Steel Structures by Vinnakota

Chapter 4

page 4-1

CHAPTER 4

P4.1.

Determine the wind pressure on the windward wall, leeward wall, and roof of a 40 ft by 80 ft by 20 ft
building with a flat roof. The building is located on level ground in a suburban area of Chicago. Steel roof
deck connected to open-web steel joists and girders acts as roof diaphragms.
Solution
Height of building, h = 20 ft
Plan dimensions of the building :
Parallel to wind direction, L = 40 ft
Normal to wind direction, B = 80 ft
a.

Velocity pressures, q
From Fig. 6.1 of the ASCES, the basic wind speed, V, for Chicago is 90 mph.
The building is located in a suburban area. Therefore, use Exposure B (See ASCES Section 6.5.6).
The building function is not considered an essential facility or likely to be occupied by 300 people in
a single area at one time. Therefore, the building is of Category II, from Table 1-1 of the ASCES.
The importance factor Iw equals 1.0 for Category II structures (see ASCES Table 6-1).
The topographic factor K t is taken to be 1.0 because the building is on a level ground.
The wind directionality factor K d equals 0.85 for buildings, from Table 6-6 of the ASCES.
Velocity pressure at height z above ground level (Eq. 6-13 of the ASCES):
q z = 0.00256 K zt K d V 2 Iw K z = 0.002561.00.8590 21.0 K z
= 17.6 K z
Velocity pressure exposure coefficients K z for the main wind force resisting system (Case 2) and
Exposure B may be obtained from ASCES Table 6-5. Values of K z and the resulting velocity
pressures q z at floor and roof levels are given in Table SP4.1.1.
TABLE SP4.1.1
z (ft)

Kz

q z (psf)

p ez (psf)

15
20

0.57
0.62

10.0
10.9

6.8
7.4

The velocity pressure at mean roof height, q h, is 10.9 psf.

b.

External wind pressures, p e, for the main wind force resisting system

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Chapter 4

page 4-2

From Eq. 6.15 of the ASCES, p e = q z G C p

for windward wall
= qh G Cp
for leeward wall and roof
Least width of building L min = 40 ft
, indicating that it is a rigid structure.
So, from ASCES Section 6.5.8.1, gust factor G = 0.85.
The values for the external pressure coefficients C p are obtained from Fig. 6-3 of the ASCES :

The windward wall pressure coefficient is 0.8. So, the external wind pressures, p ez = q z G
C p , for the windward wall are as given in Table X4.7.1.
(Ans.)

The leeward wall pressure coefficient is a function of the L /B ratio. For wind normal to
the 80 ft face,
.
Therefore, the leeward wall pressure coefficient is - 0.5.
The leeward wall pressure = q h G C p = 10.90.85(- 0.5) = - 4.6 psf

For the given structure with

pressures:

Roof wind pressure:

0 - 20 ft =
20 - 40 ft =
c.

(Ans.)

, two roof zones are specified for roof wind

10.90.85(- 0.9) = - 8.3 psf

10.90.85(- 0.5) = - 4.6 psf

(Ans.)
(Ans.)

Internal wind pressures p i for the main wind force resisting system.
The building is assumed (conservatively) to be a partially enclosed building. From Table 6-7 of the
ASCES, GC pi = 0.55, for partially enclosed buildings.
Internal wind pressures, p i = q h (GC pi) = 10.90.55 = 6.0 psf
(Ans.)

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Steel Structures by Vinnakota

P4.2.

Chapter 4

page 4-3

Determine the external pressure acting over the windward wall, leeward wall, and roof of a gabled building,
located on open flat terrain in Boston, for the wind load perpendicular to the ridge of the building. The fully
enclosed agricultural building has plan dimensions of 60 ft by 120 ft, height to eave of 20 ft, and a roof slope
of 35 o. Also, determine the internal pressure in the building.
Solution
Gabled building.
Height to eave, h o = 20 ft
Wind perpendicular to the ridge of the building.
Plan dimensions of the building :
Parallel to wind direction, L = 60 ft
Normal to wind direction, B = 120 ft
Roof slope, 2 = 35 o;
rise = 30 tan 2 = 21 ft
Mean roof height, h = 30.5 ft
a.

Velocity pressures, q
From Fig. 6.1 of the ASCES, the basic wind speed, V, for Chicago is 110 mph.
The building is located in a suburban area. Therefore, use Exposure B (See ASCES Section 6.5.6).
The building is an agricultural building that presents a low hazard to human life in the event of
failure. Therefore, the building is of Category I, from Table 1-1 of the ASCES.
For Category I structures in hurricane prone regions with V > 100 mph the importance factor Iw
equals 0.77 (see ASCES Table 6-1).
The topographic factor K t is taken to be 1.0 because the building is on a flat terrain.
The wind directionality factor K d equals 0.85 for buildings, from Table 6-6 of the ASCES.
Velocity pressure at height z above ground level (Eq. 6-13 of the ASCES):
q z = 0.00256 K zt K d V 2 Iw K z = 0.002561.00.85110 20.77 K z
= 20.3 K z
Velocity pressure exposure coefficients K z for the main wind force resisting system (Case 2) and
Exposure B may be obtained from ASCES Table 6-5. Values of K z and the resulting velocity
pressures q z at floor and roof levels are given in Table SP4.2.1.
TABLE SP4.2.1
z (ft)

Kz

q z (psf)

p ez (psf)

15
20
30.5

0.57
0.62
0.70

11.6
12.6
14.2

7.9
8.6

The velocity pressure at mean roof height, q h, is 14.2 psf.

b.

External wind pressures, p e, for the main wind force resisting system

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Chapter 4

From Eq. 6.15 of the ASCES, p e = q z G C p

= qh G Cp
Least width of building L min = 60 ft

page 4-4

for windward wall

for leeward wall and roof

, indicating that it is a rigid structure.

So, from ASCES Section 6.5.8.1, gust factor G = 0.85.
The values for the external pressure coefficients C p are obtained from Fig. 6-3 of the ASCES:

The windward wall pressure coefficient is 0.8. So, the external wind pressures, p ez = q z G
C p , for the windward wall are as given in Table X4.7.1.
(Ans.)

The leeward wall pressure coefficient is a function of the L /B ratio. For wind normal to
the 120 ft face,
.
Therefore, the leeward wall pressure coefficient is - 0.5.
The leeward wall pressure = q h G C p = 14.20.85(- 0.5) = - 6.0 psf

For the given structure with

, two roof pressure coefficients are
specified for windward roof slope (namely, C p = -0.2 and 0.3) and one roof pressure
coefficient for leeward roof slope (namely, -0.6).
Roof wind pressures:
Windward roof slope
Leeward roof slope

c.

(Ans.)

= 14.20.85(- 0.2) = - 2.4 psf (suction)

= 14.20.85( 0.3) = 3.6 psf (pressure)
= 14.20.85(- 0.6) = - 7.2 psf (suction)

Internal wind pressures p i for the main wind force resisting system.
The building is a fully enclosed building. From Table 6-7 of the ASCES, GC pi = 0.18.
Internal wind pressures, p i = q h (GC pi) = 14.20.18 = 2.6 psf

(Ans.)
(Ans.)
(Ans.)

(Ans.)

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Steel Structures by Vinnakota

P4.3.

Chapter 4

page 4-5

Determine the design snow load acting on the building given in Problem P4.1. The building is in an
industrial park with no trees or other structures offering shelter.
Solution
a.
From Fig. 7.1 of the ASCES the ground snow load p g for Chicago is 25 psf.
Suburban area 6 Exposure B.
The exposure factor C e can be taken equal to 0.9 from Table 7.2 of the ASCES because there are
no trees or other structures offering shelter (fully exposed) and Exposure B.

Thermal factor C t is 1.0 from Table 7-3 of the ASCES because the building is a heated structure.
The building function is not considered an essential facility or likely to be occupied by 300 people in
a single area at one time. Therefore, the building is of Category II, from Table 1-1 of the ASCES.
The importance factor I equals 1.0 for Category II structures (see ASCES Table 7-4).
From Eq. 7.1 of the ASCES, the flat roof snow load is obtained as
p f = 0.7 C e C t I p g = 0.70.91.01.025 = 15.8 psf
Also, from Section 7.3 of ASCES, for p g > 20 psf, minimum vale for low slope roofs,
p f, min = 20 ( I ) = 20 (1.00) = 20.0 psf
So, roof snow load to be used is 20.0 psf.

(Ans.)

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Chapter 4

P4.4.

page 4-6

Determine the balanced and unbalanced design snow loads for the roof of the gabled frame of Problem P4.2.
Solution
a.
Span, L = 60 ft
Roof slope, 2 =

35 o

From Fig. 7.1 of the ASCES the ground snow load p g for Boston is 35 psf.
Suburban area 6 Exposure B.
The exposure factor C e can be taken equal to 0.9 from Table 7.2 of the ASCES because there are
minimal obstructions (fully exposed) and Exposure B.
Thermal factor C t is 1.0 from Table 7-3 of the ASCES because the building is a heated structure.
The building is an agricultural building that presents a low hazard to human life in the event of
failure. Therefore, the building is of Category I, from Table 1-1 of the ASCES.
For Category I structures the importance factor I equals 0.8 (see ASCES Table 7-4).
From Eq. 7.1 of the ASCES, the flat roof snow load is obtained as
p f = 0.7 C e C t I p g = 0.70.91.00.835 = 17.6 psf
From Fig. 7-2 of the ASCES, the roof slope factor C s is 0.88 for warm roofs with roof slope, 2 =
35 o.
From Eq. 7.2 of the ASCES, the sloped-roof snow load is obtained as
(Ans.)
This load is called the balanced snow load and is applied to the entire roof of the structure.
b.

Unbalanced snow load.

Roof length parallel to the ridge line L = 120 ft
Horizontal distance from eave to ridge W = 30 ft

So, from Eq. 7.3 of the ASCES, the gable roof drift parameter $ equals 1.0
From Eq. 7.4 of the ASCES, snow density, ( = 0.13 p g + 14 = 0.1335.0 + 14
= 18.6 pcf <
30 pcf O.K.
Minimum slope,
As W > 20 ft and 2 > 2min, the structure must be designed to resist an unbalanced uniform snow
load on the leeward side (see ASCES Table 7-5).
Intensity of unbalanced snow load on the windward side,
(Ans.)
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Steel Structures by Vinnakota

Chapter 4

page 4-7

Intensity of unbalanced snow load on the leeward side,

(Ans.)

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displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
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Chapter 4

P4.5.

page 4-8

The axial compressive force on a building column from the code-specified loads have been determined as:
180 kips dead load, 30 kips from the roof snow load, 140 kips (reduced) floor live load, 120 kips from
wind, and 40 kips from earthquake. Determine the factored axial load, P u , for which the column is to be
designed. If the resistance factor N is 0.85, what is the required nominal strength?
Solution
Given: Building Column
D = 180 kips
L (reduced) = 140 kips;
S = 30 kips;
W = 120 kips;
E = 40 kips

Combination
LC-1
LC-2
LC-3
LC-4
LC-5
LC-6
LC-7

0.5L = 70 kips
L rSR = max (L r, S, R) = 30 kips
0.8W = 96 kips

Factored Axial Force (kips)

1.4D = 1.4180
1.2D + 1.6L + .5 L rSR = 1.2180 + 1.6140 + .530
1.2D + 1.6L rSR + .8W = 1.2180 + 1.630 + .8120
1.2D + 1.6W + .5L + .5 L rSR = 1.2180 + 1.6120 + .5140 + .530
1.2D + 1.0E + .5L + .2S = 1.2180 + 1.0 40 + .5140 + .230
.9D + 1.6W = .9180 1.6120
.9D + 1.0E = .9180 1.040

= 252
= 455
= 360
= 493
= 341
= - 30.0
= 122

Note: Compressive forces are considered positive.

The controlling load combination is LC-4 (Wind).
Factored axial compressive load, Pu = 493 kips
Design axial compressive strength, Pd $ Preq = Pu = 493 kips
Nominal axial compressive strength, Pn = Pd /n $ 493 /.85 = 580 kips

(Ans.)
(Ans.)

As there is a reversal of sign in load combination LC-6, the member (and the end connections)
should also be designed for an axial tensile load, T u = 30 kips.
(Ans.)

Comments:
This problem provides introduction to the use of the load factors and how the load
combinations work. The main design consideration is the compression loading. While the tension
is small, it should still be noted.

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displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
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Steel Structures by Vinnakota

P4.6.

Chapter 4

page 4-9

Repeat Problem 4.5 for a garage column.

Solution
Given:

Hint:

Combination
LC-1
LC-2
LC-3
LC-4
LC-5
LC-6
LC-7

Garage Column
D = 180 kips;
L (reduced) = 140 kips
S = 30 kips
6
L rSR = 30 kips
W = 120 kips;
E = 40 kips
See Exceptions in ASCES Section 2.3.2 Basic combinations. The load factor on L in combinations
LC-3, LC-4, and LC-5 equals 1.0 for garages.

Factored Axial Force (kips)

1.4D = 1.4180
1.2D + 1.6L + .5 L rSR = 1.2180 + 1.6140 + .530
1.2D + 1.6L rSR + 1.0L = 1.2180 + 1.630 + 140
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + .5 L rSR = 1.2180 + 1.6120 + 140 + .530
1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + .2S = 1.2180 + 40 + 140 + .230
.9D + 1.6W = .9180 1.6120
.9D + 1.0E = .9180 40

= 252
= 455
= 404
= 563
= 402
= -30.0
= 122

Note: Compressive forces are considered positive.

The controlling load combination is LC-4 (Wind).
Factored axial compressive load, Pu = 563 kips
Design axial compressive strength, Pd $ Preq = Pu = 563 kips
Nominal axial compressive strength, Pn = Pd /n $ 563/.85 = 662 kips

(Ans.)
(Ans.)

As there is a reversal of sign in load combination, LC-6, the member (and the end connections)
should be designed for an axial tensile load, T u = 30 kips.
(Ans.)

Comments:
Like the first problem, this provides a good idea of how to use the load factors and load
combinations, and also raises the awareness of special conditions for garage structures. The main
design consideration is the compressive loading. While the tension is small, it should still be noted.

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Chapter 4

P4.7.

page 4-10

Loads acting on a roof deck include a dead load of 30 psf, a roof live load of 20 psf, a snow load of 35 psf,
and a wind pressure of 18 psf (upward or downward). Determine the governing loading on the decking.
Solution
Given: Roof Decking
D = 30 psf
Roof Live Load, L r = 20 psf ;
W = 18 psf

Combination
LC-1
LC-2
LC-3
LC-4
LC-5
LC-6
LC-7

S = 35 psf

Factored Loading (psf)

1.4D = 1.430
1.2D + 1.6L + .5 L rSR = 1.230 + 1.60 + .535
1.2D + 1.6L rSR + .8W = 1.230 + 1.635 + .818
1.2D + 1.6W + .5L + .5 L rSR = 1.230 + 1.618 + .50 + .535
1.2D + 1.0E + .5L + .2S = 1.230 + 0 + .50 + .235
.9D + 1.6W = .930 1.618
.9D + 1.0E = .930 0

=
=

42.0
53.5
= 106
= 82.3
= 43.0
= - 1.80
= 27.0

Note: Minus sign signifies suction (uplift) on the decking.

The controlling load combination is LC-3 (Roof live load).
Factored load (pressure) on the decking, p u = 106 psf
As there is a reversal of sign, in load combination LC-6, the decking (and the welds or nails
connecting the decking to the supports), should be designed for a suction of 1.8 psf.

(Ans)
(Ans)

Comments:
This problem makes one to consider different directions of wind forces. The main design
consideration is the LC-3. While uplift from LC-6 is small, it should still be noted.

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Steel Structures by Vinnakota

P4.8.

Chapter 4

page 4-11

The axial forces in a diagonal member of a roof truss are as follows: 50 kips dead load (T), 40 kips snow
load (T), 20 kips roof live load (T), 15 kips rain load (T), and a wind load of 18 kips (C). Here, T
represents tension and C, compression. Determine the required design strength of the diagonal member.
Solution
Given: Roof truss diagonal member
D = 50 kips (T);
Roof Live Load, L r = 20 kips (T)
S = 40 kips (T);
R = 15 kips (T)
W = 18 kips (C)
Here, T represents tension and C compression.

Combination
LC-1
LC-2
LC-3
LC-4
LC-5
LC-6
LC-7

Factored Axial Force (kips)

1.4D = 1.450
1.2D + 1.6L + .5 L rSR = 1.250 + 1.60 + .540
1.2D + 1.6L rSR + .8W = 1.250 + 1.640 + .80
1.2D + 1.6W + .5L + .5 L rSR = 1.250 + 1.60 + .50 + .540
1.2D + 1.0E + .5L + .2S = 1.250 + 0 + .50 + .240
.9D + 1.6W = .950 1.618
.9D + 1.0E = .950 0

=
=

70.0
80.0
= 124
= 80.0
= 68.0
= 16.2
= 45.0

Note: Tensile forces are considered positive.

The controlling load combination is LC-3 (Roof loading).
Factored axial tensile load, T u = 124 kips
(Ans)
There is no reversal of sign in load combinations LC-6 and LC-7, indicating that the member is not
subjected to any compression under factored loads.

Comments:
It should be noted that the compressive force contributed by wind loading was not
included in LC-3 or LC-4, since it did not contribute to an increase in the member axial load.

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Chapter 4

P4.9.

page 4-12

A beam is part of the framing system for the floor of a residential building. The end moments caused by the
service loads are: 160 ft-kips (clockwise) from dead load, 230 ft-kips (clockwise) from live load, and 150 ftkips (clockwise or anticlockwise) from wind load. Determine the maximum factored bending moment.
What is the controlling ASCES load combination? Also, if the resistance factor N is 0.9, what is the
required nominal bending strength in ft-kips?
Solution
Given: Beam in a residential floor framing system
D = 160 ft-kips (CW)
L = 230 ft-kips (CW) ;
0.5L = 115 ft-kips
W = 150 ft-kips (CW or CCW) ; 0.8W = 120 ft-kips

Combination
LC-1
LC-2
LC-3
LC-4
LC-5
LC-6
LC-7

Factored Bending Moment (ft-kips)

1.4D = 1.4160
1.2D + 1.6L + .5 L rSR = 1.2160 + 1.6230 + .50
1.2D + 1.6L rSR + 0.8W = 1.2160 + 1.60 + .8150
1.2D + 1.6W + .5L + .5 L rSR = 1.2160 + 1.6150 + .5230 + .50
1.2D + 1.0E + .5L + .2S = 1.2160 + 0 + .5230 + .20
.9D + 1.6W = .9160 1.6150
.9D + 1.0E = .9160 0

= 224
= 560
= 312
= 547
= 307
= - 96.0
= 144

Note: Clockwise moments are considered positive.

The controlling load combination is LC-2 (Live load).
Factored bending moment, M u = 560 ft-kips (clockwise)
Design bending strength, M d $ M req = M u = 560 ft-kips
Nominal bending strength, M n = M d /n $ 560 /.9 = 622 ft-kips

(Ans)
(Ans)

As there is a reversal of sign in load combination LC-6, the member (and the end connections)
should also be designed for a factored anticlockwise bending moment, M u = 96 ft-kips.
(Ans)

Comments:
The main design consideration is the clockwise bending. While the counterclockwise
loading is small, it should still be noted.

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displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
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Steel Structures by Vinnakota

P4.10.

Chapter 4

page 4-13

The maximum moments caused by the service loads on the roof beam of an office building are as follows:
dead load, 58 ft-kips; snow load, 75 ft-kips; roof live load, 50 ft-kips; rain load, 25 ft-kips; and wind load 30 ft-kips. All these moments occur at the same location on the beam (center) and can therefore be
combined. Determine the required bending strength of the roof beam.
Solution
Given: Office building roof beam
D = 58 ft-kips
S = 75 ft-kips; L r = 50 ft-kips; R = 25 ft-kips
W = - 30 ft-kips

Combination
LC-1
LC-2
LC-3
LC-4
LC-5
LC-6
LC-7

Factored Bending Moment (ft-kips)

1.4D = 1.458
1.2D + 1.6L + .5 L rSR = 1.258 + 1.60 + .575
1.2D + 1.6L rSR + .8W = 1.258 + 1.675 + .80
1.2D + 1.6W + .5L + .5 L rSR = 1.258 + 1.60 + .50 + .575
1.2D + 1.0E + .5L + .2S = 1.258 + 0 + .50 + .275
.9D + 1.6W = .958 1.630
.9D + 1.0E = .958 0

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

81.2
107
190
107
84.6
4.20
52.2

Factored bending moment, M u = 190 ft-kips

Comments:
The main design consideration is the positive bending moment. There is no reversal of
moment to be considered, under the given loading condition.

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Chapter 4

P4.11.

page 4-14

A beam-column is subjected to the following forces by the service loads indicated. Axial compression, P:
dead load, 120 kips; live load, 220 kips. Bending moments, M: dead load 180 ft-kips, live load 240 ft-kips.
Determine the factored axial load, Pu , and bending moment, M u , for which the beam-column is to be
designed.
Solution
Given: Beam-column
Axial compressive loads
D = 120 kips
L = 220 kips

Bending moments
D = 180 ft-kips
L = 240 ft-kips

a.
Combination
LC-1
LC-2

Factored Axial Force (kips)

1.4D = 1.4120
1.2D + 1.6L + .5 L rSR = 1.2120 + 1.6220 + .50

= 168
= 496

b.
Combination
LC-1
LC-2

Factored Bending Moment (ft-kips)

1.4D = 1.4180
1.2D + 1.6L + .5 L rSR = 1.2180 + 1.6240 + .50

= 252
= 600

c.
Combination

Factored Axial force

(kips)

Factored Bending Moment

(ft-kips)

LC-1
LC-2

168
496

252
600

Factored axial load, Pu = 496 kips

Factored bending moment, M u = 600 ft-kips
Note that both maximum axial force and maximum bending moment occur for load combination
LC-2, in this example.
Comments:

This problem is good because it shows the analysis of members subject to more than one

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by Vinnakota

Chapter 4

page 4-15

type of load. In this example, the same combination produces maximum axial force and maximum
moment. This is not necessarily true in all cases. The main design consideration is the axial
compression and the positive bending. Also there are no load reversals to consider under the given
loading condition.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Chapter 4

page 4-16

Additional problem not in Text Book

P4.12.

Repeat Problem 4.7 if the wind load is always a suction (- 18 psf).

Solution
Given: Roof decking
D = 30 psf
Roof Live Load, L r = 20 psf ;
W = !18 psf

Combination
LC-1
LC-2
LC-3
LC-4
LC-5
LC-6
LC-7

S = 35 psf

Factored Loading (psf)

1.4D = 1.430
1.2D + 1.6L + .5 L rSR = 1.230 + 1.60 + .535
1.2D + 1.6L rSR + .8W = 1.230 + 1.635 + .80
1.2D + 1.6W + .5L + .5 L rSR = 1.230 + 1.60 + .50 + .535
1.2D + 1.0E + .5L + .2S = 1.230 + 0 + .50 + .235
.9D + 1.6W = .930 1.618
.9D + 1.0E = .930 0

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

42.0
53.5
92.0
53.5
43.0
- 1.8
27.0

Note: Minus sign signifies suction (uplift) on the decking.

The controlling load combination is again LC-3 (Roof load).
Factored load (pressure) on the decking, p u = 92 psf
As there is a reversal of sign, in load combination LC-6, the decking (and the welds or nails
connecting the decking to the supports), should be designed for a suction of 1.8 psf.

(Ans)
(Ans)

Comments:
When wind load is always a suction (negative), the wind load is not included in load
combination LC-3 (taken as 0). The main design consideration is the LC-3 while uplift from LC-6
is small, it should still be noted.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.