Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering
by
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India.
Email: dc@civil.iitb.ac.in
URL: http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~dc/
Lecture 35
Module 9
Seismic Analysis and
Design of Various
Geotechnical Structures
IIT Bombay, DC
Seismic Design of
Retaining Wall
IIT Bombay, DC
(Source: http://www.parmeleegeology.com/)
Pseudo-static Method
DAlemberts principle of
mechanics
Available Literature
Mononobe-Okabe (1926, 1929)
Madhav and Kameswara Rao (1969)
Richards and Elms (1979)
Saran and Prakash (1979)
Prakash (1981)
Nadim and Whitman (1983)
Steedman and Zeng (1990)
Ebeling and Morrison (1992)
Das (1993)
Kramer (1996)
Kumar (2002)
Choudhury and Subba Rao (2005)
Choudhury and Nimbalkar (2006)
And many others..
Pseudo-static Method
Richards and Elms (1979) proposed a method for seismic design of
gravity retaining walls which is based on permanent wall
displacements. (Displacement based approach)
Displacement
should
be
calculated
by
d pem
2
3
vmax
amax
0.087
a y4
Richards, R. Jr., and Elms, D. G. (1979). Seismic behavior of gravity retaining walls. Journal of
10
Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 105: 4, 449-469.
Pseudo-static Method
Choudhury and Subba Rao (2002) gave design charts for the
estimation of seismic passive earth pressure coefficient for negative
wall friction case. (Canadian Geotech. Journal, 2002)
The application of this case is for anchor uplift
capacity.
Design charts are given for calculation of various
parameters like kpd, which can be used to
compute seismic passive resistance, which is
given by,
Ppd = 2cHK pcd +qHK pqd
1
1
2
H K pd
2
cos
Pseudo-static Method
Choudhury et al. (2004) presented a comprehensive review for
different methods to calculate seismic earth pressures and their
point of applications. (Current Science, 2004)
Expression for the point of application of
seismic passive resistance by,
hd
H 2 cos
2
2 H cos
2 Vs
and
H sin
(sin
(cos
cos t )
sin t )
2 Vp
Subba Rao, K. S., and Choudhury, D. (2005). Seismic passive earth pressures in soils.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 131:1, 131- 135.
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
13
Pseudo-static Method
Subba Rao and Choudhury (2005) gave design charts for
seismic passive earth resistance coefficients by using a
composite failure surface for positive wall friction angle. (Jl. of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engg., ASCE, 2005)
Design charts were proposed for the
14
Pseudo-static Method
Shukla et al. (2009) have described the derivation of an analytical
expression for the total active force on the retaining wall for c- soil
backfill considering both the horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients.
The seismic active earth pressure is given by,
1
Pae H 2 (1 kv ) K ae cHK aec
2
where,
sin( )
tan c
K ae
tan
kh
1 kv
and
K aec
cos (1 tan 2 c )
Shukla, S. K., Gupta, S. K. and Sivakugan, N. (2009). Active earth pressure on retaining wall
for c- soil backfill under seismic loading condition. Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 135:5, 690696.
Pseudo-static Method
Major limitations
Representation of the complex, transient, dynamic effects
of earthquake shaking by single constant unidirectional
pseudo-static acceleration is very crude.
Relation between K and the maximum ground acceleration is
not clear i.e. 1.9 g acceleration does not mean K = 1.9
Advantages
Simple and straight-forward
No advanced or complicated analysis is necessary.
It uses limit state equilibrium analysis which is routinely
conducted by Geotechnical Engineers.
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India
Qv (t )
m(z)a
0
(z, t)dz
av
where
and
dPpe (t )
dz
z
sin( )
tan cos( )
kh z cos( )
z
sin t
tan cos( )
Vs
k z sin( )
z
v
sin t
V
tan cos( )
p
Choudhury, D. and Nimbalkar, S. (2005), in Geotechnique, London, U.K., Vol. 55, No. 10, 949-953.
0.2
0.4
z/H
0.6
kh=0.0
kh=0.1
kh=0.2
0.8
kh=0.3
1.0
0
ppe/H
kh = 0.2, kv = 0.0, = 30 , = 16
Kpe
fa=1.0
fa=1.2
fa=1.4
fa=1.8
fa=2.0
2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
H/TVs
Mononobe-Okabe method
Present study
0.2
0.4
z/H
0.6
0.8
H/ = 0.3, H/ = 0.16
0
ppe/H
Kpe
5
4
Mononobe-Okabe method
Choudhury (2004)
Present study
3
2
0
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
kh
0.3
Choudhury and
Nimbalkar
(2005) in
Geotechnique
Qv (t )
m(z)a
(z, t)dz
av
ae
sin
tan cos
2 tan
2
where,
cos
TV sin m
tan H cos
k
2
t H TV
2 cos 2
T TV H
sin 2 t H sin 2
T TV
t H
T TV
s
TV
cos
t H
sin
2
sin 2
T TV
m 2 cos 2
TV
z
sin( )
tan cos( )
Pae (t )
k h z
cos( )
z
sin w t
tan cos( )
V
s
kv z
sin( )
z
sin w t
tan cos( )
V
D. Choudhury, IITB
0.0
0.2
kh=0.0
kh=0.1
z/H
kh=0.2
0.4
kh=0.3
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
Kae
pae/H
kh = 0.2, kv = 0.0, = 33 , = 16
fa=1.0
fa=1.2
fa=1.4
fa=1.8
fa=2.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
H/TVs
0.8
0.9
1.0