The Impact of Mismanaged Shared Water Resources on Dust Haze

THE HAZE PROBLEM
THE IMPACT OF MISMANAGEMENT IN

SHARED WATER RESOURCES
CASE STUDY IN IRAN
Sedigheh Torabi Palatkaleh
Head of Water Allocation Group
Ministry of Energy
CONTENTS
Haze
Problem
Definition, Causes and Effects
Haze Problem In the region
Monitoring of Haze Problem In Iran
Major Wetlands and Basins under effect of Haze
West Part
East Part
Conclusion
HAZE PROBLEM
DEFINITION, CAUSES AND EFFECTS
WHATS THE HAZE PROBLEM?
Dust Haze is:

an atmospheric event
with dust and any small particles
That affects the clearness of the sky
Dust Haze is caused by:
wind movement
from the dried areas like plains and dried
wetlands
GLOBAL DUST PRODUCING REGION
CAUSES OF HAZE PROBLEM
Land specifics and Land-use:
soil type and grain size

soil moisture
land cover and land use
Climate characteristics:
dryness and drought
climate requirements for movement of small
particles
movement of wind on the deserts with small and
dry grain size
vertical air movement and transmission of small
particles
transmission of small particles to long distances
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICLES
Wind speed (millimeter/sec)
SIZE AND SUBSIDENCE SPEED
particles size )Micrometer)
CAUSES OF HAZE PROBLEM
Water Resources Management:

surface water diversion
dam construction
overuse of surface water
That cause dryness of lands (include wetlands)
Land Use
Climate
Water Resources
Management
HAZE PROBLEM IN THE REGION

CAUSES AND EFFECTS
GLOBAL DUST PRODUCING REGION
10
Dust Storm Monitoring

July 2009

2010 07 14-15

2010 07 29 - 31
14
DUST OVER IRAQ
THE MAIN REASONS

OF DUST OCCURRING
IN THE REGION
Land Use
Water
Climate Resources
Management
The lack of appropriate plant coverage

Destroy of forest areas and ranges in region countries
Locating in Arid and Semi Arid Zone and existence of huge
deserts
Locating in geographical latitude and global dust belt
Atmospheric instability in Syria, Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi
Arabia deserts.
Changing of air pressure and storm blow from Iraq, Syria
and Saudi Arabia deserts
Decrease of precipitation and air humidity
Climate Change and intensify of drought phenomenon
Expansion of dry areas and dryness of wetlands
MONITORING OF
HAZE PROBLEM IN IRAN
CAUSES AND EFFECTS
THE DUST MOVEMENT IN DIRECTION PREVAILING

WIND AND TOWARD WEST SOUTH OF IRAN
INVOLVED PROVINCES WITH DUST STORM
Affected Area by Dust from the West
Caspian Sea
Aman Sea
Sever
Moderate
No Effect
MONSOON WIND IN SISTAN&BALUCHESTAN
Affected Area by Dust from the East
Caspian Sea
Aman Sea
Sever
Sever
Moderate
No Effect
Caspian Sea
Caspian Sea
Aman Sea
Aman Sea
Sever
Moderate
No Effect
Sever
Sever
Moderate
No Effect
AFFECTED PROVINCES WITH DUST STORM

BY MONITORING
PM10 = 2100 G/M3

04-07-2009
PM10 = 90 G/M3
KERMANSHAH
14-10-2009
DUST STORM IN BOOSHEHR
Crisis of dust storm on Khouzestan province

2010
POLLUTANT STANDARD INDEX

PSI
CO (ppm)
8hr
O3(ppb)
1hr
NO2(ppb)
1hr
SO2(ppb)
24hr
PM10(g/m3)
24hr
50
4.5
60
150
30
75
100
120
300
140
150
200
15
200
600
300
375
300
30
400
1200
600
625
400
40
500
1600
800
875
500
50
600
2000
1000
1000
Dust Data
PM10 concentrations (micro grams per cubic meter)
City
city
PM10
PM10
Max PM10
population Concentration Concentration
(In Dust Phenomenon 2009)
2000
1999
2008-2009
Ahwaz
943,666
81
301
9360
Bandar-e-Abbas
436,889
100
165
482
Bushehr
160,184
61
126
1348
Dezful
230,117
63
---
---
Ilam
155,792
52
---
2600
Kermanshah
758,273
59
---
1154
Khoramabad
315,972
66
---
2623
Masjed Soleyman
124,425
75
---
---
Orumiyeh
451,558
75
---
1425
Sanandaj
309,073
57
---
2603
Tabriz
1,328,504
69
---
923
PARTICULATE MATTER AND HEALTH IMPACTS

Index
Levels of
Values
Health
0 50
Good
None
51 - 100
Moderate
Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing

prolonged or heavy exertion
101 150
Unhealthy for
sensitive
groups
People with heart or lung disease, older adults ,and

children should reduce prolonged or heavy exertion
Unhealthy
People with heart or lung disease ,older adults ,and

children should avoid prolonged or heavy exertion. Every
one else should reduce prolonged or heavy exertion
Very unhealthy
People with heart or lung disease, older adults ,and

children should avoid all physical activity outdoors.
Everyone else should avoid prolonged or heavy exertion
151 200
201 300
301 - 500
Hazardous
Cautionary Statements
People with heart or lung disease, older adults, and

children should remain, indoors and keep activity level
low .Every one else should avoid all physical activities
outdoors.
DUST ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL EFFECTS( KHUZESTAN)

Year
Accident
number (day)
Max
concentration
(mg/m3)
Max
incidence
time (hour)
Number of
Flight
Cancel
Schools
Closing (day)
Offices
Closing (day)
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
total
6
10
11
9
12
19
31
55
49
202
2010
2560
3600
3440
2505
2740
8360
9360
6200
-
48
48
40
36
48
48
72
84
144
-
4
2
3
3
3
47
232
172
466
1
1
3
5
10
1
1
1
3
Maximum Concentration of Dust ( gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of

Iran - 2005
Concentration
( gr/m3 )
>3000
2001 - 3000
501 - 2000
150 - 500
<150

Iran - 2006
Concentration
( gr/m3 )
>3000
2001 - 3000
501 - 2000
150 - 500
<150

Iran - 2007
Concentration
( gr/m3 )
>3000
2001 - 3000
501 - 2000
150 - 500
<150

Iran - 2008
Concentration
( gr/m3 )
>3000
2001 - 3000
501 - 2000
150 - 500
<150

Iran - 2009
Concentration
( gr/m3 )
>3000
2001 - 3000
501 - 2000
150 - 500
<150
NUMBER OF DAYS WITH DUST IN DIFFERENT CITIES IN 2007

35
32
30
28
20
15
13
9
10
5
an
sh
Ke
rm
Cities
ah
m
Ila
az
Ah
v
an
0
Za
nj
Number of Days
25

120
107
80
59
60
42
35
40
20
25
20
13
an
sh
ah
Il a
m
er
m
Cities
Sa
na
nd
aj
hv
az
A
Ta
br
iz
Za
nj
an
Ko
rd
e-
Sh
ah
r-
ho
ra
Ab
ad
Sh
i ra
Number of Days
100
16
7
21
14
Cities
an
sh
ah
20
31
Ila
m
40
Ke
rm
60
Ta
br
iz
Ah
va
z
O
ro
om
ie
h
Sa
na
nd
aj
Te
hr
an
Sh
ira
z
Ha
m
ed
Kh
an
or
am
Ab
Sh
ad
ah
r-e
-K
or
d
Za
nj
an
Number of Days

120
101
100
80
63
45
28
12
6
VARIATION OF
MAXIMUM DUST CONCENTRATION IN AHVAZ
12000
Concentration (g/m )
10000
10000
8860
8360
8000
6900
6000
4000
2505
2000
1910
1890
150g/m3
2004
2005
2006
2007
Years
2008
2009
2010
VARIATION OF
MAXIMUM DUST CONCENTRATION IN ZANJAN
1600
1426
Concentration(g/m 3)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
724
586
524
400
200
150g/m3
0
2007
2008
2009
Years
2010
Maximum Dust Concentration in Kermanshah

3500
3000
3000
2817
Concentration(g/m3)
2500
2000
1500
1311
1000
500
771
464
150g/m3
VARIATION OF
MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION OF DUST IN ZAHEDAN (EAST)
7000
6500
5912
Concentration(g/m 3)
6000
5000
4103
4000
3000
2000
1000
150g/m3
2008
2009
Years
2010
MAJOR WETLANDS AND BASINS

EFFECTING ON HAZE
WEST PART
REGION WITH HAZE PROBLEM
INVOLVED PROVINCES WITH DUST STORM
Caspian Sea
Caspian Sea
Aman Sea
Aman Sea
Sever
Moderate
No Effect
Sever
Sever
Moderate
No Effect
Wetlands in Euphrates Tigris Basin

which are point sources of Dust
49
Trend of Drying Wetlands:

Remained Area of Wetlands in 2000: Hour-al- Hoveize: 33%; Central Hour: 3.1%
Hour-al Hammar: 6.4%

1976
2000
Causes of Wetland Dryness:

1- Upstream activities
2- Iraq Activities which caused dryness of wetlands in
Euphrates- Tigris Basin in the past
2006
Dahuk
Dookan
Mousel
Debs
Tigris
Hadise
Darbandikhan
Hamrain
Sarsar
Diyala
Euph.
Samera
Kout
Fallujeh
Shat-ol-Arab
EAST PART
IRANS RAMSAR SITES WETLANDS
GEOGRAPHY
OF
HIRMAND (HELMAND) BASIN
LOCATION OF PHYSICAL FEATURES AND STREAMS.
LAND COVER CHANGES IN THE SISTAN BASIN
WATER VOLUMES IN HAMOONS DURING 1985-2005
PEOPLE AFFECTED BY SAND STORMS
Buried water canal by sand
Wind erosin in bed of Hamoon lakes
Houses buried by sand
SAND STORM AND WINDS IN SISTAN AND DRIED HAMOONS
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Mismanagement of Water Resources in Trans-boundary
Basins Caused Health Problem for People.
Most of the people think about water resources for
environmental use (like wetlands) as a Fantasy need
whereas in this case, the effect of this omission caused
very serious health problem for people in a vast area.
Although many activities took place to deal with the
problem but all of them are focused on solve the effects
of the problem not on the roots (WRM).
Results of the current activities are very expensive and it
wont work in long term (as the causes are still existing).
The direction of any joint activities for these basins
should focus on this health problem.

The Impact of Mismanaged Shared Water Resources on Dust Haze

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THE HAZE PROBLEM

THE IMPACT OF MISMANAGEMENT IN

WHATS THE HAZE PROBLEM?

Dust Haze is:

GLOBAL DUST PRODUCING REGION

CAUSES OF HAZE PROBLEM

Land specifics and Land-use:

soil type and grain size

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICLES

Wind speed (millimeter/sec)

SIZE AND SUBSIDENCE SPEED

particles size )Micrometer)

CAUSES OF HAZE PROBLEM

Water Resources Management:

That cause dryness of lands (include wetlands)

HAZE PROBLEM IN THE REGION

GLOBAL DUST PRODUCING REGION

Dust Storm Monitoring

Dust Storm Monitoring

Dust Storm Monitoring

DUST OVER IRAQ

THE MAIN REASONS

The lack of appropriate plant coverage

THE DUST MOVEMENT IN DIRECTION PREVAILING

INVOLVED PROVINCES WITH DUST STORM

Affected Area by Dust from the West

MONSOON WIND IN SISTAN&BALUCHESTAN

Affected Area by Dust from the East

Affected Area by Dust from the West

Affected Area by Dust from the East

AFFECTED PROVINCES WITH DUST STORM

PM10 = 2100 G/M3

DUST STORM IN BOOSHEHR

Crisis of dust storm on Khouzestan province

POLLUTANT STANDARD INDEX

PARTICULATE MATTER AND HEALTH IMPACTS

Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing

People with heart or lung disease, older adults ,and

People with heart or lung disease ,older adults ,and

People with heart or lung disease, older adults ,and

People with heart or lung disease, older adults, and

DUST ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL EFFECTS( KHUZESTAN)

Maximum Concentration of Dust ( gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of

Maximum Concentration of Dust ( gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of

Maximum Concentration of Dust ( gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of

Maximum Concentration of Dust ( gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of

Maximum Concentration of Dust ( gr/m3 ) in Critical Provinces of

NUMBER OF DAYS WITH DUST IN DIFFERENT CITIES IN 2007

NUMBER OF DAYS WITH DUST IN DIFFERENT CITIES IN 2008

NUMBER OF DAYS WITH DUST IN DIFFERENT CITIES IN 2009

Maximum Dust Concentration in Kermanshah

MAJOR WETLANDS AND BASINS

REGION WITH HAZE PROBLEM

INVOLVED PROVINCES WITH DUST STORM

Affected Area by Dust from the West

Affected Area by Dust from the East

Wetlands in Euphrates Tigris Basin

Trend of Drying Wetlands:

Hour-al Hammar: 6.4%

Causes of Wetland Dryness:

IRANS RAMSAR SITES WETLANDS

HIRMAND (HELMAND) BASIN

LOCATION OF PHYSICAL FEATURES AND STREAMS.