CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Soil consists of three components that is solid, liquid and air. Solids such
as grains of sand, dust, clay and organic material, such as the liquid in the pore
water in the soil and air as the pores or voids in the soil. To support plant growth,
all three components must be in balance. If soil is too wet or almost all pores
filled with water, it will be lack of air so that the roots of plants difficult to
breathe. Conversely, if the soil is too dry or water shortages, although not enough
air can cause plants to wilt.
Soil is a chain of natural body system which exists by itself, the process of
formation and existence of nature is strongly influenced by other factors, such as
parent material, climate, topography or relief, vegetation or organisms, human and
time.
Soil structure can experience the difference between the one place with the
other places depending on the factors that affect soil structure, the observer chosen
observation area in Indonesia university of education because in that area there are
two places in close proximity which have different soil structure and also with
different plants, plant growth in two different places is caused by several factors
that affect the soil structure. This is made background for this study, to investigate
the factors that influence differences in vegetation and soil structure on UPI.
Due to those reasons, observation will be conducted in 2 fields which have
different vegetation, one field is a Cogon grass field and another is a vegetable
garden that has heterogenic vegetation.

1.2 Problem

The problems studied in this observation is how different vegetarian affect

soil condition in UPI area

1.3 Research Question

What parameter that affect soil condition?
How different vegetarian affect soil condition?
1.4 Objective
This observation aims to determine the use of tools and techniques in soil
observations and to know how different vegetarian affect soil condition.

1.5 Benefit
The benefits of this observation are able to determine the factors that affect
the condition of the soil in the planting of vegetation that could correspond to the
soil conditions.

CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL CONSIDERATION

2.1 Soil as Abiotic Environment

Biosphere is described as made from three components of biosphere
influences, there are atmosphere, hydrosphere, and pedosphere. Each of this
components influences and affected the living and non-living factors. They
closely related and cannot be separated each other. This is also true for the
existence of soil which largely form the pedosphere components. Based on P.
Michael (1984) stated that soil may be defined as a mixture of rock and mineral
material with organic matter, while (Smith, 2012) defined soil as a natural product
of unconsolidated mineral and organis matter in Earths surface. Soil in terrestrial
environment takes some characteristics that in further would affect the climate and
terrestrial ecosystems.
In general formation of soil begins with the weathering of rocks and
materials in mechanical and chemical weathering and also interdependent with
five factors, there are parent material that from which soils develop, climate,
biotic factors, topography, and time.
Soil also the foundation which all the terrestrial life depends, in more
specific also it can be as the medium of plant growth, the principal factor is
controls the water in terrestrial environment, natural cycling system, and the
diversity in animals habitats. Soil is not just an abiotic environment for plants
because is congested with living this, from micro living things such as bacteria,
and higher or macro living things such as green plants and other animals.
Interaction between all that we mentioned, the biotic and abiotic factors make the
soil has living system.

2.2 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soil

Soil is distinguished by differences in their physical and chemical
characteristics. Physical properties include soil colour; soil texture; soil profile;
3

soil moisture, soil temperature, whether the chemical characteristics of soil are
pH, oxygen capacity, organic matter ratio, nutrient content and moisture. In
further observation, the organic matter ratio can be measured accurately by
dissolved organic matter.
In determining pH of soil, it is implies certain characteristics that might be
associated with a soil. Since pH negative, the function of soil pH decreases as
hydrogen ion or acidity increases in soil solution. In other word, soil pH increases
as acidity decreases.
Soil pH typically ranges from 4 to 8.5, but can be as low as 2 in materials
associated with pyrite oxidation and acid mine drainage. Soil pH has a profound
influence on plant growth. Soil pH affects the quantity, activity, and types of
microorganisms in soils which in turn influence decomposition of crop residues,
manures, sludges and other organics. It also affects other nutrient transformations
and the solubility, or plant availability, of many plant essential nutrients.

2.2.1 Soil Colour

Soil colour is most easily defined and useful characteristics of soil,
and useful to indicate the soil quantities but not easy to determine
accurately. Soil colour might be derived from the parents material or soil
formation process, the colour also influence the temperature of soil to
come extent (Michael, 1984).
Colour of soil can indicate the chemical composition of the rocks
and minerals from which the soil was formed. Organic matter or generally
we can found as humus show the black or dark colour, in drained enough
soils the colour may very pale brown, oxides of iron makes the range of
soil colour is from yellowish-brown to red. The deepening of colour
indicates with increasing the number of organic matter inside the soil. But,
colour cannot provide a good indication that the amount of organic matter

is big. Depth of colour depends from the nature, the distribution and the
amount of organic matter that present.

2.2.2 Soil Texture

Soil texture is the proportion of different sized soil particles, it is
also partly inherited from the parent material and partly as a results of the
soil forming process (Smith, 2012). While the texture might changed in the
small areas such as in landscape gardening and large scale modification.
The particles in soil texture classified based on the size into gravel, sand,
silt and clay. The texture of the soil described as light or heavy. This terms
relates to coarseness of fineness respectively.
Smith (2012) stated that sand ranges from 0.05 to 2.0 mm is easy
to see and feels gritty, while silt consist or particles from 0.002 to 0;05 mm
in diameter that can scarcely be seen by naked eye, if it touch it will be
feels like flour. Clay particles are less than 0.002 mm, too small to been
seen under the ordinary microscope, clay controls the most important
properties of soil including the water holding capacity and exchange of
ions between soil particles and soil solutions.

2.2.3 Soil Profile

Soil structure has several series of soil layers called horizons
(Michael, 1984). Horizons has great regularity through all the soils of the
world, and definite profile irrespective of geographic position. Soil
horizon also defined as features of parallelity to the surface, with
disctintive, morphological, chemical and physical features resulting from
soil forming processes. There are several layers based on Michael (1984),
there are O horizon, A horizon, B horizon, and C horizon. And based on

Smith (2012) deeper explanation, there are organic layer, topsoil, subsoil,
and unconsolidated.
Organic layer known as O horizon that dominated by organic
material, consisting of undecomposed or partially decomposed plants
materials such as dead leaves. This layer is easy to be seen carefully
squeaking away the surface of organic layer. While A horizon often
referred as topsoil. This layer has largely composed of material soil
derived from the parent materials, and the existence of humus leached
from above accumulates the mineral soil and presence the dark colour of
soil.
Subsoil accumulates of mineral particles such as clays and salts
leached from topsoil and can be distinguised based on colour and leaching
materials. Subsoil presence in B horizon, this horizon usually has denser
structure than A horizonm makes it more difficult to extend the roots
downward. It also can distinguished on the basis of the colour, structure,
and the kind of material that accumulated as a results of leaching from the
A horizon.
C horizon is lighter than B horizon depends on the natural
formation, the existence of unconsolidated material derived from the
original parent material from the soil development because it below of
greatest biological activity zones and weathering has not been altered by
the soil forming process and lies a bedrock. C horizon has a passive nature
in relation to the material which pass down from the B horizon.

2.2.4 Soil Moisture

When the rain comes, the sharp transtition between wet surface soil
and the dry soil will be shown. When the rain falls, it moves from the
surface into the soil by infiltration. The water using gravity to moves into
the open pore spaces in the soil and the size of the soil particles determine
how much the water can flow in. Wider the pore of the space, increases the
rate of water infiltration and the coarse of soil have a high infiltration.
When the water fulfil all the pore spaces then the soil become saturated. In
other words, the excess of water from the rains drains freely from the soil.
When the soils can hold the maximum amount of water that can retains,
the soil condition is in field capacity.

2.2.5 Soil Temperature

Brower, et. al (2012) stated that soil temperature is a variable that
affect the ecology of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Therefore, the
profile of soil temperature is very useful. Soil temperature varies in
response to exchange processes that take place primarily through the soil
surface. These effects are propagated into the soil profile by transport
processes and are influenced by such things as the specific heat capacity,
thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Modifying the soils thermal
has great advantages for agricultural practices. These include controlling
germination and plant growth through increasing or decreasing the soils
temperature.

2.3 Characteristics of Cogon grass Field and Characteristics of

Vegetable Garden
Cogon grass has sharp leaved grasses, which often becomes a weed
inagricultural land, weeds can reproduce rapidly, with the seeds quickly
spread with the wind, or through the rhizome which quickly penetrate the

loose soil. Cogon grass that can found in near the observation land is type
of Imperata cylindrica that has the white flower at the stop of the stem.
The wees are also a nuisance weed plants, but it can also be used as
biological control because cogon grass release allelopathy (Monandir,
1988; Sukman dan Yakub, 1991). This is often influenced by biological
and chemical characteristics of the soil such as nutrients, microorganisms,
organic matter and pH. This chemical substances can influence another
plants through absorbing humus, obstruct the cell fission, respiration
process, protein synthesize and metabolism process (Rahman, 2001).
Allelopathy also works as multipurpose defence compound.

Figure 1. Imperata cylindrica in

observation field

In Gregory E. MacDonald (2006) stated that: cogon grass

tolerates a wide range of soil conditions, but appears to grow best in soils
with acidic pH, low fertility and low organic matter. Habitats infested with
cogon grass are quite diverse, ranging from the course sands of
shorelines, the fine sands or sandy loam soils of swamps and river
margins, to the >80% clay soils of reclaimed phosphate settling ponds and
cogon grass extremely efficient in nutrient uptake. In simple, there are
change in chemical characteristics of the soil and the nurtition intakes.
The vegetable garden that used in ideal condition of soil according
to Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experimental Station (2011) is
deep, loose, fertile, well drained (internally as well as on the surface), has

plenty of organic matter, and is free of weeds and diseases. Such soils are
difficult to find, but with proper preparation and management, less than
ideal soils can be productive.
The garden soil will affects the way vegetable plantation growth
and appearance. When the soils cold because wet and seedlings are slow to
emerge and some may not survive. Increase the organic matter content in
the soil by adding manure. Plant residues should be free of diseases if they
are to be added to the garden soil. Cover crops, such as clovers and vetch,
planted in the fall prevent soil erosion and leaching of plant nutrients.
They also provide organic matter and nitrogen when turned under in
spring.

CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Material and Tools

No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Name
Analytical Balance
Meters
Oven
Sieve
Soil corer
Soil Tester

7.
8.

Thermometer
Metal Plate

Specification
0,001
300m
0-100 oC
4,0-0,25mm
10-100cm
pH( 1-8)
Humidity(0100%)
0-100oC
15cm x 15cm

3.2 Time and Location

Time and Place of Observations
Day/ date : Thursday / March, 22nd 2012
Time
: 11.15-12.45 WIB
Place
: Cogon grass field and Vegetable in UPI (behind the pool)
1st Places Map ( Cogon Grass Field )

12
m

12 m

4m
(1)

4m
(2)

10

4m(3)

4m

= Spot where do the sampling

2nd Places (Vegetable Garden )

12
m

Water

12
m

= Spot where we take a sample.

3.3 Procedure
1. Choose the places that we want to observe ( Cogon Grass Field and
2.
3.
4.
5.

Vegetable Garden )
Choose the method that we want use ( Purposive Sampling )
Prepare the tools and material
Take the data directly to the places.
Measure the length and the width of each places by 12m width nad 12m

length
6. Determine the spots to take the data, each places has 3 spots.

11

7. Take the data for humidity 3 times with soil tester which is stab on the soil
in each spot at each places; Then read the scale.
8. Take the data for pH3 times with soil tester which is stab on the soil in
each spot at each places; Then read the scale.
9. Take the soli for each spots in each places onces by soil corer for about
30cm
10. Then, put the soil into the plastic bag; one spots palces in one plastic bag
then lable it.
11. Weight the soil that has been placed in on the container for the first weigth
12. Then, dry until tree day at home
13. After that, take it into the oven with 50 oC for one day.
14. Next, weight it for 2nd weigt.
15. After weight it, take the first sample of soil from the first spot in first
places into sieve; then shake it until all the soil separate.
16. Repeate the 15th procedure for each sample of soil in each spot at each
places.
17. Then, weight each of soil texture on sieve parts.
18. Record the data
19. Analyse it
20. Write down on the report.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

12

4.1 Results
4.1.1 Temperature
Observation Area
Cogon grass field

Sample/spot
1
2
3
1
2
3

Vegetable garden

Temperature
29
28
30
29
29
25

4.1.2 Soil texture

Vegetable garden
Level of sieve
>4.0
4-2
2-1
1-0.5
0.5-0.25
>0.25

Sample/spot 1 (%)
10.98
12.49
18.40
42.96
5.21
9.96

Sample/spot 2 (%)
13.24
15.66
20.46
34.17
2.14
14.33

Sample/spot 3 (%)
12.57
16.94
21.52
37.46
4.39
7.12

Sample/spot 2 (%)
16.10
15.34
15.31
37.13
6.48
9.64

Sample/spot 3 (%)
18.03
13.76
13.82
39.10
7.34
7.95

Cogon grass field

Level of sieve
>4.0
4-2
2-1
1-0.5
0.5-0.25
>0.25

Sample/spot 1 (%)
17.76
12.47
12.31
38.10
8.97
10.39

4.2 Discussion
4.2.1 Colour of soil
There are a bit differences between the colour in Vegetable garden
and Cogon grass field. Vegetable garden has a browner dark colour

13

rather than Cogon grass field. Colours associated with surface soils are
dependent on the amount of organic matter found in them and also
affected by humidity, the high humidity make the colour darker.
Colours can classify as:
A. Very Dark: approximately 5% organic matter
B. Dark approximately 3.5% organic matter
C. Moderately dark approximately 2.5% organic matter
D. Light approximately 2% organic matter
E. Very light approximately 1.5% organic matter

The amount of organic matter is the factor used to determine the

colour of the surface soil. And it is determined by the kind of
vegetation. There were two primary types of vegetation:
Tall prairie grass grasses had abundant roots, which filled
the top 1 to 2 feet of the soil. Only partial decay of the roots

14

over a long period of time gave the high organic matter

content to prairie soils. These soils are high in humus, a
type of organic matter that results from the partial decay of
plants and animals. They tend to be dark to very dark.
Deciduous hardwood forests a shallow layer of partially
decayed leaves, twigs, and fallen logs accumulated on the
surface. Because they were on the surface, they decayed
more rapidly than those of the prairie grass. This left only a
thin, moderately dark top layer. As these soils have been
worked, they have been mixed with the lighter soil
underneath to produce a lighter colour.
Heterogeneous field has a lot of vegetation like

it has a big

different with Cogon grass field that has vegetation grass, cogon grass and
sensitive plant.
4.2.2

Temperature
The soil temperature between Heterogeneous field and
Cogon grass field is not slightly different, the range is about 25300 C. it is quite same with the room temperature 27o C. Soil
temperature will influence water absorption and transpiration.
The variation of temperature affect the rate of absorption of
Water absorption is optimum within the range of temperature
20C - 30C. Increasing or decreasing of temperature influence
the decreases and increasing the rate of absorption of water. When
the soil temperature increases the rate of absorption of water will
increases. And vice versa, when the soil temperature decreases the
rate of absorption of water will decreases. Low temperature
reduces water absorption because of following causes:
a. Decreased root growth
b. Increased viscosity of water
c. Increased resistance to movement of water in to
roots. Thus is caused by decreased permeability of
cell membrane and the increased viscosity.

15

4.2.3

Soil composition

From the picture above, we know that there are 5 types of soil
if we filter it with sieve. There are stages in sieve to determine the
soil types, the stages are: boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand, clay and
silt. Based on the data, both of heterogeneous and cogon grass field
has a same big amount in sand types, the range is about 30-43 %.
But it has a bit differences in boulders stage, cogon grass land has
more than boulders than heterogeneous field. Because every soil
type behaves differently with respect to maximum density and
optimum moisture. Therefore, each soil type has its own unique
requirements and controls both in the field and for testing
purposes. Soil types are commonly classified by grain size,
16

determined by passing the soil through a series of sieves to screen

or separate the different grain sizes. Soils found in nature are
almost always a combination of soil types. A well-graded soil
consists of a wide range of particle sizes with the smaller particles
filling voids between larger particles. The result is a dense
structure that lends itself well to compaction. A soil's makeup
determines the best compaction method to use.
4.2.4

Soil pH

Observation area

Sample/Spot
1
2
3

pH
4.6
Cogon Grass field
4.4
4.2
Mean
4.4
1
5.8
Vegetable Garden
2
6.4
3
6.2
Mean
6.13
Table of pH value in Cogon Grass field and Vegetable Garden in UPI

Diagram of pH value between Cogon Grass field and Vegetable Garden in UPI
7
6
5
pH

4
3
2
1
0

Cogongrass field

17

Vegetable garden

Soil pH was measured by using soil tester. Based on observation result,

soil pH from cogongrass field has range 4.2 to 4.6 while in vegetable garden the
range is 5.8-6.2. The result shows that numbers of pH are less than 7, it indicates
acidity. The United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources
Conservation Service, formerly Soil Conservation Service classifies soil pH
ranges as follows:
Denomination

pH range

Ultra acid

< 3.5

Extreme acid

3.5 - 4.4

Very strong acid

4.5 - 5.0

Strong acid

5.1 - 5.5

Moderate acid

5.6 - 6.0

Slight acid

6.1 - 6.5

Neutral

6.6 - 7.3

Slightly alkaline

7.4 - 7.8

Moderately alkaline

7.9 - 8.4

Strongly alkaline

8.5 - 9.0
Table of soil classification based on pH range

(http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijss.2012.61.70)

Based on classification above, cogongrass field pH range can be

classified into extreme acid or very strong acid, while Vegetable Garden
can be classified into moderate acid or slight acid.
Factors that can affect soil pH are climates, Fertilizers, rain
,Organic matter, and soil microorganisms. Soils found in moist climates

18

tend to be more acidic while those in dry climates are more alkaline, moist
climates in UPI (Setiabudhi) area makes the soil to be acidic. Rainfall is
considered a natural cause of acidity because of the downward movement
of water through the soil and the removal of nutrients from surface runoff
and erosion, due to rainfall, soils can become acid even in the absence of
crop removal or fertilizer applications. Soils are not homogenous and the
pH can vary considerably from one spot in the field to another.
The pH value of soil is one of a number of environmental
conditions that affects the quality of plant growth. The soil pH value
directly affects nutrient availability. Plants thrive best in different soil pH
ranges. Vegetables, grasses and most ornamentals do best in slightly acidic
soils (pH 5.8 to 6.5) while cogongrass can tolerate a wide range of soils
from strongly acidic to slightly alkaline, with a pH of 4.0-7.5. Below is the
list of vegetation that found in observation area with its optimum pH of
soil.

Vegetation
Celery ( Apium graveolens)
Basil ( Ocimum Basilicum)
Cassava (Manihot Esculenta)
Cats whiskers ( Orthosiphon aristatus)
Teak (Tectona Grandis)
Cogongrass (Imperata Cylindrica)
Sensitive Plant (Mimosa Pudica)
Table of optimum pH soil in different vegetation

Optimum pH of soil
5.8-7.0
5.5-7.0
4.5-7.5
6.0-7.8
4.3-6.1
4.0-7.5
4.0-7.5

Source : http://science-in-farming.library4farming.org
In Vegetable Garden, pH value that was observed is around 5.8-6.2
it is caused by application of fertilizers containing ammonium or urea that
speeds up the rate at which acidity develops. Both chemical and organic
fertilizers may eventually make the soil more acid. Hydrogen is added in
the form of ammonia-based fertilizers (NH4+) , urea-based fertilizers
[CO(NH2)2], and as proteins (amino acids) in organic fertilizers.

19

Transformations of these sources of N into nitrate (NO3-) releases H+ to

create soil acidity. Therefore, fertilization with fertilizers containing
ammonium or even adding large quantities of organic matter to a soil will
ultimately increase the soil acidity and lower the pH.
NH4+ + 2O2

bacteria
NO3-+ 2H+ + H2O
Nitrogen fertilizers have a greater acidifying effect on soils than

other fertilizers. Two processes are involved. First, commonly used

nitrogen fertilizers contain ammonium nitrogen. Soil bacteria convert
ammonium to nitrate (through a biochemical process called nitrification.
Hydrogen is released and free hydrogen ions cause an increase in acidity.
The second acidifying effect comes from nitrate that is not taken up by the
growing crop.
Nitrates are very soluble and, if not consumed by plants, will move
downward with soil water and may be carried below the root zone. They
take with them other nutrients that have a positive charge, most likely
calcium and magnesium, and their removal in this manner has the same
acidifying effect on soils as removal by a crop.
While in cogongrass field the value of pH is lower than vegetable
garden. Although we do not have direct evidence of any mechanisms
responsible for low soil pH in cogongrass field, past research findings may
also point to allelopathy as a potential mechanism. In addition to the
possibility of root exudates that are acidic, allelochemicals produced by
cogongrass may also make the soil more acidic.
Phenolic compounds present in foliage, roots, and rhizomes of
cogongrass may be responsible for the allelopathic inhibition of
germination and seedling development of other species (Inderjit and
Dakshini 1991). Koger and Bryson (2003) suggest that allelopathic
substance(s) provide cogongrass its extreme invasive and competitive
abilities.

20

Observation area

Sample/Spot
1
2
3

Humidity (%)
30
Cogongrass field
40
30
Mean
33.33
1
70
Vegetable Garden
2
80
3
75
Mean
75
Table of humidity percentage in Cogon Grass field and Vegetable Garden
in UPI

Diagram of humidity percentage of Cogongrass field and Vegetable Garden in UPI

80
70
60

Spot 1
Spot 2

50

Spot 3

% humidity 40
30
20
10
0

Copgongrass field

21

Vegetable garden

Humidity was measured by soil tester. Based on observation result,

humidity in vegetable garden is greater than Cogongrass field. In Vegetable
garden the range of humidity is 70% to 75% while in Cogon Grass Field, the
range of humidity is 30% to 40%. Greater percentage of humidity in vegetable
garden is caused by presence of vegetation diversity such as tree, vegetable and
herbs. Vegetation in Vegetable garden get much source of water due to irrigation.
While in Cogon Grass field, humidity is lower due to lack of irrigation, less
vegetation diversity and there are no trees or canopy presence makes evaporeation
rate becomes faster. Soil Humidity affect color and condition of soil, in less humid
area the color of soil looks brighter than soil in more humid area. Humidity also
affect soil fertile, so in Vegetable garden the soil is appropriate to be planted.

Observation area

Sample/Spot
1
2
3

Water in Soil (%)

1.174
Cogon Grass field
0.949
0.861
Mean
0.995
1
8.712
Vegetable Garden
2
9.164
3
8.325
Mean
8.733
Table of water in soil percentage in Cogon Grass field and Vegetable
Garden
Calculation :

Water in soil (%) by mass =

(wet massdry mass)

dry mass

x 100%

Cogongrass field

1. Water in soil (%) by mass =

(31.449 g31.084 g)
31.084 g

22

x 100% = 1.174 %

2. Water in soil (%) by mass =

(35.828 g35.491 g)
35.491 g

x 100% = 0.949 %

3. Water in soil (%) by mass =

(38.949 g38.616 g)
38.616 g

x 100% = 0.861 %

Vegetable Garden

30.622 g28.167 g

1. Water in soil (%) by mass =

x 100% = 8.712 %

2. Water in soil (%) by mass =

(31.616 g28.962 g)
28.962 g

x 100% = 9.164 %

33.195 g30.647 g

3. Water in soil (%) by mass =

x 100% = 8.325%

Diagram of water in soil percentage in Cogon Grass field and Vegetable Garden in UPI
10,000
Spot 1
8,000
Spot 2
6,000
Spot 3
4,000
2,000
0
Cogon Grass Field

Based on observation, vegetable garden has higher soil moisture

than Cogon Grass land. In vegetable garden, soil receives water through
rainfall and irrigation. While in Cogon Grass field soil just receives water
through rainfall, loss of soil water occurs through evaporation and
transpiration. Lack of water in Cogon Grass field limits plant growth that
causes less vegetation in Cogon Grass field.
The texture, structure and volume of soil pores affect soil water
movement and retention. In Vegetable garden, percentage of clay content

23

is higher than Cogon Grass field clay has tendency to swell when wet ,
total volume of pore space is large. it causes the soil becomes waterlogged
during rainy season and affect humidity becomes high. In Vegetable
garden, percentage of silt content is higher than Cogon Grass field, though
the particles can be compressed and are capable of absorbing large amount
of water. Silt facilitate deep penetration of water, minute pores retain the
water by capillary force, it causes humidity in Vegetable garden higher
than Cogon Grass field.

24

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion
Parameter
Color
Temperature (oC)
Texture

Mean
Cogon Grass Field
Bright Brown
29
17.29% boulders,

Vegetable Garden
Dark Brown
27.6
13.86% 12.26% boulders,

15.03%

cobbles, 13.81% gravel, 38.11 cobbles, 20.13% gravel, 38.19

% sand, 7.59% slit, 9.33% % sand, 3.91% slit, 10.47%
pH
Humidity (%)
Water in Soil (%mass)

clay
4.4
33.33
0.995

clay
6.13
75
8.733

Based on the table above is clearly stated that different vegetation in Cogon Grass
Field and Vegetable Garden affects color. temperature, texture, pH, humidity and
water in soil.

25

5.2 Suggestion

Be careful when use soil correr

Make sure chemical substance to calculate soil organic matter is provided
Be careful when pour soil from the container to the metal plate, do not let

soil scattered
Be patient when use sieve because it need a long time to make soil fell

down
Do not put the metal plate overlap because oven has own capacity to warm

the soil
Choose the good condition of apparatus

References
Books Literature
26

Brower. Zar and Von Ende. 2012. Field and Laboratory Methods for
General Ecology Fourth Edition. USA: WCB Mc. Graw-Hill Publised
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Appendix

27

Cirrus cloud when the observation

The weather was hot when the observation

Soil temperature

28

Soil pH

Basil vegetation

Cassave vegetation

29

Celery vegetation

Vegetable garden

30

Cogon grass field

Using soil corer to take the soil content

31

Condition in vegetable garden

32

The soil texture after oven

33