PROCEDURE FOR MAKING

PROJECT
Building project in the proper manner is really an art,
something which must be prectised and learned through trial and
error, it is not all that difficult. The main thing is to remember to
take each step slowly and carefully according to the instructions
giving making since that everything at it should be before
proceeding further.
TOOLS: The electronics workbench is
an actual place of work with
comfortably & conveniently & should
be supplied with compliment of those
tools must often use in project
building. Probably the most important
device is a soldering tool. Other tool
which should be at the electronic
work bench includes a pair of needle
nose pliers, diagonal wire cutter, a
small knife, an assortment of screw driver, nut driver, few nuts &
bolts, electrical tape, plucker etc. Diagonal wire cutter will be
used to cut away any excess lead length from copper side of
P.C.B. 7 to cut section of the board after the circuit is complete.
The needle nose pliers are most often using to bend wire leads &
wrap them in order to form a strong mechanical connection.
MOUNTING & SOLDERING:
Soldering is process of joining
together two metallic parts. It is
actually a process of function in
which an alloy, the solder, with a
comparatively low melting point
penetrates the surface of the metal
being joined & makes a firm joint
between them on cooling &
solidifying.
THE SOLDERING KIT
1. SOLDERING IRON:
 As soldering is a process of joining together two
metallic parts, the instrument, which is used, for doing this job is
known as soldering Iron. Thus it is meant for melting the solder
and to setup the metal parts being joined. Soldering Iron is rated
according to their wattage, which varies from 10- 200 watts.

2. SOLDER:
The raw material used for soldering is solder. It is
composition of lead & tin. The good quality solder (a type of
flexible naked wire) is 60% Tin +40% Lead which will melt
between 180 degree to 200 degree C temperature.

3. FLUXES OR SOLDERING PASTE:

When the points to solder are heated, an oxide film forms.
This must be removed at once so that solder may get to the
surface of the metal parts. This is done by applying chemical
substance called Flux, which boils under the heat of the iron
remove the oxide formation and enable the metal to receive the
solder.

4. BLADES OR KNIFE:
To clean the surface & leads of components to be soldered
is done by this common instrument.

5. SAND PAPER:
The oxide formation may attack at the tip of your soldering
iron & create the problem. To prevent this, clean the tip with the
help of sand paper time to time or you may use blade for doing
this job. Apart from all these tools, the working bench for
soldering also includes desoldering pump, wink wire (used for
desoldering purpose), file etc.
HOW TO SOLDER?
Mount components at their appropriate place; bend the
leads slightly outwards to prevent them from falling out when the
board is turned over for soldering. No cut the leads so that you
may solder them easily. Apply a small amount of flux at these
components leads with the help of a screwdriver. Now fix the bit
or iron with a small amount of solder and flow freely at the point
and the P.C.B copper track at the same time. A good solder joint
will appear smooth & shiny. If all appear well, you may continue
to the next solder connections.
 TIPS FOR GOOD SOLDERING
1. Use right type of soldering iron. A small efficient soldering iron
(about 10-25 watts with 1/8 or 1/4 inch tip) is ideal for this
work.
2. Keep the hot tip of the soldering iron on a piece of metal so
that excess heat is dissipated.
3. Make sure that connection to the soldered is clean. Wax frayed
insulation and other substances cause poor soldering
connection. Clean the leads, wires, tags etc. before soldering.
4. Use just enough solder to cover the lead to be soldered.
Excess solder can cause a short circuit.
5. Use sufficient heat. This is the essence of good soldering.
Apply enough heat to the component lead. You are not using
enough heat, if the solder barely melts and forms a round ball
of rough flaky solder. A good solder joint will look smooth,
shining and spread type. The difference between good & bad
soldering is just a few seconds extra with a hot iron applied
firmly.
PRECAUTIONS

1. Mount the components at the appropriate places before

soldering. Follow the circuit description and components
details, leads identification etc. Do not start soldering before
making it confirm that all the components are mounted at
the right place.
2. Do not use a spread solder on the board, it may cause short
circuit.
3. Do not sit under the fan while soldering.
4. Position the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder
where you want it.
5. Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat
may damage the components or board.
6. The board should not vibrate while soldering otherwise you
have a dry or a cold joint.
7. Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be sure
about the voltage either dc or ac while operating the gadget.
8. Do spare the bare ends of the components leads otherwise it
may short circuit with the other components. To prevent this
use sleeves at the component leads or use sleeved wire for
connections.
9. Do not use old dark colour solder. It may give dry joint. Be
sure that all the joints are clean and well shiny.
10. Do make loose wire connections especially with cell holder,
speaker, probes etc. Put knots while connections to the
circuit board, otherwise it may get loose.