininviolateforever."ld.,~XI,App.p.
97(emphasisoriginal).'Remaininviolateforever'.Thustheframersinformus,
1
9
overtwocenturieslater,howimportanttrialbyjuryistotheprotectionofour
b.2l1
ertles.
Whilethefactthatrecidivismcomesintobeingasaresultofjudicialprocess,
itsbasisasanexceptiontotheruleofApprendiismerelyanodtothefirst
principle.Itutterlyfailstovindicatetheequallyimportantprincipleofthepowers
reservedtothejury.InthecasesubjudicetheGeorgiastatutebeingchallenged,
eliminatesjudicialdiscretionuponthepresentationofcertainfactsnotfoundby
thejury.Anditignoresthepowersreservedtothejuryinitsroleasthelastarbiter
offactsthatwillsendamantoprisonforlifewithoutparole.
Insum,therecidivistexceptionadoptedbytheAlmendarezTorresCourt
doesnotsurvivecontactwithpoliciesandprinciplessetoutin Apprendiandits
progeny.
Finally,staredecisisdoesnotpreventtheCourtfromgrantingtherelief
soughtbyPetitioner.ThisCourtinRingv.Arizona,536U.S.584,608609
(2002),overruledWaltonv.Arizona,497U.S.639(1990)asirreconcilabletothe
ruleofApprendi.Indoingso,theCourtmadeclearthatprecedentcontraryto
Apprendi'spoliciesandprincipleswillnotbepermittedtostand.
2SeeAlso,GeorgiaReceptionStatute,No.236,App.p.99.
3ComparethesentenceofthePetitionerwiththatofhiscodefendant.Petitioner
received5lifewithoutparolesentences;AndreLeereceivedatotalof30years.App.
p.27.,Lee'ssentenceisbasedonlyonfactsfoundbythejuryandthetrialcourt
exercisingitsdiscretion.
20
InUnitedStatesv.Booker,543U.S.220,thisCourtexplaineditsreasoning
inbringingApprendianditsprogenyintobeing:
Asitthusbecameclearthatsentencingwasnolongertaking
placeinthetraditionthatJusticeBREYERinvokes,the
Courtwasfacedwiththeissueofpreservinganancient
guaranteeunderanewsetofcircumstances.Thenew
sentencingpracticeforcedtheCourttoaddressthequestion
howtherightofjurytrialcouldbepreserved,ina
meaningfulwayguaranteeingthatthejurywouldstillstand
betweentheindividualandthepowerofthegovernment
underthenewsentencingregime.Anditisthenew
circumstances,notatraditionorpracticethatthenew
circumstanceshavesuperseded,thathaveledustothe
answerftrstconsideredinJonesanddevelopedinApprendi
andsubsequentcasesculminatingwiththisone.Itisan
answernotmotivatedbySixthAmendmentformalism,but
bytheneedtopreserveSixthAmendmentsubstance.
543U.S.at237.
2
1
CONCLUSION
EliminatingtherecidivistexceptionofAlmendarezTorreservesthegoalof
preservingSixthAmendmentsubstance.Thereisnohistoricalbasisfortreating
recidivismdifferentlythanothersentencingfactors.Whilerecidivismmaybethe
mosttypicalsentencingfactor,thatinandofitselfisnotasufficientreasonto
excludei~fromjurycontrol.ThisCourthasmadeclearthroughitsrecentSixth
AmendmentcasesthattheruleofApprendiistobeconsideredabrightline,notto
betransgressedbynotionsofjudicialeconomyorefficiency.Thiscaseoffersthe
CourtthemeanstocompletethecontoursofitsSixthAmendmentjurisprudence
andrenderthatjurisprudencecoherentandconsistentwiththeintentofthosewho
insistedovertwocenturiesagothattherighttotrialbyjuryremaininviolate
forever.
This11thdayofMarch,2009
tfullfsubmitted,
w.J!~
119ShadowoodLane
Tel. 7706318187
Fax.7707831458
AttorneyforPetitionerDarrellBrown
2
2
Brownv.GeorgiaAppendixI
SUPREMECOURTOFGEORGIA
CaseNo.S08AI878
Atlanta,December15,2008
TheHonorableSupremeCourtmetpursuanttoadjournment.
Thefollowingorderwaspassed:
DARRELLBROWNv.THESTATE
UponconsiderationoftheMotionforReconsiderationfiledinthiscase, itisordered
thatitbeherebydenied.
SUPREMECOURTOFTHESTATEOFGEORGIA
Clerk'sOffice,Atlanta
Iherebycertifythattheaboveisatrueextractfrom
theminutesoftheSupremeCourtofGeorgia.
Witnessmysignatureandthesealofsaidcourthereto
affixedthedayandyearlastabovewritten.
JhepejeS
Bamea,Clerk
Brownv.GeorgiaAppendix2
December15,2008
TO:
ALLCOUNSEL
FROM:
RE:
LynnM.Stinchcomb,ChiefDeputyClerk
S08A1878.Brownv.TheState
Pleasesubstitutetheenclosedopinionfortheonepreviouslysenttoyou.
Ifyoushouldhaveanyquestions,pleasecallmeat404/6519387.
IntheSupremeCourtofGeorgia
Decided:
NOV
3 Z008
S08A1878.BROWNv.THESTATE.
THOMPSON,Justice.
DefendantDarrellBrownwasconvictedoftwocountsofarmed
robbery,threecountsofkidnappingandonecountofpossessionofafirearm
1
duringthecommissionofacrime. Hewassentencedtofiveconsecutivelife
termswithoutparole,plusanadditional15consecutiveyearsforthefirearnls
count.Brownappeals,asserting,interalia,thatthetrialcourterredin
overrulinghismotiontochangevenueandhisgeneraldemurrerattackingthe
constitutionalityofOCGA17107(b),asubsectionofGeorgia'srepeat
offenders'sentencingstahlte.
ThecrimeswerecommittedonJune14,2005.Theindictmentwas returned
onJuly13,2005.TrialcommencedintheSuperiorCourtofFayetteCountyon
September19,2005,andconcludedonSeptember22,2005,whendefendantwas
foundguiltyandsentenced.Defendant'smotionfornewtrialwasfiledon
September23,2005,amendedonDecember20,2007,anddeniedonDecember21,
I
2007.DefendantfiledanoticeofappealonJanuary10,2008.Thecasewas
docketedinthisCourtonJuly21,2008,andorallyarguedonOctober20,2008.
In2005BrownandhiscodefendantAndreLeeheldatgunpointthree
employeesoftheCinemarkTinseltowntheaterinFayetteville,seekingaccessto
thebuildingsafe.Pressedtoopenthesafe,themanagerofthetheaterused
theduresscode,alertingthepolice.Whenofficersarrivedatthescene,thetwo
defendantsattemptedtosecureescapebyclimbingintotheceiling.Lee
wasarrestedwhenaceilingtiledisintegratedbeneathhimandhefelltothe
floor.Brownremainedinaceilingcrawlspaceforseveralhours,garnering
significantmediapublicity,beforefinallysurrenderingtopolice.
Attrial,potentialjurorswerepolledastotheirknowledgeofthecase
throughthemedia.Ofthe57potentialjurorsquestionedbythecourt,only
sixclaimedtohavenoknowledgeofthecase.Onejurorwasexcusedfor
indicatingpretrialpublicityhadtaintedhisviewofthecase,andasecond
wasexcusedforindicatinghecouldnotbeimpartial.Afterindividualized
questioning,anadditional13jurorswereexcusedforcause.Ofthejurors
selected,allassuredthetrialcourtthattheyhadnobiasorprejudiceagainst
Brownandhadnotfonnedorexpressedanyopinioninregardtohisguiltor
mnocence.
1.Theevidenceissufficienttoenableanyrationaltrieroffacttofind
defendantguiltybeyondareasonabledoubtofthecrimesforwhichhewas
convicted.Jacksonv.Virginia,443U.S.307(99SC2781,61LE2d560)
(1979).
2.Browncontendsthetrialcourterredinrefusingtogranthismotion
forchangeofvenue.Themotionwaspredicatedontheexistenceof
extensivepretrialpublicity,demonstratedbyasignificantpercentageof
prospectivejurorsbeingexcusedforcause.Brownassertsthatsucha
statisticalclustermakesitunreasonabletoassumetheremainingvenirewas
notsimilarlyinfluencedbythemedia.
Amotionforchangeofvenuebaseduponexcessivepretrialpublicity
invokesthetrialcourt'sdiscretion,anditsrulingwillnotbedisturbedabsent
anabuseofthatdiscretion.Dixsonv.State,269Ga.898(506SE2d128)
(1998).Here,itcannotbesaidthatthetrialcourtabuseditsdiscretionin
denyingBrown'smotionforchangeofvenue.Simplyput,Brownfailedto
showthatthepretrialpublicitycreatedaninherentlyprejudicialatmosphereor
affectedtheremainingjurors'abilitytobefairandimpartial.SeeEckman
v.State,274Ga.63,68(4)(548SE2d310)(2001);Roundtreev.State,270
Ga.504,505(2)(511SE2d190)(1999).
3.Brown'spriorconvictionforarmedrobbery,andpresentconviction
offiveseriousviolentfeloniesasdefinedbyOCGA17106.1(a),required
thetrialcourttoconsiderBrownarecidivistoffenderandimposefivelife
sentencesunderOCGA17107(b).Browncontendsthatthesentencing
requirementsimposedbyOCGA17107(b)violatehisrighttotrialby
juryasguaranteedbytheSixthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution
andArt.I,Sec.1,Para.XIoftheGeorgiaConstitution.
InAlmendarezTorresv.UnitedStates,523U.S.224(118SC1219,
140LE2d350)(1998),theUnitedStatesSupremeCourtheldthatthe
impositionofenhancedsentencingunderfederallawbasedsolelyupona
defendant'spriorcriminalhistorydoesnotexceedconstitutionallimitations.
Morespecifically,thecourtstatedinApprendiv.NewJersey,530U.S.466,
490(120SC2348,147LE2d435)(2000),that"[o}therthanthe/actofa
priorconviction,anyfactthatincreasesthepenaltyforacrimebeyondthe
prescribedstatutorymaximummustbesubmittedtoajury,andproved
beyondareasonabledoubt."(Emphasissupplied.)BecauseBrown's
sentencewasenhancedbyhispriorconvictionforarmedrobbery,thetrial
judgedidnoterrinoverrulingBrown'sgeneraldemurrerattackingthe
constitutionalityofOCGA17107(b)undereithertheUnitedStates
ConstitutionortheGeorgiaConstitution.
Judgmentaffirmed.AlltheJusticesconcur.
5
I
1
IN THESUPERIORCOURTOFFAYEITE COUNTY
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STATEOFGEORGIA
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GENERALDEMURRER renced forthesecond

defendan convictionofaserious
C
t,byand violentfelony.Upon
O
through informationandbelief,
M
undersig theState
E
ned
S
counsel, intendstoseeklife
and
withoutparoleforthe
N
defendantusinga
O
fileshisGeneral Louisianaconvictionfor
W
Demurrerto
armed
,
a.c.G.A.17
t
robberyasthepredicate
107(b).
h
Defendantis felonyforthe
e
chargedwith impositionofSection
threecountsof 17107(b),shouldthe
a
Defendantbe
b
armedrobbery
o
andthreecounts convicted.
v
ofkidnaping.
e
Section17107
Section1710
is
7(b)mandates
r
unconstitutional
lifewithout
e
inthatitviolates
parole
f
theDefendant's
e
rightagainst
casappliedtoGeorgialaw
rthroughtheFourteenth
uAmendmenttotheUnited
eStatesConsitution.
l
Saidsectionalsoviolatesthe
and separationofpowersbetween
unusu theexecutiveandthe
legislative
al
punis
hment branchesofthegovernmentof
guara theStateofGeorgia.Section
nteed 17107alsoviolatesthe
inthe
Eight Defendantsdueprocessrights
h
toajurytrial,inthatthe
Amen sentencewillbebased,inpart,
dment onfacts
tothe
Unite notdeterminedbyajury
d
renderingtheconvictionwhich
States resultsinasentenceoflife
Const without
itutio
n,
I parole.
Defendantpraysthatthecourttakeinquiryintothemattersraisedhereinanddeclare
o.e.G.A. 17-10-7{b) unconstitutionalandinapplicabletothesentencinginthiscase,shouldthe
Defendantbeconvictedofapredicatefelony.
This7daY
JI 't~,tl:iooj~
119 ShadowoodLane
Tel.7706318187
IFax.7704874299
!AltOmeyforDefendant
CERTIFICATEOFSERVICE
Thisistocertifythattheforegoingpleadingwasserveduponthefollowingpartiesand/or
counselonthefollowing:
ScottBallard,Esq.
DistrictAttorneyforFayetteCounty
P.O.Box1498
Fayetteville,GA30214
ThurbertBaker,Esq.
GeorgiaAttorneyGeneral
40CapitalSquare
Atlanta,GA30334
BydepositingatrueandcorrectcopyintheUnitedStatesMails,FirstClass,with
adequatepostageaffixedthereto.
This.?!? o~.2002
day
~~
GeorgiaBarNo.723336
AttorneyforDefendant
I
II
58
\]:)/
Br~:Wn v.GeorgiaAppendixII
IN THESUPERIORCOURTOFFAYETTECOUNTY
STATEOFGEORGIA
)
)
)
STATEOFGEORGIA,
v.
~;
)
)
DARRELLBROWN,
CASENO.
2005R0435
)
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DEFENDANT,
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COMESNOW,theabovereferencedDefendant,byandthroughcounsel,andamendsthe
GeneralDemurrerpreviouslyfiledandaddsasfollows:
Thisindictmentsettingforththepredicateoffenses,(threecountsannedrobberyand
threecountsofkidnaping)fortheimpositionoflifewithoutparole,failstostateallthefacts
necessaryfortheapplicationofSection17107tothesentencingonthiscase.Assuch,the
indictmentmustbedismissed."[t]heindictmentmustcontainanallegationofeveryfactwhichis
legallyessentialtothepunishmenttobeinflicted"UnitedStatev.Reese,92U.S.214,232233.
S9
(1876)quot$prendiv.NewJersey.530~(2000)(FN15)
This
k7~~
.aayof
.~
LloydW.Walker
GeorgiaBarNo.723336
119ShadowoodLane
Tel.7706318187
Fax.7704874299
60'
Thisistocertifythattheforegoingpleadingwasserveduponthefollowingpartiesandlor
ScottBallard,Esq.
P.O.Box1498
ThurbertBaker,Esq.
40CapitalSquare
Atlanta,GA30334
4,2002,~
ThisJ{daY0
liJ~
LloydW.Walker
GeorgiaBarNo.723336
.-'Z_""...
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SUPER
IOR
COURT
STATE OF GEORGIA,
VS.
DARRELL BROWN
FAYET
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COUNT
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SoTAf
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21 INDICTMENT NO. 05R-0435-A

,....
SHtlLASiu"'C:"'i\D."Lt.RK
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o;..~_~-i,~
The Defendant, having brought the

following Motions before this Court for
hearing:
~. Motion to
Quash,~eralDemurr-erynd/or
Special Demurrer (As to ()
Motion to Sever
(
)
M
o
t
i
o
n
t
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e
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Moti
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to
Rev
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the
Dea
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( )
('1'"
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IT IS
()
()
()
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()
HEREBY
OR DERED that the
Motion
to Raise Issue of
___________
Competency isishereby:
hereby:Demurrer (As to
Motion
to Quash,<G';eral
Demurr6f}amj,tefSpeciaI
hereby:
( ) Waived
( ) Withdrawn
( ) Reserved
( ) Granted.
(( ) Waived
(..(Denied
( ) Reserved
(
(
JUDGE.
SUPERIOR
COURTS
Motion in Limine is hereby:
until
thisJUDICIAL
18TH dayCIRCUIT
of
GRIFFIN
Motion
( ) Continued
to Sever isuntil
hereby: SO ORDERED
(J)Wv;~
in Limine
( ) Motion
Continued
until to Exclude Statements is hereby:
...?')
rvY
......./
INTHESUPERIORCOURTOFFAYETTECOUNTY
STATEOFGEORGIA
r.;
'
STATEOFGEORGIA,
\
\
v.
)
)
DARREU.BROWN,
\\
CASENO.
2005R0435
rn
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?"
SECONDAMENDMENTTOGENERALDEMURRER
COMESNOW,theabovereferenceDefendantandfileshissecondAmendmenttohis
GeneralDemurreragainsttheapplicationofa.c.G.A.171O7(b)tothiscase.Asadditional
groundsDefendantassertshisrightthatallfactsnecessarytotheimpositionoflifewithout
parole,mustbepleadandprovenbytheStateanddecidedbyajury.Tohavethetrialcourt
sentencetheDefendanttolifewithoutparole,withoutfirsthavingthejuryconsiderand
affmnativelydecidewhetherhehasbeenconvictedofaseriousviolentfelony,(asdefinedby
th
O.C.G.A.17106.1),isaviolationofDefendantsrighttoajurytrialsetforthinthe5 and
6thAmendmentstotheUnitedStatesConstitutionandmadeapplicabletoGeorgiastatelawvia
th
the14 AmendmentoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.Further,adequateandindependentstate
groundsforthismotionaresetforthinArt.I,1,'{XIoftheGeorgiaConstitutionguaranteeing
theDefendantatrialbyjury.
Defendantfurthershowsthecourtthattheconstitutionalityof17107(b)hasnotbeen
~ .....
co
C'>
fT\
"'e
''0%
rn 0
'-:::>
decideduponthegroundssetforthabove.See,Ortizv.State,266Ga.752(1996)(Federal
c.D
,,
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J>
,.
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...., c
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)
)
DEFENDANT,
rr.
r
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:<;;~ '::!
cr.
(f)
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-
'::>0
....,
0_
.-(,;;00
0
rn
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Constitution);Stephensv.State,261Ga.467(l99l)(GeorgiaConstitution),
7;
1
Therefore,DefendantdemandsthatthecourtholdO.C.G.A.171O7(b)is
unconstitutionaluponthegroundssetforthabove,and,shouldtheDefendantbeconvictedofa
predicatefelonyuponthisindictment,notimposethesentenceoflifewithoutparole,butrather
imposeasentenceasotherwiseprovidedbylaw.
This(1day
Of~, 200~.
..
Rentfu1nbmitted,
~~
GeorgiaBarNo.723336
119ShadowoodLane
Tel.7706318187
Fax.7704874299
'7
2
Thisistocertifythattheforegoingpleadingwasserveduponthefollowingpartiesandlor
ScottBallard,Esq.
P.O.Box1498
ThurbertBaker,Esq.
40CapitalSquare
Atlanta,GA30334
This~daYOf~:2
LlOYd
GeorgiaBarNo.723336
t"tJ,.
',
:)
IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF FAYETTE COUNTY

STATE OF GEORGIA
STATE OF GEORGIA,
CA
SE
NU
MB
ER:
200
5R043
vs.
DARRELL BROWN, and
ANDRE LEE,
Defendants.
lJLED INOPENCOURr,
.:z..z....DAYOFS
I1AVIlTTI:l ~",_ _. .
VERDICT
DARRELL BROWN
g/)J./~s119
FAYETf'E__CountySuperiorurt
MARCH
Term,2005
No.3ooali~0435'
C
C
Griffi
n
Judici
al
Circuit
Foreman
&,VJ1~~'f
I
..
D
at
e
~.&;%e
StateofGeorgia
YS.
DARRELLBROWN
3161PALOMINODRIVE
POWDERSPRINGS,GA
AND
ANDRELEE
0)
2445HOPKINSDRIVE
POWDERSPRINGS,GA
=====================9
=
Charge:
COUNTSl~ARMEDROBBERYO.C.G.A.16841
COUNT3~ KIDNAPINGO.C.GAI6540
COUNT,,:POSSESSIONOFAFIREARMDURINGTHE
COMMISSIONOFACRIMEO.C.GA
=======================fIFAYETIE
=
~ ~4
PleaofDefendant
Thedefendant(s)
DARRELL
BROWNAND
ANDREL~E
waivesformal
arrai~t4
IJdT
bUlL7(.
~ .2/~ dayof
111
~~dant.~
,20JJ?f
Defendant
Verdiet
We,thejmy,findthedefendanto
This
,20__,
dayof
20
Brownv.GeorgiaAopendix20
,
rore!!J'erson
BILLOFINDICTlVIENT
GEORGIA,FAYETTE
COUNTY:
INTHESUPERIORCOURTOFSAIDCOUNTY
TheGrandJurors,selected,chosen,andswornfortheCountyof
FAYETTE
, to wit:
1. Sara MacGermano,Foreman
2.
4.
6.
8.
.-1.0
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
SuellenR.Ivey
JeffreyL.Eure
DeborahS.Hollandsworth
BridgetL.Davis
~bert L.Glel:lgh ~b
LauraW.Griffith
ThomasW.Oraf
MarlB.McCoy
SusanPaulsen
JanieP.Wright
KathyGossPadovano
3.
T.AdamReid
7.
JuliaShauwChang
LydiaM.Rapp
5.
9.
II.
13.
15.
17.
19.
2l.
23.
PeterTorres
GlenA.Kinzly
WilliamRAdams
RobertS.Rowe,Jr.
MaureenR.Wheble
MahlonHenlyDonald.,III
VerolynM.Kennebrew
WilliamA.Oavis
)1~..
In thenameandbehalfofthecitizensofGeorgia,chargeandaccuseDARRELLBROWNANDANDRE
LEEwiththeoffense ofARMEDROBBERYforthatthesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEinthe
CountyandStateaforesaid,onthe14THdayofJUNE.LordTwoThousandFive,didthenandthereunlawfully
with intenttocommittheft;takepropertyofanother,CinemarkUSA, Inc. d/b/aTinseltownTheaters,towit:
UnitedStatesCurrencyfromthepersonandimmediatepresenceofDairBradley,CaitlinWilliams andAlton
Brownbyuseofanoffensiveweapon.towit:ahandgun,contrarytothelawSofsaidState,thegoodorder,peace
anddignitythereof.
COUNT2:AndtheGrandJurorsaforesaidinthenameandbehalfoftheCitizensofGeorgiafurther charge
andaccusethesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEwiththeoffenseofARMEDROBBERYfor
thatthesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEintheCountyandStateaforesaid.,onthe14THday
ofJUNE.LordTwoThousandFive,didthenandthereunlawfullywithintenttocommittheft,takeproperty
ofanother,OairBradley,towit:acellularphonefromthepersonofsaidDairBradley byuseofanoffensive
weapon,to wit:ahandgun,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
COUNT'3:AndtheGrandJW'Orsaforesaid inthenameandbehalfoftbeCitizensofGeorgia further chargeand

accuse the said DARRELL BROWN AND ANDRE LEE with theoff'enseofKIDNAPPING for that the said
DARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEintheCounty and Stateaforesaid.,onthe14THdayof ~ LordTwo
ThousandFive.didthenandtheretmIawfully abduct DairBradley.aperson, withoutlawfulauthorityandholdsaid
personagainstherwill,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
CONTINUEDINDICTMENT
12
1
Browp.v.GeorgiaAppendix21
COUNT1tAmiJ1eGrandJurorsaforesaidienam.,::andbehalfoftheCitizensofGeorgia "1 .erchargeandaccusethesaidDARRELL
BROWNAl"l"DANDRELEEwiththeoffenseofKIDNAPPINGforthatthesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEin theCountyand
Stateaforesaid,onthe14THdayofJUNE,LordTwoThousandFive,didabductCaitlinWilliams,withoutlawfulauthorityorwarrant andhold
saidpersonagainstherwil~contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
COUNTSAndtheGrandJurorsaforesaidinthenameandbehalfoftheCitizensofGeorgiafurtherchargeandaccusethesaidDARRELL
BROWNANDANDRELEEwiththeoffenseofKIDNAPPINGforthatthesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEE intheCounty
andStateaforesaid.,onthe14THdayof JUNE,LordTwoThousandFive,didabductAltonBrown,withoutlawfulauthorityorwarrantand
holdsaidpersonagainsthiswill,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
COUNT,"AndtheGrandJurorsaforesaidinthenameandbehalfoftheCitizensofGeorgiafurtherchargeandaccusethesaidDARRELL
BROWNANDANDRELEEwiththeoffenseofPOSSESSIONOFAFIREARMDURINGTHECOMMISSIONOFACRIMEforthatthe
saidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEintheCountyandStateaforesaid.,onthe14TH dayofJUNE,LordTwoThousandFive,did
haveontheirpersonafirearm,towit:ahandgun,duringthecommissionofacrimeofAnned Robbery,saidcrimebeingagainstthepersonof
another,andwhichcrimewasafelony,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
SCOTTBALLARD
DistrictAttorney
122
fiveyearsandsay,youknow,
isadoover.
guess what,youknow,this
MR.COGGIN: That'sobviously
THECOURT:Notnearlyasdifficulttodonow.
But considering
youwanttoyoustill
MR. COGGIN: Andinconsultationwiththe
that,
districtattorneyhimself
THE COURT: well,
MR. COGGIN: So I'm

THE COURT: No, you're
10
this
I'msure
11
Mr. Ballard'sleaving
squarely
12
seekingfortheDistrictAttorney,butI
MR. COGGIN: Judge,
13
14
warranted
in thiscase.
15
we'vegot
now.
that
inyour lap.
Idon'tthink
And I'mwilling
I'mnot
amistrial;s
to stand onwhat
16
THE COURT: okay,well,thank
17
Mr.walker,doyouhaveanyevidencetooffer
18
in mitigation?
MR.WALKER: Noneinmitigation,Judge.
19
20
THE COURT: oh,yes,Irememberyousaidyou

wantedto arguethatnow.
MR.WALKER: well,
23
okay.
r'veargueditoncebefore,
24
YourHonor,andIwouldliketoreasserttheissue,if
25
that'sall
531
Ihave
mymotion, thegeneraldemurrerthatIhadfiled.
21
22
you.
right with the
Court.
STATEOFGA VDARRELLBROWN/ANDRELEE.9/1922/2005
THE COURT: Sure.
MR. WALKER:
Judge,withrespecttomyclient,
there
has been submitted tothe
well,
let'sgo
ofacertified
thinkitwasactuallyadmitted.
discussion
ahead.
copy.
Court, I don'tbelieve
did not object
to theadmission
It looked to be okay, so
We got into
don't
this other
so
THE COURT: All right.
MR. WALKER:
No,
Any objection?
don'thave
any objection.
10
THE COURT: All right,
11
MR. WALKER:Itlookedtobeinproperform.
12
Ithas
raisedsealsonallofthe
THE COURT: I'mtalkingabouttheArmedRobbery
13
14
it'sadmitted.
conviction
now,nottheother
MR. WALKER:
15
16
seals.
17
itself.
I didn'tsee
one.
oh, yes.
No.
It had
any problems with the
18
However,Judge, as
19
applicationof17107(b)tothiscase,thatthat
20
statute,based
raised
document
havestated
before, the
21
onthe casespreviously
cited,TheUnited
Th
Statesv.Reeseandprindy
v. e UnitedStates,or,
22
prindy v. New Jersey, thatthejurywasrequiredtopass
23
onwhethertoapplythethissentence,enhanced
24
sentenced,
25
clienthadbeenconvictedofapriorsevendeadlysin.
the juryhadtoconsiderwhetherornotmy
STATEOFGAYDARRELL BROWN/ANDRELEE,
532
9/1922/2005
Thestatutoryschemedoesnotprovideforthat.
Andit's
mycontentionthatthe17107(b),asitiscurrently
configuredwithinthestatutoryschemeoftheGeorgia
punishment,thatitisunconstitutional,becausewhether
ornot that individual
toenhancethesentenceoverandabovewhatisnormally
applied
in
thiscase,
issues,
not
thecourt.
insufficient,
hasapriorconvictionsufficient
requiresajurytodecidethose
Andacertifiedcopyis
insufficient.
Andyouracceptanceofa
10
certifiedcopyisnotsufficient,afactualpredicate.
11
Thatcertifiedcopyhastoberuleduponbythejurywho
12
waspresentinthiscasebeforeanyapplicationofthe
13
sentence.
14
17107(b)isnotapplicable
15
constitutional,ascurrentlybasedondevelopingfederal
16
law.
17
And it'smy
contentionthattherefore
inthiscase.Itis
not
Ialsoindicatethattheadequateindependent
18
stategroundsalsoexistintherighttotrialbyjury
19
foundintheGeorgiaconstitution,Article1,Section1,
20
paragraph11.
21
youwillfindthatrecidiviststatutorysentencing
22
schemeswhilejurieswereinvolvedinsentencingrequired
23
thatthejurypassonwhetherornottheindividualhad
24
beenpreviouslyconvicted.ThatchangedwhentheGeorgia
25
whentheconstitutionwasamendedandjudgeswere
Ifyou takealookattheoldercaselaw,
STATEOFGA VDARRELLBROWN/ANDRELEE,9/1922/2005
533
given the sentencing
prerogative.
But
Ihave not
abletofindanywhereunderGeorgialawthisprecise
issue
think it'san
in federal
issuethat'sripefordecisiononthestatelevel,as
well.
grounds too, thatthesentencingschemeisnot
constitutional,ascurrentlyprocedurallysetforthin
ashas beenpresentedinthefederal
courts.
twoyears,I
think
that'san
wouldarguethatthereisindependentstate
10
thestatutes
11
notuse17107(b)asgroundsforimposinglifewithout
12
parole againstmyclient.
14
ofthe State
ofGeorgia,and
that
Anyrebuttal
from
the
State?
MR. COGGIN:
15
17
themselves
18
todealwithatsentencingofdefendantswhoappear
19
before the federal
20
applicable
21
prohibition.
The
sentencingguidelinesfor
if theywant to andthat'samatterforthem
to state
THE
think
setthe
Judge.
federal
22
courtscan
Just very briefly,
16
courts.
law.
But I donlt
I
don'tthink
I'lloverrule
the Motion for
24
to offerinmitigation,Mr.Saia?
MR.
believethat's
that'sa
COURT: All right,anythingtoofferin
23
25
you should
Thatwouldbemyargument.
THE COURT: All right.
13
AndI
openissuewithingiventhedevelopments
lawinthelast
And
been
SAIA:
mistrial.
Anything
No, sir.
STATEOFGAV DARRELL BROWN/ANDRE LEE,
9/1922/2005
534
THE COURT: Okay.
MR. WALKER:
All right.
well,let'ssee.
Judge, may Ihave arulingonmy
motion?
THE COURT: Thesameasbefore,overruled.
MR. WALKER: okay.
THE COURT: Anddenied.
MR. WALKER: Thank you, Judge.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Thank you.
535
STATEOFGAVDARRELLBROWN/ANDRELEE.9/1922/2005
ORiGINAL
....\
\., t..
/r'"
IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF FAYETTE COUNTY

STATE OF GEORGIA
STATE OF GEORGIA,
vs.
c.
c::J
(f)
CJ1
:I:
rn
~; ~
CASE NUMBER:, 20051i:04:g ;::;:;~,~."

(f)
DARRELL BROWN, and

ANDRE LEE,
-I
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(.,;)
rrl
Defendants.
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JUDGMENTANDSENTENCE
Upon jury verdict entered today, defendant Darrel Brown is adjudicated guilty
of all six counts of the indictment, with the original Count 3 being nolle prossegui, and
therefore Darrell Brown is guilty of 2 counts of armed robbery, 3 counts of kidnapping,
and 1 count of possession of a firearm during the commission of the crime of armed
robbery.
Upon jury verdict entered today, defendant Andre Lee is adjudicated guilty of
all six counts of the indictment, with the original Count 3 being nolle prossegui, and
therefore Darrell Brown is guilty of 2 counts of armed robbery, 3 counts of kidnapping,
and 1 count of possession of a firearm during the commission of the crime of armed
robbery.
Upon jUry trial and sentencing hearing, defendant Darrell Brown is sentenced
as follows:
Count 1:
Count 2:
Count 3:
Count 4:
Count 5:
Life imprisonment without parole;

Count 6:
15 years to serve in prison, consecutive to

Counts 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5;
and defendant Andre Lee is sentenced as follows:

Count 1:
Count 2:
15 years imprisonment;
15 years imprisonment, concurrent to Count 1;
Count 3:
10 years imprisonment, consecutive to Counts 1 and 2;
;;0
Count 4:
Count 5:
Count 6
totalling:
10 years imprisonment, concurrent to Counts 1, 2, and 3;

10 years imprisonment, concurrent to Counts 1, 2, 3, and 4;
5 years imprisonment, consecutive to Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5,
30 years of imprisonment for defendant Andre Lee.
123
Both defendants are advised they have the right to seek sentence review by the
Sentence Review Panel of Georgia. The Sentence Review Panel of Georgia consists of
three Superior Court judges, not within this circuit, and this Panel has the authority to
review any sentence exceeding 12 years and to reduce any such sentence in its
discretion as provided by law.
Both defendants are advised they have the right to file notice of appeal of this
conviction and sentence by filing a notice of appeal within 30 days. Both defendants are
further advised they have the right to file application for writ of habeas corpus to
challenge the validity of their conviction or sentence, or both, within 4 years.
A copy of this sentence shall be served on both defendants immediately in the
Fayette County jail, on their respective counsel, and upon the district attorney's ofce.
SO ORDERED ANDADJUDGED this 22
nd
day of September, 2005.
(~
CHRISTOPHER C. EDWARDS
Judge, Superior Court
Grifn Judicial Circuit
124
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I certify that I have forwarded a true and correct copy ofthe foregoing Judgment and
Sentence on counsel for the parties, as follows:
Randall K. Coggin
Fayette County D.A.'s Ofce
Fayette County Justice Center
One Center Drive
Fayetteville, Georgia 30214
Joe Saia
Fayette County Public Defender's Ofce
145 Johnson Avenue
Lloyd W. Walker
Attorney at Law
119 Shadowood Lane
Peachtree City, Georgia 30269
Darrell Brown
Fayette County Jail
2Center Drive
Andre Lee
Fayette County Jail
2Center Drive
nd
This 22
day of September, 2005.

......
KAYE L. M~OZINSKI
Judicial Assistant to Judge Ed
125
Brownv.GeorgiaAppendix 30
FINAL DISPOSiTiON
REORDER #042497
CLYDE CASTLEBERRY CO , COVINGTON. GA 30014
FINAL DISPOSITION
SUPERIOR COURT OF FAYETTE COUNTY, GEORGIA

CRIMINAL ACTION NO.
September Term,200,5
rlLEDINTHEOFFICEOFTHECLERKopOFFENSE(S):Cts.
THE STATE VS.
'l!PERI~COURT.FAYBTTECOUN1Y.GEORGIACt
AT
, .- 0"6
O'CLOCK
P '1
Darrell Brown
... u YU2:.
-....:....;.--=--=~~::..=....::::...:.:..='-----------.:
__::=
_,_--'-~-~~
1-3: Armed
'.
ClPLEA:
}Q JURY
COUNT(S)
TOLESSERINCLUDED
OFFENSE(S)
.
_
Robb~
--
7:P9ssessionofaFirearm
ur1ngCommissionofa
CJGUILTYONCOUNT(S)__ClNONJURYo NOLOCONTENDEREON
ONCOUNT(S)
r_HE , _~~~~~~A~~~OF~~~t!L-pt:-.20~,
"
,CLERK D
OTN:125571143
aNEGOTIATED
Scr-'"
46'K'
2005R0435A
Crime
--.
XI VERDICT:
ClGUILTYON
COUNT(S)lili4.5.6.&7
CJNOTGUlLTVON
COUNT(S)
_
XI OHlERDISPOSITION
CJNOLl.EPROSEQUIORDERON
COUNT(S)....:3=-----:-::
ClDEADDOCKETORDERON
COUNT(S)
oGUILTYOFINCLUDED
OFFENSE(S)OF__
ONCOUNT(S)
o DEFENDANTWASADVISED Of HIS/HERRfGlIT
TOHAVBTHISSENTENCEREVIEWEDBYTHE
SUPERIORCOURTSENTENCEREVIEWPANEl.
XWF
ELON
YSEN
TEN
CE Q
MISD
EME
ANO
R
SENT
ENC
E
WHERAS,theabovenameddefendanthasbeen
foundguiltyoftheabovestatedoffense,
WHEREUPON,itisorderedanda4;udgedbythe
CourtthaI:Thesaid
defendantisherebysentencedtoconfinementforaperiodof
Ct.7:15yearsimprisomnenL-cons~..ive
intheStatePenalSystemorsuchother
institutionastheCommissioneroftheState
DepartmentofCorrectionsorCourtmaydirect,
tobecomputedasprovidedbylaw.
HOWEVER,itisfurtherorderedbytheCourt.
o
I)THATtheabovesentence may be servedon
probation
CJ2)THATuponserviceofoftheabove
scntence,theremainderof.maybeserved
onprobationPROVIDEDthatthesaid
defendantcomplieswiththefollowing
generalandotherconditionsherein
imposedbytheCourtasapartorthis
sentence.
[J
FIRST
OFFEN
DER
TREAT
MENT
WHEREAS,.defendanthasnotpreviouslybeen
convictedofafelonynoravailedhimselfofthe
provisionoftheFirstOffenderAct(Ga.La~68.p.
324).NOW,THEREFOthedefendantconsenting
hereto,itisthejudgmentoftheCourtthatno
judgmentofguiltbeimposedatthislime.
bu~furtherproceedings
aredeferredanddefenda'sherebysentencedto
confinementtortheperiodof
intheStatePenalSystemorsuch0
law.HOWEVER,itisfurtherorderedb
aI)THATtheabovesentencemaybeserv
o2)THATuponserviceof_______
institutionastheCommissioneroftheStateDepanmentofCorrectionsorCounrna
eCourt.
nprobation
oftheabovesentence,theremainderof
maybeservedon
probationPROVIDEDthatsaiddefendantcompliesWI
efollowinggeneralandspecialconditionshInimposedbytheCourtaspartofthissentence:
PROVIDED,further.thaIuponviolationofthetermsofpro.n,theCourtmayenteranadjudi
nofguiltandproceedtosentencedefendanttothemaximum
sentenceprovidedbylaw.Uponfulfillmentofthetermsofprobat
oruponreleaseofthe
ndantbytheCourtpriortotheterminationofthePeriodthereof.the
defendantshallstanddischargedofsaidotTensechargedandshallbec
letelyexone
ofguiltofsaidolfensecharged.
LetacopyofthisOrderbeforwardedtotheOflK:eoftheStateProbationS
eorgia,andtheidentificationDivisionoftheFederalBureauoflnvestigation.
ITISTHEREFOREORDEREDthat
theDefendantpayafineinthea
POPTF$
CRIMELAB$
Restitution$
plus:
CVAP$__~
BSITF$
MonthlyProbationFee$
__payabletoFayettevilleProbationOfficebeginning
_
_
ITISTHEFURTHERORO
ftheCourt,andthedefendantisherebyadvisedthattheCourtmay,atanytime,revokeanycon.'onsofthisprobationandlor
mprobation.Theprobationershallbesubjecttoarrestforviolationofanyconditionorprobationhereing
dischargethedelimdant
d.Ifsuchprobationis
reVOked,theCourtyordertheexecutionofthissentencewhichwasoriginallyimposedoranyportionthereorinthemannerprovidedby
outoftimethedefendanthasservedonprobation.
LloydWalker
Soorderedthis
126
22nd
dayo!"September
.2005
Brownv.GeorgIaAppendix31
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STATEOFGEORGIA
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CASENO.
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DARRELLBROWN,
cr.
--'
2005R0435fJr
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MOTIONFORNEWTRIAL
COMESNOW,theDefendantDarrellBrown,byandthroughundersignedcounsel,and
movesthecourttograntanewtrialupontheverdictandsentenceenteredinthiscourtagainst
theDefendant,onSeptember23,2005.GroundsforthisMotionarethattheverdictisagainst
theweightoftheevidenceandothergroundswhichwillbepresentedbyamendmentpriortoa
hearingonthismotion.Defendantpraysthatahearingbescheduledonthismotion;evidence
takenandargumentshearl
ThiS67~Ofl
,%
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tfullysubmitted
oy"w,i2~
eorgiaBarNo.723336
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DEFENDANT,
rr,
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c:
CO'
en
};>-
u:
v.
STATEOFGEORGIA,
119ShadowoodLane
Tel.7706318187
Fax.7706313430
ScottBallard,Esq.
P.O.Box1498
Th~yo~2005
uM~
GeorgiaBarNo.723336
lZS
r-!~LD \~'i o~; !C:_
INTHESUPERlORCOURTOFFAYETTECOUNfY.::.i(?~.~l~;;,t:,~i; (,,;..~
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)
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)
)
)
v.
DARRELLBROWN,
DEFENDANT,
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;....'....:u:.~!"
;;nn7 [IFP. ?Iun
STATEOFGEORGIA
STATEOFGEORGIA,
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8 03
SHEILA STUDDARD. CLERK
CASENO.
2005R0435
)
AMENDEDMOTIONFORNEWTRIAL
COMESNOW,theDefendant,byandthroughundersignedcounsel,andamendshis
MotionforNewTrialbyassertingthatthecourterredinoverrulingDefendant'sdemurrerto
a.e.G.A.17l07(b),inthatDefendant'ssentenceviolatesDefendant'srighttoajurytrialassetforth
intheSixthAmendmentoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionmadeapplicabletotheState
th
proceedingsviathe14 AmendmentoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionandhisrighttoastrial by
juryguaranteedinArt.!,1,~XIoftheGeorgiaConstitution.Further,thetrialwasunfairinthatthe
jurywasinfluencedbypretrialpublicityandthecourterredinoverrulingDefendant'sMotion
l~ld
Brownv.Georgia1Cpel1rliR
,rc:.34'_'
ell 7.
__
,J
'
)I' ,.)J
foraChangeinVenue.Allotherobjectionsanderrorsduringmotionsandtrialarereserved.
Thi~ dayof J7tt:.....
,2007
Re~tfjj;i~
L10Yd~
Walker
GeorgiaBarNo.723336
119ShadowoodLane
Tel.7706318187
Fax.7704874299
144
Bro\\ll1v.G~o~gia ~BPendix35
Z (JO~) K --- aLl ?J5
ScottBallard,Esq.
P.O.Box1498
ThurbertBaker,Esq.
40CapitalSquare
Atlanta,GA30334
,2ojZ,
Thi.;;;tJdayof):fc...
1iJ{;J~
LloydIW.Walker
GeorgiaBarNo.723336
14;)
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Browl).v.GeorgiaAppendix36
ORGIA
STATE~@~~ORG~~0RU.lLcKK
;-~LLO
0;
v.
. ;~
r SUf
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r'..:
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'. DARRELLBROWN,
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~vPE
RIOR
)
) CASENO.2005R0435
)
)
DEFENDANT, )
)
)
COU
RT
OF BRIEFINSUPPORTONTHEISSUEOFSENTENCINGINDEFENDANT'SMOTION
FAYFOR
ETT
NEWTRIAL
E
COU
COMESNOW,theDefendant,byandthroughundersignedcounsel,andfileshis
NTY
Briefin
:
SupportontheIssueofSentencinginDefendant'sMotionforNewTrial.ThisBriefislimited
r to
m
D
E
C
2
1
theissueoftheconstitutionalityofO.C.G.A.17107(b).Otherissuesrelatingtoprejudicial
errorsmadeduringpretrialmotionsandtrialarereserved.
FACTSANDPROCEDURALHISTORY
DefendantDarrelBrownstandsconvictedoftwocountsofarmedrobbery;threecounts
of
~! kidnappingandonecountofpossessionofafirearmduringthecommissionofacrime.Based
8
5
5
upontheadmissionofacertifiedcopyofaLouisianaconvictionforarmedrobbery,pursuantto
O.e.G.A.171O7(b),thisCourtsentencedDefendanttofivelifesentences,eachtobeserved
S withoutpossibilityofparole,eachconsecutivetotheother,plus 15yearsforthelastfelony,
T
A consecutivetothepriorfivesentences.Defendantreceivedthemaximumsentencepossible
T
E underthelaw.
O
F
DefendantchallengedtheconstitutionalityofO.C.G.A17106(b)peraGeneral
G
E
-1
14b
DemurrerfiledAugust5,2005;anAmendedGeneralDemurrerfiledAugust5,2005;anda
SecondAmendedDemurrerfiledSeptember5,2005.Counselarguedthisissueatpretrial
motionsandatthesentencinghearingconductedbythisCourt.Eachpleadingraisingtheissue
wasservedupontheGeorgiaAttorneyGeneral.Thisissueisproperlyraisedandisripefor
determination.
ARGUMENTANDCITATIONOFAUTHORITY
Theissueisstatedthus:UponnoticebytheStateofitsintentintroducetheDefendant's
criminalhistoryasarecidivistatsentencing,doesaDefendantindictedforaseriousviolent
felony,havetheconstitutionalrighttohavethejurydeterminebeyondareasonabledoubt,whether
heis,infact,arecidivist,andthereforesubjecttoenhancedormandatorysentencing? Ifthe
answertothatinquiryisyes,thenGeorgia'stwostrikemandatorysentencingschemeis
unconstitutional,andtheDefendant'ssentenceoflifewithoutparolemustbevacated.Therights
th
involvedaretheDefendant'srighttoatrialbyjuryasguaranteedinthe6 Amendmentofthe
UnitedStateConstitutionmadeapplicabletoStateproceedingsviathedueprocessclauseofthe
th
14 AmendmentoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionandthecorrespondingguaranteefoundinArt.I,
1,
,rXIoftheGeorgiaConstitution.Asdemonstratedbelow,Defendant'ssentencemustbe
vacated.
12 GEORGIA'SSTATUTORYFRAMEWORK:
Defendant'slifewithoutparolesentenceswereimposedpursuanttoO.CG.A.171O7(b)
whichstates:
(1)Asusedinthissubsection,theterm"seriousviolentfelony"meansaserious violent
felonyasdefinedinsubsection(a)ofCodeSection17106.1.
(2) Anypersonwhohasbeenconvictedofaseriousviolentfelonyinthisstateor
1-
2
14~1
whohasbeenconvictedunderthelawsofanyotherstateoroftheUnitedStatesof a
crimewhichifcommittedinthisstatewouldbeaseriousviolentfelonyandwho after
suchfirstconvictionsubsequentlycommitsandisconvictedofaseriousviolentfelony
forwhichsuchpersonisnotsentencedtodeathshallbesentencedtoimprisonmentfor
lifewithoutparole.Anysuchsentenceoflifewithoutparoleshallnotbesuspended,
stayed,probated,deferred,orwithheld,andanysuchpersonsentencedpursuanttothis
paragraphshallnotbeeligibleforanyformofpardon,parole, orearlyrelease
administeredbytheStateBoardofPardonsandParolesorforanyearnedtime,early
release,workrelease,leave,oranyothersentencereducingmeasuresunderprograms
administeredbytheDepartmentofCorrections,theeffectofwhichwouldbetoreduce
thesentenceoflifeimprisonmentwithoutpossibilityofparole,exceptasmaybe
authorizedbyanyexistingorfutureprovisionsoftheConstitution.(Italicssupplied).
a.c.G.A.17t06.1(a)(2)definesarmedrobberyasaseriousviolentfelonyand17106.1(a)(3)
defineskidnappingasaseriousviolentfelony.
Inreachingthesentencingdecision,thecourtconductsapresentencehearingpursuantto
a.c.G.A.171O2(a)(1):
Exceptincasesinwhichthedeathpenaltyorlifewithout
parolemaybeimposedl,uponthereturnofaverdictof
"guilty"bythejuryinanyfelonycase,thejudgeshalldismiss
thejuryandshallconductapresentencehearingatwhichthe
onlyissueshallbethedeterminationofpunishmenttobe
imposed.Inthehearingthejudgeshallhearadditional
evidenceinextenuation,mitigation,andaggravationof
punishment,includingtherecordofanypriorcriminal
convictionsandpleasofguiltyornolocontendereofthe
defendant,ortheabsenceofanypriorconvictionandpleas.
(Italicssupplied).
Thissectionmandatesapresentencehearinguponreturnoftheverdict.Thecourtupon
receiptofevidenceofapriorconvictionviacertifiedcopies,isrequiredtoapply
17107(b)(2).Thus,Defendant'sconvictiononthetwocountsofarmedrobberyand
1Theexceptionstatedinthefirstphrasedoesnotapplytothiscase,eventhoughlifewithoutparole
wasimposed.Readinconjunctionwith17102(c),theexceptionappliesonlytocaseswherethe
Stateisseekingthedeathpenalty.Thiscasehasnothingtodowithcapitalmurder,ortheprocedural
rulesgoverningtheapplicationofthedeathpenalty.
3
148
threecountsofkidnappingresultedinthefivelifesentenceswithoutparole. In
following
thestatutorydictate,thiscourthadnoalternativebuttoimposethesentenceitdid.
II.LIFEWITHOUTPAROLEEXCEEDSTHESTATUTORY
MAXIMUMFORARMEDROBBERYAND
KIDNAPPING.
LifeWithoutParole(LWP)isauniquesentence.Itcanonlybeimposedunder
twodistinctcircumstances.ThefirstisinacapitalmurdertrialwheretheStateseeks
the
deathpenalty.Thejury,asanalternativetodeath,isempoweredtoimposeLWP.
O.C.G.A.171030.1.However,inordertoimposeLWPthejurymustfindatleast
one
oftheaggravatingfactorsetforthinO.C.G.A. 171030fortheimpositionofthedeath
penalty.
Therefore,amurderdefendantfacingthedeathpenaltyisgrantedjury
considerationonthefactorswhichmayleadtoLWPasasentence.
ThesecondcircumstanceiswhichLWPmaybeimposedispursuantto
a.c.G.A.
17107(b)assetforthabove.Inthatinstance,thejuryhasnoroleindetermining
whetherLWPisimposed.
Outsidethesetwocircumstances,individualsconvictedofkidnappingaresubject
toaminimumoftenandamaximumoftwentyyearsinprisonprovidedthevictimwas
olderthat14,andneitherransomorbodilyinjuryresultedfromtheevent.Ifthevictim
is
under14orbodilyinjuryorransomarefound,alifesentenceisauthorized.a.c.G.A.
16540.Inthecaseatbar,absentapplicationof17107(b),themosttheDefendant
couldreceivewas20years.Forarmedrobbery,theindividualmaybesentencedto
either
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
o
r
li
f
e
.
a
.
e
.
G
.
A
.
1
7
4
1
(
b
)
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
a
t
b
a
r
,
t
h
e
D
e
f
endantwaseligiblefor
lifesentencesonthearmedrobberyverdicts.Therefore,LWPisoutsidethestatutory
maximumsforarmedrobberyandkidnapping.Thus,LWPisaspecial,enhanced
-4
.
.
.
,.'
,'
\:,4'
149
sentencebaseduponcircumstancesnotfoundintheunderlyingcrimes.
III.FEDERALLAW:
TheleadingcaseinvolvingthisissueisApprendiv.NewJersey,530U.S.466
(2000).InApprendi,thecourtinvalidatedaNewJerseysentencingschemewherea
Defendantpledguiltytotwocountsofseconddegreepossessionofafireann,andonecount
ofunlawfulpossessionofapersonnelbomb.TheStatereservedtherighttoseekan
enhancedsentencepursuanttoNewJersey'shatecrimestatute.ld.,at470471.The
Defendantreceiveda12yearsentence,whichwasoutsidethelimitsofthesentence
normallyimposedforthesetypesofcrimes.Thesentencingcourtbaseditsdecisiononthe
hatecrimestatutewhere,ifthejudgefoundbyapreponderanceoftheevidencethatcrime
wasmotivatedbyhateagainstrace,creedornationality,anadditionalnumberofyearswas
appliedtothesentence.Hence,thedefendanttherereceivedasentence"enhanced"bythe
findingofanadditionalfactbythetrialjudge.Id.,at471.The
SupremeCourtreversed.Indoingso,theSupremeCourtheldthateveryfactessentialto
theverdictandsentencemustbedeterminedbyajury.ld.,at490.
THEALMENDAREZEXCEPTION:
WhiletheholdinginApprendiappearstosupportDefendant'spositionhere,thereis
anexceptiontoitsholdingdirectlyonpoint.ThatcaseisAlmendarezTorresv.UnitedStates,
523U.S.224(1998).InAlmendarez,theSupremeCourtaffirmedanenhancedsentenceunder
federallaw,whichwasbasedsolelyonthedefendant'spriorcriminal
history. In addition,the Apprendi court,aswellasmorerecentdecisions,acknowledged
thisexception.ThusisappearstheholdinginAlmendarezisfataltoourargument.
1;j()
However,dictaintheApprendidecisionclearlyindicatesthisexceptionisonshaky
groundwiththeSupremeCourt.
EventhoughitisarguablethatAlmendarezTorreswas
incorrectlydecided,[footnoteomitted]andthatalogicalapplicationofour
reasoningtodayshouldapplyiftherecidivistissuewere
contested,Apprendidoesnotcontestthedecision'svalidity
andweneednotrevisititforpurposesofourdecisiontodayto
treatthecaseasanarrowexceptiontothegeneralrulewe
recalledattheoutset.Givenitsuniquefacts,itsurelydoesnot
warrantrejectionoftheothetwiseunifonncourseofdecision
duringtheentirehistoryofourjurisprudence.Insum,our
reexaminationofourcasesinthisarea,and
ofthehistoryuponwhichtheyrely,confmnstheopinionthatwe
expressedinJones.Otherthanthefactofapriorconviction,any
factthatincreasesthepenaltyforacrimebeyond
theprescribedstatutorymaximummustbesubmitted
toajury,andprovedbeyondareasonabledoubt.Withthat
exception,weendorsethestatementoftherulesetforthinthe
concurringopinionsinthatcase:'TGtisunconstitutionalfora
legislaturetoremovefromthejurytheassessmentoffactsthat
increasetheprescribedrangeofpenaltiestowhichacriminal
defendantisexposed.Itisequallyclearthat
suchfactsmustbeestablishedbyproofbeyondareasonable
doubt."526U.S.,at252253(opinionofStevens,J.);seealso
id.,at253(opinionofScalia,J.).
[d.,at490.See,Blakelyv.Washington,542U.S.296(2004);Cunninghamv.California,
U.S.SupremeCourtDocketNo.056551.
It isalsoworthnotingthatineachofthecasesdecidedsubsequentlyto Apprendi,
theSupremeCourtverycarefullydefinedeachissuebeingdecidedconcerningandstated
clearlywhatwasnotbeingdecided.TheSupremeCourtseemstobemoving
incrementally,casebycase,inthisarea,andhasnothadtheAlmendarezholdingdirectly
contestedbyanypetitioner.Therefore,wecontestthecontinuedviabilityofthe
~
Almendarezexceptionandtakeexceptionto
itsholding.Webelieveitmustbeoverruled.
'
:
THEPUBLICPOLICYATSTAKE:
In Blakely,supra, JusticeScaliaarticulatedthepoliciestheSupremeCourtis
seekingtoprotectinitsholding:
OurcommitmenttoApprendiinthiscontextreflectsnotjust
respectforlongstandingprecedent,buttheneedtogive
intelligiblecontenttotherightofjurytrial.Thatrightis
nomereproceduralformality,butafundamentalreservationof
powerinourconstitutionalstructure.Justassuffrageensures
thepeople'sultimatecontrolinthelegislativeandexecutive
branches,jurytrialismeanttoensuretheircontrolinthe
judiciary.SeeLetterXVbytheFederalFarmer
(Jan.18,1788),reprintedin2TheCompleteAntiFederalist
315,320(H.Storinged.1981)(describingthejuryas"secur
[ing]tothepeopleatlarge,theirjustandrightfulcontroul
inthejudicialdepartment");JohnAdams,DiaryEntry(Feb.
12,1771),reprintedin2Works00000Adams252,253(C.
Adamsed.1850)("[T]hecommonpeople,shouldhaveascompletea
control...ineveryjudgmentofacourtofjudicature"
asinthelegislature);LetterfromThomasJeffersontotheAbbe'
Arnoux(July19,1789),reprintedin15PapersofThomas
Jefferson282,283(1.Boyded.1958)("WereIcalleduponto
decidewhetherthepeoplehadbestbeomittedin
theLegislativeorJudiciarydepartment,Iwouldsayitisbetter
toleavethemoutoftheLegislative");Jonesv.UnitedStates,
526U.S.227,244248(1999).Apprendicarriesoutthisdesign
byensuringthatthejudge'sauthoritytosentencederives
whollyfromthejury'sverdict.Withoutthatrestriction,thejury
wouldnotexercisethecontrolthattheFramersintended.
Blakely,542U.S.at305306.
Therefore,underfederalconstitutionallaw,Defendantwasdenieddueprocessoflawby
sentencinghimtolifewithoutparolewithoutfirstpleadingandsubmittinghisrecidivismtothe
juryfortheirdetermination.Defendant'ssentencemustbevacated.
7
l~Z
IV. ADEQUATEANDDWEPENDENTSTATEGROUNDS:
Nonnally,whenconsideringstateconstitutionalprovisionsascomparedtosimilarfederal
provisions,thereexistsparalleljurisprudencesothatonemaycomparestatewithfederalonthe
sameissue.Thatisnotthecasehere.Until1974,inGeorgia,juriesfixedthesentence,aswellas
theissueofguiltorinnocence:
Thejuryintheirverdictonthetrialofallcasesof
felonynotpunishablebylifeimprisonmentshall
prescribeaminimumandmaximumtenn,whichshall
bewithintheminimumandmaximumprescribedby
lawsasthepunishmentforsaidcrime,andthejudgein
imposingthesentenceshallcommitsaidconvicted
persontothepenitentiaryinaccordancewiththe
verdictofthejury.
Ga.CodeAnn.272502(repealed1974).
Theforegoingstatutewasreplacedbytoday'sO.C.G.A.17101and171O2. Itisimportantto
notethatthejudgehadnoabilitytorejectthejurysentence.Hewasboundbytheirfinding.
Nonetheless,itisdifficulttoascertainthecontoursofGeorgialawonthisparticularissue.
In1798,Georgiaadoptedthestateconstitution.Art.IV,Vstates;"Freedomofthepress,
andtrialbyjury,asheretoforeusedinthisState,shallremaininviolate;andnopostfactolawshall
bepassed."Today,thesimilarsectionreads:
Therighttotrialbyjuryshallremaininviolate,except
thatthecourtshallrenderjudgmentwithoutthe
verdictofajuryinallcivilcaseswherenoissuable
defenseisfiledandwhereajuryisnotdemandedin
writingbyeitherparty.Incriminalcases,the
defendantshallhaveapublicandspeedytrialbyan
impartialjury;andthejuryshallbethejudgesofthe
lawandthefacts.
153
''''
GeorgiaConst.Art.I,1,jXI.
ThereappearstobenoGeorgiacaselawdirectlyonpointregardingthisissueasitis
presentedintheU.S.SupremeCourtopinionsdiscussedabove.Theanswer,then,liesinthe
phrase"thejuryshallbethejudgesofthelawandthefacts."Today,itisstandardcriminal
procedureforthejudgetochargethejuryonitsroleinascertainingthetruefactsofaparticular
case,andthengivesthejurythelawthecourtbelievesthejuryshouldapplytothosefactsin
renderingitsverdict.Inthecaseatbar,thejurywasnotthejudgeofthefactswithrespectto
whethertheDefendantwasarecidivist.AndwhethertheDefendantwasarecidivistwascritical
tohissentenceofLWP.Therefore,pursuanttoParagraphXI,Defendant'sconstitutionalrightto
havethejurydeterminethelawandfactsofhiscasedecidedbyajurywasviolated.Hissentence
mustbevacated.
Asallegoricalsupport,thekidnappingstatuteisillustrative.Asnotedabove,a.C.G.A.
16540hasdifferentlevelsofpunishment.Whattriggersthesedifferencesarethefactsofa
particularcase.16540(b)(1)mandatesatwentyyearsentencewhenthevictimisabovetheage
of14.16540(b)(2)mandatesalifesentenceorasplitsentenceof25yearsfollowedby
probationforlife,ifthevictimisundertheageof14.Similarly, 16540(b)(3)mandateslifeor
deathifthekidnappingwasforransomandSection40(b)(4)mandateslifeordeathifthevictim
receivedbodilyinjury.TheState,ifitwishestoseetheimpositionofthehigherdegreesof
punishmentitmustpleadandprovethefactsgivingrisetoalifesentence(injury/ransom).See
Robertsv.State,158Ga.App.309(1981).Therefore,it'sthejurythatfindsthefactsnecessaryto
imposethehighersentence.
-9
lb~
InJonesv.State,63Ga.141(1879)(citedinApprendi530U.S.,514(1.Thomasconcurring),
theGeorgiaSupremeCourtheldthatitwasnecessarytoallegeallthefactsnecessary
forthejurytodeterminewhetheralarcenywascommittedatnight,orduringtheday,inorderforthe
jurytofixthesentence.DoingcrimeatnightinGeorgia,backintheday,gotthecriminalsomeextra
timeinthehoosegow.
Finally,theGeorgiaSupremeCourthasconsideredApprendiindeathpenaltycases.The
mostrecentopinionisJonesv.State,Ga.SupremeCourtDocketNo.S07A0573(October29,
2007).Seealso,Terrellv.State,276Ga.34(2002).Inthesecases,thecourthasuniformlyheldthat
thepleadingrequirementsfoundinApprendidonotapplyunderGeorgialaw.Thatis;itisnot
requiredtolisttheaggravatingfactorsnecessaryfortheimpositionofthedeathpenaltyinthe
defendant'sindictment.Indoingso,thecourtreliesonthefactthattheFederalconstitutionallaw
th
regardinggrandjuryandindictmentsarefoundinthe5 AmendmentoftheU.S.Constitutionand
thattheserequirementshavenotbeenmadeapplicabletothestateviathedueprocessclauseofthe
th
14 Amendment.Further,inJones,thecourtheldthatGeorgialawdoesnotrequirethelistingof
theaggravatingfactorsinanindictmentwheretheStateisseekingthedeathpenalty.Notice
requirementsaresatisfiedintheUniformProcedureAct.But,inallsuchcases,thejury,notthecourt,
findstheexistenceofthosefactors.Andthatispreciselytheissueadvancedhere;thejurymust
determinerecidivismbeforeLWPcanbeimposed.
CONCLUSION
th
Insum,ourpositionisasfollows;underfederalconstitutionallawviathe6 and14
th
Amendments,GeorgiaisrequiredtohavethejurydeterminewhethertheDefendantisarecidivist
forsentencingunderO.C.G.A.17107(b)andthattheAlmendarezexceptionisnolongervalid
- 10
.1~5
underexistingprecedentandcourtdicta,andshouldbeoverruled.AstoGeorgialaw,thejuryisto
be"judgeofthelawandthefacts"accordingtoourstateconstitution.Section17107(b)invades
theprovinceofthejuryinthatlifewithoutparoleisimposeduponafindingofafactbythejudge,
notthejury.And,underGeorgialaw,wearenotclaimingthatrecidivismmustbepleadasa
matterofstatelaw,but,aswithstatutoryfactorsindeathpenaltycases,aproceduremustbefound
thatpennitsthejurytoascertainallthefactsnecessarytothesentenceimposed.Therefore,the
Defendant'ssentencemustbevacated.
This20thdayofDecember,2007.
!ew&!;
L16yd'W.Walker '
GeorgiaBarNo.723336
119ShadowoodLane
Tel.7706318187
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STATEOFGEORGIA
200SR043SA&B
STATEOFGEORGIA,
plaintiff,
Charges:
13: ArmedRobbery
46: Kidnaping
7: Possession ofafirearm
duringthe
commission
ofacrime
v
DARRELL.BROWN&
ANDREL.EE,
Defendants.
HEARD BEFORETHEHONORABLECHRISTOPHERC.EDWARDS
JUDGE, SUPERIORCOURT
GRIFFIN JUDICIALCIRCUIT
FAYETTECOUNTYCOURTHOUSE
FAYETTEVILLE, GEORGIA
~fr.;\
DECEMBER21, 2007
w; 1
~\Q;~tf
MOTION FORNEWTRIAL
APPEARANCESOFCOUNSEL:
For theState:
ForDefendant
Lee:
For Defendant Brown:
Mr.GregoryStein
officeoftheDistrictAttorney
1CenterDrive
Fayetteville,
Georgia
30214
7707164250
Mr.GeorgeWeldon
145JohnsonAvenue
Fayetteville,
Georgia
7707164340
Mr.LloydW.walker
119Shadowood Lane
peachtreecity,Georgia
7706318187
30214
30269
GriffinJudicialcircuit770
7164275
J.DarrylBrooks.OfficialCourtReporter
PROCEEDING5
THE COURT: okay.
Let'sgetthemotionfora
newtrialout
ofhere.Thatlastmattertookalittle
longerthanI
thought.
Mr.walker.
Yes, Judge.
MR. WALKER:
THE COURT: Your, your
MR. WALKER:
Judge,Ifileda
motion.
Thankyou,
Judge.
briefonthe,the
issues.
filedanamendedmotionfornewtrialyesterday,and I
10
filedabriefwiththeCourtthis
11
copyofthebrieftoyouandtheDistrictAttorney
12
yesterdayafternoon.
Judge,this
13
think,
morning.
faxed
thisissue,I
15
thesehearings.Thisbriefandthemotionfornewtrial
16
isdirectedtomyattackona.C.G.A.17107(b),thelife
17
withoutparolestatuteunderwhichmyclientwas
18
sentenced,givenfiveconsecutivelifesentenceswithout
19
parole.
andit'smaybethethirdtimein
I'vebrokenitdownintotwodistinctareas.
21
Thereisfederalcaselawonthisandthenthereis,very
22
littleinfact,Georgiacaselawonthis.
23
;sthefourthtimewe'vediscussed
14
20
The federal
case
lawis not,asIpointoutin
24
thebrief,thefederalcaselawhasanexceptioninit.
2S
Theleadcase isthe ;n,
under federal
law;sthe
holdonjustasecondnowI'mhavingaproblem
Yeah,theApprendicase,Apprendiv.New
Jersey,530u.s.466,which
priorconviction,anindividual'sinorderfora
sentencingcourttoimposeasentencethatisenhancedor
isabovethestatutorymaximum,thattheCourtthe
jurymustfindallfactsnecessarytothatparticular
toimpose that sentence.

Now, in thiscase
states,hasstated,absenta
theGeorgia,theGeorgia
10
statutoryframework,
asyou wellknow,aswedid inthis
11
case,17107(b),yousentencedhimtolifewithout
12
parolebasedontheconvictioninLouisianathathe
13
receivedforarmedrobberybackinthe'80s.
What I am saying, Judge,isthatthefederal
14
15
caselaw, although ithasn'treachedthepointI
16
shouldbeat,is,issaying
17
whetherornotanindividual
18
youtousethatsentence,inorderforyoutoimposethat
19
sentence.
20
thatthejurymustdetermine
isarecidivistinorderfor
NOW, under and that'sunder

NOW,
there
thinkit
federal
isone casethough,thatisagainst
21
meunderfederal law; it'stheAlmendarezTorres
22
That'sat
23
thatI'mtalking
24
thefactsnecessaryforthesentenceimposed,is,does
523U.S. 224.
notincludeprior
law.
Basicallyitsays
case.
thattheissue
about, whetherajuryshouldpassonall
convictions,recidivist.
That would
seemtobe,underfederallaw,fataltotheargumentI'm
making.
case,youwillsee
thatcasehascriticizedAlmendarezTorresandifyou
takealookatthe
readingtealeavesastowho'sgoingtovoteduringthe
nextbasedonpriorvotesisnotreally,areallygood
waytoanalyzeit.
seriouslycriticizedtheAlmendarezTorresexceptionand
10
However,if you takealookattheApprendi

intheirdictawherethemajorityln
voting,thevotingandIknow
Butthe,the,theApprendicasevery
butdidnotreachit,
becauseitwasn'tbeforethem.
11
TheSupremeCourthasbeenverycareful.
12
Becauseobviouslythey'regoingthroughaprocessby
13
whichthey'rereviewingall
14
judges,allthesesentencingschemes,and
15
itincrementally.Theytakeeachcaseasitcomesto
16
them;theyfocuson particularissuesthatareimportant
17
tothatcase,andtheyveryclearlyandverycarefully
18
exclude everything
else.
19
AlmendarezTorres,
andJusticeThomas,whowasvoted,
20
wasinthemajorityontheAlmendarezTorrescase,has
21
changedhismind.Itsaysso"inhisconcurrenceinthe
22
Apprendjcase,whichwouldbasicallychange,wouldhave
23
changed theoutcome ofthe,
24
rightnow,current
25
federal
thisenhanced sentencingby
they'redoing
Andtheyhavesaidindicta,in
theexceptionthatis
law,isfavorabletowhatI
THECOURT: Was thisaconstitutional
25
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
13
14
15
16
1
7
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
It'stheSixthAmendmentrighttotrialbyJury.
AndatGeorgiaand,andtheissueis,theprecise
issueiswhatfactsneedtobefoundbythejuryforasentencetobe
imposed.Andwhatthey'refocusingonarebasicallywhattheycall
p
ri
n
ci
pl
e
?
M
R
.
W
A
L
K
sentencingfactors,andtheuse;nbothfederalcourtsandinthe
statecourtsoffactorsthatarenotpartofthecrimeitselfinorderto
determinethesentence.Andthequestioniswhetherornotajudge
cantakeanoutsidefact,Blakelyv.washington
THECOURT:Evena,evenaconviction.
MR.WALKER:Theexceptionisconvictions,
whichiswhatmyproblemis.
THECOURT:Yeah,that'stheproblem.
MR.WALKER:That'stheproblem.
THECOURT:Imean,thisisn'tlikea,an
aggravatingcircumstanceinadeathcase
MR.WALKER:There's,there'ssimilarities.THE
COURT:But,Imean,it'snota
MR.WALKER:It'snotsomethingajuryfinds.
THECOURT:Anaggravatingcircumstanceina
deathcasegoestothecircumstanceofthecrimeitself,sothere
necessarilycanhavebeennopriorconviction
s
,
s
i
r
.
MR.WALKER: T
1
2
Honor.
THECOURT: f
there'sapriorconvictionof
competentjurisdiction,Im
tocognizethat,
Ithink.
MR.WALKER: T
THECOURT: A
MR.WALKER: I
10
Court'sdecisionunderfeder
11
itdid,
12
pointwhereI'matwhereI'm
13
Judge,nothing
14
challengeit.
because thefeder
everhappe
15
Somy poinL he
16
thattheSupremeCourtmay
17
will,getridoftherecidivis
18
general rule that all fa
19
wouldhaveto
be foundby
20
Statelawonthis
21
brought independentadequ
22
analternative
23
becomes,itbecomesdifficu
24
to,difficulttoanalyze,beca
25
Georgia,
considerat
juriesfixed
th
Sowedon'thavethetypeofcaselawin
1
2
Georgiathatexistselsewhere,thatexistsinthefederal
lawastowhat,whatiswithintheprovinceofthe,ofa
juryunder state constitutionallawandwhat
Because up until
and, and thatmeans thatwe don'thaveabodyof1awwe
can look at.
'74thejurydecidedeverything.
Sowhat I'vedone
isnot.
in,inanalyzing
astoadequateindependentstategroundsis,
itself,
And,
thisissue
I
went
10
totheconstitution
11
whichbasicallysaysthattherighttoajurytrialshall
12
remaininviolate.
13
the juryshallbe
theGeorgiaconstitution,
Butitalsosaysoneother
thing,that
thejudgesofthelawandthefacts.
NOW,whatIargueinmybriefandwhatI'm
14
15
reiterating
16
meaning.wedon'taphrasethatappearsinthe
17
constitutionmusthavesomemeaning.
here, isthatthatphrasehastohavesome
Weall knowthatajuryisthejudgeofthe
18
19
factsin
20
works,ofcourseweareallfamiliarwiththatis
21
that the jurydecidesthefacts,theCourtgivesthejury
22
thelawthatitthinksshouldbeappliedtothefacts,
23
and thejurythen
24
and combinesthemandreachesaverdict.
25
back
everycase.
Whatthe,whatthetheway
applies,judgesthelawand
I'msaying
thatthatphrasemandatesthat
it
thefacts
the
7
jury be included in the, inthedecision,
inthefinding
ofwhetheror
thatinorderforthejurytobethejudgeofthelaw
andLhe facLs it, completelyfor,for
done, those,
not heisarecidivist,thatthe
jurymust
the case, must be
thosefactsmustbefoundbythejury.
Now,
onpoint in that regard.
Because,likeI
anissuethat'severbeen
considered byourcourts.
andfrankly these,
don'thaveanyGeorgiacaselawdirectly
these, .thesefederal
said, it'snot
case law
10
involvingthestatesentencingschemesreallydidn't
11
start
12
inan
todevelop untilthe'80sandthe'90s.
areathat'skindof
will,
Sowe're
gray.
will statethattheGeorgiaSupreme
13
14
Courtis,;squiteaware
15
dealwithitindeathpenaltycases.
16
saidtheApprendicasehastwo,twothingsinit.
17
It'sone
18
facts.
19
some fashion.
that
And,
ofthefederalcaselawand
they
Andwhatthey've
it, thatyouhavetohavejurypassingon
ButApprendialso saysyou'vegot
topleadit
in
TheGeorgiasupremeCourthassaidthepleading
20
21
requirementinApprendi;snotapplicabletousindeath
22
penalty cases,
23
thosethat,thatrighthasnotbeenmadeapplicableto
24
thestatesviatheFourteenthAmendmentoftheu.s.
25
Constitution.
becausethat'saFifthAmendment right and
Thereforewecanturn,
wecanfocussolely
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
onGeorgialawwithrespecttowhathasbeenpled,tomakeit,
makeanindictmentgood.Andthatthenoticeprovisionsofthe
UniformproceduresActadequatelygivenoticeandadequately
protectdueprocessrightsunderGeorgialaw,sowedon'thaveto
pleadit,inthe,inthe,intheindictment,justsolongasthose
THECOURT:You'resayingthisisSixth
Amendment,whichisincorporated.
MR.WALKER:IntheSixthAmendment,whichis
incorporated.SoI
THECOURT:Iunderstandtheargument.
MR.WALKER:what1'msayingisthatnotunder
statelawamIaskingtheCourttoimposepleadingrequirements.
WhatI'msayingisthatwehavetocomeupwithaprocedure
wherebybifurcatedtrial,somethinglikethat,liketheydowitha
deathpenaltycase,wherethejuryfindsguiltorinnocence,and
thenisgiventheoptionofdeterminingwhetherornotthe
individual'sarecidivist.Oncethatdeterminationismade,thenthe
judgeappliesthelawtothosefindings.Andthatisessentiallythe,
theargument.
Oneotherinmy'amendedmotionfornewtrial, I
didraisetheissueofthepretrialpublicity.Youdevelopeda
procedureforthat.Imayormaynottestthat.Ijustwanttomake
surethattheissueis
resolved,
oris,isreservedfor,forappeal.
THE
COURT: well,
it is.
Isthereanyother
evidenceoranythingelsethatneedstobeputinthe
record, onthatoranyotherpoint?
MR.WALKER: NO,sir.
groundisthatnot,
isonecase,thereis
thatifyouhad
No. Theonlyother
notmentionedinmybriefthere
oneprincipleoflawthatstates
therighttoa
whenTheGeorgiaConstitutionwas
enacted,the
10
alltherightsthatwere,thatyouhadwhenthat
11
Constitutionwasenactedin1798,includingtherightto
12
trialbyjury,werepreservedand
13
thelegislature.Andmyargumentwouldbethatwewould,
14
thatifwegobackthatfarandfindout,wewillfind
15
thatthejurieswereinvolvedinthesentencing,aswell
16
as the
THECOURT: You're a
17
18
MR.WALKER: well, in
thiscaseI
mighthaveto
be.
21
THECOURT: Today?
22
MR.WALKER: The, the

don't feelthatthe
23
24
thisCourt
25
issue.
10
strict constructionist,
Mr.Walker?
19
20
cannotbe changedby
state argumentagain,
federalargumentis,isonethat
can address itselfto,
becauseit'safederal
I don't expectyoutoanticipateaSupremeCourt
hearing,
federal
adecisionthathasn'thappenedyetunder
law.
Thestateissueisalittlemoreinteresting
3
4
and, and it'sgoingto
resolve,
ifweget itup there.
THECOURT: well, well, thankyou.
6
7
to,I
walker.
orderthat
10
think,
take alittlebitofthinkingto
I,I
want
dowant to say thisaboutthis,thisbusiness
Mr.
I,Iwanttoberealclearaboutthis,this
entered November13withregard
tobringing
Mr.Brown back.
11
MR.WALKER:
Yes, sir.
12
THE COURT: I ifIwant,Iwantyouto
13
understand,whenI,whenIsignedthatordertobringhim
14
backand then
15
prison;
16
him.
17
decided to, tovacate it.
I'mnot
And
thought,hold
ona
secondthatguyisin
sureI want to send theSheriffafter
thoughtbetterofitandstudied
itand
AndIenteredthisordersayingyouhadn't
18
19
filed it,
20
itsays,
21
thinkthatwasaMonday"itappearsMr.walkerhadnot
22
filed this order.'"
23
Friday,andyoupromptlytookitto
24
it,I
2S
11
orthatyoumaynothavefiledit.
Actually,
"OncheckingtheICONsystemtoday"andI
well,I thinkIsigneditona
think like a Fridayafternoon

MR.WALKER:
Yes, sir.
theclerk
andfiled
THECOURT:anditdidn'tgetontheICON
1
2
system,just
likeitsays.
MR.WALKER: I understand,Judge.
THECOURT: Andsomyapprehensionwasthat
maybe youtookthembacktotheoffice,asalotof
lawyersdo,madecopiesofthem,mailedthemtothe
Sheriffandthe
theSheriffmaygetthisthingandthink,well,I've
nothingelsetodo,orIhaveafreemantoday,and,and
clerk.
Andifthathappened,Ithought,
10
sendsomebodyontobringMr.
Brownback,whenthelaw
11
didn'trequirethecountyberesponsibleforthat
12
expense.
AndsoIwasinnowayinsinuatingthatyouhad
13
14
donesomethingdilatoryornegligentor,orinanyor
15
certainlynotinanyway
16
order.
manipulative,bynotfilingthe
17
MR.WALKER: I understand.
18
THECOURT:Andtotheextentthatthisorder
19
createdthatimpression,I'msorry.
20
MR.WALKER: I, I,
21
THE COURT: Ihavethegreatestrespectfor
22
you.
23
well,thatcouldbetaken
24
wereholding
25
wasn't trying to imply that.
12
AndI, Ionrereadingit,itoccurredtome,
the order.
thewrongwaytosaythatyou
Andyoudidn'tdothat,andI
Iwas,tothecontrary,
justandIthinkwecalledtheofficeandgotavoice
mail orsomethingfromyou
MR.WALKER: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: But,you know,Iwantyouto
understand the reason
did it,
wrote it.
was innomeanssuggestingthat,
thatyouweren'tdoinganything
providingthemostzealousrepresentationforMr.Brown.
SoI hope you understand that.
And
was,
and,and the waythatI

butpresiding,you
10
MR. WALKER: Absolutely,
11
THECOURT: Okay. Thankyou. Yes, sir.
12
Judge.
MR.WALKER: Thankyou.
14
THECOURT: Okay. And, ifIcould
hear from
Mr.weldonforamoment,please.
MR.WELDON: Your Honor, aswediscussed
16
17
previously,Ithink,theywerecodefendantsprobably
18
withthesamecasenumber.
19
doesn'thaveadoginthefightthatwasjustbeforethe
20
Court.
AsfarasMr.Leegoes,he
21
THECOURT: Right.
22
MR.WELDON: Andwe'rejustaskingI'm
I understandthat.
23
appearingtodayonbehalfofMr.saia,whose
24
we'rejustaskingtheCourttoruleonthemotionas
25
submitted.
13
Yes,
sir.
13
15
know,
caseitis.
THECOURT:
All right,thankyou.
MR.STEIN:
Justbriefly,Your
THECOURT:
Sure.
MR.STEIN:
YourHonor,thisCourtwasvery
1
2
Andforthe
State?
thorough in debating this issuebefore.
whatMr.walker said,
thisisavery
Honor.
And contraryto
thisisnotagrayareaofthelaw,
blackandwhiteareaofthelaw.
I'vegotacasehere,schumanv.State;it'sa
10
CourtofAppealsofGeorgiacase,citation
11
App.335.
12
defendanthadchallengedtheO.C.G.A.17107(b),the
13
cruxofthis
matter,
14
inthiscase
heldthat,hintedthatthecaseofOrtiz,
15
whichistheGeorgiaSupremeCourtcase,hadforeclosed
16
thisargumentandthat17107(b)wasconstitutional
17
underboththeUnitedStatesconstitutionandtheGeorgia
18
Constitution.
And this casesaysinthiscasethe
ortizwas
19
is 244Ga.
was unconstitutional.
AndtheCourt
decidedin1996.Thecitationis266
20
Ga.752.
21
themajorityopinionandsaidthatthechoiceof
22
sentencingvialegislature;snotsubjecttojudicial
23
reviewunlessit'sgrosslydisproportionatetothe
24
sentence received.
25
opinedthat
14
Chief Justice,
atthetime,Benham,
wrotethe,
AndChiefJusticeBenhamfurther
keeping, keepingrecidivists
from keeping,
fromcommittingmoredangerouscrimesiscertainly
proportionatetoalifesentenceunderarecidivist
statute,andthatthesepeopleneedtobeisolatedfrom
society.
Thiscasealsosaidthatthearecidivism
statuteisnotunconstitutionaljustbecause
itis
mandatory.
Andthis casealsocitedtheU.s.Supreme
Courtcase
ofRummel v.Estelle;it's445U.s.263.And
again,thisjuststatedthat,thiscasestatedthatit
10
wasn'tunconstitutionalbecausethepunishmentwas
11
proportionatetothecrimecommittedandhadthegoalof
12
protectingpeoplefromrecidivists,andthatthe
13
punishmentwasn'tunconstitutional
14
mandatory.
THECOURT: Okay.well,
15
16
I'lltake
itunder
advisementandissueanorderinbothcases.
(Whereupon, theabovetitledmatter
17
18
becauseitwas
was
concluded.)
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
5
CERTIFICATION
STATEOFGEORGIA:
COUNTYOFFAYETTE:
I,J.
Darryl Brooks,(CertificateNO.81543),
officialcourtReporter,certifythattheforegoingtranscript
inthematterofSTATEOFGEORGIAvDARRELLBROWN&ANDRE
LEE,IndictmentNo.2005R0435(A&B),consistingofpagesone
through15,wastakendownandthentranscribedbyme,and
thatthesameisatrue,
saidmatterasreported
correctandcompletetranscriptof
byme.
rfurthercertifythatIamadisinterestedparty
tothisactionandthat
Iamneitherofkinnorcounsel
toany
ofthepartiesthereto.
Thiscertificationisexpresslywithdrawnand
denieduponthedisassemblyorphotocopyingoftheforegoing
transcript,oranypartthereof,unlesssaiddisassemblyor
photocopyingisdonebytheundersignedofficialcourt
reporterandoriginalsignatureandsealisattachedthereto.
Inwitnessthereof,Ihaveherebyaffixedmy
andsealonthis
hand
11thdayofJune,2008.
~_r
7')
"''''.I''iA/
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,__
J.DAR~ BROOKS,CCR
OfficialCourtReporter,B1543
GriffinJudicial
Circuit
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INTHESUPERIORCOURTOFFAYE'ITECOUNlY
STATEOFGEORGIA
STATEOFGEORGIA,
Plaintiff,
v.
DARRELL
BROWN,
Def
end
ant.
)
)
)
)
CaseNo.
200SR043sA
)
)
)
ORDER
Uponargumentofcounseltodayonthedefendant'smotionfornewtrial,themotion
fornewtrialisdenied.
SOORDEREDthis21StdayofDecember,2007.
~
CHRISTOPHERC.EDWARDS
SUp'eriorCourtJudge
GriffinJudicialCircuit
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ThisistocertifYthatIhaveservedthefollowingcounselofrecordwithacopyofthe
OrderbydepositingintheUnitedStatesMailacopyofsameinanenvelopewithadequate
postagethereonaddressedasfollows:
LloydWalker
119ShadowoodLane
JoeSaia
145JohnsonAvenueP.
O.box1659
RandallCoggin
OfficeoftheDistrictAttorney
OneCenterDrive
This21stdayofDecember,2007.
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1~9
INTHESUPREMECOURT
STATEOFGEORGIA
STATEOFGEORGIA
Appellee,
v.
DARRELLBROWN
Appellant.
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
DOCKETNO:
S08A1878
BRIEFOFAPPELLANTDARRELLBROWN
LloydW.Walker,II.
GeorgiaBarNo.723336
119ShadowoodLane
Tel. 7706318187
Fax.7707831458
AttorneyforAppellantDarrellBrown
B)DIDTHETRIALCOURTERRINOVERRULINGTHEGENERAL
DEMURRERREGARDINGTHECONTITUTIONALITYOFO.C.G.A.17
107(b)INVIOLATIONOFAPPELLANT'SFEDERALCONSTITUTIONAL
TH
RIGHTTOATRIALBYJURYASGUARANTEEDBYTHE6
AMENDMENTTOTHEUNITEDSTATESCONSITUTIONMADE
TH
APPLICABLETOSTATEPROCEEDINGSVIATHE14 AMENDMENT
OFTHEUNITEDSTATESCONSTITUTION?
Theissueisstatedthus:UponnoticebytheStateofitsintentintroducethe
Appellant'scriminalhistoryasarecidivistatsentencing,doesadefendantindicted
foraseriousviolentfelony,havetheconstitutionalrighttohavethejurydetermine
beyondareasonabledoubt,whetherheis,infact,arecidivist,andthereforesubject
toenhancedormandatorysentencing?Iftheanswertothatinquiryisyes,then
Georgia'stwostrikemandatorysentencingschemeisunconstitutional,andthe
Appellant'ssentenceoflifewithoutparolemustbevacated.Therightsinvolved
th
aretheAppellant'srighttoatrialbyjuryasguaranteedinthe6 Amendmentof
theUnitedStateConstitutionmadeapplicabletoStateproceedingsviathedue
th
processclauseofthe14 AmendmentoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.As
demonstratedbelow,Appellant'ssentencemustbevacated.
9. GEORGIA'SSTATUTORYFRAMEWORK:
Appellant'slifewithoutparolesentenceswereimposedpursuanttoO.C
G.A.17107(b)whichstates:
(1)Asusedinthissubsection,theterm"seriousviolent
felony"meansaseriousviolentfelonyasdefined in
subsection(a)ofCodeSection17106.1.
(2)Anypersonwhohasbeenconvictedofaserious
violentfelonyinthisstateorwhohasbeenconvicted
underthelawsofanyotherstateoroftheUnitedStatesof
acrimewhichifcommittedinthisstatewouldbea
seriousviolentfelonyandwhoaftersuchfirstconviction
subsequentlycommitsandisconvictedofaserious
violentfelonyforwhichsuchpersonisnotsentencedto
deathshallbesentencedtoimprisonmentforlifewithout
parole.Anysuchsentenceoflifewithoutparoleshallnot
besuspended,stayed,probated,deferred,orwithheld,and
anysuchpersonsentencedpursuanttothisparagraphshall
notbeeligibleforanyformofpardon,parole,orearly
releaseadministeredbytheStateBoardofPardonsand
Parolesorforanyearnedtime,earlyrelease,workrelease,
leave,oranyothersentencereducingmeasuresunder
programsadministeredbytheDepartmentofCorrections,
theeffectofwhichwouldbetoreducethesentenceoflife
imprisonmentwithoutpossibilityofparole,exceptasmay
beauthorizedbyanyexistingorfutureprovisionsofthe
Constitution.(Italicssupplied).
a.C.G.A.17106.l(a)(2)definesarmedrobberyasaseriousviolentfelonyand
17106.l(a)(3)defmeskidnappingasaseriousviolentfelony.
Inreachingthesentencingdecision,thecourtconductsapresentencehearing
pursuanttoa.C.G.A.17102(a)(l):
Exceptincasesinwhichthedeathpenaltyorlifewithout
parolemaybeimposed8,uponthereturnofaverdictof
"guilty"bythejuryinanyfelonycase,thejudgeshall
dismissthejuryandshallconductapresentencehearing
8Theexceptionstatedinthefirstphrasedoesnotapplytothiscase,eventhough life
withoutparolewasimposed.Readinconjunctionwith17102(c),theexception
appliesonlytocaseswheretheStateisseekingthedeathpenalty.Thiscasehas
nothingtodowithcapitalmurder,ortheproceduralrulesgoverningtheapplication
ofthedeathpenalty.
atwhichtheonlyissueshallbethedetenninationof
punishmenttobeimposed.Inthehearingthejudgeshall
hearadditionalevidenceinextenuation,mitigation,and
aggravationofpunishment,includingtherecordofany
priorcriminalconvictionsandpleasofguiltyornolo
contendereofthedefendant,ortheabsenceofanyprior
convictionandpleas.(Italicssupplied).
Thissectionmandatesapresentencehearinguponreturnoftheverdict.Thecourt
uponreceiptofevidenceofapriorconvictionviacertifiedcopies,isrequiredto
apply17107(b)(2).Thus,Appellant'sconvictiononthetwocountsofanned
robberyandthreecountsofkidnappingresultedinthefivelifesentenceswithout
parole.Infollowingthestatutorydictate,thetrialcourthadnoalternativebutto
imposethesentenceitdid.
35.
LIFEWITHOUTPAROLEEXCEEDSTHESTATUTORY
MAXIMUMFORARMEDROBBERYANDKIDNAPPING.
LWPisauniquesentence.Itcanonlybeimposedundertwodistinct
9
circumstancesinvolvingseriousviolentfelonies. Thefirstisinacapitalmurder
trialwheretheStateseeksthedeathpenalty.Thejury,asanalternativetodeath,is
empoweredtoimposeLWP.O.C.G.A.171030.1.However,inordertoimpose
LWPthejurymustfindatleastoneoftheaggravatingfactorsetforthinO.C.G.A.
171030fortheimpositionofthedeathpenalty.Therefore,amurderdefendant
9ThereisathirdmeansbywhichLWPmaybeimposedwhichinvolvesthe
impositionofalifesentenceunderO.C.G.A.161330(d)andO.C.G.A.17107(c).
SeeButlerv.State,281Ga.310(2006).
facingthedeathpenaltyisgrantedjuryconsiderationonthefactorswhichmay
leadtoLWPasasentence.
ThesecondcircumstanceiswhichLWPmaybeimposedispursuantto
O.C.G.A.17107(b)assetforthabove.Inthatinstance,thejuryhasnorolein
determiningwhetherLWPisimposed.
Outsidethesetwocircumstances,individualsconvictedofkidnappingare
subjecttoaminimumoftenandamaximumoftwentyyearsinprisonprovidedthe
victimwasolderthan14,andneitherransomorbodilyinjuryresultedfromthe
event.Ifthevictimisunder14orbodilyinjuryorransomarefound,alife
sentenceisauthorized.O.C.G.A.16540.Inthecaseatbar,absentapplicationof
17107(b),themosttheAppellantcouldreceivewas20years.Forarmed
robbery,theindividualmaybesentencedtoeither20yearsorlife.O.C.G.A.17841
(b).Inthecaseatbar,theAppellantwaseligibleforlifesentencesonthe
armedrobberyverdicts.Therefore,LWPisoutsidethestatutorymaximumsfor
armedrobberyandkidnapping.Thus,LWPisaspecial,enhancedsentencebased
uponcircumstancesnotfoundintheunderlyingcrimes.
III.
FEDERALCASELAW:
TheleadingcaseinvolvingthisissueisApprendiv.NewJersey,530U.S.
466(2000).InApprendi,thecourtinvalidatedaNewJerseysentencingscheme
whereaDefendantpledguiltytotwocountsofseconddegreepossessionofa
firearm,andonecountofunlawfulpossessionofapersonnelbomb.TheState
reservedtherighttoseekanenhancedsentencepursuanttoNewJersey'shate
crimestatute.Id.,at470471.TheDefendantreceiveda12yearsentence,which
wasoutsidethelimitsofthesentencenormallyimposedforthesetypesofcrimes.
Thesentencingcourtbaseditsdecisiononthehatecrimestatutewhere,ifthe
judgefoundbyapreponderanceoftheevidencethatcrimewasmotivatedbyhate
againstrace,creedornationality,anadditionalnumberofyearswasappliedtothe
sentence.Hence,thedefendanttherereceivedasentence"enhanced"bythe
findingofanadditionalfactbythetrialjudge.Id.,at471.TheSupremeCourt
reversed.Indoingso,theSupremeCourtheldthateveryfactessentialtothe
verdictandsentencemustbedeterminedbyajury.Id.,at490.
A)
THEALMENDAREZEXCEPTION:
WhiletheholdinginApprendiappearstosupportAppellant'spositionhere,
thereisanexceptiontoitsholdingdirectlyonpoint.ThatcaseisAlmendarez
Torresv.UnitedStates,523U.S.224(1998).InAlmendarez,theSupremeCourt
affirmedanenhancedsentenceunderfederallaw,whichwasbasedsolelyonthe
defendant'spriorcriminalhistory.Inaddition,theApprendicourt,aswellasmore
recentdecisions,acknowledgedthisexception.Thusisappearstheholdingin
Almendarezisfataltoourargument.However,dictaintheApprendidecision
clearlyindicatesthisexceptionisonshakygroundwiththeSupremeCourt.
EventhoughitisarguablethatAlmendarezTorreswas
incorrectlydecided,[footnoteomitted]andthatalogical
applicationofourreasoningtodayshouldapplyifthe
recidivistissuewerecontested,Apprendidoesnotcontest
thedecision'svalidityandweneednotrevisititfor
purposesofourdecisiontodaytotreatthecaseasanarrow
exceptiontothegeneralrulewerecalledattheoutset.
Givenitsuniquefacts,itsurelydoesnotwarrantrejection
oftheotherwiseuniformcourseofdecisionduringthe
entirehistoryofourjurisprudence.
Insum,ourreexaminationofourcasesinthisarea,andof
thehistoryuponwhichtheyrely,confirmstheopinionthat
weexpressedinJones.Otherthanthefactofaprior
conviction,anyfactthatincreasesthepenaltyforacrime
beyondtheprescribedstatutorymaximummustbe
submittedtoajury,andprovedbeyondareasonabledoubt.
Withthatexception,weendorsethestatementoftherule
setforthintheconcurringopinionsinthatcase:"[I]tis
unconstitutionalforalegislaturetoremovefromthejury
theassessmentoffactsthatincreasetheprescribedrangeof
penaltiestowhichacriminaldefendantisexposed.Itis
equallyclearthat
suchfactsmustbeestablishedbyproofbeyonda
reasonabledoubt."526U.S.,at252253(opinionof
Stevens,J.);seealsoid.,at253(opinionofScalia,J.).
Id.,at490.See,Blakelyv.Washington,542U.S.296(2004);Cunninghamv.
California,U.S.SupremeCourtDocketNo.056551.
It isalsoworthnotingthatineachofthecasesdecidedsubsequentlyto
Apprendi,theSupremeCourtverycarefullydefinedeachissuebeingdecided
concerningandstatedclearlywhatwasnotbeingdecided.TheSupremeCourt
seemstobemovingincrementally,caseby
case,inthisarea,andhasnothadthe
Almendarezholdingdirectlycontestedbyanypetitioner.Therefore,wecontestthe
continuedviabilityoftheAlmendarezexceptionandtakeexceptiontoitsholding.
B)
THEPUBLICPOLICYATSTAKE:
InBlakely,supra,JusticeScaliaarticulatedthepoliciestheSupremeCourtis
seekingtoprotectinitsholding:
OurcommitmenttoApprendiinthiscontextreflectsnot
justrespectforlongstandingprecedent,buttheneedtogive
intelligiblecontenttotherightofjurytrial.Thatrightisno
mereproceduralformality,butafundamentalreservationof
powerinourconstitutionalstructure.Justassuffrageensures
thepeople'sultimatecontrolinthelegislativeandexecutive
branches,jurytrialismeanttoensuretheircontrolinthe
judiciary.SeeLetterXVbytheFederalFarmer(Jan.18,
1788),reprintedin2TheCompleteAntiFederalist315,320
(H.Storinged.1981)(describingthejuryas"secur[ing]to
thepeopleatlarge,theirjustandrightfulcontroulingthe
judicialdepartment");JohnAdams,DiaryEntry(Feb.
12,1771),reprintedin2WorksofJohnAdams252,253
(C.Adamsed.1850)("[T]hecommonpeople,shouldhave
ascompleteacontrol...ineveryjudgmentofacourt
ofjudicature"asinthelegislature);LetterfromThomas
JeffersontotheAbbe'Amoux(July19,1789),reprintedin
15PapersofThomasJefferson282,283(J.Boyded.1958)
("WereIcalledupontodecidewhetherthepeoplehadbest
beomittedintheLegislativeorJudiciarydepartment,I
wouldsayitisbettertoleavethemoutoftheLegislative");
Jonesv.United
States,526U.S.227,244248(1999).Apprendicarriesout
thisdesignbyensuringthatthejudge'sauthorityto
sentencederiveswhollyfromthejury'sverdict.Without
thatrestriction,thejurywouldnotexercisethecontrolthat
theFramersintended.
Blakely,542U.S.at
305306.
Therefore,underfederalconstitutionallaw,Appellantwasdenieddue
processoflawbysentencinghimtolifewithoutparolewithoutfirstpleadingand
submittinghisrecidivismtothejuryfortheirdetermination.Appellant'ssentence
mustbevacated.
WerecognizethatweareurgingthisCourtunderthisEnumerationto
anticipateachangeinfederalconstitutionallawbytheu.s.SupremeCourt.
WhetherthisCourtiswillingtodoso,isentirelywithinitsdiscretion.However,
nothingpreventsthisCourtfromissuingtherulingweareseekingherebasedupon
evolvingfederalconstitutionalprinciples.ButitiscleartheSupremeCourthasa
profoundanddeepconcernfortheprotectionsaffordedbytherighttotrialbyjury.
ThisCourtshouldsharethatconcernandissueanopinionconsistenttherelief
soughtherein.
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DRIVE
POWDERSPRINGS,
GA30127
AND
()
ANDRELEE
2445HOPKINS
DRIVEPOWDER
SPRINGS,GA30702
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ET.BOB
BAUTISTA
ET.SCOTT
g
GIBSON
DET.MELISSA
PEACOCK
FFiCERSCUIT
pms
IoFFICER
JOJOLA
ET.MARVIN
VINSON
=======================4lvFFlCE STAVENGER
~GT.STANLEY
Charge:
FFICERBRIANBISHOP
ASE#050604667
FAYETIEVILLEPOLICEDEPARTMENT
,760JIMMYMAYFiELDBLVD
FAYETTEVILLE,GA30214
COUNTS13:ARMEDROBBERYO.CG.A.16841
COUNT46:KIDNAPINGO.C.G.A.I6S40
COUNT7:POSSESSIONOFAFIREARMDURINGTHE
COMMISSIONOFACRIMEO.C.G.A.I611106
lOISLARRYALDEN
========================llfAYETIECOUNTYSHERFFSDEPARTMENT
~~!~.
'Liz
155 JOHNSONAVENUE
FAYETTEVlLLE,GA30214
"ft.
~oDS-day
1E- '
Clerk,
77046063S3
SuperiorCourt
ISEEADDITIONALWITNESSLIST
PleaofDefendant
Thedefendant(s)DARRELLBROWNANDANDREL~Ewaivesformalarraign
__)1 bll/L7Y
ThJs
/'"
.J?!~ day0;
fI1
,20
tfls
32J ~~-...../\ en..... ')Y"'..

Defendant
Defendant'sAttorney
Defendant
Verdict
We,thejury,findthedefendant'__.~
This
24
dayof
,20_
Foreperson
BILLOFINDICTMENT
GEORGIA,FAYETTE
COUNTY:
INTHESUPERIORCOURTOFSAIDCOUNTY
TheGrandJurors,selected,chosen,andswornfortheCountyof FAYETTE
,towit:
1. SaraMacGennano,Foreman
2.
4.
6.
8.
.J.O
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
SuellenR.Ivey
JeffreyL.Eure
DeborahS.Hollandsworth
BridgetL.Davis
RebertL.Clsl:lgft;P;4tf;L
LauraW.Griffith
ThomasW.Graf
MariB.McCoy
SusanPaulsen
JanieP.Wright
KathyGossPadovano
3.
5.
7.
9.
II.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
T.AdamReid
PeterTorres
JuliaShauwChang
LydiaM.Rapp
GlenA.Kinzly
WilliamR.Adams
RobertS.Rowe,Jr.
MaureenR.Wheble
MahlonHenlyDonald,III
VerolynM.Kennebrew
WilliamA.Davis
InthenameandbehalfofthecitizensofGeorgia,chargeandaccuseDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEwiththeoffense
ofARMEDROBBERYforthatthesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEintheCountyandStateaforesaid,onthe14THday
ofJUNE,LordTwoThousandFive,didthenandthereunlawfullywithintenttocommittheft;takepropertyofanother,CinemarkUSA,
Inc. d/b/a Tinseltown Theaters, to wit: United States Currency from the person and immediate presence of Dair Bradley, Caitlin
WilliamsandAltonBrownbyuseofanoffensiveweapon,towit:ahandgun,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peace
anddignitythereof.
COUNT 2: And the Grand Jurors aforesaid in the name and behalfofthe Citizens ofGeorgia further charge and accuse the said
DARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEwiththeoffenseofARMEDROBBERYforthatthesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRE
LEEintheCountyandStateaforesaid,onthe14THdayofJUNE,LordTwoThousandFive,didthenandthereunlawfullywithintentto
committheft,takepropertyofanother,DairBradley,towit:acellularphonefromthepersonofsaidDairBradleybyuseofanoffensive
weapon,towit:ahandgun,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
COUNT 3: And the Grand Jurors aforesaid in the name and behalfofthe Citizens of Georgia further charge and accuse the said
DARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEwiththeoffenseofARMEDROBBERYforthatthesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRE
LEEintheCountyandStateaforesaid,onthe14THdayofJUNE,LordTwoThousandFive,didthenandthereunlawfullywithintentto
committheft,takepropertyofanother,CaitlinWilliams,towit:acellularphonefromthepersonofsaidCaitlinWilliamsbyuseofan
offensiveweapon,towit:ahandgun,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
COUNT4:AndtheGrandJurorsaforesaidinthenameandbehalfoftheCitizensofGeorgiafurtherchargeandaccusethesaidDARRELL
BROWNANDANDRELEEwiththeoffenseofKIDNAPPINGforthatthesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEintheCountyand
Stateaforesaid,onthe14THdayofJUNE,LordTwoThousandFive,didthenandthereunlawfullyabductDairBradley,aperson,without
lawfulauthorityandholdsaidpersonagainstherwill,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
CONTINUEDINDICTMENT
25
COUNT5:AndtheGrandJurorsaforesaidinthenam':)andbehalfoftheCitizensofGeorgiafurtherchargeandaccusethesaidDARRELL
BROWNANDANDRELEEwiththeoffenseofKIDNAPPINGforthatthesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEintheCountyand
Stateaforesaid,onthe14THdayofJUNE,LordTwoThousandFive,didabductCaitlinWilliams,withoutlawfulauthorityorwarrantandhold
saidpersonagainstherwill,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
BROWNANDANDRELEEwiththeoffenseofKIDNAPPINGforthatthesaidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEE intheCountyand
Stateaforesaid,onthe14THdayofJUNE,LordTwoThousandFive,didabductAltonBrown,withoutlawfulauthorityorwarrantandhold
saidpersonagainsthiswill,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
BROWNANDANDRELEEwiththeoffenseofPOSSESSIONOFAFIREARMDURINGTHECOMMISSIONOFACRIMEforthatthe
saidDARRELLBROWNANDANDRELEEintheCountyandStateaforesaid,onthe14THdayofJUNE,LordTwoThousandFive,didhave
ontheirpersonafirearm,towit:ahandgun,duringthecommissionofacrimeofArmedRobbery,saidcrimebeingagainstthepersonof
another,andwhichcrimewasafelony,contrarytothelawsofsaidState,thegoodorder,peaceanddignitythereof.
SCOTTBALLARD
DistrictAttorney
2& .'
.
STATEOFGEORGIA
STATEOFGEORGIA INDICTMENTNO:(JSp..,D13S{11)
v.
o{~)
t!r) ~)
DARRELLBROWN&ANDRELEE
ADDITIONALWITNESSLIST
OFFICERTURNIPSEED
CLAYTONCOUNTYPOLICEDEPARTMENT
5. DAIRBRADLEY
401 LAKESIDE VILLA DRIVE
HAMPTON,GA30228
ALTONBROWN
8104WEBBROAD
RIVERDALE,GA30277
CAITLINWILLIAMS9115
MANDARINDIRVE
JONESBORO,GA30236
LYNETTE MONTGOMERY
10245 DEEP CREEK PLACE
UNIONCITY,GA30291
JACOBGENTRUP
105MORNINGCREEKCT
JONESBORO,GA30238
REYNALDOFRANCO
GUADALUPEFRANCO
2816RIDGEVIEWTRL
JONESBORO,GA30238
'2.7 ..
'
oq
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA

Twenty-Fourth Judicial District
5.S.
': : i :J
Parish
1)']"J')
of Jefferson
Twenty-Fourth Judicial District Court
JOHNM.MAMOULIDES.DistrictAttorney,oftheTwentyFourthJudicialDistrictCourtof
theStateofLouisiana.who.inthenameandbytheauthorityofthesaidState,prosecutesinitsbehalf,inproper
personcomesintotheTwentyFourthJudicialDistrictCourtoftheStateofLouisiana,inandforthe
PARISHOFJEFFERSONandgivesthesaidCourtheretounderstandandbeinformedthatone
>
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L'DARREL
A. BROWN
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'3.3
~ytrERRY BROWN
; .{\.)
22
\""''Q"l
year dOneThousandNine Parishaforesaid,and

of
HundredSEVENTYwithinthejurisdictionoftheTwentyFourth
our EIGHTwithforce
JudicialDistrict"CourtofLouisiana,inand
Lor andarms,inthe
fortheParish
\J
lateoftheParishaforesaid.onoraboutthe
TWENTY-SECONDdayofAUGUST
inthe
U. currencyand valuedat$100:00dangerous
violatedR.S.
S. property
14:64inthattheydid
aforesaid.
weapon,towit:agun,
contrarytotheformof
A TRUA;COPY
f';
robStuartA.
armed
McClainofwhile
witha
~t1dicial
81269878
District
theStatuteoftheState ./"(/.
ON~INnns
STATE'S
Court
ofLouisiana,insuch
?
,$1.LA/"vU:/-f
casemadeand
DEPUTY CLERI<:
provided,andagainst
1_
\.
24THJUDIe!r',.LDISTRICTCOUIJ
thepeaceanddignityof
PARISH
theState.
~ _. ttorneyofthe COMPL
."
S7
/1.
/~ 1,/
Twenty.Fourth AINT
NUMBE
EXHIBIT
Brownv.GeorgiaAppendi'Xml
----~--~,-
-'.
(
;~lOOD-;)
')
TWENTYFOURTHJUDICIALDISTRICTCOURT
PARISHOFJEFFERSON
STATEOFLOUISIANA
-~
NUMBER
J9~:lIdd
D
I
V
IS
I
O
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IS
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A
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D
FUed
JI-'6-7~
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f~~AJJJJ.
DEFENDANT'SACKNOWLEDGEMENTOFCONSTITUTIONAL
RIGHTSANDWAIVEROFRIGHTSONENTRYOFA
PLEAOFGUILTY
TOTHE DEFENDANT,BYTHETRIALJUDGE
rights
PERSONTOPERSON:
Yourattorneyhasindicatedtomethathehasadvisedyouofyour
(1)toatrialbyjury,(2)to
confrontyouraccusers,and(3)
agalnstselfincrimlnationandthatbyenteringapleaofguilty,youarewaivingorgivinguptheserights.He
hasalsoindicatedtomethatyou
have advisedhimthatyouunderstand
thesethings.
Isthatcor~ect?
Iwantyoutoconvinceme also
thatyouunderstandwhatyouaredoing
byenteringthispleaofguilty.
Consequently,I
am goingtoexplain
the
natureofthecrime
towhich
you are
pleadingguilty
andIwillalsoexplain
the consequencesof
apleaof
guilty.
Ifyouhave
anyquestions,or
ifyoudo
notunderstandanythlngIsay,stopmeandIwillansweryourquestionsandgiveyouanyadditionalinstructions
whichyoumaydesire.
you had~ir't, tellthiscourt

1.
Youarepleadingguiltyto
how oldyou
the
whichoccuredonthe~dayof
ThemaximumsentencewhichIcanim~
crime
of
fl DaY! Q
,19)V
are?AndhOJm~h~Oling.have
/:.e1_k\;s:/
~
~1
yearsat~-labor.
Thereisnoprobation,paroleorsuspensionofsentenceforthecrimeof
ArmedRobberyorAttemptedArmed
Robbery.
Doyouunderstandthat?
2.Doyouunderstandthatthepleaofguiltyis
forceyoutosoplead?Topleadguiltyis
fromanyviceordefectwhichwouldrenderyour
Hasanyone
usedanyforce,
eitheryou
oranymemberofyourfamilyforthe
youtopleadgUllty?
your
yourdecision,andnoone
voluntaryaotanq~ustbe
ability
to pleadguiltyinadeq1
can
free
intimidation,coercionorpromiseorrewardagainst
purpose of makingorforqing
.
Brownv:"GeorgurAppefid!jC&l
:;0000
f)
'age2
Haveyoubeenadvisedbyyourcounselthatintheevent Iacceptyour?leaofguilty,thatyouwillbesentenced
asfollows:
3.
Youhavetherighttoatrialbyjury,whichjurymayeitherfindyou
Juilty
as
charged,guilty ofalessercrime,ornotgUilty
Youhave
the
right
to
hireanattorney
ofyourchoicetodefendyouatthat trial.
If
you cannotaffordanattorney,onewIllbeappointedforyou,
whichwillcost
you
nothing.Byenteringapleaofgu~lty,youarewaivingor
givingupthese
rights.
PoyouunderstanQ that?
,--
ageJ
YTHE
:,1
0 ()
C}
()
'-l
DEFENDANT:
forego~ng has
I,
as the defendantin
this
case,
acknowledge
thatthe
eenread
to me, that myattorney
and the trlaljUdgehaveexplalnedthe
ature
ofthecrimetowhichI
am pleading
gUilty,
allofmy rights
to me,
land"hat
rightsI
am waivingor
giving
up, as
listed above,
andthat
I have
eengiveneveryopportunitybythetrialjudgetoaskquestionsinopen
I donot
ourt
aboutanything
understand
and about allofthe
consequences
egarding
my pleaof
guilty.
I am completely
satisfiedwith theexplanations
f my attorneyandthe
judge.
IFURTHERACKNOWLEDGETHATMYACTOFPLEAnl~G8UILTYISAKNOWING
I
INTELLIGENT
FREEANDVOLUNTARY ACT ON MY PART.
knowthat noone can force
I knowthat
e to pleadgUilty
by
pleading guilty
I admit I committed
the
saidcrime.
Iknowthisplea
of guilty
is more
than aconfession.
It isalso
a conviction.
Nothing
remains
except
for theJUdgetogivejudgmentandgive
I waiveall
me my punishment.
delays
for sentencing
andacknowledgeI
am
ready
for sentencing.
~~~ \~\-")\ )"J\ l})l\
DEFENDANT
BY THE TRIALJUDGE:
I,as
trlaljUdge,
haveenteredintotheforegoingcolloquywiththe
defendant.
I am ent1rely
satisfiedthatthedefendantwasawareofthenature
of the crime
to whichhe
orshehaspleadguilty,thatthedefendantdldin
factcommitsaidcrime,understandstheconsequencesofsaldpleaofguilty
and
has madeaknowing,intelligent,freeandVoluntaryactof
to
above men~ioned crime.I,therefore,Jcceptthedefendant's
/1- 12f/
pleading guilty
pleaof guilty
~~~g
DATE
u DGE?"~
/"5')
ATR'COP,(,OF~I1RIGINAL.
ON
INTnISF.lE.
~2:S:;:4:;:~!;ib~F~;r;':}t.:::JTY CLf.:Rf{
24THJUDJt:I/lLlJISTRICTCOURT
!'ARtmiOFHir'FERSON,LA.
DOD
,',
n (),
TWENTYFOURTHJUDICIALDISTRICTCOURT
PARISHOF JEFFERSON
STATEOF LOUISIANA
..
NUMBER
7~:d.fd-.(J
DIVISION
STATEOF LOUISIANA
vs.
Flled
613 - ]1
VOJ\f\& A. G~
f~~
DEFENDANT'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENTOF CONSTITUTIONAL

RIGHTSANDWAIVEROF RIGHTSONENTRYOFA
PLEAOF GUILTY
TOTHE DEFENDANT,BYTHETRIALJUDGE
PERSONTOPERSON:
Yourattorneyhasindicatedtomethathehasadvisedyouofyourrights(1)toatrialbyjury,(2)to
confrontyouraccusers,and(3)agalnstselfincrimLnationandthatbyentering.apleaofgUilty,youare
waivlngorgivinguptheserights.Hehasalsoindicatedtomethatyouhaveadvisedhimthatyouunderstand
thesethings.Isthatcorrect?
Iwantyoutoconvincemealso
thatyouunderstandwhatyouaredoing
by
enteringthlSpleaofguilty.Consequently,Iam
goingtoexplainthe
natureofthecrimetowhichyouare
pleading
guilty
andIwillalsoexplain
the consequencesofapleaofguilty.
Ifyou
haveanyquestions,orifyoudo
notunderstandanythingIsay,stopmeandIwillansweryourquestionsand
giveyou
any
additional instructionswhichyoumaydesire.
First,
you had?
1.
tellthis courthowoldyouare?
Andhowmuchschooling'have
~
Cl~ ~VZ::
You arepleadingguiltytothecrimeof
Ci
~ ,~~
whichoccuredonthe~dayof
19
The maximumsentencewhichIcanimpo~
years at har
There isnoprobation,paroleorsuspensl0nofsentenceforthecrimeof
Armed RobberyorAttemptedArmed
Robbery.Doyouunderstand
that?
labor.
2.
Doyouunderstandthatthepleaofguiltyis
yourdecision,
and
noonecan
forceyoutosoplead?Topleadguiltyis
yourvoluntaryaotan~ ~ustbefree
fromanyviceordefectwhichwouldrender
yourabilityto
pleadguilty
inadeq'
Hasanyoneusedanyforce,
intimidation,coercionorpromiseorreward against
eitheryouoranymemberofyourfamilyforthepurposeof
makingorfor~ing
youtopleadgUllty?
?age2
n .0 n ,;:1
f';.
HaveyoubeenadvisedbyyourcounselthatintheeventIacceptyourJleaof~uilty,thatyouwillbe
sentencedasfollows:
3.
Youhavetherighttoatrialbyjury,whichjurymayeitherfindyou
charged,guilty ofalessercrime,ornotguilty
righttohireanattorney
ofyourchoicetodefendyouatthat
you cannotaffordanattorney,onewlllbeappointedforyou,
you nothing.
Byentering apleaofgualty,youarewaivingor
po
rights.
youunderstand that?
~uilty as
Youhave
the
trial.
If
whichwillcost
giv.ingupthese
4.Atanyjurytrial,youhavetheri9~ttoconfrontyouraccusersandtocompe~ testimonyonyourbehalffromyour
~ittResses. Byenteringthisplea ofguilty,youarewaivingorgivinguptheserights.Doyouunderstandthat?
5. Ifyou
were to goon trial,
and in the eventofaconviction,thatis,if
the jury
finde you gUilty,
youwouldhave
theright
toappeal
Again,inthe
eventofaappeal,ifyoucouldnotafford
anattorney,onewouldbeappointed
for you, WhlCh wouldnotcostanything.By
enteringapleaofguilty,youare
waivingorgivinguptheserights.
Do you understan~ that?
6. Ifyou
pleadguilty,
andthiscourt
adcepts
yourplea.
righttoassertanyallegationsofdefects,
such
as:la)
anillegal arrest;
(b)
an
illegal
searchand
seizure;
(c)
an illegalconfession;
(d)
an
illegallineup,andIe)thefactthatthe
statemightnotbeabletcprove
saidchargeorthatajurywouldfindyouguilty.
Doyou understand
thatby
pleadingguiltyyouarewaivingorgivinguptheserights?
7. Doyouunderstandthatbypleadingguilty,youaretellingthiscourtthat
you haveinfac~committedthecrimetowhichyouarepleadingguilty?
BY DEFENDANT'SATTORNEY:
I,asattorneyforthedefendant,waspresentduring
the
recitationof
y
o
u
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
the foregoingcolloquybetweenthedefendantandthetrialjudgeatthetime
of thedefendant'spleaofguilty.
I. also,
haveinformedthedefendant
of
his orher
rights,
particularly
the natureofthecrimetowhichheorshe
is pleadinggUilty,the
maximum
sentencethecourtcouldimposeunderthe
law,andthefactthatthe
defendant,
by enteringthispleaofguilty,is
waiving
or herrightto
trial byjury
h~s
his orherrighttoconfronthisaccusers,
hisorherr~ghtagainstself
incrimination,
and lastly,
that his or her onlyappealisforreviewof
jurisdictional
defects;
andIam
entirely
satisfiedthatthedefendantknowingl~
Willingly,intelligentlyandvoluntarilyhasenteredthlS
pl~~)Of gUiltyknowin\
the consequences.
r'\/l/l
f) /d/.'/7
/
\ (
,/{/
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'-../'
Page3
BY THEDEFENDANT:
I,asthedefendantinthiscase,acknowledge
thatthe
foregoing
has
been readto
me,that
myattorney
and the tr1aljUdgehaveexpla1nedthe
natureofthecrimetowhichIampleading
guilty,
allofmy rights
tome,
and'.hatr1ghtsIamwaivingor
g~ving up,
aslisted
above,
andthat
I have
beengiveneveryopportunitybythet~1aljudgetoaskquestionsinopen
courtaboutanyth1ngIdonotunderstandandaboutalloftheconsequences
regardingmy
pleaof
guilty.
completelysatisf1edw1th theexplanations
I am
of my attorneyand
the judge.
IFURTHERACKNOWLEDGETHATMYACTOFPLEAO!~G8UILTYISAKNOWING
INTELLIGENT
FREEANDVOLUNTARY ACT ONMY PART.
I
knowthat noone can force
me to pleadguilty
that by pleadingguilty
I know
I admit
I committedthe
saidcrime.
Iknowthispleaof guiltyis
more than aconfession.
It isa~so
a cnnv1ct1on.
Nothing remains
except
for theJudgetogivejudgmentandgive
me my punishment.
I waiveall
delays
for sentencing
andacknowledgeI
am
ready
forsentencing.
~D '5\T\~ ''2,''>:'\) ~1' ,
';j\
DEFEND
ANT
BY THE TRIAL JUDGE:
I,as tr1aljudge,
haveenteredintotheforegoing
defendant.
I am ent1rely
satisfiedthatthedefendantwas
of
the crime to whichhe
orshehaspleadguilty,thatthe
factcomm1tsaidcrime,understandstheconsequencesofsa1dpleaofguilty
and
has madeaknowing,intelligent,freeandvoluntaryactof
to
above men~ioned crime. I, therefore,-~ccept thedefendant's
If:/J-)j'
DATE
colloquy
with the
awareof
the nature
defendantd1d in
pleading guilty
pleaof guilty
/~~-;7~#/
7~
JUDGE
DEPUTY CLERK
24THJUDICIALDiSTRICTCOURT
PARISHOFJEFFERSON,LA_
"~'J:
~' 't
,0
STATEOFLOUISIANA,PARISHOFJEFFERSON
24th
Judicial
DistrictCourt
StateofLouisiana
No.
VS.
782120
Divisio,,__~
31979
Date
DARRELLBROWN
E.
DISTRICTATTORNEYDONELON
JUDGE
LEBLANC
CURRAULT
SENTENCE
Thedefendant
BROWN
appeared
beforethebarofthecourtthisdayrepresentedby~OHNALES
Attorney.Thedefendantwithdrewhisformer
pleaofNOTGUILTYandtenderedtotheState
apleaof~UILTL1'_Q...J}.RMEtLRQBBERL
,,_,
TheCourtadvisedthedefendantofallofhisrights.includinghisrighttoatrialbyjury,hisrightto
confronthisaccusersandhisrightagainstselfincriminationandthedefendantacknowl
edgedthatheunderstood.Thedefendantwaivedtheserightsandawaiverofrightswasex
ecutedandfiledintvthereeord.Thedefendantwaivedalllegaldelaysandrequestedimmediate
sentencing.
TEN(10)
Thecourt sentencedthedefendanttoimprisonmentathardlaborfor
Y~RS
atermof
~__.
givingthedefendantcreditforthetimeservedfrorIL
ThedefendantiscommittedtotheLouisianaDepartmentofCorrectionsforexecutionofsen
tenceinconformitywithL.S.A.R.S.
25-6~
andhisageas
SAIDSENTENCEISWITHOUT
15:824.
Thedefendantreportedhisdateofbirthas__
.
BENEFITOFPAROLE,PROBATIONORSUSPENSION.
OPYOFTHEORIGINAL
~o~~__
DEPUTY CLERK
24THJUDICiALDISTPICTCOURT
PARISHqfJEFFERSON.l.1\,
eA~PcrJ)-__
Entry No
IJ:
y-'
Cd;".#4Sent,lOCOrig.Plea
Bro~~ v.GeorgiaAppendix87
STATE0F(lLOUIEuANA
Il
~XJYElVTY~FOURTI{JUDICULDISTRICTCOU.RT
FORTIlEPARISHOFJEFFERS01V
DIVISION
"C"
DOB:
2560
NO.
782120
ITE}1 NO.
81269878
COMMITMENT
WHEREAS
was by due
Court for
for~ of
DARRELA.BROWN
lawlately
PLEAD
befQre our24th~udicialDistrict
theParishofJeffersonof
Violating Revised
Statute
14:64
(ARJI1EDROBBERY )
and wasthereupon
sentencedto
imprisonmentat hardlabor,for
,.WIlliOurBENEFITOFPAROLE, PROBATION, OR
TEN(10) YEARS ...SUSPENSIONOF SENTENCE
.
and defendantis
committedto.the
LouisianaDepartment.of Correctionsfor
executionofsaidsentenceinconformitywithL.S.A.~R.S.15:824.
DEFENDANTTOBEGIVENCREDITFORTIMESERVEDFROMAUGUST22,1978TO
DATEOFTRANSFER.
NOW,THEREFORE,.You, thesaidSheriff,arehereby
in fulleverypartofthe
aforesaidsentence.Andfor
be yoursufficientwarrant
andauthority.
,::,".
" .
WInlESS,
commanded to carryout
sodoing
this shall
NESTORL.CURRAULT, JR.
presiding
inthe24thJudicial District
JUDGE
Court,
;:_~
~.
c.
r~
c',
u..
D
i
Jefferson,attheHall
and
ofSittings.ofthesame,intheCityofGretna,
intheyearofour
Lord,onethousand
ninehundred
___=1:.=.9:.=.TH'.day
SEVENTY
J
UDGE
NIN
E
.
E
E
,
~
$
'I
u
n
r.
,~.
I
I
OFTHE
~tatr ofeeorg(a.
I..,......
WHEREAStheconductof,ilielegiillitureof
liasbeenfooppreffiveonthepeopleofAmerica,
~I'
:,
}~
'1
~,
"1
*THECONSTITUTION
i~.'"
:~,
THE
'Ri:i
Gre;:tl3ritainformanyyearspart,Preanllili:.
thatoflateyears,theyhaveplainly
Jeclared,andaifertedarighttoraifetaxesuponthepeopleofAmerira,andtomake
lawstobindtheminallcafeswhatfoever,withouttheirconfent;whichconduabc
ing repugnant to the common rights of
mankind, hath obliged the Americ;!lls, as
free men, to oppofe fuch opprelIive
meafures, and to aifert the right.:; and
privilegesthey
areentitledto,bythelaws,ofnatureandreafon;andaccordinglyithath
been,done
bythegeneralconfentofallthepeople'oftheStatesofNewHampfhire,
Maff:lchu
[ettsDay,RhodeH1and,Conneaicut,NewYork,NewJerfcj',Penllfylvania,the
countiesofN'ewCaftle,KentandSuflexonDelaware,Maryland,Virginia,
North
together
Ca'rolina,SouthCarolina.andGeorgia,givenbytheirreprefentativesmet
illGeneralCongrefs,inthecityofPhiJadelphia~
And'whereasithathbeenrecommended
bythe[aidCongre[sondIefifteenthofMay
laft, to the re[peC1ive afl{:mblies and
convelltio:1SoftheUnitedStates,whe'reno
government,fufficientto th~ eXIgenciesof
their~lfairs,hathbeenhithertoe1:abllfhed,
to adopt fuch government, as may, in the
opinionofthereprcfcllt:l.tivesofthepeople,
beftconducetothehappincfs,andfafetyof
their confi.ituents il. p::rticular. and
Americaingeneri!.'
Andwhereastheindependence,oftheUnitedStatesofAmerica11a5b:'len
alfo~Ie
dared,on,thefourthdayofJuly.onethoufand
fevenhundredandfeventyfit,by"
thefaid'fIono'rableCongrefs,and''anpoliticd
conneaionbet\eenth~m,:mdthe,
clownofGreatBritain.isinconfequencethereofdiifohcd..
"\Vether~foretllereprdentativesofthepeople,fromwhomanpower
originates,
allrlforwhofebenefitallgovernme~tisintended.byvirtueofthepO"'er
delegated
{GI'us, DO'ordain and deClare, and it is
hereby ordained andclccl,-red~ that the
follow ing rules and regulatioDi be
a
d
o
}
1
t
e
d
forth~futurego\"erlJl:n~!ltofthi,State.
I.The:
"'Th!!Confriturio:Jgaveplacetllth~CQ!l:!.it\lticn0:1;86r~9
fourmember,.
ember;
"and
8
l_r:;:!
nativ'd'~,."
ecuuveanJU
elie;"'1
d'rart
Juc;"~ts
difrill~1.
EleCtionof
Re
prefc:nutives
.
Governor&.
e;i:c:cutive
coun,iJ.
},oIVthorclJ.
AITer.1bly
tobe
anDual.
"r."
member>
fromeach
couu"
'i* ~lceFt
Libcr.. l)'
fourtem.
Wilkes
county.
:R',hn:cod.
llt::r:'::.
Eftir.gbm.
Chllnam.
Liberty.
GJY~~l.
Camden.
Par:.nd
town
Df
Sava~n3h.
the
reprefen
tatives
fo
eleCl:ed
ihall
DIGESTmeet
the firft
Tuefday
1.
in
January
tla~,
followin
II. g, at
peapk, Savanna
h, or
a
any
n
uther
d
place or
places
e
where
v
the
e
Haufe
r
of
y
Alfembl
yforthe
y
time
e
being
a
{hall
r
direct
,
On
the lirlt
o
da y of
n
the
m~eting.
t
of the.
h
reprefen
e
tatives
fo.
/
chofen,
i
they !
r
hall
f
proceed
!
to tne
:
dlOice
of a
T
Govern
u
or,.
e
who
f
fhall
d
De
a
ftiled'
y
Hono"a
ble,
i
and
n
of:m
executiv
D
ecoun
e
cil, by
c
ballotout
of their
own
body;
viz. two
from
each
county,
except
thofe
coun ties
which
are not
yet
entitled
to [end
ten
members
.' One of
each
county
{hall
cededlanusnorthofOgecheefuallbeonecounty,andknownbythe
nameofWilkes.
ThepariihofSt.Paul{hallbeanothercounty,andknownbythe
nameofRich
mom!.
ThepariihofSt.George
111al1bt:another
coun~y, andknown
Burke.
TheparifhofSt.Matthew,
andtheupper partofSt.Philip,
!hallbeanothercounty,andknownbythenameofEffingham.
ThepaTiihofChrifl:Church,andthelowerpartofSt.Philip,
\
fuallbeanothercounty,andknownbytheRameofChatham.
~
TheparilhesofSt.John,
St.Andrew,andSt.James,.{hall
andknownbythenameofLiberty.
TheparifhesofSt.DavidandSt.Patrick{hallbeanothercounty,
thenameofGlynn.
TheparifhesofSt.ThomasandSt.Mary{haUbeanothercounty,
thenameofCamden.
TheportandtownofSavannahfuallbeallowedfourmembersto
reprefr:nttheil'"trade.
The
Thepo
rf
V.
Til, alfo
they,
fembly,
{Ii
ccunty
l1i. ten
eit.:tl:O
leighty,
alway~
fix
attend,
where the
governor
reudes,
by
monthly
rotation;
unlersthe
members
of each
county
agree
fOT a
longer or
{horter
period;
thisisnot
intended
fclJors
l11al
,
.
;
III.It{hallbeanunalterablerule,
beatanendyearlyaIlLleveryyear,onthedayprecedingthedayofdectionmenti
onedintheforegoingrule.
IV.Thereprefentationihall
fromeachcounty,asishereinafterdireCted,
containsthreeparifhes,andlhatihallbeallowedfourteen.
The
{bali
llave
where
the
Camde
n,,
membe
reatil
theyha
proteita
ntown
right
two
hundr'
to
exclude
ei ther
member
attending:
. ttte
remainin
g number
of
repre[ent
atives
illall be
calledthe
HaufeofAlfembly:andthemajority
powertoproceed
VI.
Th
::
~
;
VII.
TIas
maybe(
and
regula!
Iation
cont;
Thehot
they
findil
itsown
ol1i
fupplyi
ngiJor
times
wi
VIII
. A on
differen
t laws
and 0
fortheir
pe:
any mechan arightto,.v,
IX.
Au his
t<l bechofe' eletHon..fh
ownrig
a
n
y
X.Noc
:tny" p.erfon titneofthe
Canouchee.
),bdowCanouchee.
1be~othercounty
Im~y. andknown by
efepararc
amidifthe
other.
~c[entatives
of the II be
eleaed
yearly.
entatives fo
eleEled any
other place
or
~El:.
theylhall
proceed
,an
executive
counexcept
thofecoun
L co Lln ty
{hall aIwa j~
fsthe
membersof
:ndedto
excludeei
:s{hallbe
calledtheaid
hou[1;;{hall
have
)ly{hall
expire,and)'
ofelcaia;,
menti
111ner.ten
membersyof
Liberty,
which
knownby
thename
ythename
ofRich
Iwn'bythe
nameof
'.above
,1I1ty,andknownby
erstoreprefcnttheil"
The
military
~em.t!
tat ;:
utoftherefidentsin'each COUIlt}','whofhallhavereGded'at
leaft twelvemonthsinthisState,andthreemonths_inthe
countywheretheyihallbede~ed;exceptthefreeholdersofthe
counties of Glynn :m~ Camden.whoarc ill afiateofalarm,
andwhofhallhavetheliberty of chulingonemembereach,
asfpccifiedinthearticlesofthisconftit1;ltioll,inanyother
county,untiltheyllaverefidents fufficient toqualifythem
formore:AndtheyDIal!beofthe proteltantreligion.andof
theageoftwentyoneyears,andiliall1Je:poifeJTedintheil'
TheportandtownofSunburv{hallbeallowedtwomemberstoreprefenttheirtrade.
own right of twO hundred and fifty acres of bnd, or fome
propO't}"totheamountoftWQ hundredandfiftypounds.
V;
ThetwocoulltiesofGlynnand
111fothey,,allti,all
..'
tel~b!y. {hall
beunger,the
county
{}- 11 1
la
lave
alld
tenclcll:ors;
eighty, fix;_ifan
fellors{hall
bechafeo
fromthem,
asisdireaed
fortheother
counties.
V
I
.
T
h
e
r
e
p
r
e
[
e
n
t
a
t
i
v
e
s
{
h
a
l
l
b
e
c
h
o
f
e
n
VII.TI,ehouleofaficmbly{hallhavepowertomakefuchbwsand
regulations AlfembJyto
35maybeconduci,octothegoodorderandwellbeingoftheState;providedfuch1a\"s
makelawsand
rc::gd:uions_
andregulationsbenotrepugnanttothetrueintentandmeaningof:>'nyruleorregu
lationcontilinedinthisconfritution
havepowertorepealaUbwsaad
Thehouft>,ofajlembly!hallalfo
ordinances l\1a}t'l:'PCOolIlaws
theyfindinjurioustothepe.ople:AndthehoufeIhallchufeiJsownfpealer.appoint
chuteitso~tn
fpe"ker,ond,p.
itsownoHicers, fettleitsownrulesofprocE:<:ding,
:In,!direCl:,~::its of
dea~n for puintit5oiii,era.
fupplyingintermediatevacancies;and{hallhavepowerofadjonrnmenttoanytime
~;.c.
ortimeswithintheye:lr.
VIII.Alllawsandordinancesfidlbethreetimesread.o.ntleachreaG!i!lg,fr.aJlb.e
ondilferentandfepaTiltedays,exceptincafesofgreatneceffltyanetdJugcr;
lawsandordinancesthallbefentto
fortheirperufalandadvice.'
theeY.ecutivecouncilaftertbeiecond
r.. f.,nnt:ofpaff
andall iuglawsandor..
diua.DCCS.
reading,
IX.Allmale wIliteinhabitallt5,
oftwentyoneyears,:ll1l1p0l1effedin
oftheage
hisownrightof
ten>poundsvalue. and liable topaytaxinthis'State,
orbeingof
anymechanictrade,andthallhavebeenrefidentfix'mumhsinthisState,!hall'han
all,l!leEl:ionsforreprefent:nives,orallYot~erofficers,hcreiriagreed
arightto,vote'at
t<l bechofen by thepeople:Itlarge.;

ande,vtryperfon.1)<.vingaright
cleaion,{hallyotebyballotperfonally.,
~i!lificati(Jni
oje!edors;eltc..
tiollbyb.llul.
tovoteatallY
X.Noofficerwhatever:{hallferveanyprocef;;,
orgj~e-a11J'other
hindr~nce ro E'c:B:ionstoh~
any'p,erfonentitled_t.Qvote,eitheringoing:to
the
place,ofclettion.or duringthe IIe.c anJ(Jpun..
timeofthelaideleaion,orontheirreturninghomefromfuchde8ioD;norflulJ
~ny military officer, orfoJdier,appearatany'e1eClioninamilitnrycharaCter"tothe
mtentdmtaUeJeCliOllsrna}'befreeandopen.
Xl. No
I!
I
f
CO:ltiner
.lalde
kgatcsto
h.ap.
pointed.
nnual1y~
10
Perfonstovotewhc:retheyre..fldc;titleofnohili,ydiJqu.lification.
Pt:rf<m;.notvotingfubje&toline.
Rei'rcfetJ,.~tiv<s tobede,}~cl
I>y ballot.
EI~~ors~o:;:h.
alfcmbly.
feJt.
ed3pnt
ofthe
What
perfons
iw.apab
leofit
'and
t1t:em
R~Tr"c;.fclitati\cc; f'~th row .Jmi..
mftered.
Oath.
te,
nclaimshistitleofnobility;butiftheperfon{hallgiveup
whic fuchdilinCl:ion,illthemanner :13maybedireCl:edbyany
h
futurelegi!lature,then,andin[uchcafe,hefhallbeentitled
{hall toavote,andreprerent,asbeforedireCl:ed,andenjoyall
be theodierbenefitsofafreecitizen.
given
inthe
XII. EveryperronabfentinghimfelffromaneleCtion,
y
wher
e
[uch
perr
Oll
relide
s,
exce
pt as
befor
e
exce
pted;
nor
(hall
any
perfo
n
wIlo
holds
any
title
of
nobil
itybe
entitl
ed to
a
vote,
or be
capa
ble
offer
ving
as a
re
prefe
ntativ
e, or
hold
any
pail:
of
hono
r,
profit
or
trufti
nthis
State,
whilf
l:f~ch
perfo
eleEl:ion,{balibefubjeCl:to.apenaltynotexceedingfive
pounus; the mode of recovery, and alfo the apprcprhtion
thereof,tobepointed
DIGESTOFTHE
count and fhallneglectto give in his or their ballot, at fuch
X
f
.
N
o
p
e
r
r
o
n
f
h
a
l
l
b
e
e
n
t
i
t
l
e
d
t
o
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
v
o
appo
inted
tc
outanddireCtedbyactoftheTegif;ature;provided
feat
neverthele[3,thatareafonableex~cufe fhall beadmitted
ilialJ
im:
XIlI.Themannerofe1etingreprefentatives{hallbeby
hcldi
ballot..andHullbetaken
ftg
who{hallprovideaconvenient
byt\'l'Oormorejufiiccsofrhepeace,ineachcounty,
fuch
boxforreceivingthefaitlballots;and
ondolingthe poll,
By
paredinpublic, withtheliftofvotes,
th:lthavebeentaken,
this
diatelydecbredj
acertificateofthefamebeinggiventotheperronselected,andal
at
foacertificate returned to thehoufe ofreprefentatives.
XIV.Every perfon
apofl
entitledtoYote/halltakethefol!owiIlg:oath,oraffirmation,.
:of
ifrequir~d,viz.
pro:
oraffirmasthe.cllfemaybe,thatI
f IA. B.dovoluntarilyandfolemn1yfwear,
X
do owetrueallegiancetothisState,
ant!willfupponthe
VIII.
llelpmeGod!
XV.Anyfiycofthereprefentati';,cseleted,
asbefore
one
.and
hai'cpowettoadmininertIlefollowingoathto
e~ch oLher;
the/
member,beingfo
fworn, fhailinthe
houfeadminiiterthecath,to:!I1othermen
bersthatattend, in order toqualifythemtotaketheirfeats,
XI
C I A. B. dofolemnly[wear,that I
willbeartrueallegiancetotheStateofGear.
X.
gia, andwilltruly performthetrufls.,repofedinme;and
T.he
f..metothebeG: ofmyknowledge, forthebenefitofthi5State,
execu
eIetion
tneconftitutionthereof;andthatIhaveobtainedmy
ti,'e
bribewhatever. SohelpmeGod!
po,
.XVI.Thec~ntinentaldelegates
fhallbeappointed
annuallybyballot,
tution
havearighttofit, debateandvote, inthehoufeofalrembly,
there
thereof;fubjethowevertotheregulatiomcontainedin
the
o:
confeder:ltionoftheUnitedStates~
1hall
XVII.Nopedonbearinganypofl:ofprofitunderthisState,
ortmyperronbearing<l!lymilitarycommiilion,underthis
oranyotherStateorStates,exceptoHicer~.ofthemilitia,
{hallbee]e[l:edareprefentati.ye.Andif;Iny
reprefentativefhallbe:arpointcd.
in no
in the
me~ti
ns.(
X
X.
The
call
the
houre
they
{land
ad.
X
XI.
The
interm
ediate
And
all
com
h
a
n
d
,
and
t!H
aU
II.Th(
appo
int.
.wheulheyart~,to them by th
.
XXIII.Thtothefaidofftarycommiffio
JL\ The;:govern
totheStateofGeoratIwillexecutethe:e,andthefupportof
ionwithoutfraud
Ybyballot,and{hall:andbedeemedaparttwelftharticleofthe
e,or:myperronbearStates,exceptofficers.reprefentative{hallbe::
arpoimc(~
{hall be
given ill tIle
nor{hallany
perron
,Ie
offerving as
'a re : State,
whiHtfuch
, fueh
difrinaion, .
in and in
fuch cafe,
he ld enjoy
alltheother
lallnegletl:to'
give il1> Ity

not exceeding
five ,ereof, to
be
pointed
efz,. that a
reafonablc
Jt,. and f.'tall
be taken.
provide
a
convenient
ballots {hall
be~om Jthe
majority
imme cfons
ekcted, ..nd
al
oath,or
affirmation,.
~ cafemay
be,that I
ftitution
th~reof.So
led,. being
.plaIt lnd
they or :1n
yother
ttll,
to ::II other
me~viz.
m~t,
LAWS
0F
GE0RGIA.
11
commiffioll,whichI,e{hallaccept,J\is
OTmilitary
f;;'tfhallimmediately
becomevacant,andhefhallbeincapableofreelection\vhilfl:
holdiftgfuchoffice.
By.thisartide,itis110ttobel:mderftood
thattheofficeofajufiiceofthepeaceis
II poft of profit.
XVTII.Noper[on{hallholdmorethanoneofficeofprofit,undertJlisState,at
NorerfO!lIO
.
ndlhefametime.
.
hel<!,,:orey,al<
11pointedtoa'niplaceofprofit
one-3
ol1f:ofllCeolp:c
,viththeadviceofthe'executivecouncil)exereiCetlle-;~\:"<:rscfgo....
executh'epowersofgovernment,
accordingtotIlelawsofthisStateandtheconfl.i
ern.,"r2ndt.~(.
tutionthereof;fa,eonlyinthe
cafeofpardons,
andremiffiolloffines,whichhe (ut".co~n'1J.
fhallinnoinftancegrant;buthe
mayreprievea criminal,
orfufpendafine,until
theme~ting.ofthea/fembly,
whomaydetermine
thereinasthey!halljudgefit.
XIX.' :Thegovernor!hall,
XX.Thegovernor, withtheadviceoftheexecutivecouncil,!hallhavepowerto
canthehoufeofofaifemblytogether,upon
theyftandadjournedto.
'.
.Maycoo"e~e
anyemergency,beforethetimewhich Ihea[cntbly.
XXI.Thegovernor~withthe
ad,iceoftheexecutivecouncil,{hallfillupall Fillui'all"3
intermediatevacancies that fhall happen inoffices'tilthe
next
generalel~tl:ion: canciesinoffi(e
andillueail
And allcommifIions, <:ivilandmilitary, fhallbei/fuedby
thegovernor,underhis commi!1icr
hand, andthegreatfealoftheState.
XXII.Thegovernormay
prefideinthe executivecouncilat
:whentheyaretakingintoconfideration,andperufillgtheJawsal'd
tothembythellOufeofaifembly.
~ll times,
except Go\"t:,fmu"\Vl...~n
10prdidein
ordinancesoffered couu.::il.
XXIII.Thegovernor!hallbechofenannuallybyballot,
and!hallnotbeeligible Howtho{!.:;}~~
whend;gib1c.
tothe[aidofficeformorethan
oneyearoutofthree,nor{hallhcholdanymili.
tarycommilIion.under:myother StateorStates.
.
The.:governor{hallrefideat[uchplaceasthehoureofalfemblyforthetimebeing
Hisrdiden"".
Ihallappoint.
XIV.Thegovernor'soath::
'I,
A. B. eleCtedgovernorofdieStateofGeorgia,bytherepreft:ntativesthere
of,dofolemnlypromifeandfwe:tt,thatIwill,duringthel,rmofmyappointment,
tothebeftofmylkiltandjudgment,executeth<:faid'Officefaithfullyandconfcicl1
tioully,accordingtoJaw,withoutfavor,
affection,orpartiality;
thattWIll,tothe
utmoftofmypow,r,fupport,rr"lintaill,
anddef~l1dtheStateof
Georgia, andthe
confi:itlltionofthefame;andufemyutmofl:ende:lvorstoproteCtthepeople
thereof
inthefecurcenjoymentofalltheirrights,
franchifesandprivilegesiand
thatthe
lawsandordinancesoftheStatebedulyobferved,andth~.tJaw:mdjufticeinmercy
beexecutedinalljudgments.
AndIdofurtherfolemnlypromiCeand[wear,thatI
willpeaceablyandquietlyrefignthegovernment
towhichIhavebeenelected,at
dIeperiodtowhiehmycontinuanceinthe[aidofficeislimitedbytheconfiitution:
And
ofuensofcouncilnowUFpo,inted..
Oath.
Oath.
Counciltovote
by clJunt:e:3.
Pretdlho,;cuttn:d~
Tofccrctary&c
l'o\yer9ofCJHncilref2e~ing
12W;;
ua:1::cs.
:\na.orJ.t...
Propnfed
at\\t'ndrncntshowGdi\"er~d.
T're::dc'J:t:':\
Dath
Prdicc::twhen
aa"governor.
to
P,l"eliucnt3< GO'lern"rnuyamiHilkroathof(<creeytocouncil.
Executivepower
howlongto
"xii1,
nfilallbeeligibletotheofficeofgovernorwhohasnotrefidcd
three
}'earsinthisState.
XXV. The,executive coullcil {hall meet the day after their
eleetion,:mdproceedtothechoiceofapreGdentoutoftheirown
bodythey(hallhav~power:to.appointtheirownofficers,andfettle
theirownrulesofpro~eedillC:s.
DIGEST
THEThecouncil[hallalwaysvotebycounties,andnotindividually.
Au.d
lail:ly,I
doaIfo
folemnly
fwear,
thatI
havenot
accepted
ofthe
govern
ment
X
X
XII
.
XXVI. E\'ery cou::lfellor, being prerent, {hall have power of

entering his proteft again!!: any mearures in council he haS' not
confentedto;providedhedoesitillthreedays.
jaIl
be
X~CVII. During the litting of the aifembly, the \vhole of the

executiH~ council illallattend.llnler,preventedbyiicknefs,orrome
~therurgentl:ecelIity;andinthatcafe,amajorityofthecouncilI1lal1
makeaboardtoexaminethelawsand'orcli nan::csrentthembythe
houleofailcmbly;andalllawsand,ordinances[enttothecouncil!hall
bereturnedillfivedaysafter,withtheirremarksthereon.
cc
:;'flie
governc
<'~houfe of
ail
XXVIII.Acommitteefromthecouncil,fentwith'anypropofed
..~,....l'
anylaworordinance,.fhall
deliver
theirreafonsforfuchprcro[ellamendments,
byac
whereunt
"r',,XX
fitting andc.overed::othe whole houfeat,thattime,exceptthe
oIam
vered.
XllI.
elec.h:<l,
contrary
tothe
articles
ofthis
confiitu'ti
on.So
helpme
God.'
This
oath
10b~
XXIX.Theprefidentoftheexecutivecouncil,intheabfcneeor
fi.cknEfsofth~governor,{hallexcrcifeallthepowersofthe
governor.
..,~lander
ill
fil~
:
XXX.'WhenallYaffairthatrequires
feereey 111311 belaidbefore
andtheexecutivecouncil,it!hallbetheduty
ofthe governor,and
obligedtoadmini(l:erthefollowingoath,
viz.
cIA.B.dofolemnlyfwear,thatanybufinefsthat!hallbe
nicatedtothecouncil,Iwillnot,in
writing,orotherwiferevealthefame,
any mannerwhatever,
f?;'~,~1i~~~1f:~'
to
anyperfonwhatever,untilleavegiven
XXXV.
bythecouncil,orwhencalledt:ponby
houfeofa.tTembly;andallthis
the
i'
;_. (",,'
admini withoutallYrcfen'ationwhatever.SohelpmeGod.'
fhrc,~
.,dJ:edand fif
Andthefameoath!hallbeadminiil:eredtothefecretaryand
tohim
(~";'~1I,;t,;::
otherofficersnecelTarytocarrythebUllnefsintoexecution.
bytbe
:;o:d
fpeaka
XXXI.Theexecutivl;:power!hallexii1:'tilrenewedaspointed
ofth:; outbytherules'ofthisconil:itution.
':than
alTcm
twohu
bly.
XX
The
XV
fame
I.
oath
.::Stiperi
tohe
or'Cc
admi
!?,:~Qunt
y of(
niller
eaby
;';1"
the
'TIle
rpeak
feeo
,tThe
erto
thir,
the
':The
preli
four
dent
{'Th
of
e
the
next
coun
An
cil.
d
Tut
No
ifI'he
perro
XXXII.
ext
llelike'
"jThenext
eitherbyfpeaking,
er,until leavegil'en
i
andallthisI[welIr
d other officersne
ntedoutbytherules
ofthe
governmer.
.tn.Sohelp
meGod.'
[11.>1y.
mr ofthe
council. las
notrefidcd
three
eaion,::nd
proceedIV~
powet: to
appoint
ly.
,enteringl1is
'protefl:dhe
doesitin
three
lIe executive
council
leeefIity;
a.l1d inthate
the Jaws and
'onli
:.ordinances
fenttorks
thereon.
'afed
amen\lmeilts
toorofed
amcndil1ent"
tIle[peaker,
unco
ceor
fi.ckncfsof
th,.,
beforethe
governor,r,
andheis
hereby
atthistime
commu
XXXII.
LAWS
OF
GEORGIA.
f3
XXXII.Inalltt;mfaClionsbetweenthelegiflativeandexecutivebodies,
thefame I.egiJlatureand
to be delivered
fromtheJegiiJati"ebodyto cxccutiYCtranf
hetwI'con
thegoternor,orexecutivecouncil, by a comm;ttee; andfrom lh\lgovel'l1ortothe th<mhowJ".lil
boufeofafi;;:mbly, by thefeereiary of thecouncil; and from the
cxecuti,'ecoun 1100gr:d.
cil,by
acommitteeofthefaidcouncil.
fb311becommunicated by meifage,
;'.di()n~
XXXIII.Thegovernor,
forthetimebeing, {hall be captaingeneral and com
mander inchief
overallthemilitia, <Ind other militaryandna\'<l1forces belonging
Governor"snu
litOlr;:.ide.
tothisState.
XXXIV.
All
militia commiffions fhall fpecify, tllat
thallcontinueduringgoodbehaviour.
theperfallcommiffioned
Militiacom
mlffior.shOlv
longto(onti.
nnc.
twohun
Battalionsho'\\'
hereaftermayhave,
formed,
XXXV.Everycountyin
thisState that 11as, or
dredandfiftymen, andupwards, liabletobear arms,!hallbeformedintoabat
talion;
andwhenthey
becometoonumerousforonebattalion,they{hallbeformed
intomore,bybillofthelegillature;
and thofe counties thathave a'lefs nUlIiber
thantwohuridredandfifty,
{hallbeformed into independentcompanies.'
XXXVI.There
!hall be
eftabIi{hedin each county acourt,
tobe
calleda
Superior'Court,'tobeheldtwiceineachyear.OnthefirftTuefdayinMarchinthe
county ofChatham;
The' fecondTuefdayinMarch,
inthecountyofEffingham;
The thirdTuefdayin
March, inthecountyofBurke;
The founhTuefdayinMarch,
inthecountyofRichmond;
ThenextTuefdayinthecountyof'Wilkes;
And Tucfdayfortnight,inthecountyof
Liberty;
The nextTuefdayinthecounty of
Glynn;
ThenextTuefdayinthecountyofCamden;
Thelikecourtsto
commenceinOClober, andcontinueasabove.
.XXXvII.All,caufesandmattersofdifpute,betweenanyparties
famecounty,
tobetried,withinthecounty.
Suptriorenure
howeflablifhed
and"heretobe
heM.
refidingin
the Mattersindif.
pute.
XXXVIII.Allmattersindifputebetweencontendingpartie~,
refidingin difWheretrieel.
ferentcounties,fhall betriedin the countywhere the defendant reticles, except
incafesofrealeftates,
which!hallbetriedinthecounty,vherefuchreale~atelies.
XXXIX.Allmattersofbreachofthepeace,felony,murder,andtreafon
d th
h
I r.
'.d
the State,to betne
111
ecountyweretlelamewascommItte
All
againfl: CrimiIla!
f whfretned.
'matters('
difpute, bothcivil
andcriminal,inanycountywherethereisnotafufficientmim
berofinhabitantstoform
a court,
{hallbetriedinthenextadjacentcountywhere
acourt isheld.
XL., Allcaufes,ofwhatnatureroever,fhall be triedinthefupremecourt,
exceptashereaftermentioned;which
court!hallconliftofthe
chiefjuRice,
?ul'erio~ court
and Junfd"lhol).
three
I.\
DIGESTOFTHE
XLVIII. the fum of
tlm~e
chiefjufiice,
courtlange.
ofthecounty,attorneyforthe{bte,
XLIX.Jhoureofaff
AI1Jlealshowtobetried.
And
appointothersilltheirroom
1.. Every 'ticated
c<lufes{halloedilfatisfiedwiththedeterminationof
copicoutanddq
they
n."'Efteftatefh;1I1
demand
:fha.re,orheingtothe3(
plaintiffand
wifealtered
outofabox
their LII.Af(forprovingI
l'ut,
fh:tll
Jury,rudgesofl"wand
fact.
LIlI. All genera!
elea:appoimedby
XLI.
lowedtobring
concerningpointsof
rotationgivetheiropinion.
XLII.
opiniontheyentertainoftheevidence;
Howfwom.
:mdr:gulationscontainedinthisconftitutiol1.
Spec;,lju:y
howr~\'orn.
L
T
V
.
S
c
h
p
e
n
ce
of
th
e
L
V
.
A
c
w
he
re
th
e
pr
Capturcli hy
fe.. andlan<.l
where
and
hOYitried,
CnnLlju".
Co"rtof
<o"r'i.
en':ll:..
EJecu~ion':i
how
!bye<!.
t the
".:;;."
cour
fhallbecarriedin;
LVI.
fence,
All
tof
tors,
it
conr
Themode
b
cien
unlefsafter'thefecondtrial,
e
ce
thedHlanceof'timebetween
n
be
ot
days:
cont
Xintle
Lclas
here
Vtofor
.e
NpraE
ol:ife
grd,
a and
nthat
dthe
jujurif
rydi8i
! on
hther
a eof
U'be
c exte
onded
nfto
iftry
r(aUr
ofeS
ld110t
sarilo
thuntil
a lgto
nmor
eie
gth:m
htten
e.pou
::nds.
n,
.
a X
n
LVI
d
t I.
wAll
elexec
vutiol
els
m
exce
a
edin
y
g
fi
mfive
bpoun
bids,
ll.exce
Xpt in
L the
V cafe
I of ~
. court
mer
T chan
h t,
a
re
p
c
o
nr
e
nt
,
fl
lP
l
L
V
I
i
.
T
h
fchroll,wheT
themotto,
ings,fields
1
(
throughthe{
LVIll.N(
exceptthofe,
fonfoauthor
theyfhallhav
fromthatinh,
LIX.Exct
..sa-~of17.
LAWS
the
abfenceofthe
Rice,
withthe'clerk
ble.:lnd
thejurors.
cers, the
julticesto
,rdefendantincivil
n,
andillthatcafe,
m
thatverdiCt,and
'ws,viz.
eachparty,
Jetak~nindifFerently
)befummoned,~.lld
.~'elve that are drawn
ndfromwhichthere
and{hallnotbeal.
lIry,haveanydoubts
hall~achofthemin
iingtohw,andthe
:pugnanttotherules
fr
accordingtoJaw,
benotrepugnantto
ontainedinthisCOil
Q'F
GEORGIA.
1:S
.xLVIII.AllthecoftsattendinganyacEoninthefuperiourcourtlhallnotexceed
thefum0
'f h
treepoun5,an
courtlongerthan,twotermli.
ti b
tlatnocaue
XLIX.Every officerofthe'State
'thaU'be
ea
11
owe
to
epel1
d'
1Utle
{i
Sup:riorrourt
c.,frs,cauft.
upenor howlunO"[o
contillu;.
liableto
becalledtoaccount'by'the .Offic(rsI-.ow
callcd102C
houfeofaifembly.
count.
L. E~eTY countyfllallkeepthepublicrecordsbelol1gingtothefame,and'authen
illthepotielIionofthisStateIhall
'ticatedcopiesofthefeveralre(:ordsnow
outandi:h~pofitedinthatcountytowhichtheybelong.
.LI.",..Eftates'{hallnot:beentailed;..and.whena
bemade
perrondiesintell:ate,liisorher
eftatefhall bedivide'dequallyamong
{hare,orherdower,ather
option;
p"bJicmord.
wherekept.
Eftatf>notto~e'
tlltaHed;how
theirchildren;the'widowfr,all
haveachild's
allotherintefrateseftatestobedividedaccord
iogtotheaB:ofdiftribQtion,.madeinthereignofCharlesthefecond,
unlefs'other
wifealteredbyanyfutureafrofthelegiflature.
dividtd._
LII.Aregifterofprobatesihallbeappointed
bythe Iegiffature inevery
{or provingwills, andgrantinglettersofadminilhation.
Regiflrrofpro
county,
b.lt..:s how ~p
1'0il1t<o,
LIII. Allcivil officersin eachcountyihaJlbeannuallyelectedon

thedayoftlle
generalelection;:exceptjufiicesofthepeace,andregiftersofprobates"whofuallb.e.
appointedbythehoufeofafl~mbly~
Countyofficcrs.
howarpointcd,
LIV. Schoolsfhallbeerectedineach
andfupportedatthegenerale};, PubJ:cf,hool.
county,
pence6ftheState,astheJegifiaturelhallhereafterpointout.
LV.,A
~ourt
houfeandjail!hallbeereCledatthepublicexpenceineachCOUlity,.
Cccrtl:oufcs
wheretheprefentconven.:ion..orthefuturelegilhture !haHpointo:ltanddirea,
andjailF.
.ecountywherefuch
LVI.Allper[onswhateverIhallhavethefreeexercifeoftheirreligion;provitlt:d
junice,orillhis:lb
plicationofthecap.
itbenotrepugnanttothe
peaceandfafety oftheState;andihallnot.unkfs
confent, fu.pportanyteacher" orteachers, ex.cept thofeoftheirownprafeffion~.
hefpaceoftendays.
LVIi.
Thegreatfealofthis'StatellJallhavethe followingdevice: onollefidea Gmtfdiu
{chroH,whereonihallbeengraved,The.Conftitutionofthe
State ofGeorgiai,md divitc.'
fide, an eleganthoufe,
andotherbuild
themotto, Probonopublico;ontheother
ings,fields ofcorn,andmeadowscovered
with fueepandcattlc; a riverrunning:
throughthefame,:'withathipunderfullfail,andthemotto,Dell.!nobishd'Cotiafecit.
:elvemay
LVIII.Noper[onihallbeallowedtoplead
jn the '~Durts oflaw inthisState, ".trorJliesliG"A
excepttharewhoal'eauthorifedfoto
do by
thehOltfeofaiTcmbly;andifanyper ,,~mitt(d,
fonfoauthorifed{hallbefoundguiltyof
malprae;ticebeforethehoufeofaffembly,.
theythallhavepowertofufpend,them.
Thisisnotintendedtoexcludeanyperfon.
fromthatinherentprivilegeofeveryjrt'fman,
theliberty.topleadhisowncaufe.
the
fuperiorcourts;
entalCongrefs;and
not
exceedfourteen
findal?ill.
repraCtifed,andth"t
g to
moreth::nten
cafeofacOllrtmer
ted fecuritybegi\en.
LIX. Exceffive
fines{hallnotbelevied,.norexcelIive
.
XLVIII.
Seea~'l: of178ShNo.307-.
baildemandea~
RtI:g;oustoler
by aden.
ri"e~&boij'r.ot
LX. tobetXtdnrtA.
16
DIGESTOFTHE
,\
LX.Theprinciplesofthehabeascorpus
y{ruponthef,f by thejudg
LXI.-~~i'~.~ fuch perf01
HabeasCorpus.
Fr~edomofprd'
& trbl byjurr.
Clergymenindizib!e.
,"creeorfcn;~, andappoi
LXII.1""~~:'~r
wasmade
lature.
exhibitthe
LXIII. 1"
ThiscOlllliru.
tionnOlvaitfr'"ed.
2" vedaccord
oujorityofthecounties,andthepetitionsfromeachcountytobefigned
rityofvotersineachcountywithinthisState:Atwhichtimetheaucmblyfhallorder
<r renderand "be~ngfirftI~, none effeCt
aconventiontobecalledforthatpurpore,
Ill. Whiel purpofc:s,andandjudgesre
cordingto
adminiftrators
asaforefaid.,
DONE
A.D.161.,
n&~JC.z.c.10.
Allortlin;-'Ti~swhohavepow_ertograntad..
minifrratioDr.haV(:rowerto
take},""d.
Vau~han, !l6.
JrEd.3.c.ii.
Thecondit10nof:.lIe'bonds.
tioninformand."manner
(3) by intefta' fuch perfons cafe
and' one anyoftlbeingheirat{hall
following,mulalifmutandis,
upo ,
be adval {haTe which:
viz.
n fup diftribution i ",!,ho fhall
(t II.Theconditionofthisobligationisfuch,That
equ pof
U miniftratorofallandfingularthegoods,chattels
bahy the{ai.d i
al in
U domakeorcauretobemadeatrueandperfell:inventoryofallandlingular
diletothe 01 plufageof
dift fuc
" good~, chattelsandcreditsofthefaiddeceafed,whichhave::
judgesandeveryofthein,havingpowertocommitadminifl:rationofthegoodsofpel:
tl fhall have an' ofthe
rillu h
" hands, poucfIionorknowledgeofhimthe{aidA.B.orintothe:handsandpolfef,.
fonsdyingintefb.te,/hallandmayupontheirrefpeCl:ivegrantingandcommitting
' of caf inteR:
" fionof anyotherperronorperronsfor
adminiftration5ofthegoodsofperfonsdyingilltcftate,
" caufetobeexhibitedinto eve es
1671,of
" the_
dayof ry uft
mitted,takefufEcientbondswithtwoormoreablefun:ties,refpeabeinghad
fort
credits,and
V
f< telsand
the
I
U atthetimeofhisdeath,whichat .
val
chil Pr
~, lionofthefaidA.B.o_rintothehandsandpoueffiollofanyotherperronorper
ue
dre ovi
" fons'forhim,dowell.andtrulyadmi'flifreracc0rdingtolaw
of
" makeaTcauf.::tobemade, n,if ti.
the
a
H beforethe
ena
efi;
re:fi<1ue ofthe[aielgoods, equ ble
\te, t<
.al
d
in
d.e
to
the
gre
ma
na
e,
tate
me
law
,
of
s in
fha
the
fuc
ll
ord
h c. di
ina
brut for
ry,
ions m
,"v
to foll
ich
dt owi
the
the rof
co
fam the
ndi
e,
DIGESTOFTHE
202
A.D.1777A;:Alltoammdth~jeveralaElfforregulatitlgthepilotage
~o. "J4
June7,
17,7,
'ThisaBwasmad,/0 Clm/iT/u,infor~eon?,fir{)fUyea',anti
"r.dhasnotb~en ~onJjnued01're'Vifed.
'
Noj,~j5.
AuAfltodifcourogedifertionJand
June7,
untilflufIltiof
toptin!Jhallft~hpeifo1l1 alflailharhll"
deferterr.
.
1777
Oijolett:.
No. sJ6.
if 'IJ1!e!tinto the
0]thethenProvince,nowStateofGeorgia.
.AnAlltoextendandenforcetheallthority
oftheftverallawshe~"tafirepaf!edinthethm
province,bittnowStateofGeorgia,to
throughouttheterritorythereof.
',alar of the
confl:i
people in
conve
State, and
the ,in as
falland;n
province}
as i and
palling
fud
And be
it en(/. e
thereof
as [\ 's
State,
witho '.
.And. be
it fu the
firfr day
( ty
eightt
and
Pre.mLle.
ProvincialbW~t
ain ionbetweenthemand
gen
eral thecrownofGreatBri
c
AndwhereOfithathbeen
a!
recommendedbythe
T
faidcongrefstoadopt
e
fnchgo'mentasmight
m
bl
eu
,
to
de
cl
ar
e
th
e
"f
ai
d
co
lo
ni
es
fr
ee
an
d
in
de
pe
n
de
nt
St
at
es
,
an
d
th
ha
ve
di
fl
ol
ve
d
al
l
p
ol
iti
ca
l
co
n
ne
tl:
OPI
H
E
intheopinionofthe
B
reprefentati"esofthe
e
peopleofthe[aidbelt
conducetothe[;,fetyof
theirconftituentsin
particularandAmerica
inge
Andwh~reafincon[cqucncethereof,the
inconventiona!Tembledonthefifthday
thoufandfC\'enhundredandfeventyfeven,
tutionfortheruleandgovernmentofthefaidStatedndpeoplethereof:
diversgoonand
wholefomelawswere
heretoforemadelind
pafT'edinthisState
province)andtotheend
thatdifputesand
difficultiesmaynotarife
touching'theprerent
validityofthefaidlaws
fomadeandpaffedas
aforefaid,withinthe
(aid"ritoryofGeorgia.
1. Be it mafled hy the
repro/en/alive! of the
freemen 1"thirStatein
general '!1ft;
law.ofEoJ?;l"ud
mft,
a.wellfiat"t.
ascommontre
Jativetocrimi.
113.1matters.t:x
cepttre.lon.
heretoforeufed
inthisState"and
notrepugnant
tothe(onllitu
tiona:ldtormcf
ourgo"er;:m~t;:
(Jccbedtobein
[ullforce..
andb).theauthority 0/ thefame, Thatfrom

andafter
paffingthisad:,all
heretoforemade inthe'(thenprovince)now
St:lteof Georgia, andhave"
beenrep::aled,andallthelaws
ofEngland,aswellftatuteascommon,reIatt
criminalmatters, andheretoforeufedandadoptedinthecourtsof
lawinthis
(thenprovinceofGeorgia)exceptincafesoftreafon,thallbeoffullforce,virtu
ufedandreceived
efteC1, toallintents:Indpurpores,aswereheretoforehad,
Jawofthisland, anylaw,ufage,
cunom,article,matterorthingatprefenta'
inachangeofgovernmenttothecomraryinanywife110twithfhnding,fofar
f,rnedonotcontraditr,weaken,
hurt,orinterferewiththerefolvesalldregula
ofthehonorablethecontineutal
congrefs,orofanyrefolvesandregulations~
oranyformeraiTembly,conp'dsorconventionheldillandforthisState,andJ~
1'1whiteperfeyhavenotnegroes;:iceandcororizedtogasaforef:fettle,pIalallbedifru:
aCt, :md
iJlall
be
takennotice
(e'IJeral tfcuJ:;rofthe
ports
be
ne:d/1Ji
Q/t,
t
h
thisState,
andinas
"
(
'0"(1"
conceal I
lWS
here
thereof as
fuch by all
judges and
other
officers of
juftice or
government
with.inthis
State,
without the
(;lmc b~ing
fpecially
pleaded.
lIT.Ar.d.
beitfur!!
>er
mac?ed,
Thatthis
actball.
be:md
continue
andbeill
force
untilthefirfi
feventyeight,
:
2
3
A.
D.
J7
77
.
N
o
.
7
.
3
6
.
Gc
mr
al.
d.
Savannah,
C
on
tin
u,.
lio
l!.
i .
n I
:
ia, c
to o
alu :
l r
S
e
e
f the
a
&
.
peo
ple
ver I
n
Ie
fai .
d
and
Sta
tes i
lin
ge
ner
al:
. of
thi
s
Sta
te
ar
Lo
rd
on
e
to,
a
co
nft
i
A
nd
wh
ere
as
s
Sta
te
(th
en
lin
g
the
pr
e
the
lai
d
te
r
'er
a!
t1f
An
.
.
.
I
i
~
l.
~
~
o
f
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DOCKETNO:
INTHESUPREMECOURTOFTHEUNITEDSTATES
DARRELLBROWN,
v.
STATEOFGEORGIA,
AFFIDAVITOFSERVICE
ThisistocertifythatonMarch11,2009,IservedtheforegoingPetitionforA
WritofCertiorarion:
ScottBallard,Esq.
P.O.Box1498
ThurbertBaker,Esq.
40CapitalSquare
Atlanta,GA30334
bydepositingsameintheUnitedStatesPostalServicewithadequateFirstClass
postageaffixedthereto:
Soswornunderpenaltyofperjury.

Petition For Certiorari

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Petition For Certiorari

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DOCKETNO:

stayed, probated, deferred, or withheld, and any such person sentenced

.:::> "'t: <::

GENERALDEMURRER renced forthesecond

21 INDICTMENT NO. 05R-0435-A

The Defendant, having brought the

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF FAYETTE COUNTY

COUNT'3:AndtheGrandJW'Orsaforesaid inthenameandbehalfoftbeCitizensofGeorgia further chargeand

MR. COGGIN: Andinconsultationwiththe

THE COURT: well,

MR. COGGIN: So I'm

THE COURT: okay,well,thank

THE COURT: oh,yes,Irememberyousaidyou

right with the

THE COURT: Sure.

has been submitted tothe

did not object

THE COURT: All right.

THE COURT: All right,

any problems with the

prindy v. New Jersey, thatthejurywasrequiredtopass

ornot that individual

given the sentencing

grounds too, thatthesentencingschemeisnot

before the federal

Just very briefly,

the Motion for

COURT: All right,anythingtoofferin

THE COURT: All right.

STATEOFGAV DARRELL BROWN/ANDRE LEE,

THE COURT: Okay.

Judge, may Ihave arulingonmy

THE COURT: Thesameasbefore,overruled.

MR. WALKER: okay.

THE COURT: Anddenied.

MR. WALKER: Thank you, Judge.

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF FAYETTE COUNTY

CASE NUMBER:, 20051i:04:g ;::;:;~,~."

DARRELL BROWN, and

Life imprisonment without parole;

15 years to serve in prison, consecutive to

and defendant Andre Lee is sentenced as follows:

10 years imprisonment, consecutive to Counts 1 and 2;

10 years imprisonment, concurrent to Counts 1, 2, and 3;

day of September, 2005.

day of September, 2005.

CLYDE CASTLEBERRY CO , COVINGTON. GA 30014

SUPERIOR COURT OF FAYETTE COUNTY, GEORGIA

THE STATE VS.

r-!~LD \~'i o~; !C:_

;;nn7 [IFP. ?Iun

SHEILA STUDDARD. CLERK

Thi~ dayof J7tt:.....

Z (JO~) K --- aLl ?J5

For Defendant Brown:

THE COURT: okay.

THE COURT: Your, your

Theleadcase isthe ;n,

toimpose that sentence.

asyou wellknow,aswedid inthis

caselaw, although ithasn'treachedthepointI

NOW, under and that'sunder