Earthquake Reality and Basic Safety Tips

Earthquake Reality and
Basic Safety Tips
June, 2015
Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)
Ministry of Disaster Management & Relief
ANCIENT EARTH

EARTH STRUCTURE
The core composed of
melted iron and nickel.
The mantle is melted
rock.
The crust is solid rock.
Heat currents travel from
the core through the
mantle to the crust.
They travel horizontally
under the crust.

TECTONIC PLATES OF THE EARTH

The earths surface consists of tectonic plates.
There are 9 larger and 12 smaller tectonic plates.
Magma moves plates looking for a weaker place.

TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENT

A plate collides with or dives under
another (Himalayas)
Magma rises and pushes

plates apart
Two plates slide pass each other

THE ALPINE-HIMALAYAN
stretches from Spain to New Zealand

PLATE AND FAULT

EURASIA
PLATE
In and around
Bangladesh
Dauki Fault
PLATE
Active Subduction
Zone
INDIAN
BURMA
PLATE

EQ HISTORY OF THE REGION

2015

EQ HAZARD MAP OF BD

MAJOR EARTHQUAKES AFFECTING BD

Date
Name of
Earthquake
Magnitude
(Richter)
Intensity,
Dhaka
(EMS)
Distance
from Dhaka
(km)
10 January, 1869
Cachar EQ
7.5
250
14 July, 1885
Manikganj
/Bogra EQ
7.0
VII
60/170 (?)
12 June, 1897
Great Indian EQ
8.7*
VIII+
230
8 July, 1918
Srimongal EQ
7.6
VI
150
2 July, 1930
Dhubri EQ
7.1
V+
250

TIME PREDICTABLE MODEL

Segment
Events
Recur. Per.
(years)
Elap. Time
(years)
50 year Prob.
T-Depen. (%)
Est. Mag.
(Mw)
Length
(km)
PBF-1
AD 1762 1)
AD 680 to 980 1)
BC 150 to AD 60 1). 2) BC
1395 to 740 1)
900
246
1.1
8.5
795
PBF-2
Before 16th century
> 900
> 508
> 6.7
8.0
270
> 900
> 508
> 6.7
8.3
504
PBF-3
Before 16th century
Dauki Fault (DF)
AD 1897 3)
AD 1500 to 1630 3)
(AD 1548 ?)
349
111
7.0
8.0
233
Madhupur Blind
Fault (MF)
AD 1885
350
123
8.7
7.54)
60
AD 1918 (PBF-2)
AD1869, 1943, 1954,
1988 (PBF-3)
AD 1664, 1923, 1930 (DF)
20
7.0 - 7.5
Non-characteristic
but relating to fault
5) (PBF-2, PBF-3, DF)

BUILDING INVENTORY
FOR SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
Dhaka : 326,825
Chittagong : 185,000 Sylhet : 52,000

WHAT CAUSES AN EARTHQUAKE?

Movements of tectonic plates cause stress and energy to build up.
When stress exceeds, the earths surface cracks and releases energy
causing earthquakes.
Can be caused by nuclear tests, etc.

SEISMIC WAVES
Body Wave
M=1
M=2
M=1
M=2
M=1
M=2
Seismogram
MEASURING EARTHQUAKE
2 ways of measuring size of an earthquake:
Magnitude: amount of energy released "Small earthquakes make small waves, big
earthquakes make big waves"
Intensity: amount of damage, reaction of
people (Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale)

MEASURING EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude
Intensity
Effects
Recorded only by seismograph
3.5-4.2
II & III
Felt indoors by some
4.3-4.8
IV
Felt indoors by many
4.9-5.4
Felt indoors by all
5.5-6.1
VI and VII
Slight building damage
6.2-6.9
VIII and IX
Much building damage
7.0-7.3
Serious structural damage
7.4-7.9
XI
Great, widespread damage. Few masonry structures

remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
>8.0
XII
You dont want to know.

Total destruction. Lines of sight and level are distorted.
Objects thrown into the air.
< 3.4
8.8 Chile 27/02/2010

9.4 Aceh 26/12/2004

4.0+
Windows may break, unstable objects fall

5.0+
Furniture moves, chunks of plaster fall, walls may crack

6.0+
Damage to strong houses, collapse of unstable ones

7.0+
Buildings displaced, cracks in the earth

EARTHQUAKE IMPACT
Direct effects
o Ground failures or instabilities due to ground failures
Surface faulting or fault rupture
Vibration of soil (or effects of seismic waves)
Ground cracking
Liquefaction
Ground lurching
Differential settlement
Lateral spreading
Landslide
Causes most damage!
o Vibrations transmitted from the ground to the structure

Indirect effects
o Consequential phenomena
Beni Rached, Algeria
Surface faulting
Turnagain, Anchorage, Alaska
Kawagishi-Cho, Niigata, Japan
Liquefaction
Argentina
Japan
Kobe, Japan
Tsunami
Fire
El Salvador
Landslide
BEFORE THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE

PREPARE
Create a family EQ plan
Know the safe spots in each

room
Know the danger spots
Decide where your family will

reunite if separated
Keep a list of emergency phone

numbers
Develop a survival kit for work,

car, and home
Secure heavy furnishings
Learn how to shut off gas,

water, and electricity
Check foundations for stability
Secure water heater and
appliances
Keep heavy objects on lower
shelves
Maintain emergency food,
water, medicine, first aid kit,
tools, and clothing
DURING THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE

INDOOR
Stay away from windows,
bookcases, file cabinets,
heavy mirrors, and other
heavy objects that could
fall
Duck under a desk or
sturdy table
Watch for falling plaster or

ceiling tiles
Stay undercover until the

shaking stops, and hold
onto your cover
If the desk or table you
are under moves move
with it
Dont forget about
aftershocks

INDOOR
DROP to the ground
COVER Take cover until the shaking stops
HOLD onto whatever you are

underneath. If it moves then
move with it

INDOOR

WHAT ARE SAFE PLACES

indoors
outdoors???
Google Map/Strret View

DURING EQ: SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Outdoors - Move to a clear area, away from trees, signs, buildings, or fallen
electrical wires & poles
Near buildings - Move into a doorway to protect yourself from falling bricks,
glass, plaster & other debris
Driving - Pull over to the side of the road and stop. Avoid overpasses, bridges,
power lines, & other hazards.
Crowded store or other public place - Do not rush for the exits. Move away from
display shelves with objects that could fall
High rise building - If not near a desk or table then move against an interior wall
and protect your head with your arms. Do not use the elevators. The alarm or
sprinkler system may come on. Stay indoors. DROP, COVER, HOLD
Bed - Hold on and stay there, protecting your head with a pillow
Kitchen - Move away from the refrigerator, stove and overhead cupboards
Stadium or theatre - Stay in your seat and protect your head with your arms. Do
not try and leave until the shaking is over. Then leave in a calm, orderly manner

AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
Be prepared for aftershocks
Do not light a match
Do not move about or kick
up dust
Cover your mouth with a
handkerchief or clothing
Tap on a pipe or wall so
rescuers can locate you
Check for injuries
Check for potential
secondary hazards
Remain calm, try to reassure

others
Help identify if any staff or
family members are missing
Check gas, water, and
electric lines
Tune to emergency
broadcast system on radio
Move to the assembly area
For more information contact:

Department of Disaster Management Bhaban (6th Floor)
92-93 Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh, Tel: (+88 02) 989 0937, 882 1255
Website: www.cdmp.org.bd
Photo: Otin Dewan/CDMP
Thank you

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Earthquake Reality and

Basic Safety Tips

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

TECTONIC PLATES OF THE EARTH

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENT

Magma rises and pushes

Two plates slide pass each other

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

PLATE AND FAULT

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

EQ HISTORY OF THE REGION

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

MAJOR EARTHQUAKES AFFECTING BD

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

TIME PREDICTABLE MODEL

Before 16th century

Before 16th century

Dauki Fault (DF)

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Chittagong : 185,000 Sylhet : 52,000

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

WHAT CAUSES AN EARTHQUAKE?

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Recorded only by seismograph

Felt indoors by some

Felt indoors by many

Felt indoors by all

Slight building damage

Much building damage

Serious structural damage

Great, widespread damage. Few masonry structures

You dont want to know.

8.8 Chile 27/02/2010

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)

Surface faulting or fault rupture

Vibration of soil (or effects of seismic waves)

Causes most damage!

o Vibrations transmitted from the ground to the structure

Beni Rached, Algeria

Kawagishi-Cho, Niigata, Japan

BEFORE THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE

Know the safe spots in each

Know the danger spots

Decide where your family will

Keep a list of emergency phone

Develop a survival kit for work,

Learn how to shut off gas,

DURING THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE

Watch for falling plaster or

Stay undercover until the

DURING THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE

COVER Take cover until the shaking stops

HOLD onto whatever you are

DURING THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE

Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II)