Essentials The New Testament Greek PDF

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ESSENTIALS
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK
Th^?>y^Q
7
ESSENTIALS
A7
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK

BY
JOHN HOMER HUDDH.STON,
A.B.
(Harv.),
Ph.D. (Munich)
Professor of Greek in the University of Maine
Author of " Greek Tragedy
in the
Light of Vase-Paintings," " Lessons
from Greek Pottery"
etc.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

LONDON: MACMILLAN &
1905
All
rii'hts reser-ned
CO., Ltd.
Copyright, 1895,
By
MACMILLAN AND
Set up and electrotyped August, 1895.
CO.
Reprinted August,
1896; October, 1897 (with corrections); August, 1900

1902 ; January, December, 1905.
October,
PREFACE.
The
of the Revised Version of our

Testament, in 1881, marked the beginning of a new interest in Bible study. Since that time
not only the English, but the Greek and Hebrew have
been studied with a zeal quite new. The sources are
being more carefully examined to-day than ever before.
English
publication
New
Students are becoming more and more awake to the

great importance of being able to judge of a certain
passage for themselves rather than accepting without
doubt or question whatever the authorities say

regard to
in
it.
Can anything be done
to bring the language of the
New
Testament within the reach of a larger number

of Bible students? Through the great maze of grammatical difficulties that surround the language, can a
way be mapped out along which the student may work,
and, without sacrificing essentials, gain the same end
that usually requires many months of hard study?
Can
the absolutely essential parts of the language, as
New
Testament writers, be set forth in

little book is an attempt to answer
these questions, and I believe that it lies within the
used by the
small space?
This
PREFACE.
VI
power of the earnest Sunday-school worker or other

Bible student to acquire a reading knowledge of New
Testament Greek, provided only a substantial part of
one's time
my
In
is
thus devoted for a few months.
teaching of elementary classes in
Garrett
have been accustomed to begin my

work with the firs*" list of verbs in Bradley and Horswell's New Testament Word Lists, Part I. All of these
words occur several hundred times, and furnish the
Biblical Institute, I
student thus at the very
first
with a substantial hold
on what proves one of the main

or any other language,
was
in part inductive.
difficulties in
the vocabulary.
Those words
Greek
The work
that presented
fewest difficulties of form, and which at the
same time
were of the most frequent occurrence, were presented

The second declension was introduced before
first.
the first, as being altogether simpler and more easily
comprehended by those who had not made the

acquaintance of an inflected language.
I aimed to
keep rare adjectives and tenses of the verb till a later
time.
The optative mood, which does not occur in
the Johannean writings, was omitted entirely from the
elementary work.
Each lesson was accompanied with
illustrative exercises taken as far as possible from the
New
Testament.
The
present volume has grown out of this plan of
work.
It
ence.
The work has been
both with
has,
represents the results of class-room experi-
my
therefore,
classes
the
tried in
manuscript form,
and with private students, and
advantage, so
class of books, of having
important in
been given a practical
this
test.
PREFACE.
Part
I.
includes the thirty- two lessons, which will afford
preparation for the reading of the Greek,

John, the Beatitudes and the Lord's
sufficient
the
Vll
first
letter of
Prayer from Matthew, the chapter on the Prodigal

Son from Luke, and the thirteenth of First Corinthians.
These selections are given in Wescott and Hort's reading and are followed by notes and vocabulary.
Of the
epistle there
is
given a translation of three chapters,
two literal and one quoted from the Revised Version.

This translation may serve for retranslation in case
the reading is taken up inductively apart from the
In Part IL are found the essentials of the
grammar, embracing, in the first part, the alphabet,
table of consonants, vowel and euphonic changes,
in the second part, the declension of nouns, pronouns,
lessons.
adjectives, participles, the conjugation of verbs, the
optatives of the
New Testament, a table
of about eighty
and the special study in the classes of

verbs and the most common irregular verbs.
In all verbal forms the aim has been to confine the
irregular verbs,
forms given, to
part of the
New
grammar
are illustrated
Testamertt usage.
In the third
main features of the syntax

with quotations from the New Testathe
The prepositions also are discussed

ment Greek.
somewhat and accompanied with sentences illustrating
New Testament peculiarities.
have made the explanations
in the lessons so full
may be made by private study,

without a teacher. The lessons as arranged represent
but one way of applying the Word Lists.
The Greek
that
much
text, the
progress
convenient form of declensions and conjuga-
PREFACE.
Vlll
tions, afford
opportunity for the teacher to exercise
own judgment
his
in putting the student in control of
the elementary work.

I
my
great indebtedness
and Horswell
for the use of their
wish here to acknowledge
to Professors Bradley
which they so very kindly put at my disposal. Without the great labour which they had already
performed, my work would have been either impossible
or the labour of producing it would have been very
Word
Lists,
greatly increased.
I
wish especially to express
my
great indebtedness
to Rev. Charles Horswell, Ph.D., Professor of

in Garrett Biblical
Hebrew
Institute, for invaluable assistance.
Without his suggestion the work would not have been

begun, nor completed without his encouragement and
Whatever of merit this little book may

owes much to his rare scholarship and his wide
experience as a teacher of the New Testament language.
For no errors, however, which the work may
For valuable assistcontain is he at all responsible.
ance in correction of the prpof I have to express my
thanks to Mr. E. A. Bechtel, A.M., and Mr. W. W.
Bishop, A.M., Instructors in Classics in Northwestern
The proof has been read, in part, also,
University.
co-operation.
have,
it
by Professor Milton S. Terry, D.D., Garrett Biblical

Institute, and by Professor Henry A. Buttz, D.D.,
I owe much to the
Drew Theological Seminary.
valuable suggestions of these well-known scholars.
J.
Northwestern University,
EvANSTON,
III.,
May
29, 1895.
H.
HUDDILSTON.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
Aside from the corrections of typographical
errors,
few changes have been introduced in this new edition.
My
time since the publication of the book has
been so occupied
been impossible
the
in other lines of study that
for
grammar which
me
to
it
has
certain parts of
enlarge
the favourable reception of the
work would have warranted.

I
am
under special obligation
Humphrey
Barbour,
Middletown,
to
Professor
who
Conn.,
John
has
very kindly gone over the whole work and favoured
me
with his valuable criticism.

J.
Berlin, Germany,
August, 1896.
H. H.
CONTENTS.
PAGES
Introduction
Bibliography
Suggestions to the Student
PART
I.
xi-xxiv
xxiv-xxvi
LESSONS;
TEXT.
Lessons I.-XXXII
Selections for Translation
Table of Abbreviations
Notes on Selections
1-90
91-110
11
112-120
Translations of First Epistle of John

Vocabulary of Selections
PART
1.
Writing and Sound
IL
:
Accidence:
GRAMMAR.
Alphabet, Vowel Changes,
137-142
Declension
Pronouns, Participles;
Optatives
121-126
127-133
Accent, Etc
2.
xxvii
'
of
the
New
of
Nouns,
Conjugation
Testament;
Adjectives,
of
Verbs;
Irregular
Verbs
142-203
Syntax
203-222
INDEXES
223-233
3.
INTRODUCTION.
My
purpose
is
few considerations
to offer here a
on two questions.
written in Greek?
difference between
i.
Why
was the
2.
What
are the
this
Greek and
New
Testament
main points of
that of the classical
period ?
Every one knows that Greek was not a native of

some way this exotic plant found
Palestine, but that in
root there, and, to the exclusion of the native language,
became
the organ of the
then did
this
occur
everlasting Gospel.
How
It will first be necessary to understand something

about the languages which were used in the countries
to the east from the Mediterranean, prior to and con-
temporary with the advent of the Greek. All of this

part of Asia, including the countries from Assyria on
the north to Arabia on the south, had one separate and
the Semitic.
distinct family or branch of languages,
Of
this
primitive Semitic nothing
before the curtain of history
rises,
is
left
us.
Long
the early language
had assumed marked grammatical and lexigraphical
among the various peoples. Accordingly

we know nothing of the parent speech except through
peculiarities
Xll
INTRODUCTION.
the tongues of these early nations.
The
Assyrians
(whose language is known from cuneiform inscriptions) and the Aramaeans, who comprised a large
part of the population of Assyria and Babylon and
to whose language, the Aramaic, we shall refer later,
represented the most northern group of the Semitic.
South of these we find the Hebrews of Canaan, in
whose language the most considerable portion of the

Old Testament was written, and akin to them the Phoenicians, whose language is known to us imperfectly and
through inscriptions only.
Further south the Arabic
and Ethiopic make up what
is sometimes termed the

South Semitic. Of these three groups, the North, the
Middle, and the South Semitic, we shall confine our
considerations to the first two ; for here it is that we
have to look for the language of the Jews. Their
Hebrew was early exposed to the dialects of the surrounding tribes and especially open to Aramaic influIndeed as early as 700 B.C.
ences on the north.
we read that the messengers of the king Hezekiah
requested the ambassador of the king of Assyria to
speak to them in Aramaic, "for we understand //"
The Jews would not long retain
(ii. Kings 18 :26).
their language in
its
early purity beside that of another
people who, as a conquering nation, were continually

insinuating themselves into their hfe and politics. The
result was that long before the breaking up of the
Jewish kingdom in 586 B.C., the Hebrew had departed
During the
considerably from its original integrity.
long years of captivity in Babylon and throughout the
Babylonian empire, the Aramaic, which was the official
INTRODUCTION.
Xlil
language of the Babylonian court, must have become

much a part of the Hebrews as their native
quite as
tongue.
The books
of the Old Testament written after
the exile, Ezra and Daniel, are
known
as the
Aramaic
books, owing to the fact that considerable portions of

them are in the Aramaic. We must not understand,
however, that
this large
admixture of Aramaic
wholly to the years of exile in Babylon.
It
is
due
has been
the accepted view since the time of Jerome that in

this
period the Israelites ceased to speak and write
Hebrew and turned to the use of the Aramaic only.

Hence the term Chaldee, so often used to signify the
speech of the Jews, as though the language of the
Chaldees
the Aramaic
was introduced into Pales-
tine
the
its
by the returned
Hebrew died
place.
exiles,
and
that subsequent to this
out and the Chaldee or Aramaic took
In recent
years scholars
have generally
parted with this view, and have attempted to show that

the change was more gradual.
This seems by all
means the most probable. A people retains its language long after its institutions and customs have
ceased to exist. A conquering nation rarely succeeds
in supplanting the language of the conquered.
Slowly
and gradually do the forces work that bring in the elements of a new speech. The English, for example,
has
not after
five
centuries
entirely
displaced
the
Welsh ceased to be a very

important factor in the literature and life of the United
Kingdom, notwithstanding the fact that more than
500 years have passed since Edward built his castles
on the Welsh frontier.
Celtic of Ireland, nor has
INTRODUCTION.
XIV
We must conclude therefore that for centuries the

Aramaic gradually gained in popularity over the
Hebrew, until the latter became at last the language
of scholars and the learned few, while to the great
mass of Jews the Aramaic was the only language known.
This change must have occurred before the time of
Christ for we find then that the common people no
;
longer understood the
Hebrew
of the Scriptures, but
used instead versions known as Targums, written in

Aramaic. This then is the language of Palestine at
ihe time of Christ, and the same which in the New
Testament
is
called
Hebrew.
great distinction, however, must be
made between
Jewish-Aramaic and the Hebrew. The literature

of each is sacred, but of the Hebrew we have left us
the scant remains of the Old Testament only, while
the former has extant a vast literature of the Talmud,
Targums, and interpretative works, and has lived on in
a more or less changed condition till the present time,
and forms the basis of the language much used by the
this
Jews to-day throughout the world.

At the close of the fourth century
Macedon
the
B.C.,
Alexander of
crossed the historic Hellespont, overturned
Persian empire at Arbela, destroyed the famou
city of ancient Tyre, overran all western Asia,
crossing into Egypt, where he founded the world's
metropolis bearing his
own name (332
B.C.).
even
new
It
is
conquering of the
world.
By no means the least important of the many
that might be described was the spread of Greek
This noble language
letters and Greek civilization.
hard to measure the results of
this
INTRODUCTION.
XV
of ancient Hellas, so rich and beautiful, so full of

power and sweetness, was destined to work far greater
results in the minds and hearts of men than the brief
rule of Alexander and his successors.
They soon
passed away, and the Greek kingdom in Asia ceased
but the Greek language which came with
to exist
them still remained and spread with great rapidity
;
throughout
Semitic
this
races
whole
revealing
territory,
to
these
new world of beauty and power.
Although Greece soon
fell under the conquering hand

and Greek letters took captive
her captor.
Rome was then the world, while through
all iier borders the language of Greece became the
speech of trade and intercourse. Greek was even the
language of the Roman court, and Roman boys were
of
Rome, Greek
Homer
taught their
The wide
art
along with their native Vergil.
use of Greek at that period can be best
compared with the English of

with
little
was known
more
to-day.
It
may be
said
hesitancy that, at the time of Christ, Greek

in all parts of the
fitting
language than
the Gospel of peace
Roman
this in
world.
which
to
What
send forth
In Palestine there was of course a Greek population
which existed alongside of the Jewish, and which

became more numerous and distinct with the spread
of Roman civilization.
Of these two languages, Greek
and Aramaic, we must suppose that a considerable
part of the population knew enough for conversation
at least.
with
its
It is
necessary to turn only to Alsace-Lorraine
French and German, or
and English,
to find in
to
Wales with
modern times such a
its
Welsh
fusion of
INTRODUCTION.
XVI
two tongues as must have existed in Palestine at the

beginning of our era.
The question as to whether Christ and his disciples
knew and spoke Greek has been one that has long
been debated. Some of the most illustrious of modern
It is not for
critics have been found on either side.
me
upon it here, but simply to state my

more than probable, from what has been
to enter
It is
belief.
stated
two languages of Palestine at this

period, that Greek, as well as Aramaic, must have fallen
upon the ears of our Lord and his first followers from
in regard to the
boyhood, and that all of them grew up

two languages. A few
examples of this native speech are left us ; Mark 5:41
and Mark 7 34 may be referred to. Instances when
we may conclude that Greek was used by Christ are,
Mark 7:26, 27, and John 12:23. Matthew, from
his duty as a tax-collector, would have required both
languages, while Luke, the most cultured of the evangeThere
lists, exhibits marked power in his use of Greek.
was but one way of reaching " all nations " and sending to them the new message. There never could have,
been any doubt in the mind of Luke, Mark, or John
regarding the language they should employ in writing
Matthew
their histories of our Lord's life and works.
appears to have written first in the Aramaic, but no
their earliest
in continual association with
doubt followed
parallel
to
this
this
immediately with a Greek version.
may be observed
the historian Josephus (a.d. 38-103),

history of the
afterwards in
in
the case of
who wrote
his
Jews first in Hebrew (Aramaic), and

Greek. It is not necessary to note
XVU
INTRODUCTION.
concerning Paul that " all who are at Rome " and the
" church at Corinth " and " the churches throughout
Asia " could have been addressed in no language but
the Greek,
considerable portion of the population at Alex-
andria was Jews, for
whom
their native Aramaic,
had so
and
far forgotten the
the
Greek had displaced
as early as 275
B.C.
they
tongue of their fathers that
they required a Greek translation of the Old Testa-
made
This was
ment.
and
known as
LXX. For
is
at
Alexandria by Jewish-Greeks,
the Septuagint or the translation of
the Jews scattered throughout the

Cappadocia, Cyprus, Phrygia, Rhodes, Greece,
and Rome the Septuagint became the Bible.
So
general was its use even in Palestine that the evangelists quote quite as frequently from the Greek version
Paul, himself a Hebrew and
as from the Hebrew.
reared according to the strictest sect of the Pharisees,
the
world
in
often agrees
more nearly with
the Septuagint
when he
quotes from the Old Testament.

After the
Rome,
fall
of Jerusalem the Jewish population of
Alexandria, Antioch, and other seaport towns,
Then, as now, the Jews were a

commercial people Greek was the one language of
commercial intercourse. Thus we see this wonderful
rapidly increased.
common bond to hold together

Greek and Roman. Then it was
that men were for the first time united by one speech
and made, so to speak, into one family. With the
overturning of old, worn-out kingdoms, and the breaking down of ancient myth and fable of the pagan world,
language served as a
Jew and
Gentile,
INTRODUCTION.
XVUl
a
new
soil
Gospel of
was prepared ready
for
new
seed,
the
love.
we come to consider the characteristics of

Greek of the New Testament. Does it differ very
widely from classical Greek? To this the answer is
"yes," and we may well rejoice that it does. Had
the language as used by Plato and Demosthenes become
Secondly,
the
new message
would have been the
the organ of the
to the world,
how
dif-
Imagine the
result if the simple grace of our English Bible were to
be replaced by the swelling periods of Milton or Bacon.
A far simpler language was and is needed by the lowly,
ferent
effect
this we shall see the later Greek to be.

The language of the Macedonian Greeks,
and
the
same
as that carried into Asia
\vhich was
by Alexander, was
same as that which Plato, Sophocles,

and Demosthenes had used. From this wide diffusion,
however, many changes were effected in the grammatical structure of the language, and especially in the
Much of the rigidness which had characvocabulary.
terized it in the hands of the great Athenian writers
was cast aside. The language was popularized, so to
speak. This new form of the Greek was called Hellenistic Greek, and the people who learned and used
We have had occasion
it were known as Hellenists.
already to refer to the Hellenistic Jews in Alexandria
and other cities.
essentially the
In Palestine, however, as well as in the other

Semitic countries, this Hellenistic Greek was greatly
Hebrew, Aramaic,
corrupted by the native tongue.
and Syriac words were being continually introduced
INTRODUCTION.
To
into the Greek.
would use the Greek,
a large
it
XIX
number of people who
would amount
to nothing other
than a translation of their native tongue, together wi*h
Their thinking was
the native idiom.
while their words were in Greek.
The
all
in
Aramaic,
hterature of the
Hebrew and Aramaic was entirely of a religious nature.

The religious fervour of the Jews gave a strong bent to
was the language of the
kingdom of God and
the coming of the Messiah.
The words in common,
every-day use were the same as those in which had
been cast the revelation of God to his chosen people.
Even at an early day this must have given a deep
hitherto a pagan
rehgious colouring to the Greek
language. The translation, however, of the Old Testament did most to fix the idiom and form of the Greek
for the expression of religious ideas. Then it was that
Greek meant something to the Jews beyond a convenient means of intercourse for commercial life.
For two centuries and a half this Greek Bible worked
into the hearts and minds of the dispersed Jews, and
the words that before in pagan Greece and Rome had
meant little beyond the mortal and perishable of this
fired with the flame
world, took on a new meaning
of the sacred Hebrew.
the tone of their language.
human
It
heart longing for the
When we come
to the language of the
New
Testa-
ment, we have crossed a wondrous gulf. To quote

from the words of the celebrated Dr. Schaff: "The
language of the apostles and evangelists is baptized
with the
spirit
and
fire
of Christianity, and receives a
character altogether peculiar and distinct from secular
XX
INTRODUCTION.
Greek.
enough
to
The Greek was flexible and

admit of a transformation under the
ing influences of revealed truth.
and blood
It
were
intercourse,
significance
among
use
Words
popular
the classics, or in
clothed
with
inspir-
furnished the flesh
for the incarnation of divine ideas.
common
in
elastic
deeper
spiritual
they were transplanted from a lower to
a higher sphere, from mythology to revelation, from

the order of nature to the order of grace, from the
realm of sense to the realm of

while to note the
Here
is
faith."
word " transformation
It is
worth
" in the above.
How
the key to the whole question.
rich this
may be
baptism of the pagan words has been
seen by
comparing the New Testament and the classical sense
of such words as love, faith, prophet, sin, glory, peace,
joy, niercy.
The
New
Testament Greek diff'ers

and indeed in
one and the same writer we can observe two extremes.
Luke, for example, in the first four verses of his gospel
furnishes a specimen of as pure and elegant Greek as
may be found on the page of any classical author.
purity of the
very considerably in
diff"erent authors,
Immediately, however, he drops off into the vernacular, as
though aware that he
is
addressing the
many
and not the few.

In considerable portions of his
gospel and the Acts are to be found the harshest
Hebraisms.
This
is
especially noticeable
quotes from the Old Testament.

the
New Testament,
the
Hebrew
In
all
when he
the writers of
of the Old Testament
quotation appears distinctly through the thin veiling

of the Greek.
INTRODUCTION.
XXI
Of the four evangelists Luke was the best educated,

and therefore used the purest Greek. Matthew may
Concerning John,
be placed next, with Mark last.
there
is
great difference of opinion.
declare his gospel the most thoroughly

It is said to
four.
have a Hebrew body with a Greek

who main-
dress.
On
tain for
him the purest Greek.
the other hand, there are those
sentences would
fall
any language.
Paul's
variety of classic
come
Some scholars
Hebrew of the
The
fact
is,
his short
naturally into the idiom of almost
Greek
elegance.
exhibits
However,
nearly every
it
does not
within the scope of this article to give the pecu-
liarities
It is
of the individual authors.
necessary to speak more definitely as regards
Greek of the
Testament and, that of the period of classical
Greek, which we may consider to have closed with
i. The vocabulary of the
Aristotle (b.c. 384-322).
New Testament furnishes nearly 900 words that are
not found in the classical writers.
Many of these
occur in subsequent authors, as Polybius and Plutarch
and in the Septuagint.
2. Compound words are
especially common.
Rare combinations are used.
The etymology always reveals the force of the expresthe linguistic differences between the
New
sion.
3. What is called the doctrinal sense of certain
words, as love, hope, faith, introduces a new element
quite distinct from anything earlier.
Grammatically, very wide changes from the classical
Greek may be noted,

appeared
sion in
entirely.
- {;})
2.
and
i.
The
dual
number has
dis-
Adjectives of the third declen-
-vs {^-us) are especially rare.
Of
INTRODUCTION.
XXll
adjectives in
mon
{-es) there are
examples.
3.
but two or three com-
The comparison of
adjectives has
been simpHfied, and is usually done by the use of an

adverb, and the positive degree, except in the case
of a few adjectives of irregular comparison.
In the verb a great breaking away from classical
usage
and
seen.
is
rare.
i.
The
optative
mood
comparatively
is
does not occur at all in the writings of John,

found in the epistles and the Acts more than in
It
is
the gospels.
Except
in
the optative of wis/t or desire,
the subjunctive regularly takes the place of this mood.
In the uses of the voice and tense the changes are
2.
In the subjunctive rarely any tense
not so marked.
occurs aside from the present and the
aorist.
may be
observed that in the verbs those

tend to break down into the ending in
in
3.
It
- {-mi)
(-), while
than
(-mi) in the
present system are comparatively rare.
Hardly ever
verbs in
in other
Greek.
{-idso)
4.
much more common
are
The forms
in
does the present subjunctive of these verbs occur,

while the second aorist system has few forms in this
mood.
The
syntax
is
too difficult a question to discuss here,
and so but few points

characteristic of
shall
be presented,
New Testament Greek
i.
uses of Lva {hi)ia), which in classical Greek

for the
Of
most part
this
Especially
are the various

is
confined
to the introduction of 7?;/ iz/ clauses.
conjunction there are no less than six well-
New
Testament.
defined
uses
classical
Greek the conjunction
in
the
While in
is used
denote result,
2.
{hoste)
with either the indicative or infinitive to
INTRODUCTION.
and with nearly equal frequency
in
XXUl
both constructions,
New
the indicative occurs but twice in the

3.
The
participle
Testament.
continues a fundamental form
still
of construction, but shows signs of weakening in such

instances as John
11
and Luke
15
i,
where the
simple imperfect of the verb would have been expected.
This form of expression
The
is
common
most
in
Luke.
prepositions present a great variety of uses not
inherent in the Greek word, thus betraying
Hebrew
influence.
These are only a few of the most marked peculiarities
of the language of the
perhaps enough to show that
New
it
is
Testament, but
much weakened
and simplified as compared with classical Greek. If

one adds to the grammatical peculiarities here mentioned the strong colouring in idiom and vocabulary
that arises from the Hebrew, a general notion may be
formed as to the structure of this language.
To know thoroughly the real force and value of this
language, a wide familiarity with Semitic
especially
Hebrew and Aramaic
is indispensable.
Not only
this, but the investigator must know Latin, of the
influence of which I have taken no notice, as well as
Greek from its earliest beginning in Homer. Such
preparation as this few are able to acquire.
may, however,
gain
New
very
satisfactory
A student
facility
in
Testament language, who knows

nothing of any language except his own. Careful,
assiduous labour for a few months will put the average
student in control of the essentials, and this slight
acquaintance will be found to repay one a thousandhandling the
INTRODUCTION,
XXIV
No
fold.
one can ever
attain to the ability of reading
and understanding the grand simplicity and power of

John's brief sentences, ringing as they do with the
imperishable grandeur of the Greek, without seeing
an entirely new power in the Word. Any translation

must ever fall far short of rendering the grace and
As a rose when plucked loses
force of the Greek.
soon blown, so
its sweetness and the fragrance is
perishes
in
translation
something that makes
that
fleeting,
indescribable
Greek the noblest of
lan-
guages.
The
following
list
of books
is
recommended
as rep-
resenting perhaps the most helpful works for students

Those marked * are
of the New Testament Greek.
particularly valuable for the beginner.
For assistance
in
making up
this hst the
author has
to express his indebtedness to Professor C. F. Bradley,
D.D., Garrett Biblical Institute.
kindly given
of
New
Text.
me
He
has very
the benefit of his wide knowledge
Testament bibliography.
*The New Testament
in
the
Original
Greek
(School Edition). Westcott and Hort. Macmillau

& Co., New York, 1893. $1.25.
This edition is also published with a lexicon, by the
same publishers.
$1.90.
Lexicon. *Thayer's Grimm's Wilke, Greek -English

Lexicon of the New Testament, "Corrected EdiHarper & Brothers, New York, 1889.
tion."
XXV
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
*Winer's Grammar of New Testament Greek

(Ninth English Edition).
Trans, by Moulton.
T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1882. $3.60.
Grammar.
Concordance.
the
in
Leipzig, 1888.
new
Words
*Bruder's Concordance of All the
Greek
New Testament
25
(Fourth
Edition).
M.
monumental work, which
edition of this
include the readings of Westcott and Hort,
will
to be
is
published.
Bagster's Englishman's Greek Concordance of the
Testament.
New
London, 1883.
\, is.
*Bradley and Horswell's New Testament Word Lists.
Greek-English.
Series L and
Garrett Biblical
Institute,
Evanston,
*Burton's Syntax of the
35 cents each.
111.
Moods and Tenses
ment
Greek.
Chicago
Edition).
$1.50.
in
New
University Press
Testa-
(Second
*Buttman's Grammar of the New Testament. Trans, by

Thayer. W. F. Draper, Andover, Mass. $2.75.
Hatch's
New
Essays on Biblical Greek.

York. $2.75.
Robinson's Greek
Riddle.
Harmony
Houghton,
Macmillan
of the Gospels.
Mifflin
&
Co.,
&
Co.,
Ed. by M. B.
Boston, 1885.
$2.00.
*Schaff's
Companion
to the
Greek Testament and English

Harper & Brothers, New
Version (Fourth Edition).

York, 1892. $2.75.
Simcox's (W.H.) The Language of the New Testament.

Thomas Whitaker, New York, 75 cents. By the
same author, The Writers of the New Testament.
Same
publishers and price.
Terry's Biblical Herrneneutics.
York.
$4.00.
Hunt and Eaton, New
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
XXVI
*Thayer's Books and their Use, A Lecture, to which is

added a Hst of books for students of the New Testament Greek. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston.
75 cents.
An
Trench's
exceedingly helpful
Synonyms
Edition).
little
volume.
New Testament (Eleventh

& Co., New York, 1890. $3.50.
of the
Macmillan
An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of

New Testament. Whitaker, New York. 75 cents.
*Warfield's
the
Westcott's Introduction to the Study of the Four Gospels
(Seventh Edition, American Edition).

New York. $2.25.
Macmillan
&
Co.,
*Westcott and Hort's The New Testament in the Original

Greek. 2 vols. Harper & Brothers, New York.
Vol. I. includes the text. Vol. II. has an Introduction to Textual Criticism and an Appendix. Price
per vol. $2.00. Complete $3.50.
SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT.
1.
All vocabularies
must be thoroughly mastered. Writ-
ing the words several times will greatly help to
Pronouncing the Greek aloud
the mind.
2.
The
acquisition of forms
{i.e.
is
fix
them
in
helpful.
declensions and conju-
gations) must keep pace with the matter of a vocabulary.

3.
It is
recommended
that at least thirty lessons be mas-
tered before the reading of the Greek text

4.
is
attempted.
Care should be taken in learning points of syntax
that occur in the lessons.

5.
When
the text
is
finally
begun, the table of irregular
verbs ( 88) should be committed to memory. Also the

verb forms in 90-110 should be carefully studied.
6.
When
in Part III.
the Greek Testament
may be
should the student

7.
Finally,
application
results.
is
taken up, the syntax
studied to best advantage.

fail
to
At no time
keep up the review of Part
learn words, words, words.
and continual review
will
II.
Only steady
bring satisfactory
PART
LESSONS;
TEXT
ESSENTIALS OF
NEW TESTAMENT
LESSON
,
(,
I hear.
/ know.
4', I have.
,
,
,
/ wish, will.
I speak.
I take.
',
iroi,
say.
I believe.
I do, make.
occurs more than 200 times

of these
Testament, and some of them 1500 times.
Each
a.
New
the
I.
VOCABULARY.
1.
GREEK.
in
Notes on the Vocabulary.
2.
--,
= in
a-kou-5, / hear; cf. ACOUSTIC,
a.
= hard c, as in can; ov is a diphthong comfather;
(EngHsh and a) and pronounced like
and
posed of
= <? in note. The mark (') over the initial
ou in group;
vowel of this word is called the breathing. Note the turn
from right to left. This is called the smooth breathing,
and it does not affect the sound of the vowel. The mark
is the acute accent.
(') over the
equals
The ending
/in English.
--,
gi-no-sko, / know,
machine;
=
a=y.
accent and on the same syllable as in
b.
get;
'yL
=i
in
y hard g, as in
Observe the same
'.
NEW
ESSENTIALS OF
TEST.\MENT GREEK.
-,
e-ch5, / have.
= e in lei ;
c/i, of which
no equivalent sound in English. It is found in
the German oiic/t. Cf. chasm pronounced in a harsh guttural tone. The accent and breathing, when they occur on
the same syllable, are written together, as here. All words
beginning with a vowel have a breathing mark.
c.
there
is
-, the-15, / wi'/l or /
d.
--,
what
\--,
la-le-5,
e.
= th
ivt'sh.
speak.
The
in thin
accent
= /.
occurs on
syllable of the verb so far?
/.
ke-yw, le-go, /say.
h.
76--,
= the
-steu-o,
diphthong eu
on a diphthong,
here.
it
is
The vowels
b.
= >.
r
= t\
the accent comes
wake
cf.
POET, POETRY,
oil.
v, .
The
The consonants
e ih,K = k,k = l,^ = w, v = ;i,
=p,
in this lesson are a,
following diphthongs occur
= Sf
over the second vowel, as
do, or
a.
;;;
np\
When
a diphthong pronounced like oi in
Topics for study.
/a
believe.
placed
3.
are
feud.
in
TTOL-i-w, poi-e -,
/.
oi is
Cf.
/ iake.
\'am-ha.-no,
g.
e, i, o,
ov, ev, oi.
= , y =-,
= I, x = ch.
In the matter of the accent of verbs the following
must be noted,
goes back as
i.
The
is always recessive, i.e. it

from the last syllable. 2. The
accent
far as possible
determines the position of the accent. 3. If

is long, the accent always occurs on the
next to the last syllable
the penull ; otherwise on the
third syllable
the antepenult.
4. A syllable is long if it
has a long vowel or a diphthong in it.
last syllable
the last syllable
4.
In English
we
have' the personal pronouns
written generally before the verb and always
PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.
separate from the verb.

trary,
In Greek, on the -con~
pronouns are
the
often
integral part of the verb, forming
found as an
what is called
the />ersoua/ endings.
Cf.
in the verbs given
In the case of most verbs the ending
of the I per. sing. pres. ind. act. is dropped,
and the preceding vowel is lengthened in com-
above.
.-.
pensation.
--
the primary form of
Xey-0 -, of
is
variable vowel,
= personal
LESSON
is
Stem,
ending.
II.
Present Indicative Active.
5.
Swg.
Phir.
1.
6-,
2.
\i-i-i\.%,^
3.
'-, he, she,
/j-izy.
you
say.
or
it
says.
I.
--., W^
2.
\i-\i-i-Ti.,
3.
'--, they say.
Jizy.
ye say.
Observe from the translation appended that

mood has in Greek the same
the indicative
declarative force as in English.

a.
as
in Aeyct? is a
6. Note
theme
2.
A
1 s
diphthong and equals
ei in height.
in the
conjugation of
appears unchanged
vowel occurs after

at the close of a word, but
1.
The
throughout.
The
this
theme.
in the
middle of a word.
3.
ESSENTIALS OF
vowel
is
or
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
(often written
variable vowel.
4.
The
%), called
variable vowel is
-,
lowed by an ending, as
-re,
which is called the personal ending.
How many
7.
The
primary
Sing.
8.
See
&--^
4.
?
personal endings of the active voice,
I.
-,
2.
-s, i/iou.
Flur.
/.
- (),
/it',
she,
it.
I.
-,
2.
-T,
3-
--,
The variable vowel and the

may be seen in the following
we.
ye.
they.
personal end:
-<ri
0-<
, , and ,
Note that occurs before

and , e occurring in
before
9.
fol-
the plur.,
in
tenses, are seen in the following
ing
distinct parts has
the
all
i.e.
other places.
Certain changes take place in these primi-
tive forms,
which give the following
-, /.
-, we.
-is, tho7i.
-,
-i,
he, she,
it.
ye.
-ovo-i, they.
These fonns must be absolutely mastered.

1
See
reference
is
52
for the
made to
meaning of the word primary. (Where

mark [] precedes the
the grammar, a section
figure, otherwise the reference is to the first part,
the lessons.)
PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.
EXERCISES.
10.
,
,
.
,
^
^,
.,^,,,^
I.
I.
Translate into English
\,
OeXere.
2.
,.
êXei?,
yere.
6.
^.,
I
take,
you wish, they know.
ye say, they have, we
we
hears,
have.
they hear.
do.^
<;,
Translate into Greek
11.
I.
/^, -
6.
We
4.
say.
You
3.
believe,
We
know, they know,

wish, we speak,^ ye do.
5.
2.
You
have,
take, he
ye believe,
I say, they
Let the student analyze each verb form carefully, pointing out the theme, variable vowel, and the personal ending.
Apply also the principles of accent given in 3, >.
1 It
is
recommended
that the teacher allow the matter of
contract verbs to pass unnoticed,
till
tion appear gradually in the lessons.
the principles of contrac-
No harm
the student's writing uncontracted forms.
rence of these verbs in
The
need
arise
from
frequent occur-
explains their appearance here.
..
ESSENTIALS OF
NEW
TESTAAIENT GREEK.
LESSON
III.
The Second or 0-Declension.

vocabulary.
11.
apTos, bread.
05,
9,
.
,
9,
world, COSMIC.
-LYXWOgraphy
word., LOGIC.
law,
eco'îO'SW.
crowd.
Toiros, place,
CHRONO/(?gy.
9, ANGEL.
stone.,
8,
,
?,
XP<5vos, time.,
THRONE.
wa;/, ANTHROPO/i^
apostle.
'?, desert.
?,
Kvpios,
death, THANATO^j/j.
Lord.
Tocography
The student should learn thoroughly the meanings of the words in each vocabulary, pronouncing each v^rord aloud, so as to be sure to get the
The case
proper accent.
lutely
Some
mastered.
cjitiings are to be abso^
of
the words
in
this
New
Tes-
like ng.
This
vocabulary occur looo times in the

tament.
is
?
',
a.
5.
b.
In
ar-tos.
the
= ^;
first
o
is
= ovc\.on.
pronounced
always true of when followed by , >/. or y^.

= e, and is pronounced like
the
c.
In
e in
they.
d.
lish.
V in
See
1.
u.
There
is
no similar sound
The sound approaches
This includes
all
e in key.
the vowels in Greek.
in
Eng-
THE SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION.
be observed i. All these nouns

12.
end in -09. 2. All these nouns belong to the
O-declension.
They all have the aaite
3.
to
It is
accent.
13.
All nouns in Greek
come under one of

The following
three declensions, 9 ^^ ^^<^ 1"^

is the second or O-declension
:
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
5,
a word.
\6-<{ov, of a word.
to or for a word,
\o-nov, a word (oh].).
word.
,
,
a. The ending
and
lengthened to
is
,
,
,
Plnr.
Shtg.
Nom.
called iota-subscript,
\oô)v,
words.
of words.
to or for words.
\6yov<i,
in the dat. sing,
{iota)
is
words
{oh].).
words.
is
for -01.
is
This
written underneath.
and can never be wanting
in the
dat. sing, of this declension.
14.
Observe from the above that there are
cases in Greek
five
Nominative, Genitive, Dative,

Accusative, Vocative.
The nominative equals
English nominative the genitive equals English possessive or the objective with of; the
dative corresponds to the English indirect objective, to or for which anything is or is done ; the
accusative is the English direct objective the
vocative, which is rarely used, is the case of
:
address.
Cf. 21.
ESSENTIALS OF
In verbs
15.
NEW TESTAMENT
we noted
GREEK.
that the endings are
showing the person and

number. So in nouns also the relation of nouns
to each other, and to the other parts of the sentence, is denoted by the case endings. While in
English we have to depend (for the most part)
especially important as
on prepositions such as to, for, by, in, at, on, of,

etc., to express case relation, the Greek has
this relation expressed by the endings of the
several cases.
(There are, of course, prepositions in Greek,

but these case endings are always observed
apart from the prepositions),
16. Observe that the accent on
remains
on the same syllable tJiroughont the declension.
This is the fundamental principle of accent in
nouns.
The accent remains on the same syllable,
if possible.
Learn the declension of
17.
a.
When
23.
the last syllable becomes long, as in the end-
-, -ois,
(3, d, 4), the accent cannot
remain on the antepenult, but removes to the penult.
ings
-,
Cf. the
b.
-,
same
Final
principle in verbs,
01,
3, d.
although a diphthong,
is
considered short
in determining the place of accent in the O-declension.

c.
The
accent of the nominative must be learned by
observation.
THE SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION.
', .
,
^
,. ^ . ..- ^^.
EXERCISES.
18.
'.
., .,
I.
I.
Xoyot
2.
Xeyei.
Xeyei \oyov.
5.
Xoyov
yu.09
y.
TTiareoei.
yLvoiaKeL.
Xejei
6.
ayyeXoL
8.
g.
II.
. Of a man, to a throne, words of men.

Angels and men, to the world, of a desert.
Death of apostles.
He takes a stone.
4.
II.
2.
3.
Words
5.
a crowd.
of
7.
man
We
of (the) Lord.
10.
He
to a world.
Ye
6.
say to
have a place. 8. An angel

9. We hear law and believe.
has bread for apostles.
lesson
IV.
The 0-Declension Concluded,
00s, God.
05.
vlos, son.
vocabulary.
19.
8,09,
brother.
people.
viKpos, deceased, ^Y.CKOlogy.
'^
The
heaven.
eye,
OPHTHALMO-
logy.
dSos,
way.
servant.
acute accent ('), on a final syllable,
grave (^) when other words follow
is
changed
in a sentence.
to the
ESSENTIALS OF
, ,,
(,
oIkos, house.
work.
v,
Upov, temple.
little
child.
boat.
irpoo-wirov, face.
garment.
SABBATH,
child.
>=
= </
a-dei-phos.
ph
phase.
observe that the breathing occurs on the
second vowel of the diphthong.
c.
The diphthong vt, as in
is pronounced like wee.
The breathing is always rough ('), i.e. the explosion of
breath is so strong as to give an h sound, vi is, then,
20.
(t
In
b.
pronounced ûJiee.
d. Note the rough breathing on
and tepov, hi-e-ron,
ho-dos.
e.
at as in Traihiov
^,
hi-ma-ti-on,
ai in aisle.
There are two principal accents in Greek,

(') and the circumflex (").
The acute
can occur on any one of the last three syllables,
21.
the acute
while the circumflex can occur on one of the

last two.
',
22. Learn the declension of

and note that in every gen. and
(') is changed to a circumflex (").
son, 23,
dat. the acute
Learn the declension of hovXo';, servant,

and
observe that the circumflex accent
occurs on a long syllable only, and when at the

same time the last syllable is short. When the
ultima becomes long, the (") changes to the (').
23.
23,
THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION.
II
24. Nouns of the 0-declension end in -o?

masc. (rarely fern.) and -ov neut.
The inflection
of neuter nouns is the same as that of masculine
nouns, except that the nom., ace, and voc. sing,
end in -ov, and the same cases in the plur. end
in
8,
Cf.
-a.
'^f^> b
^^
All adjs. in Greek are declined, and agree

gender, number, and case with the words
they modify. The definite article ///i', 6, is an
adj. and is declined
e.: 6
the servant
TOO SovXov, of the servant ;
the child
25.
in
,^,
to the child;
neut.
(0
and
of the words.
,
,4,
the children;
Learn the masc. and
of the article, 24.
9 .
.
\
..
\. .
.^
^
26.
I.
EXERCISES.
I.
2.
3-
''"
4-
6.
eêt
8.
7-
'.
.
To
2.
^
. In
(eV)
^^ (^) '''
<.
the temple and in the boat.
the people and of the people.
3.
The
Verbs of hearing may be followed by the genitive case,
the case of the direct object.
as
ESSENTIALS OF
eyes of the servant.

4. For the work and for
the garments.
Ye
hear the people.^ 6. The
5.
apostle knows the law.
7. I speak to the servants, and they hear.
8.
The Lord has a
temple in Heaven. 9. We have the garments
for the
children.
10.
The son
God knows
of
the world.
LESSON
The Present
Passive Indicative.
vocabulary.
27.
,
,
,
8(,
V.
In
a.
28.
see.
write, GRAPHzV.
pronounced
/ teach, OlOACTic.
like
The
save, ^
,
,
,
-,
-,
/ raise up.
I judge.
I send.
I love.
I throw.
iyairaia,
is
/send.
/ save.
a double consonant, ds, and
dz in adze.
passive voice, as in English, repre-
The
sents the subject as being acted upon.
personal endings of the passive distinguish
from the active.

Following are the primary
Sing.
I.
2.
3.
-,
(.
-,
/.
Piur.
-a-ai,
he.
See footnote,
pass,
-^,
2.
-a-9(,
3.
p.
endings
I.
1 1.
it
we.
ye.
-,
they.
THE PRESENT PASSIVE
The
a.
The
29.
variable vowel
Before
and
endings e is found.
voice.
-0-,
2.
\v-t\.,
3.
he
the conjugation of the
is
loosed,
i.
loosed.
2.
is loosed.
3.
Observe that the
a.
b.
per.
dropped, and e and

be found instead of .
is
in
other
all
Plur.
am
you are
--,
and before
\, I loose
Sing.
1.
found as in the active
is
occurs,
v,
following
pres. pass. ind. of
INDICATIVE.
--, we
--,
Xv-t-vî.,
are loosed.
ye are
sing,
is
form the diphthong
loosed.
they are loosed.

for
et.
may
The same
at is
3, b.
principle of accent is to be noted as

considered short in the personal endings,
hence the accent occurs on the antepenult.
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.,
,
,
/. ,
,
.
.' .
30.
I.
3-
EXERCISES.
I.
2.
iyeipouai,
.
8.
iv (in)
iv
11.
.
12.
.
^
et9
et?
(on)
Temple.
6.
(into)
Xeyei
..-
'
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
14
II.
I.
He
sees and
and are saved.
is
We
3.
saved.
GREEK.
2.
You
believe
judge and are judged.
They send and are sent. 5. He raises up

the dead. 6. It is written in the laws.
7. We
8. The son of man is judged,
see the brethren.
10. I speak
9. The Lord hears in the temple.
and am heard, n. We are saved and are raised
Ye take the bread.
12.
up into Heaven.
the Lord saves men.
13. They know that
4.
We
have so far met in the vocabularies 52 words, which

give more than 400 different forms by their inflection.
LESSON
VI.
Imperfect iNoiCATrvE Active.

31.
,
,
,
,
',
leiid.
BAPTIZE.
caU.
dear witnesSj
martyr.
eat.
',
live.
',
VOCABULARY.
a/ft
about.
', r^MAIN.
seek.
For the tenses
of
the indicative
mood
see
50 and 52. The uses and meanings of the

various tenses will be explained as we advance.
The
indicative represents an
continued, accustime past,
tomed, or repeated action eg. e^paôv, I was
zuriting ; eXvov, I ivas loosing ;
he was
32.
act
-sjs,
imperfect
going on
in
baptizing.
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.
33. All active secondary tenses ( 52) have

the same personal endings, as follows
:
Sittg.
I.
-V
2.
-S
3.
34.
Plur.
none
I.
2.
-T
3. -v
The imperfect
indicative of
---, / was
2.
--6
---, we were loosing.
loosing.
-s, yo2i were loosing.

--, he was loosing.
3.
35.
Observe
i.
the present tense.

\v.
36.
This
is
The
Plur.
Sing.
1
or -<rav
The
2.
---, ye were loosing.
---,
they were loosing.
variable vowel
The
as in
before the stem
called augment.
secondary tenses, besides having
dif-
ferent endings from the primary, have also an

If
i.
augment. This augment is of two forms,
the verb begins with a consonant, is prefixed
syllabic augment.
2. In the case of verbs
beginning with a vowel, this vowel is lengthened to the corresponding long vowel (except
gives
temporal augment.
In diphthongs
made with
the first vowel is lengthened, and
Other diphthongs
appears as iota subscript.
do not ordinarily have the augment e.g.
lead ;
hear ;
I was liearing ;
I was leading :
I tvas eating.
eat ;
, , ,, ,
;
^,
ESSENTIALS OF
,.
.
\\,
I.
vy^tp^'i)
ev
saying.
g.
ev
were hearing.
2.
taking.
ing the bread.

10.
9.
We
He
He was
4.
Ye were beholding.
7. He was judging.
5.
men.
'<^
They were
3.
raising up.
of
^?
6.
'^^-
2.
8.
We
lieving.
'^.
e/cpive^
. ^
.
4
,
^.
.
GREEK.
EXERCISES.
37.
I.
NEW TESTAMENT
6.
be-
You were
They were
8. I was eatwas leading the sons
saw the face
of the
Lord.
The God of Heaven saves the children

men. 12. Ye were remaining in the law.
II.
of
LESSON VIL
Imperfect Indicative Passive.
,
,
,
,
-,
,
vocabulary.
38.
, ask
/or.
see, observe,
follow.
, ^^
6
^
is
(a question),
an exception
the syllabic augment,
persuade.
--, ,
beget.
glorify.
PLKfily.
//.
to the principle stated in 36, 2,
eexov
is
theory.
preach, annoHfice.
contracted to
and takes
6, y.
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE.

a.
In
from
^^,
,
The
39.
double consonant
glorify, occurs the
and pronounced
lilce
personal endings in the secondary
I.
2.
3-
Plur.
i.
2.
3 '^"^^
The conjugation
40.
of
is
Plur.
Sing.
2.
---, / was being

--, were
3-
---,
I.
a.
yoii
loosed.
I.
2.
etc.
In the 2 per. sing,
between the two vowels, and
---
---<
---
changes to
eo contracts to
The
\,
-,
Review the present and imperfect

active and passive of
41.
f,
ks in ricks.
tenses of the indicative passive are

Sing.
drops
5, 7.
indicative
56.
personal endings of the verb give us
the following
a.
b.
c.
this
or secondary,
and by
whether past or not.
d.
e.
The person of the verb.

The number of the verb.
The tense, whether primary
The voice of the verb.
The mood to some extent,
as
we
shall see later on.
ESSENTIALS OF
42. The changes in the endings that are to

be particularly noted are
:
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
-c(rai
-CIS
-<ro
-<ri
=
=
=
-ov<ri
-owcri
-(r
-i
or
-l
The importance of mastering the personal

endings of the verb, and, indeed, the whole
matter of the verb, cannot well be overestimated.
It is safe to say that the student who
has thoroughly learned the detail of the verb
given thus far has mastered the greater part of
the difficulty in the regular verb, and has gone
far towards gaining a reading knowledge of the
New Testament.
The
now be
more than 800
,
.
.
.
^.. .
student should
familiar with
different forms.
43.
I.
EXERCISES.
I.
'
rj'yero
.^
1
2.
rj'ye.
ihihaaKeTO iv
iepS.
6.
8.
<;
4.
^^
^'
neuter plural nom. takes a verb in the singular in Greek.
FIRST
II.
A- DECLENSION.
believed and were saved.
Ye
2.
He
was preaching to the

4. The son of man was being glorified.
was judging and I was being judged.
were
men.
glorified.
5.
We
I.
OR
3.
The world trusted in () the Lord. 7. The

8. We persuade
angel of Heaven was heard.
the sons of men. 9. The law was taught in the
10. The work of man is judged.
temple.
6.
LESSON
VIII.
First or A-Declension.
vocabulary.
,
,
44.
,
,
,
, beginning, ARCHAIC,
, sC7-ipttire, luritings.
,
,
,
,
,
commandment.
ZOOLOGY.
, PARABLE.
, SYNAGOGUE.
life,
,
,
PHOôgraph.
voice,
soul,
vsYcnology
sin.
, church
clesiastical.
\, power.
,
-,
cf.
EC-
-,
heart
cf.
CAR-
DIAC.
6', \, promise.
house.
zuisdom,
soph-
istry.
Most of these nouns oc ur as

times in the New Testament.
many
as
100
soul, is a double consonant, pronounced

This now gives us all the letters in Greek.
Learn the classification of consonants in 2.
d. Observe the gender of the nouns in the vocabulary.
In what letters do the nouns end ? Cf. 18 and 19.
a.
like
ps
in
in lips.
20
ESSENTIALS OF
The
.45.
will
nouns
NEW TESTAMENT
following
form
,Sing.
N. V.
G.
Stem
Plur.
Sing.
apxaC
<(
Plur.

(
( $
apxii
A.
-(
Observe: . The stem ends
the term A-declension.
somewhat
are
((, wisdom.
Aegi)iiiing.
Stem
46.
and
paradigms of
serve as models for the remaining
of this
D.
GREEK.
2.
The
in
hence
case endings
similar to those already learned
{a) the dat. sing, must

the O-declension
have iota-subscript ; {b) the ace. sing, ends in -v;
in
the gen. plur. in
(c)
(d) -ol of the
second
and -oi? of the second

-at? of
That nouns having - in the nominative retain - throughout the sing., and nouns
with La in the nominative retain the a in all
-at of
the
the
first.
first,
3.
cases of the snig.

47.
last
e.g.
Nouns
that have the acute accent on the
], .
syllable (the
jiltima)
Rule
are called oxytones
of accent
oxytones of
the first and second declension have the circumflex accent in all genitives and datives.
FIRST
OR A-DECLENSION.
21
48. Learn the fern, of the art.^

compare this with the case endings
( 24),
of
and
.
\
.
^
^
.
.
.
.
^. .
. 49.
I.
EXERCISES.
al
I.
';.
2.
\eyei
-]
6 \oyo<;
"J.
8.
Oi
eTTayjeXiav
Xoc
ev
6.
^
6
12.
. In the synagogue.
men.
5.
The
6.
He
church
II.
3.
In the heart of
hear a voice. 4. The soul

parable was spoken in the
I
sent the bread of
has
a parable in
the Lord.
12.
life
to
is
saved.
temple.
men.
power.
8. They were
the synagogue.
9. It
7.
The
speaking
is
written
We
have a promise of
11. Men preached wisdom to the
In the beginning we heard the
in the scriptures.
world.
2.
ev
10.
word.
1
The forms
(îrpo-
of the article
, ,
ai,
are called proclitics
lean forward'), since they have no accent, and are
pronounced as part of the following word.

2 epr/Aios is a fern, noun in -05.
ESSENTIALS OF
22
LESSON
IX.
A-Declension Continued.
,
,
VOCABULARY.
50.
,
,
<0,
,
,
,', ,
love.
,, ,
truth.
,
?,
(, ,
kingdom.
, ,,
earth, G'E/)logy.
,
8,,
,, ,
tongue, GLOSSAr/.
righteousness.
,,
glory.
Most
51.
The
New
PROPHET.
*^, , joy.
ho2ir.
lOO
Testament.
,-
of this declension
.
G.
D.
and
]
-
V.
Learn
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
V.
G.
G.
D.
prophet.
Stem
.
-?
, .?
$ .
.
. V.
glory.
|-
Sing.
52.
disciple.
following paradigms furnish models
nouns
Stem
sea.
head.
these nouns occur more than
of
times in the
for other
peace.
day, i'/HEMERAL.
22.
. V.
G.
D.
OR A-DECLENSION.
FIRST
23
Observe: i. When e, i, or
precedes a
nom. sing., a is retained throughout the
and when other letters precede a, as in
sing.
the a is changed in the gen. and dat. sing,
2. -ai of the ncm. piur., as in the endings
to 77.
of the verb, is considered short in determining
the accent.
53.
of the
;
^,
Feminine nouns
of the first declension

masculine nouns, in -r?;? or
The gen. of masc. nouns is
as in the
-a<i.
O-declension. Masc. nouns in
have a in the
54.
end
in a, , or
-^
voc. sing.
,,
a.
circumflex
55.
earth,
is
The
contracted from yea,
is
The
following table shows the case end-
ings of the A-declension
Masc. Sing.
Fein. Sing.
N.V. d
6, 6.
found throughout.
or
G. d-s or -S
D. d-i or -(,
A. d-v or d-v
-5
Masc. and Fern
oi-s
N. v.
G.
D.
-=
- -
G.
D.
A.
V. d
.
Pliir.
for
-is
d-s for a-vs

(
-S
or
ESSENTIALS OF
24
Observe that
56.
all
nouns have the same
plural in the first declension.
If
be substituted
for a in this table of endings, the first declension
be seen to
will
differ but little
from the second.
The following are the principles of noininal
57.
accent
There are three kinds of accent the acute

(" ), and the grave (').
The acute can occur on any one of the
1.
the circumflex
('),
2.
last three syllables
the last two
:
3.
the circumflex on either of
the grave on the
last.
The
acute can stand on a syllable either

or short ; the circumflex can occur on a
long syllable only i.e. a syllable in which there

is a long vowel or a diphthong.
The accent in the nominative must be
4.
learned by observation.
The accent tends to remain on the same
5.
syllable on which it occurs in the nominative.
6. When the ultima is sJiort,
;
The
The
a.
b.
long
c.
7.
a.
b.
c.
if accented has the acute.

accented has the acute, unless
antepenult
penult
if
it
be
must occur.
accented must have the acute.
in this case the circumflex
The
ultima
When
The
The
The
cumflex.
if
the ultima
is
long,
antepenult cannot be accented.

if accented must have the acute.
ultima may have either the acute or the
penult
cir-
OR A-DECLENSION.
FIRST
Nouns
the
of
25
and second declensions
first
include about seventy-five per cent of the nouns
New
Testament. The importance, theremastering the vocabularies and forms

thus far given can be easily appreciated.
in the
fore,
of
EXERCISES.
58.
^
}
I.
'^
I.
ajaTryv.
.7\<.^
.
^.
}?
ap^fj'i.
ayyiXou
.
?
8.
6.
eypae
y.
\.
eyov-
iv
ev
2.
.
-^ .
0^'
Tol<i
'
II. ev
12.
eXeye
,-
ivTO-
^'^
ev
ev
. We remain in the truth. 2. The hour

announced.
3. Ye have joy in your^ hearts.
We see the beginning of righteousness.
4.
6. Joy and
5. The way, the truth, and the life.
peace, love and glory.
7. They were remaining
in the synagogue.
8. They speak in parables.
10. The king9. It is taught in the Scriptures.
dom of God and his ^ righteousness.
is
Movable
The
v,
for
which see
dative often follows
the objective case with in.

*
/) om.
,
11.
where our believe requires

^ Use the article,
See lexicon,
ESSENTIALS OF
20
LESSON
Vowel Declensions.
Adjectives of the
,
,
vocabulary.
59.
X.
beloved.
08, eternal;
cf.
AEON.
rig/iteous.
^tVos, middle.
$,
(?,
5,
last.
MONO-
,,
,
ovtos, this one.

ttio-tos, faitJtful.
onc''s own.,
only, alone,
theism.
iKeivos, that one.
erepos, another.
enil.
05, good.
other.
IDIOM.
first.
8,
good,
small, little, 25.
and
Observe that the masc. and neut. are in the
second declension, while the fem. is in the first
60.
one s
declension.
61.
Note that when
'?
and
precedes the
or
vowel of the stem, as in

in the nom. sing.
fem. has
Cf. 53,
final
the
i.
that one, are

tJiis one, and
62.
demonstrative pronouns, but are declined for
the most part as adjectives in -o<?.
a.
refers to
or present, while
at a distance.
somebody or something near at hand

refers to that which is more remote
ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSIONS.
27
Learn the paradigm of ovro<i, 26.

Observe i. The rough breathing of the nom.
masc. and fem. sing, and plur. appears in all other
forms as r. 2. The vowel of the penult varies
as the vowel in the ultima.
The accent
3.
remains on the penult.
63.
64.
All
, ?
substantives
must have the
or 6
e.^.
tJiis
that the pronoun
nom.
or after the
Any
position.
must come
This
is
man.
and
used with
article
Observe
before the article
called the predicate
other position of an adj. would
be the attributive position.
'.
.
.
.
,
^ .
^
^
.
. .
. '.
65.
I.
3-
EXERCISES.
I.
2.
iv
6.
(is),
y.
8.
1 1,
iv
. The first, last; and the last, first.

That disciple knows the Scriptures.
In
3.
2.
^
An
adjs. of
adj. that
has the masc. and fem. alike.
two endings.
Great,
Such are
called
ESSENTIALS OF
28
His own (use art. for Jiis)

These children are saved.
the work of God.
7. This command-
the last day.
know
This
6.
4.
the truth.
ment
is
5.
write to the brethren.
have another promise. 9.

preached in the synagogue.
the law and the prophets.
Beloved,
8.
On
the
10.
first
we
day he
This one knows
LESSON XL
Personal Pronouns and
.,
I am.
vocabulary.
66.
!^%^ good.
$,
ls,
prep., i7ito (with ace).
holy.
oXos, whole.
conj., but.
on,
,
,
ov,^
avTOs, he, hifnself.
^,'^ con], for.

,^ conj., moreover, but.
conj., because, that.

"i
'r
not.
08,
, /.
(, I am.
<ri,
wicked.
thou, you.
Each of the words in this vocabulary, except

the adjectives, occurs more than 1000 times in
the New Testament.
1
Words
positives,
2
that cannot
yap and
come
before consonants
rough breathing.
first
in a sentence are called post-
5i are such.
;
before vowels
before the
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
The
67.
,
she,
//
personal
tJiou ;
pronouns
and
^,
29
,,
in
Greek are
/le,
it.
and
40.
in
Observe: i. That the short forms of
These are enclitics?
the sing, have no accent.
The meaning of the dissyllabic forms does not
The former are
differ from the monosyllabic.
68.
more emphatic.
= , and -,
The endings -,
2.
common with the endings of the two
Associate the meaning of
sions.
vowel.
initial
are
declen-
with
its
, ,
,,
,

26, a.
Observe that, except in the forms
sing., and
plur., we have the
69.
with the prefix
declension of the article
Observe the following for the uses of
70.
:
or
I.
man
-.
himself,
is
in the
the
predicate posi-
tion, 64.
1
An
enclitic gives
up
its
the preceding word has the
accent for the preceding word.
If
on the antepenult or the (" ) on

the penult, it receives an additional accent on the ultima; e.g.
my garment, oi/cos
my house. What is the difference between an enclitic and a proclitic ?
'
Ô
ESSENTIALS OF
71.
avTos
I.
When
the article precedes
same
the
<,
man.
the meaning
always the same.

When used alone, as
2.
they
judge him, it is the simple personal pronoun of
the third person.
is
The use of conjunctions and prepositions

an important thing in inflected languages.
72.
is
the ordinary copulative conjunction,
is
1.
joining words, phrases, and clauses.

2.
It
is
an adversative,
often has
little
is
3.
emphatic
but,
in
a mild way.
meaning beyond and,
indeed.
the strongest adversative, a very
but.
expresses a reason, as kcu
4.
means and
say this) for they are listening.

always occurs with the accusaand denotes motion, either expressed or
et?,
5.
tive,
(I
i}ito,
implied.
73.
We
-,
noticed that the primary active end-
--,
was dropped, and the

There are
preceding was lengthened to
and that
some verbs that do not drop this
do not have the variable vowel %. Verbs that
-conjugation, and
drop the
belong to the
belong to the
verbs that do not drop the
ing
as in
/ii-conjugation.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
These make up what are
called the
-conju-
Of the
latter is
gation and the /it-con jugation.
The
I am.
Sin^.
I am.
<,
a.
is
- may
b.
i,
// is.
ei is
for
', we are.
ka-ri,
ye are.
-,
they are.
for
'.
The
EXERCISES.
I.
hk
I.
.?
elyuL.
.
kan
Be
e<;
4.
epyov
ee.
. '
. .
..
II.
ev
1
these things
he
14.
5.
the
Darkness
we
6
12.
7leee
et
we speak
.
8e
J^.c^/ei
. But you know me.
the world.
6.
Oeoi).
el
el.
Moreover,
deod.
^^
8.
/êia
II.
yap
-.
<yap el ev
2.
/(9
';
ei,
note.
74.
3.
or
be compared with is.

All the forms in the pres. ind. of this verb, except
are encHtic, 68,
9.
the pres. ind.
Plur.
he., she.,
fov
is
art.
il, iJioti
root
following
3I
is
ev eKeivr)
2.
trutl.
4.
Ye
not in Him.
write to you.
Him.
I glorify
are in
6.
And
Jesus himself
was not baptizing, but his disciples. 8. Beloved,
7.
ESSENTIALS OF
32
we
are the children of God.
9.
words and does not do them.
He hears my
And this is
10.
11. He himself is the life.

the same day he was speaking to
the witness of him.

12.
On
(ev)
the people.
13.
Thou
art the son of
LESSON
,
,
,
,
XII.
Deponent Verbs.
vocabulary.
75.
',
go away.
be,
\,
, was.
answer.
become.
a/n able, can.
76.
go
out.
come, go.
,, I know.
%\.\\.,, go through.
-\,
God.
os,
enter.
come
who.
go.
to.
Deponent verbs have the form
of
the
middle, 47, or the passive, but the sense of

the active.
'
Note
in the vocabulary above that there

verbs that are composed of
+
something.
These are compound verbs and
77.
are
many
the forms
out
of
of, 7/309,
to,
azvay,
through,
are prepositions.
motion the preposition,
it
will
into,
e/c,
In this verb
be seen, gives
DEPONENT VERBS.
33
So in most verbs
the direction to the motion.
compounded with prepositions, the idea of the
verb
only modified by the preposition.

the preposition ends in a vowel, as
the final vowel is dropped before a
is
When
,,
verb that begins with a vowel
The
78.
follows
-.^
for Bta
is
imperfect indicative of
{r\<!T^'x),
3.
a.
The forms
,
8,
ivas.
(), we
ye
,
-,
I.
thou wert.
he was.
2.
79.
conjugated
were.
were.
need not be learned at
],
i6 times
twice.
I know,
in
is
an
but
irregular verb,
one tense regularly, as follows

Plur.
Sing.
as
is
they were.
3.
in parentheses
present, as they occur but seldom.

3 times
am,
Plur.
Sing.
(), I
[%
et'/ii,
1.
2.
e.g.
/ know,
etc.
2.
2.
3.
3-
we know,
etc.
Learn the paradigm of 09, ^, o, 27.

This pronoun it will be noticed is declined
like the article, except initial
and the nominative forms 09,
o, a.
80.
, ,
r]-,
On
when these compound verbs receive

the augment the final vowel of the preposition is dropped; e.g.
^
the same principle,
I send,
and
1 7vas
retain their final vowel.
sending.
The
prepositions
Cf. note, p. 58.
ESSENTIALS OF
34
''?
.
^
.
.
8
I.
I.
EXERCISES.
81.
Xeyet
'AvSpea.
'^
2.
^'^
6.
^^
<.^.^ 8
'^^'^^'"
aXtidecav
]<;
"J.
8.
..
9-
iv
II.
iv
"^
yap
12.
'^^^
ol8e
"^
CTrayyeXla
.
^
We
know
that
we are
They
saved.
2.
Ye
becoming
the children of God. 4. In the beginning was
the Word.
ace.)
5. The Word was with
enter the synagogue.
3.
are
(,
God.
The truth, moreover, is glorified in

I know that His commandment is life
6.
Him.
7.
everlasting.
What I
9. The
8.
the beginning.
which we
On that day was the

Whom He knows the world
eternal.
II.
say ô you was from

life
10.
know.
1
^777
See
Time.
,
14
I atinouiice.
for the
live
is
Sabbath.
does not
punctuation in Greek.
PRESENT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INFINITIVE.
LESSON
35
XIII.
Present Active Subjunctive and Infinitive.
vocabulary.
82.
,
,
now, already.
order that.
prep, with gen., with
with ace, after.
die.
send.
,
,
,
indeed, at least,
with ace, OH account
of.
now.
ovirw, adv., not yet.
beseech.
prep,
conj., if.
prep, with gen., out of, of.

Ti, adv., still, yet.
co7icerning ;
tK,
irs,
83.
not.
vvv, adv.,
receive.
prep, with gen., through
l,
adv.,
conj., in
verily.
',
,
yi,
8,
,
,
take away.
adv
with
with
gen.,
ace,
around.
how.
The terms primary and
secojidary apply
to the tenses of the indicative only.
The
subjunctive mood, as in English, denotes
Unlike the English,
a doubt or a contingency.
in Greek is very
There are but two tenses that are
usually found, the present and the aorist.
The
however,
the
subjunctive
common.
perfect
84.
is
very rare.
The
Sing.
pres. subjv. act. of

I
Plur.
is
I
2.
-|
3.
--
---
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
36
The
85.
pres. subjv. of
Sing.
I.
is
Plur.
<o
Note
86.
-.
I.
->
2.
same
GREEK.
that the pres. subjv. of elî
as the personal endings
of
the
is
the regular
verb and while the indicative has the variable

vowel %, the subjunctive has the corresponding
long vowel %.
;
The
a.
personal endings are
those
of the
primary
active indicative.
87.
The
subjunctive follows
Xva, in
order that.
Examine the following
Lva
lva.
we may
88.
tiot sin.
Rule
of syntax:
the subjunctive with Xva.

89.
The
may hear,
we believe in order
he comes that he
that
Clauses of purpose take

The negative is
following forms illustrate the present
active infinitive
-,
-,
*-*',
to loose.
to hear.
to have.
-etv
-\-
ending
contracting to
-ety,
-ev of
see
pres.
6, 7.
-,
to abide.
inf.
For
-eeu
PRESENT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INFINITIVE.

90.
and
The
participle
is
very
common
in
37
Greek,
necessary to master its uses as soon as

is the ending of the pres. act. nom.
possible,
it is
masc. sing.
e.g.
who says.
takmg away, he who takes away.
one hearing, he who hears.
the one saying, he
6 oLpwv, the one

aKovuiv, the
The
article
and
participle in this use are equiva-
a dependent clause in English.
lent, as is seen, to
EXERCISES.
91.
<. ,
^^
..^.. 4',
.
.
-)(
I.
I.
\eyr)
irepl
2.
iaTLV;
r)
en
rye
6.
TTj
ayairr]
4.
. They
glorify God.
\eyei.
8.
g.
.^
^^'^'
a'ipei.
<?
ev
^
5
^'^
"^^^
ev
eêi
baptize in order that they
may
Already we become the
chil-
2.
Ye are able to know the

truth.
How can He take away our sins
4.
5. Through Him they are saved and have eterdren of Him.
3.
.-'
nal
life.
6.
After these things they go away

1
For
',
5, 2.
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK,
ESSENTIALS OF
38
into the
desert.
He comes
7.
He may
that
save sinners (ayLiapTwXof).

8. I am willing to
hear the Gospel. 9. Verily, verily the one loving his brother
is
not a servant.
my
not able to hear
word.
11.
from the beginningf and tiuth
is
Ye
10.
are
That one was

in Him.
LESSON XIV.
Present Passive SaBjuNcrrv-E and
VOCABULARY.
92.
,
,
,
-,
adv., at the
same
time.
prep, with gen., instead
prep, with gen., from.
conj.,
The
prep, with acc,
-,
,
tOf
worship.
keep.
pres. pass, subjv. of

I.
2.
3-
--
2.
Plicr.
-)
--
;
-(
-is
The
I.
2.
. The long vowel
Observe:
the active.
new.
remaining.
toward.
if.
Sing.
pass,
2La\'.,Just as.
Xoiiros,
irpos,
ivpLvKut.fnd.
94.
conj., or.
?.
ovv, adv., therefore.
salute.
DEMON.
tvayytXiov, gospel.
93.
Kaivos,
of.
Infinitive.
"/^,
personal endings
primary endings of the indicative.
of 2 per. sing,
is
for
-.
as in
are the
3.
-97
PRESENT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INFINITIVE.

95.
The
subjunctive
Examine the
is
96.
ets
,,
Rule
syntax
of
97.
TJie first
The negative
'/,
iav
Rule
[=if)\
if
of syntax
/,
The
pres. pass. inf.
Cf. 124.
may be
--,
the pres. pass.
--,
--<;,
--,
to be
ending
inf.

6
seen in the
to be heard.
is
The subjunctive follows lav
--,
What
an
if ive say not the truth.
to be destroyed.
99.
is
moreover. Judge.
the negative is
following verbs
person plural
be used to express
tav
98.
us fijidthe truth.
let us not be led in sin.
may
{of the subjunctive)

exhortation.
in exliortation.
follov^îng
let
.]
used
39
judged.
.''
the one being jjidged.

the one bei::g heard.
This ending
is the passive participle ending in nom. masc. sing, as
is in the active.
The ending -o? is declined like
25.
?,
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
40
What was
GREEK.
said in 90 about the sense of the
active participle applies equally to the passive.
EXERCISES.
100.
I.
I.
?.
,
2.
<;.
ev
4-
^ / .. .
' , .
.
,' .
tol"?
iariv
^7^^ ^^^^
^^
^^V*
6.
7-
8.
{nothing)
^^^
^^
(myself),
. Let US keep
this
us receive the truth.
3.
commandment.
therefore, we
If,
2.
Let
are the
4. Let us
have eternal life.
children of God, let us do His works.

believe that through
5.
6.
Him we
They were willing to receive the

He who believes is saved and has
Gospel.
eternal
Let us not speak concerning these

8. A new commandment write I unto
things.
If we say that we have not sin, the
you.
9.
10. He preaches the Gospel
truth is not in us.
of the kingdom of God.
life.
7.
THIRD DECLENSION.
41
LESSON XV.
Third Declension: Neuter Nouns
, ,,
,
TO,
blood;
hemor-
cf.
RHAGE.
,
,
name ;
cf.
-,,
irovs,
cf.
,
,
RHETORIC,
seed.
The
, ,
,
Spirit.
, word;
-', ,
-, ,
|,^ ,
will.
NATE.
102.
,,
VOCABULARY.
101.
in a.
third declension
mouth.
body.
night.
/oot.
^re, vxKOtechnics.
flesh.
ligJit,
VHOTOgraphy.
hand, CHiKOgraphy.
is
ordinarily called
the consonant declension from the fact that the

stem of the nouns usually ends in a consonant.
few nouns, as we
close vowel,
or
v,
shall
see later, end in a
or in"the diphthong
ev.
necessary in declining a noun of

have the stem. This is determined by dropping the genitive ending -09
103.
It
is
this declension to
104.
The nominative
The
in various ways.
not easily determined
is
formed from the stem
nominative, therefore,
till
we know
is
the genitive.
1 These monosyllables have peculiaiities of form which will

be explained later. The frequency of their occurrence is the
reason for introducing them thus early.
The
105.
follows
ESSENTIALS OF
42
declension of
name,
106.
1.
. . V.
G.
D.
Observe the following
The
The
as
Plur.
Sing.
N. A. V.
G.
D.
is
genitive ending
is -09.
dative ends in -l, as in the first and

2.
second declensions. Here, however, it does not
appear as iota-siibscript, but is written in the
line.
3.
the
In
plur.
is
same
the
as
in
the
-.
O-declension, so likewise
The dat. plur. ends in -, with which

4.
of
compare -t? of the A- and 0-declensions.
the stem drops before -.
The nominative is
The stem is
5being dropped.^
the mere stem, final
-.
107.
Learn the declension
108.
Rule
of
accent
consojiant declension
genitives
and datives,
night, 28.
Monosyllables of the
accent
of
the
tiltima
in
all
of the genitive plural
is circiDnflexed.
1
The
word
in
only single consonants that can stand at the close of a

v., p,
s.
A", '^ther letters which would occur
Greek are
here are dropped.
THIRD DECLENSION CONTINUED.

EXERCISES.
109.
I.
4-
'.
I.
.^.
8.
{offend)
Trj
g.
is
{cutoff)
. They believe on
able to save by
becomes
{ev)
name
flesh.
(ei?)
ij.
His name.
6.
my
flesh.
10.
2.
spirit.
night and day.
of the Lord.
3.
He
He
Let us
4.
5.
The word
These are the good
This is the will of God.

through the mouth of God.
7.
life is
.
8\
.
baptizes you, moreover, in the holy

believe on the
/.
{defiles)
II.
iv
'.
iyeveTO {became).
el
^^'^ ayeiv
iv
eh
12.
2.
' .^-
{against)
^,.
^/}?
<
6.
43
seed.
He
speaks
9. The bread of
Verily, verily I say to you,
8.
he who believes on His name has eternal
life.
ESSENTIALS OF
44
LESSON XVL
Third Declension
Stems in
,
<9,
,
-,
,
, man.
-is,
knowledge.
power, DYNA-
,
,
creation.
father.
mother.
exhortation,
, faith.
, Qty.
, conscience.
(-,
iroXis,
are given the most
New Testament
in the
-ep.
irio-Tis,
, tribulation.
, judgment.
Above
111.
ktCo-is,
, resurrection,
8,
.,
and
VOCABULARY.
110.
-Ls,
-i
are declined as follows
in
common nouns
in
They
stem
-t?,
-l.
iroXis, city.
Stem
Sing.
N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
The
112.
-.
.
G.
D.
A.
iroXcws
following
Plur.
, V.
iroXis
is
to
iroXiis
'
iroXeis
be noted regarding
the declension of this class of nouns

I.
in all
takes the place of the final stem vowel
cases except the nom., ace, and voc. sing.
The gen. sing, has -?, not -09.

The accent in gen. sing, and plur.
2.
3.
lar,
45
and here the acute accent
antepenult
e
4.
when
the ultima
unites with
a diphthong
is
is
irregu-
found on the
long.
is
of the dat. sing.,
and forms
ei.
5.
The
6.
In the vocative the mere stem occurs.
7.
The nom.
plur.
-et<?
is
for
-v
ee<>,
113.
and
adds simply
ace. sing,
to the stem.*
6, 7.
33,
a.

1.
The nominative ends
stem ends
2.
-,
in
while the
in -ep.
The
gen. and dat. sing, drop this

and take the accent on the
stem,
e of
last
the
syl-
lable.
3.
4.
Voc. sing, has recessive accent

The dat. plur. has ap for ep.
114.
Learn
avyip,
man,
33.
Note
(3,
that
i).
when-
ever ep of the stem would be followed by a vowel,

takes the place of the e.
The same peculiarities of accent obtain as in
but
of the
gen. plur.
is
circumflexed.
ESSENTIALS OF
46
EXERCISES.
115.
I.
,.
I.
2.
^^
"^
he ear lv
ep^êTai
'^
5-
.^
^. .
3
eir
{on)
.<. 8
ev
e^êre.
{zuhcrc)
<yov
epya
II.
9eoi>
6.
avSpa
^^^
8.
g.
et9
12.
e\e-
ev
{shall have)
.
II.
. The
2.
Life
is
3.
This
is
who does
We
faith which we have saves men.

him who has the spirit of faith.
my father and my mother. 4. He
in
the will of
God
abides in the truth.
have power to become the children of

God. 6. He is the resuriection and the life.
7. We are raised from the dead on {ev) the day
of judgment.
8. He who hears my word comes
not into judgment.
9. In that city he preached
the Gospel.
10.
For those days are tribula5.
tion
FUTURE INDICATIVE.
LESSON
Future
XVII.
Iot)icative.
,
,
vocabulary.
116.
,
',
,
$.,
do wrong.
8, ,
?,
,
,
-',
,
,
,
ircpiiraTiw,
look up.
go away.
deny.
,
-,
begin.
wonder
marvel.
at.,
fut.
as
ind.,
in
following
is
fear.
guard.
English, denotes
the
fut. ind. act. of
1.
\--<, / shall
--5
loose,
etc.
-ei
The
Plur.
2.
118.
}nake niantfest.
going to take place.
Sing.
3.
confess.
walk.
gather together.
ov, iinrtgkteons.
The
is
The
conquer.
iinrig/iteousness.
hate.
117.
what
47
fut. ind.
I.
\---,
2.
--6-,
3.
---
mid.^ of
Sing.
we
is
shall loose,
etc.
Plnr.
1.
----
I.
2.
---]
2.
3-
----
-<--------
For the middle voice, see 47, 48. The middle and passame in form, except in the future and the aorist,
which we shall learn later.
^
sive are the
ESSENTIALS OF
48
Observe that the future has primary
119.
endings, and differs from the present in the use

with which compare shall in the English
of
Note that
future.
appears before the variable
Hence, while the present

vowel %.
by adding % to the stem, the future
by adding %.
,
,
- ,- ,
Learn the
fut. ind. of
The
120.
of
65.
et//./',
do wrong,
future of
conquer,
-.
;
formed
formed
is
is
is
is
of
make manifest, is
these forms it can be seen
that a short final voivel mnst be lengthened before
=
of the future, e = , a = ,^
hate, is
,
-,
121.
of
From
,,
,
.
The
begin,
future of
is
lead, is
of
, . ,,
stems
in
, ,
The
122.
From which it
form with %, %.
future of
turn,
stem
,-,
%.
The
123.
Stems
of
future of
persuade,
which observe that

1
But
after
e, t,
or
is
stems
of
in
,%
.
in
not changed to
of
zvash,
of
,,
save,
is
guard, stem
is seen that
see, is
is
is
stem
-,
is
From
, ,
, but .
would
Cf. 53,
i.
FUTURE INDICATIVE.
have simple
in the future.
49
The consonant
drops before the tense sign.

124. The various forms of future stems may
be seen by examining the following summary
Mute^
Vowel Stems.
<^/^
- W/^
0/
0/
Other vowel stems hardly
Palatals,
K, y,
Linguals,
, ,
-\-
% == %
% %
No
stems end in the double

nor in consonants $, ,
occur.
The
Steins.
, , , , will be
Aside from stems
we may now be able to
future of liquid stems,
explained in a future lesson.

in
these four letters,
form the future
of
125.
any regular verb
EXERCISES.
';
., /, .
'
I.
4-
I.
8
.
{thus)
iv
.,
\]
))
<.
v
See 2
K.vpie.
^.. .-
iv 6\rj
8.
^'^
'ypa'^ôD
2.
'^
Siavoia (luind)
in Greek.
Trj
6.
"^)
for the classification of consonants.
,
.
.
^
'
. .
ESSENTIALS OF
\y
eaovrai
1 1,
12.
Tat<i
{a/so)
iv
II. . There shall be tribulations. 2. We shall

He who knoweth the truth
do the truth.
3.
^
and doeth it shall live.
4. Ye shall be with
me
this day.
5.
we
are not of
(e/c)
They
God with
the Lord
the will of
my
believe on
the
(et?)
6.
our heart.
all
father.
because
shall hate us
the world.
We
7.
shall love
I
shall
do
The son of man shall

word.
9. They shall bear
8.
witness concerning Him that He is the light.

11. There shall be joy
10. We shall seek Him.
in
Heaven because he
saved.
is
12.
He
shall
glorify God.
LESSON
Third Declension
age, .EON.
aWoTpios,
Mute
Stems.
,
,
Kaivos, neTV.
another's., strange.
, food.
,
8, ready.
eX-iris,
vocabulary.
126.
XVIII.
, ,
judgment.
build Up.
irpeo-pvTepos, elder.
Jiope.
$,,
be a servant.
X<ipis,
^
darkness.
manifest.
, grace.
with Gen.
- ,,
'?,
foot,
-.
;
2.
In
,
--,
,
stem eXirtSstem
stem
//^///,
Jiope,
stem
127.
1.
night,
flesJi,
stem
stem
grace,
these nouns note that the stem ends
all
a mute
( 2), and that the nominative is

For the
formed by adding ? to the stem.
and the
euphonic changes that occur with
in
mutes, see 124.
, , - ^^,
leader,
128. In
age, stem
stem
and
hand, stem ^-, we
have liquid stems which form the nominative
from the mere stem.
A short vowel, as in
may be lengthened.
^-
-,
a.
not .add
s for
prince, ruler, has the stem
the nominative, which
dropped and
129.
and
lengthened to
is

28, and
32.
30. When nouns with stem

ceded by
or
, -,
has ace. iXiriSa.
but does
in
, ?,
, ,
or
pre-
are not accented on the ultima,
the ace. sing, has

e.g.
-,
the mere stem with
v,
the mute being dropped
ace.
Cf. 112,
5.
but
^-,
ESSENTIALS OF
52
The
131.
same
When -- of
132.
voc. sing,
as the nom.
is
rare
and
is
the stem would
come before
of the dat. plur., both the letters are
-,
and the preceding vowel

e.g-.
stem
133.
I.
I.
ianv
lengthened
dat. plur.
EXERCISES.
. ^
eupiaKL<;
ev
'^.
is
<y
3.
iêre {behold)
708
et/xi
8e
my
'
often
2.
avrof;
<yap
J.
. ^ , 8.
eV*
ev
8.
()
g.
he
. Truth abides forever. 2. Now have we

and hope.
3. I write these (things) with
hand.
them.
', /,
12.
II.
to
.. ^
..,
. .
faith
dropped
(o
6.
8\
1 1,
usually the
however, has voc.
4.
The
light appears in the darkness.
may be added to adverbs and pronouns to emphasize

is
The accent in all such cases is upon the t; r.^.
; .
vvv,
q^
g 157^
THIRD DECLENSION CONCLUDED.

5.
We
are saved by faith.
in his heart has grace.
the law, but under grace.
God we
and
we
are what
He who
6.
We
7.
are.
has love
are not under
By
8.
9.
53
the grace of
Behold
my
hands
feet.
LESSON XIX.
Third Declension Neuter Nouns, Stems
Masculine Nouns, Stems in v-.
:
vocabulary.
134.
-,
5, ,
apxipvs, o, chief priest.
king.
8,
, ,
race.
scribe.
wo>nan.
,
4'5, , custom, ethics.
i'Gvos,
in-
nation.
iXeos, TO, pity.
Upevs, priest, HiER;r/y/.
?, ,
inevtber.
H-^pos,
part.
,
,
-?, ,
,
, water, KYOKotogy.
ear.
ovs,
inultitiede.
ctkotos, to, darkness.
TeXos,
end.
Neuter nouns with the nominative in -09 and

the stem in -ea form an important class of nouns
of the third declension.
The most common
examples are given above.
135.
of yevo<;, race ( 30),
Observe the following.

is
I.
In the gen. and dat. sing, the
of the stem
dropped between the two vowels, and <yeveo<i
contracts into
^.
2.
is
In
136.
of
5,
and
<;,
declension, as
Only
stem

king
with which compare the vowel stem
For some
137.
6, 6.
.
31),
of the
are contracted to
jevea,
see
GREEK.
cases of the plur. the
all
dropped
yevodv
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
54
8,
nouns
irregular
ryvvi),
wovian,
waicr,
of the third
Jiair^
car,
see 34.
such forms are given as occur in the New
foot,
Jiand,
Testament.
138.
I.
ev
5-
TOL<i
.
^
'
I.
'.
Be
{persuaded)
\
3
"^^
ou/c
eêi?
, 8 .
/.
earlv.
evayyeXiov
el
2.
.^.. -
<{
EXERCISES.
{^striick^
6.
{^
8.
g.
'.
. ,, .
(^for^
12.
1 Ji/a;i_}'.
AND SECOND AORIST
FIRST
II.
one
in
I.
Ye
are not in the darkness.
(e/f)
part.
4.
will
say
not
the
king of
2.
make him
This
this.
5.
this
3.
They know
world.
6.
that he
A great
We have
multitude will follow him (dat.).

7.
I
8.
a part in the kingdom of God.
you brethren that the end is not yet.
shall
55
For we know
The scribes and the chief
the king of the Jews.
is
priests
is
INDICATIVE.
say to
9.
We
king.
LESSON XX.
First and Second Aorist Indicative,
,
,
,
vocabulary.
139.
,
,
,
,
,
/ died.
I threw.
I became.
elSov, /saw.
etirov, I said.
I fomid.
/ went or came.
I received.
',
,
sanctify.
seem, think.
behold.
purify.
go down.
see.
receive.
blind.
,
,
140. The aorist is the most common tense in

Greek to represent what has taken place. Thus,
/ loosed, I did loose, or / Jiave loosed would most
likely be expressed in Greek by one word, e
the
aor. ind. act. of
--,
ESSENTIALS OF
56
141.
The
aorist indicative of
'---
3-
Plur.
----(
---)
--<-5
--(
4'--<
142.
for
--<-
--(-
2.
----6
----
3-
--(-
--drops between the two
In 2 pers. sing. ind. mid.
vowels
, and
MIDDLE.
ACTIVE.
Sing.
is
tiiese contract to
5,
Observe the following on the formation
of the aorist
1.
2.
The augment as in the imperfect.

which changes
The tense suffi.x is
to
in 3 per. sing. act.

3.
I
The
personal endings are secondary,
per. sing. act. is
143.
Compare the
--144.
The same
with
suffix
the past tense in English
loose-d-you
e.g.
or ed in
---fill
principles
of
ed-we
augment are
found in the aor. ind. as in the imperf.

and the same euphonic changes with
of the fut., 120-124.
aor. as with
of
dropped.
ind., 36,
of the
AND SECOND AORIST
FIRST
Not
145.
is
INDICATIVE.
57
which
verbs have the aorist in
form the tense on
all
called the first aorist, but
the simple stem of the verb by the use of the

This is called the second
%.
variable vowel
aorist.
The
146.
2 aor. ind. of
-,
or stem
is
2.
I.
2.
3-
theme
-e-s
for
'--
---
---
---
---
---
Phir.
----
'---
I.
tJirow,
MIDDLE.
ACTIVE.
Sing.
---)
---
--0 -vro
Note that the only difference in form between the

and the imperf. of the same verb is a difference in
imperf., has the pres. stem
stem; e.g. t
2 aor., has the simple stem or theme,
while
2 aor.
-,
--,
--,
There is
147. Few verbs have both aorists.
no difference whatever in meaning between a
first aorist and a second aorist.
The
148.
,
up-,
,, ,
theme
'^-
following 2 aor. are given in the
<,
vocabulary
theme
theme
c8-,
2 aor. eupop
aor.
yev-,
ei8ov
-,
aor.
2 aor.
theme -,
theme
2 aor.
,
:
ESSENTIALS OF
58
;
theme /8-,
2 aor. irape-
has no present.
Note tJiat the second aorist has the simple
theme of the verb and the %.
;
The
149.
difference in form between a
and a second
aorist
may be
aorist
first
illustrated
by
the following
1.
2.
3.
4.
--,
,
,
',
love ....
talk
throw ...
/iZ/('(?
aor.
aor.
2 aor.
... 2 aor.
----,
----,
lovc-d-we
talk-ed-they
---,
'---,
t/irew-we
took-they
In I and 2 the past tense in both the Greek

and the English is formed by adding something,
and d or ed.
In 3 and 4 no suffix is found, but the change
, -,
the stem of the verb.
is in
threw ;
throw,
-,
took.
.^
-..
.
150.
EXERCISES.
,, .)
I.
take,
I.
< ;
2.
eypayfra
3
'^<^''
'^-
^/^
{where) vTrayei otl
.
iSiOi
1 irepi
/.
and
irpo
et?
do not drop the
final
I'Sia
6.
rj'ya'jrrjaev
vowel before the augment.
FIRST
S.
Trepl
yap
AND SECOND AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE.
.)
9.
eOeaaavro
II.
virep
'
ev
12.
eyeveTO.
8.
.^
. .-
eypayfrev.
ei?
59
elirev
13.
ev
eyeveaOe.
II.
. They asked him. 2. They went and
saw where {irov) he was abiding. 3. The word
became flesh. 4. He acknowledged that he is
the Christ.
He
5.
bore witness, saying that he
saw the spirit. 6. For he sent them to preach

the kingdom of God.
7. And it came to pass
in those days.
8. And I saw and heard.
LESSON XXI.
First and Second Aorist Subjunctive.
,
,
,
,
,
civepLos, o,
vocabulary.
151.
irrte.
wind.
open.
eirei,
when,
since.
-7, , aesire.
2Lav.,jHst now.
-?,
,
$,
strong.
adv., where,
life.
88; ,
conj.,
-, ask (a question),
, am sick.
o',
iiiiiid.
there.
vTeiGev, adv., thence.
kill.
7'elease.
pCos,
r|,
atii'.,
devil.
XpeCa,
.,
need.
fear.
ESSENTIALS OF
The
152.
aor. subjv. of
MIDDLE.
ACTIVE.
I.
-(-
2.
--)-5
--
Sing.
----
(for
---,
-<--
-0--
-(--<
-"--"
1.
There
is
-<-<)
---
Observe on the
2.
3.
-'--
2.
Plur.
153.
aor. subjv.
is no augment.
the tense suffix.
The
personal endings are the same as in
the pres. subjv.

4.
The
aor.
stem,
\-,
is
the same as the
stem, 141, and the euphonic changes

will be the same as in the aor. ind.
aor.
ind.
,,/,
, ,,
--
, ,
154.
Write the
make
aor. subjv. of
tnanifest ;
suade ;
^,
lead;
do ;
write;
begin ;
per-
send;
receive.
155.
The
^^
Sing.
I.
2.
3.
Pliir.
I.
2.
3.
theme
2 aor. subjv. of
ACTIVE.
--
-s
--
--
-,
MIDDLE.
--)
---
<*-)
(for
---<(
FIRST
AND SECOND AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE.
156. Note that the same principles are observed in the formation of the 2 aor. subjv. as
in the 2 aor. ind. (146-147).
157.
The
,8
2 aor. subjv. of the folloviîng
be conjugated:
eJSov,
subjv.
saw, subjv.
I came,
;
Observe
7eW/4ai.
subjv.
<,
that
the
may
;
I became,
augment
does not appear in the subjv.

158.
1
2.
,.,
eh
eis
let 7/s
let
believe Pit
Him.
Him.
ns believe on
Observe that there is no difference in transbetween a present subjunctive and an

aorist.
The distinction ordinarily made between
the present and the aorist is that the present
denotes what is contmued or extended, while the
aorist expresses a simple act without any referlation
ence to a continuance of the same.

In i the
idea is Let tis continue, or keep on haviiig faith
in him.
In 2 the thought is Let ns believe in
him now, or get belief in Jiijn.
159.
that,
In dependent clauses with
and
eav,
if,
in order
either the pres. or aor. subjv.
may
be used, with the distinction in 158.

The aorist
snbjimctive does not denote past time, but is present or fjitnre zuith reference to the principal verb.
ESSENTIALS OF
62
The
has the same endings

90 and 99, with the
,
, ',, ,
160.
2 aor. part,
-, -<;,
as the present,
-. 6
h_e having co^ne ;
18,
having seen;
he having said ;
he having died ;
he having
received ;
he having become.
accent on
Jic
161.
The
2 aor. inf. also has the endings of
-,
89 and 98, with (") on the

ultima of the active and the (') on the penult of
the middle. eXOelv, to come ; Ihetv, to see ; elirelv,
to say;
to die;
to receive
the present,
-eti/,
fêvmOai, to become.
162.
I.
^.
.
EXERCISES.
lav
otl
iv
evToXr)
.,
^,
2.
. .' .
irepl
^
.
^
^
hC
{all)
'
evpev
a'yev
$.
6.
7-
8.
{rejoice)
Learn the
hi
^7^
eVt
'^'^
capital letters, 1,
3ee ^g^
.,
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
,
,
.
II.
{vain display)
e'/c
Trapaye-
'
Tat {pass aiuay)
te
LESSON
Irregular
,
?,
?,
Consonant
vocabulary.
iuy.
?,
unclean.
<>,
ovVe
impossible.
,
,
XXII.
Adjectives of the
Declension.
163.
ovSe, neither
', neither
nor.
.
nor.
-,
sinner.
prep. w. gen.,
from
the side of;
w. dat., by
the side of; w. ace, to the
diiras, all.
book, Bible.
10.
yPjv.
epya
63
wish.
side of.
IXevOepos, free.
great.
0T, conj.,
iras, all.
much, many.
?, -,
iroXvs,
when.
sow.
', liar.
164.
and
^,
great, 36.
To be observed
vuicJi,
That both these adjectives have two disstems, a longer and a shorter form, of
which the former is more frequent.
I.
tinct
ESSENTULS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
64
That they are declined, for the most

and second declension.
2.
part,
in the first
?,
165. Learn the declension of

and note the following peculiarities
The masc. and
1.
first
VT-
-,
9,
is
declined in
The
and the nom. masc.
mute stems.
as in
is
added.
Cf. 127,
is
In the
2.
of
accent in the masc. and neut. sing,
is
drops before
the dat. plur.

4.
36,
declension.
2. The stem is
formed by adding
fem. nom. sing,
3.
neut. are declined in the
third declension, while the fern,
the
all,
of
nom.
sing,
and
Cf. 132.
that of monosyllables of the third declension,

108, while in the plur.
it
an exception to the
is
rule.
166.
I.
I.
^
.
-rrauTa Bt
6
/;^
^
.^
.
3.
EXERCISES.
eVl^
iyevero.^
7'9
.
.
-
2.
ev
'^^^
iyevero
iv
ey\v
6.
8.
y.
eyk7].
yap
g.
1
Cf. 43, 10, note.
Jn the pred. position, 64.
See 167.
.
.
PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE.

TO
10.
Xeyeiv.
II.
en
12.
LESSON
3-
65
Perfect Indicative Active and Passive.
,
,
vocabulary.
167.
,
',^
adv., whence.
adv., truly.
,
,
,
sin.
irov, adv.,
-.
â-v.,from above.
, covenant.
\v.
?, ,
gen., without.
upon
?,
ace, to, on, over.

, sun.
The
make per-
perf. ind. of
active.
friend.
lie.
conj., as. about.
5,
168.
fulfil,
feet.
prep. w. gen.,
tiri,
where.
kill.
[, feast.
4', adv. w.
adv., thus.
go up.
is
love.
PASSIVE or middle.
^.
Sing.
1.
2.
3.
\-\-,
'--?
-1.
2.
3-
/ have
loosed,
etc.
-------<
^
\i-\v-ô.\.,
--0
I have been
-Plnr.
loosed ox
have freed for

myself.
--
'---
--
But oirws before a vowel.
ESSENTIALS OF
66
i. That the tense suffix in the

of the aor.
with which compare
2. That the 5 per. plur. act. has -, which shows
the endings to be primary. In the sing, the endings do not appear as primary, but are the same
The
etc., never occur
as in the aor. act.
there is the
besides
the
augment
That
here.
3.
Observe
169.
-,
act. is
,,
consonant of the verb, which extra
initial
ble Xe-
is
pass, has the reduplication
sylla-
That the
perf.
and the primary
pass,
called reduplication.
4.
endings, which are added directly to the theme
without the intervention of any tense

170.
The
following forms will
,
<,
perfect of a few verbs
conquer .... Perf. Act.

believe
/ove
', ask for ....
Perf. Act.
Perf. Act.
Perf. Act.
fulfil
Perf. Pass.
beget
Perf. Pass.
suffix.
indicate
the
-1-7-6i
--.
-'-
seen from these examples that a short

as
or
is lengthened before
before all tense suffixes, and that a verb beginning with a vowel or a diphthong cannot have
It is
final
vowel
-,
For
the reduplication, but the simple augment.
the principles of augment and reduplication, see
77,
I,
2, 3, 4.
1
See 36, 2 for
this
augment.
PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE.
6]
171. The perfect has many peculiarities, whicli need

not concern the learner at this stage, and can well be left
for larger hand-books or the lexicon.
Learn
the
,
,
,
verbs
following
2 Perf. Act.
//ear
know.
172.
-,
yov-a
Perf. Act.
irregular
of
---
Perf. Act.
see
not
perfects
--
few verbs .have a second perfect
^,
54
e.g.
in -a,
become, 2 perf.
come, go, 2 perf.
\-\-.
8 ^. ^^
77 ^
.
'
. ^^. .173.
.
.
EXERCISES.
eyvaev
otl
iv
I.
otl
2.
air
4 '^^'^
3.
jeyevvyTaL.
T7JV
iv
.
,
^
^.
he
6.
et?
?/
,
II.
'
'''^
ev
12.
8.
g.
^.
^,
<
^
'
^,
yap
ESSENTIALS OF
6S
'
on
6
3
et?
Trepl
"^
-
LESSON XXIV.
AoRiST Passive Indicative and Subjunctive.
-,
VOCABULARY.
174.
-',
,
8,
,
,
read.
to-morrow.
av'piov, adv.,
teaching.
adv., near.
heal.
co/nmand.
The
adv., early in the viorn^
05,
-,
ivise.
---
2.
---5
3.
Pllir.
I.
2.
3
176.
',
call.
is
-?
--
SUBJUNCTIVE.
--
---
--
,--
---
---<
The
and ace.
under.
aor. pass. of
I.
cnicify.
prep. w. gen.
indicative.
Sing.
indecl., Passover.
adv., wJioice.
ing.
i5iro,
, grieve.
175.
-,
generation.
x[,
BLASPHEME.
--, ,
which is
and contracts with -, -rj<;, etc.,
See 5, 8
of the subjv. with the circumflex.
and 6, 5.
I.
suffix for the aor. pass, is 9e,
in the ind.,
AORIST PASSIVE INDICATIVE
The
2.
AND SUBJUNCTIVE.
personal endings in the aor.
.
.
pass,
incl.
So likewise
are the secondary active.
69
in
the
subjv. are found not pass., but act. endings.

177.
ened
Before -de a short
e.g.
vowel
final
do,
manifest,
178.
before
suade^
A theme
-; e.g.
in a
mute stem
lead^
is
( 2) is
VX^V^>
length-
make
changed
^,
per-
=
=
,,
+=
,
X +
1 yy
Xê
,^^ ,
^
,
,
.
.
.
+
8,
179.
pass.
reply,
180.
Some deponent verbs (76) have an

Such are called passive deponents ;
go,
I wejit ;
I replied.
aor.
In some verbs there
aor.
pass, with the suifi.x e only
2 aor. pass.
pass, of
it
was
is
found a 2
aor.
EXERCISES.
iv
I.
2.
3-
et?
'
eav
See 2
58.
181.
5-
write,
e.g.
written.
e.g.
he
oVt
'^^^
^' '^
^'.
6
<;.
ESSENTIALS OF
70
'.
ouSe
)
"/.
deov
eav
epja
epyov
iyevvri-
{/or)
8.
^<;
.
9-
ij
'6\<^
}. , ^.
oi'K
6.
{like)
eiirev
<;
olha iroOev
8e
08
LESSON XXV.
Participles.
vocabulary.
182.
8,
5, ,
dpviov,
la tub.
possible, able.
,
.
iravTOTc, adv., always.
on account
-,
,
.
183.
lead astray.
irpo',
of.
adv.,
on the morrow.
give thanks,
bless.
fore.
TiKia, finish.
adv., as a prep. w. ;n.,
pres. part, of
apart from.
, I am
Fern.
Neut.
N.V.
G. OVTOS
D. OVTl
A. ovTtt
Masc.
OVTS
'-?
Plur.
Sing.
Masc.
prep. w. gen.,
ToiovTos, such.
Village.
The
account.
little.
chosen, elect.
cvcKa, prep. w. gen.,
,
,
-,
OVTOS
OVTl
ovTas
?
Fem.
-ais
Neut.
ovcri
be-
PARTICIPLES.
184.
7
:
This participle is declined in three genders,

sing, and plur. the same as
165.
2. The stem
becomes
in nom. masc.
sing., and
is for
in nom. fem. sing.
1.
?,
The
neut. sing,
is
the mere stem.
Cf. 106, 5.
\,
Learn the pres. act. part, of

43.
Note that the pres. part. act. of any verb in
-ft) is the present stem of the verb with the pres.
185.
part, of
What
^,
.
is
say,
the pres.
,,
act.
judgc^
part,
of
Jiear,
know?
Participles are accented like adjectives, not with the
recessive accent of verbs.
186.
Second
aorist participles in
declined the same as pres. part, in

187.
The same
(160) are
-.
tense signs are found in the
participles as occur in the tenses of the indicative.

Flit.
-MIDDLE. --
ACTIVE,
PASSrVÊ.
---
Aor.
Perf.
---
No sign but the accent on
--
-"
"
"
For the changes before tense
the penult.
-UV05
"
sufifixes,
"
see
124 and 178.
188.
Leafn the aor. act. and pass. part,

and observe the same principles
43,
of
in
ESSENTIALS OF
72
,,
the formation of the nom. sing, as in the pres.

act. part.
In the aor. pass, the form

irregular accent,
lengthened to
is
for
ei.
which has
165,
3.
is
189. All middle and passive participles, except

the aorist passive, have the ending -,^.
Pres.
-- --Aor.
Flit.
MIDDLE.
\--<;
PASSIVE.
Same
---'
as the middle, except the
Per/.
fut.
pass,
is
-/5.
190.
1.
a.
Having said tJiis
b.
When
c.
He
he said this
said this and
2. TTOpevo/xevoi Ss
Going moreover
b.
As we
c.
While we advanced)
adva?tced
a. Seeing this (these)

b.
c.
I.
with
When
saw this
Because lie saw this
Observe
The
he
he went away.
a.
3.
191.
"1
we preached.
"1
he marvelled.
in these sentences
participle agrees in
the subject of the verb.
number and
case
AORIST PASSIVE INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE.
73
2. While the participle may be rendered into

English by a participle (Ex. i a, 2 a, and 3 a),
it more naturally takes the form of a dependent
clause denoting time or cause.
3. 'The tense of the participle is relative to
the tense of the principal verb.
192.
,
5,
/,
Tot?
2.
Trept
Toi
<;,
3.
4.
193.
ple
to those
who
hear.
concerning him luho knows.

him who has begotten.
he who is begotten.
Observe that the article

occur in any case, and
may
luith the particiis
equivalent to
a relative clause in English.
The
participle is a
most common form of verbal expres-
sion in Greek, and to understand a few of
its
many
uses
an essential to even a meagre knowledge of the language.

Some of the most ordinary uses have been here explained
and if these models are thoroughly mastered, little difficulty need confront the learner in the narrative passages
of the New Testament.
is
.
194.
EXERCISES.
I.
2.
iiyyiKev^
elrrov
^^^ near.
.
.
5
f^^^^
eyei
XeyovTe^
3
'^<^'
\<
ESSENTIALS OF
74
.^
elhov
et9
..
..
9
GREEK.
iv
6.
iv
8.
aev
'^
/
.
^,^
^
NEW TESTAMENT
eypayjra
.
II.
irepl
''/,
'^'-^-
LESSON XXVI.
Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.
,
',
vocabulary.
195.
05.
i7iarket-place.
oivos,
6, field.
minister.
88, ,
.
,,
',
DEA-
,
iroTi,
heal.
wild
beast.
adv., 7)iore, rather.
adv., not yet.,
conj. w. subj.,
adv.,
, adv.,
5,
yfi?,?,
witness.
wine.
,
,
minister,
COX.
once.,
no longer.
when.
ever.
sheep.
tJien.
adv., quickly.
escape.
For the contraction eou, see 8.

2 For
instead of oo, see 5, I.

^ A participle may be used in the genitive to agree with a
noun, pronoun, or adjective. This construction has no graminaiical connection with the rest of the sentence, and is called
genitive absolute. A conjunction, as w/iile, wheii, because, must
be used in translating such phrases into English.
4 See 8, I.
^
INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

pronoun
w/? and
indefinite pronoun
some
196.
tive
of the
75
interroga-
wJiatf and the
and \, some-
one,
thing, 41.

1.
Both the interrogative and indefinite pronouns are declined alike.
2. The interrogative pronoun has the acute
on X}cvQ, first syllable, while the indefinite has the
grave on the last syllable, or, in other words,
has no accent of its own, and is therefore an
enclitic.
197.
'-
Tt9 ei
2.
3
4.
ivho art thou ?
TLva
'/<
wJio
is tJie
mail ?
ivhom do you seek ?

ye know wJiat I Jiave done.
Note that the interrogative /?

direct
(i, 2, 3)
011'
2.
3.
4.
ei
TU'5
Tt<;
iav Tt
you
do
,
,
Tt?
abo7<e.
7']
s/iall
it.
is
used
in
both
questions.
(4)
198.
1
and indirect
unless one sJmll be born frojn
certain ones of
certain lame
and a
iv
ask anytiling of
me
in
them said.
man.
my name, I
If
sJiab.
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
Observe that the
when
is
it
indefinite
rt?
GREEK.
is
enclitic'
possible.
are of the most frequent occurrence in

Testament, each being found several hundred
These pronouns
the
New
times.
The
199.
--(
--(
MIDDLE.
PASSIVE.
- ---^-----(
--(- -- --<
Aor.
Fut.
ACTIVE.
following are the infinitives of
Pres.
Pe?-/.
-<-
be observed that the ending ai is

shoj^t in the infinitive, and that the
infinitive in
has irregular accent, as well as
It
to
is
everywhere
- -.
the perf. pass, in
The
200.
infinitives of
and eaeadaijfut. Of
is l8evai, to know.
,
201.
I.
3-
, am, are eivai,pres.,
oXha,
I know, the
infinitive
EXERCISES.
86]
2.
iav
,
.
'
<;
. ^
\\.
eav
iv
{according
4-
^'^
.
6.
iv
deXeTe
elirev
elvai
See page 29, notCt
,
,
^.
.
}
FUTURE AND AORIST OF LIQUID VERBS.

Xeyei
aTrOKpie\<i
8.
ei 6
'/',
77
^
8. .
iav
{sJiall see)
ev
g.
elirev
yap
LESSON XXVII.
,
,
,
,
Future and Aorist of Liquid Verbs.
VOCABULARY.
202.
.
,
,
5,
TO, iiei.
stretch out.
raise
,
9,
,
,
-,
,
ki7/.
oiight.
suffer.
tempt.
rich.
lip.
, cup.
rebuke.
sit.
2La\.,from afar.
, bridegroom.
203.
The
future of
wise.
remain,
1.
2.
Plur.
.
2.
3
(- )
(
-
(-
(-'--)
(-'-),
IS)
-)
(- -0-6)
(-'
e-T)
(---)
^
See footnote
is
middle.
ACTIVE.
Sing.
d, soldier.
salvation.
3,
page
74
6, 5
(---)
(---)
(-'--)
(---)
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
78
Observe
ending in
That
i.
a liquid verb (theme
is
, , , or ).
not %, but e%.
GREEK.
The
2.
for the
sufifix
This short vowel

contracts with the variable vowel.
See 5, 7
and 8 6, 7
4. When one of the
7, 2.
uncontracted syllables has an accent, the contracted form must have an accent
the circumfuture
is
3.
flex
when
possible.
204. This contraction may be seen more

simply if represented thus
% = ""Ll i.e.
occurs before /x and v, and ei in all other
:
forms.
The present and imperfect
indicative of
themes
have the same contraction as the

future of liquid verbs.
Learn
59.
ending
in
205.
is
The
(-^),
of eye
(eyep-),
(-),
(-),
206.
Rule
207.
-,
T/ie
raise
Jip,
promise,
kill, is
formed by
(ap-^), take aivay,
ind. of
fut.
of
is
scitd, is
eyepo)
of
eirayyeXo)
of
is
future of all liquid verbs
is
the suffix e%.
The
part,
^
-, -.
aor. ind. of
is
inf.
See 82, 3 and
4.
e-p,eiv-a,
subjv.
-,
/-,
-,
-, -,
Future and aorist of liquid verbs.
The
aor. ind. of
,-.
76-,
ind.
subjv.
is
part,
79
inf.
subjv.
iirajyelX-aL
part,
inf.
208.
Rule
T/ie aorist active
liquid verbs have no
and middle of
but forjn
tJie aorist by
lengthening the last vowel in the theme to the
corresponding long vowel, e, Jioivever, cJianges to
1,
and a
to
{except before
e,
i,
or
Cf. 53,
p).
exercises.
209.
.
.
^^
^
^- 8 ^^,
I.
iirajyeXia
2.
i''yeLXao
(promise)
/'?
eyepel.
^.
^ .^
.
See
i.
23,
7]
etc
{laid)
^
']
.--
6.
(also)
8.
g.
^
tomb.
^,
'^"?
3
See
13.
So
ESSENTIALS OF
'
Xeyei
<;
<;
otl
ayopa-
{eat)
LESSON XXVIII.
,
.
,
Pronouns
Reflexive, Reciprocal.
210.
,
-,
vocabulary.
recline, fall down,
-, ,
TO,g!ft.
Jiope.
/'/
,
-,
purified.
grasp.
St'vSpov, TO, tree.
|<.,
?,
',
is
',
-,
lawful.
sacrifice.
blessed.
hire,
pav.
, MYSTERY.
thy.
think.
conj., so that,
si/fficient, able.
.,
and so.^
211. Learn the declension of the reflexive

pronouns
myself,
thyself,
himself, 40.
Observe
i.
These pronouns occur
oblique cases only.
2.
They
the personal pronoun and the intensive
(pron. not
212.
This
is
found
in
N.
the
-\- =:-^ ',
,,
^
in
are formed from
.)+.
eav-
often written in a shorter form
etc.
latter sense at the beînni>iz of a sentence.
PRONOUNS: REFLEXIVE, RECIPROCAL.
,
^^ ,
? ,,
,
213.
1.
I bear
eyw
luiiness concerning
tnyself.
2.
3.
4.
/glorify myself.
I speak not of myself.
iâvTov
what
sayest thoit concerning
? ^/,
thyself.
5.
6.
he will glorify Him in himself.

we ourselves groan within
avToi
ourselves.
In
these examples the pronoun refers back
all
to the subject of the sentence,
hence the term
reflexive.
,
,
.
,
. .
^. ,. ^
Note that the
may
3 per. pron.
refer
Ex. 6) to other than the 3 per.
(as in
214.
another,
The
is
reciprocal
found
pronoun
of one
and
in dat.
ace.
?;-
they hate one another.
215.
I.
EXERCISES.
TLva aeavrov iroieh
2.
''
ev
eVre
4-
yap
6.
'^'^'
eêt
slay.
ev
.
82
ESSENTIALS OF
^^^
^,
,
,
']
,,^^
. ?
8.
yap
Xeym
g.
,. ^^
LESSON XXIX.
Imperative Mood.
-,
-,
216.
',
toiicJi,
,
,
?,
bear.
marry.
known.
-TOs,
adv., well.
weep.
repent.
conj.,
,
--,
two.
Is,
vocabulary.
reveal.
and as a prep. w.
gen., except.
one.
-Tos, least.
even as.
5,
adv.,
217.
The
ill,
'-,
pres. imp. of
--
Plur.
2.
--
adv., afterward.
is
--(
middle and
active.
2.
four.
Tpets, three.
badly.
Sing.
adv., to-day.
---
or
--'-
passive.
--
or
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
The endings
218.
of the imp. are
Sing.
or
of the act.
is
i>.
for
is
(.
or
regularly dropped in verbs like
--.
,,
219.
<
2.
let Jiiin
hear.
marvel
not.
TJie imperative is used

Rule
command. The negative is
:
,
,',
220.
of
Pliir.
Si/ig.
Pliir.
MIDDLE and PASSIVE.
ACTIVE.
2.
83
to
express a
Learn the aor. imp. act., mid., and pass.

56, and the 2 aor. act, and mid. of
57.
is an irregular ending.
becomes tl to avoid a combination
a.
ov in the aor. act.
b.
in aor. pass,
of rough
221.
mutes.
/,
no one (ovBe, nor
declined as follows
ovSevos
(.(
8
eh,
'
one),
oevC
Cf. eh, 39.

1
See
2.
is
ESSENTIALS OF
84
.
? . ' .
^ '. ^
.
, . ,,
.
222.
EXERCISES.
Xeyet
I.
2.
\.
3-
'ihe.
ev
Troieire
ayaOov
6.
0( 8e
y.
ouBeU
ec ^
eh
8.
12.
Xeyeiv,
8'
eyeveTO ovSe
.^
[again)
'
ev
9 ^Vt
eyeveTO,
II.
ev.
].
LESSON XXX.
Adjectives in -ov and
,
-,
,
VOCABULARY.
223.
?,
-,
-. Comparison.
, marr/ag'e, polyGAUY.
, chain, bond.
u'ue.
weak,
sick.
persecute, pursue.
foolish
^
The neuter
^ If.
See
often has the sense of why.

^
142.
See irregular nouns, 34,
(,
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
only begotten.
b\Lyos, /eia,
-09,
5,
<\, ,
.?/.
',
abiiiidiUlt.
( 35),
there
that
masc. and
being
?,
VOS,
Observe:
('-),
weak-er.
(-),
strong-est.
weak-est.
wisc-r.
wisest.
(vcU-TttTOs),
young-er.
i.
added
ox cr and
is
(-),
strong-er.
-05,
young.
That
to
young-est.
examples some-
in all these
make
= si or
the degrees.
est.
2.
When
and 4, the
and
becomes
before
the penultimate
3.
vowel
short, as in 3
-repo<i
These are added
directly to the stem.

is
Superlative.
-Tepos,
wise.
thing
adjectives
'-8,
iveak.
the
irregular.
is
-Tepos,
strong.
Ob-
alike.
Comparative.
?,
-,
true
( 30).
two endings
Positive.
2.
of
35 for the declension of
225.
I.
< ,
but
are
of the ace. plur.
-ets
See
fern,
hy-
healthy,
highest.

with which compare
224.
a.
whole,
giene.
-TOS,
serve
run.
9,
prayer.
cause to stum-
SCANDALIZE.
ble,
full.
^5
-.
of the
stem
86
)
226.
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
The
and
adjectives.
suffixes
-,
See
may be
GREEK.
(declined like
but mostly in the irregular
37, 2,
and learn the adjectives
in 38.
Examine the following adverbs
227.
Comparative.
Positive.
,
$,
badly.
Superlative.
(-)
()
ivell.
8, quickly.
It is to be observed
i. The positive of the
adverb ends in
How different from the gen.
plur. of the adj.
2. The comparative of the
adverb is the neut. sing. ace. of the adjective.
3. The superlative of the adverb is the neut.
:
?.
.''
plur. ace. of the superlative of the adjective.
228.
<;
we know
Rule
/xev,
greater love than this
not.
The comparative degree
is
the genitive case.
229.
I.
2.
After.
\'
EXERCISES.
el.
followed by
Adverbs of position are followed by the
genitive.
'^' . ,.
}
,.
REGULAR VERBS IN
87
rfj
.
, ,, -
ov8e
5-
6.
iv
"].
el
<;
e/xe
\oyov
el
Sta
7 .
el<;
pat
8.
'^
7]<
.
ecrrt,
{bed).
LESSON XXXI.
Regular Verbs
230.
in
88,
Of the two conjugations
give.
in
Greek
(see
are by far the more common.

73) the verbs in
Still, those that have the older endings -, -?,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,, ,
etc.,
form a very substantial part of the ordinary
verbal forms
shozv
forgive ;
e.g:
give ;
These words,
it
am ;
put, place
sivear ;
is
set
say.
easily seen, are naturally of
very common use.

Hence they are among the
old verbs of the language, and may be called
strong verbs, having, as they do, the strong
endiners.
88
ESSENTIALS OF
231.
The
conjugation of these verbs differs
from the conjugation of the verbs in -, in two

the pres. and 2 aor. systems.
systems only
In these two systems the verbs in
have no
variable vowel %, but the endings are added
directly to the theme, 85.
Learn the principal parts of

and the pres. and 2 aor. systems, act.,
(The mid. and pass, of these
62 and 63.
systems are very rare.)
232.
( 88)
233.
,88,
The most important compounds of
are with the following prepositions,
234.
Observe the following on the forms
the verbs in
1.
2.
3.
The
of
old endings
occur.
etc.,
-aat ends the 3 per. plur. primary,

and not v, is found in the secondary
-,
tenses 3 per. plur.

235.
1.
The
2.
eBiSovv like
3.
ind.,
in
present system has a reduplication,
occurs for
.,
1
Note the following
Three verbs
in
aor.
St-,
59.
in the aor. ind. act.
, ,
Greek have
;
this pecuUarity in the aor. act.
aor.
aor.
REGULAR VERBS IN
4.
',
89
For the contraction in the

;?,- etc., see 5, 12, and 8,
5.
8odvat, 2 aor. act.
inf., is
2 aor.
subjv.,
5.
for ho-evai.
( ,
236.
-\-
Learn the principal parts of

Stem e), forgive, 88, and the con-
jugation, 66.
The
237.
pluperf. act.,
which
a rare tense,
is
has the suffix et and being a secondary tense,

secondary endings occur. See 77, latter part.
;
and
Translate the forms of
238.
in
96 and
101.
,.
LESSON XXXII.
Regular Verbs
239.
e),
),
Observe that
-.
240.
--
reduplication, in
for
(stem
(stem
is
in
in
88
(stenr 8o),
(stem
-()-
in
),
-8-
these verbs there
which the vowel
So likewise
()
all
some verbs
is
in
l.
{)()
is
go
NEW
ESSENTIALS OF
TESTAAIENT GREEK.
This form of reduplication has to do with the

present system only.
241.
242.
,,
is
eiri,
most common with
of
ctti,
and
Translate the forms in 105 and 108.

Impersonal Verbs.
244.
Sei, it is
.
<;
seems {besf).
Set TTOtetv
wliat
$,
necessary
-,
SoKCL, it
TL
,,.
,
The most common compounds
are with
243.
, ,
Learn the principal parts and pres. and

and
62 and 63.
2 aor. systems of
it
it is
it
lawful.
concerns.
repents one.
must /do?
ye must be born from above.
Observe that hd takes the accusative and the

infinitive.
SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION.
,-
,-
First Epistle of John.
'
APXHS,
.1 '^
rot?
rrepl
(,
, ,
'
^ ^
X.pLcrTOV'
y
ayyeXta
^
.
91
'--
92
' ^- ,^--/
., .'-ESSENTIALS OF
NEW TESTAMENT
^^^ eô/xev
,
)
..
kav
GREEK.
[l., II.
ev
kv
kv
/xer'
^'^
,..
kv
kv
xfJv
kv
",, ,
.
.,
),
2
tt'a
kv
kvav
6<).
--
,
.
^ .
II.]
)-
iv
,
.
'Ef
6
otl iv
'
,
]'
ivToX'qv
^"
ivo\
vpiiv,
iaTLv 6
ivov
iv
iv
. ,'^'iv
et^'t
iKel- 6
iv
<
93
eV
?'
'
'
ilv
8,. ,ivv, ,
iv
'^
iv
iv
iv
iv
',
,,.,
iva
>
13
94
14
.
,
', ,
^
.
, .
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
,
,
tou
otl
7<,
-^
ayaTTo,
otl
\_Tov
15
,
,
'^
<
otl
19
- eVt^f/xta
.
, ,,
[],
21
. -
'
,
' ,
'.
iVa
ecrre
rj
17
[ll.
eypaxpa
otl
eypaxjja
/cat
GREEK.
'
.
^
.]
,
/
'
^ -.
OTL
avTTJu,
otl
<;
eaTiv.
'
Tts
otl
on
ei
22
6 23
ovSe
, -evet.
'
,.
95
,
.' . ,
-'
24
[eV]
25
,.
/
8^
^^ ,
,,
,
,-
'
.
1
26
27
28
29
^
. ,^ .
ESSENTIALS OF
g6
NEW TESTAMENT
GREEK.
[ill.
otl^
.
,
, \^
.
. ',
\
,
^
6
otl
'
4
5
. ,^^ ,
8\ .,
^.
,
,-.
,8
^)
III.]
ev
97
TTOtet,
ort
Swayeyevvy]TaL.
<
.,
^
-,
^
^
;
.
,
,
. '' , . , ^
.
,8 ^
'
13
14
otSare
\)
êu-at.
'
)()
98
^ ',
ESSENTIALS OF
Tou
(
,
19
2
21
22
23
24
iu
TeKuia,
^,
^
^
[ill., IV.
otl
,
.
, ^,
^
. ^-6
,,
Kaphia
;,
.
",
^
,
.
'
'
6
^ ,
IV.]
Oeov
ecrrtV, otl
6(,
'
^,
^.
,,
'.
?,
,
.
iê-
iu
'^,
99
,.
-
.
,
, ^
, , -,
.
ayaTroji'
'
" Xvei.
8
g
lOO
vlov
ESSENTIALS OF
NEW TESTAMENT
GREEK.
[iV.
.,
^
,'
avTov rov
'
,
,
, ^
,
'
.
,
' []
,
otl
otl
11
12
.,
^.
'^
6
13
otl
iv
OTL
14
15
otl
,
-'
17 'El*
otl
6
6
6
77
',
[/xeVet].
ecr/xev
,
'
,
SELECTIONS FOR TR.4NSL.VnON.
v.]
IV.,
iu
TTj
(TLU
kv
eêt,
rfi
6 oe
,^
-
ayanrj,
).
}(
,.
,^., 6
19'
ao
yap
/
.
"^
^ ,,
'
'
^
.,
yap
^
,
,,
ESSENTIALS OP
I02
NEW TESTAMENT
GREEK.
[oe]
,
'
'^ ,
^
ecTTLu
otl
0ov
'
,
,
iv
ev
ot
^,
ot
et
.^
OTL
OTL
,
,
,
^ \\)
6
'
, otl
. 3
'
12
13
iv
OTL
9 eicrti'.
11
el
[v.
eêt
^.. ^ ^^
.',
^
v.]
,) .
^ . ^ -, , .,
eô-
iav
tl
ihy
. ',
03
14
,
,
,.8
6
,
,
,
.
,
.
6
8e
'
ly
ig
Siavoiav
,-
104
ESSENTIALS OF
Mat.
3
:3-i2.
on
ol
.
)
,
.-
/3
irv6oiivTC, ort
TrpaciC, ort
".
^,
. ,
8-,
.
7
,
.
^^
.
oifjovTai.
,
11
^^
^' \
12
[]
-'
66-^ ';
(,
*
.-
selections for translation.
? ^.
io5
Mat. 6:9-15.
ovv
Ylarep
?-
Tou
/cat
<
,,
'
inl
?
,
.' ",
'
* ,
'
ct>s
.-
'],
13
14
lav oe
Luke: Chapter
./
ovpavols'
6 iv
Tj
iv
u/xet?
15.
15
<
I06
ESSENTIALS OF
3 eirreu
on
avueaOUL
tyju
):
.-
[XV.
tv
( .,
?
.) ^^,
,
-%
.., ,
avrov
^',
",^
11
12
'^
,
.""
( -, . 8(
,, '\ -
XV.]
IO7
6 vecOTpo<?
^.
\eu
13
'
)
'.
14
15
ly
,, ..
8
19
I08
ESSENTIALS OF
,
-
[xv.
ineneaeu ini
21
rictrep,
23
24
25
26
27
].
/cat
eva
22
^
,
,
et9
einev
,
,
,
^
-,
!^
OTL
6
28
.
ay
'
,
.
.. ,
29
'{.
,
^ ' ?
^ ,
XV.]
IO9
trot
err)
ovSeVore.
epL-
ore
, ,,^. ^ ^
. ,
, .,
^ , ,. 6
30
31
32
on
âprjvai
Cor.
Chapter
13.
rat?
,
,
.
,,,
,
,
,,
^
,
-
,,, ,,
.
,
,
, ,-
no
ESSENTIALS OF
/xovet,
6
7
ov
-,
tyj
crreyet,
11
[xill.
.,,
..
^^
,,
,
,
,
,,.
,
12
13
.
Si
atj'ty
ABBREVIATIONS.
ace.
act.
adj.
aor.
art.
cf.
dat.
e.g.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
accusative.
viasc.
active.
mid.
adjective.
neut.
aorist.
710111.
article.
opt.
confer, compare
part.
dative.
pass.
exempli gratia,
the
for
perf
sake of ex-
pers.
ample.
=
=
flit.
=
gen.
itnpers. =
=
hid.
indecl. =
indir. =
=
inf.
=
imp.
imperf =
=
K.T.\.
fern.
feminine.
poss.
future.
pred
genitive.
prep.
impersonal.
pres.
indicative.
prill.
indeclinable.
pron.
indirect.
rel.
infinitive.
sc.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
imperative.
imperf.
tera.
lit.
pliir.
masculine.
=
=
=
=
=
=
literally
middle.
neuter.
nominative.
optative.
participle.
passive.
perfect.
person.
plural.
possessive.
predicate.
preposition.
present.
principal.
pronoun.
relative.
scilicet,
under
stood.
sing.
et ce-
stibj.
suhjv.
voc.
=
=
=
=
singular.
subject.
subjunctive.
vocative.
NOTES.
The
First Epistle of John.
CHAPTER
HN
1.
' APXH2
I.
^.
The
breath-
ing and accent are not written on capitals, o, the antece2 perf.
dent of the rel. pron. is often omitted,
prin. parts 88. A few verbs beginning
act. ind. of
with a, , or
have what is called Af/i'c reduplication
I.e. a reduplication which is the first two letters prefixed to
,= --,
, ,-
dropped between two

This
88.
verb most commonly has both the temporal and syllabic
The pers.
lit. of us.
augment,
157.
the theme,
vowels.
pron.
is
learn prin. parts of
',
-,
is
often used for the poss. pron.
the art. may be used with absiract nouns in

Greek, and ofttimes with concrete nouns, where it cannot
be translated.
For
2. Observe the change in tenses, aor., perf, pres.
repeated after
see 64.
159.
also to you, not as in Eng. to you also.
3
119. /^', 12.
perf. pass, subjv. See
4. ^
56. The
perfects made thus from
a///, and the perf. part, are
,,,
,
,
^,
called pcriplirastic forms.
?,
5.
, ^,
8.
,'/, learn prin. parts of (,
iav, 124.
)?,
used for the
2 aor. act. subjv. of
of the aor. here and in
For the two
10.
],,
for the 3 pers.
latter part.
9.
113
note the accent. Always emphatic when on

for the double negative, see 142.
the penult,
6.
NOTES.
is
1.
ace.
See
83,
2.
3.
4.
,,
-.
6.
2.
for class of verbs.
not only
but also.
prin. parts of
is
equal to a condition,
126.
227.
cf.
the
//"
one does not
137.
'
,.
,
,
OS
inf.
inf.
for the formation of
,'.
depends upon
in indirect discourse,
See
131 for
intensive,
,. ,,
after
The
learn prin. parts 88.
,
/,
]
,. ,
adverbs,
the
213,
For the sense
for neg. see 119.
voc.
keep, hence the neg.

5
88.
cf.
161.
cf.
is
66.
pers.
see 114.
CHAPTER
verb
what tense? 37, 9, note.

note on v. 6.
12.
see under
66. The perf. denotes
the completion of the act, and equals here "stand forgiven."
9.
13.
cf.
and an
art.
15.
The
adj. are
138.
note the gender.

thus often used substantively.
i.e.
the goods or affairs of the world.

is to be noted.
general use of the neut.
16.
18.
Ttav
, explained by
the following clauses.
even noiu.
changes to
Cf. 2
vvv,
Theme
I
The
. .,
2 perf. act. of
perf of
--,
57.
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
114
19.
-,
aor.
and
tion, see 122
and
parts
prill,
vowel
often appears
variable vowel %.
el yap
I
",
123, latter part,
,
,
{<
ei
24.
This
...
for the condi-
Iv
Not only does the
come
before the principal clause, but to
the expression
more emphatic a personal pronoun
clause
relative
,,, ,
(not used except for emphasis)
thrust before the rela-
is
whose antecedent is dropped,

the fut. and aor. of liquid verbs, see 203-208.
tive,
25.
20.
masc.
28.
/Aevetre, for
192, 193.
subj. of /xeVet.
Cf note on
prin. parts of
? ' ),
^,
is
4',
from
shrink in shame
i.e.
learn the subjv. of
29.
v. 24,
1.
the aor.
where
cf.
, why
88.
8.
how
The long vowel appears

we find %.
different
from
prin. parts
in the 2 aor. ind.
in other verbs
2.
5-
3.
prin. parts of
. ,.
7.
not
Iit/n.
68.
2 aor. of
above.
neut.
.,
.,
,
(.
, ,
CHAPTER
of
-.
,
27
The
one word.
a common construction in John.
is
make
unless, except, as
also.
23.
'.
175
176.
22.
,
.
of
the place of the 2 aor.
in
.
GREEK.
fut.
8, why
eZs
of
, 65.
For the
153.
6\, see
class of verbs, see 82, 4.
not ovSels ? 138.

TovTo,/or l/u's (purpose).
,
,
,
12.
NOTES.
Hebrew names
of places and names of perGreek ending, are indeclinable,
.,
sons, unless given a
masc.
an improper prep. /or sake
115
(-),
82, 2.
,
of.
,
.
prin. parts of
has the sense of over, a change from one place to
another.
Note the strong antithesis between the gen.
with K and the ace. with ts.
goes with
Review pres. act. part,
15.
14.
,,
.
of
^^.
43.
6.
63
and
Learn
235, 3, note.
]
,
, , . ,,
has the simple
17.
1
8.
19.
OS
= -,
tkei/ie
'
/^,
151.
20.
22.
23.
24
,
,
cf.
see
OS
2 aor. act. inf.
of the verb.
.
for the
],
mood, see
prin. parts of
The
2 aor.
always
126.
113.
for the gen. see 152.
, ,',
',
38.
. above,
see note
155.
,
,
its
152.
on
above.
The relative is often

antecedent, when the latter is in
where we should expect
attracted to the case of
150.
o.
the gen. or dat. case.
1.
I
Jn. 2: 18.
2.
CHAPTER
2
perf.
2 perf. part.
participle in indirect discourse,

tive are
3.
I
I.
more common, see
4.
of
^'*''
,
Cf.
Cf.
-,
43.
and the
where
For the
indica-
136.
147.
cf note on
ev
a substantive expression.
4.
use of the article in Greek.
Jn.
Note the wide
Il6
,
,
,,
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
5.
148.
Jn. 3 12.
how different in
I
12.
15.
19.
mganing from
Cf. 157.
/-
eav, 126, latter part.
not ind.
see under
etTT;,
21.
ayaira, ind. or subjv.
in table of irregular verbs.

?
,
59.
CHAPTER
2.
adj. in
reOearat, Ocdoâi, 77, 4.
20.
1.
and
art.
prin. parts of
see 59 for the inf. of contract verbs,

regularly omitted here in classical Greek.
stibscript is
?.,
a similar use of the
cf.
1 1
GREEK.
/,
127.
5.
192, 193.
-- ,,
nom. fem. plur. Adjs. in -vs are rare.

=
i/ie victory
which has conquered. See aor. act. part, of
43.
6.
he who has come; lit. the (one) having
3-
4.
come,
8.
10.
13.
tense.
14.
15.
I
16.
1
8.
20.
21.
,,,
-vpt'ov.
Cf.
43.
V, Is, 39.
,
-,
,,
=
the mid.
8, &
4:15.
'.
eav
Jn.
goes back to
how
different
cf.
latter part.
Why
from the act.?
rare construction, 124.
t8ri,
tva
Obser\ê the
aor. pass. part, of
note the mood.
(-),
neut. gender?
cf.
os
43.
119.
82,
eav,
I.
213,
NOTES.
117
,.
Mat.
3-12.
the beatitudes.
3.
4.
See the
fut.
147.
pass, of
56.
g.
10.
to
in the pred. position, 64.
is
viol is pred.
8^8-,
11.
perf. pass. part,
before
', against.
Mat.
9.
,
,
.
12.
For the
,
,
in this form,
see 2 aor. system of

;
sc.
],
cf.
note on
,.
88,
(),
Luke
in
19
63.
For the coni
'
son.
/^common
is
Jn. 2:13.
15.
the prodigal
8e
Jn. 2
aor. mid. imp.
either neut. or masc. as in
use of the part, with
56.
mood
66.
prin. parts of
see under
an adv.
see under prep. 164.
see 2 aor. act. system of
may be
I.
trans, as
struction, see 117.
14.
9-15.
change
= os
note the case,
and the aor. pass. imp. of
note the use of the imperative
indir. obj.
13.
may be
see 178
commands.
11.
5.
THE lord's prayer.
.
,
,
(8-),
of
Be
form of
This
participial
ri8
New Testament writers. Perhaps more

emphatic than the simple imperf. of the verb would be.
expression in the
,,,,, ,. . .,
154.
avveaOUL, note the force of
2.
this prep.
<rvv-.
pres. pass, sense.
6.
mood,
i.e.
58.
y.
,.
vpr), prin. parts of
2 aor. pass. imp. of
of
case follows
prin. parts of
39, a.
4.
128, for
What
65.
because
of.
Cf.
same
gives the idea of turning about from one stand to
another.
8,
, , ,,.
8.
'.
cf.
I. 3,
for the irregular contraction,
note.
59.
12.
part.
was a Greek coin worth about 18 cents.
133,
means
here,
13.
153.
.
,
^? ,
Ji.
sc.
see 37,
and note,
of
life,
/,
'. ,
neut.
di-vided ; prin. parts of

portion.
SielXev,
The
Attic
reduplication
regularly found in the 2 aor. of this verb.

I
Jn.
.^?,
14.
^tTO,
Prin. parts of
I.
15.
gen. abs. 194, 10, note.
179 and 190.
lit.
is
See note on
->''-
be glued,
fastened ; found in the pass, only in the New Testament,

and with the reflexive sense Join one''s self to.
16.
see note on i Jn. 3:24.
observe the nice use of the imperf.
just as in English,
17. ts
149.
the action is going on.
157.
18.
see 2 aor. system of
a
63.
see under
fut. with no pres.
'. ,
', ^/,^,
,
,
, .,
,.
.
119
NOTES.
-,
-.
aor. act. imp.
19.
7,
, ^, -.
iêviyKare,
22.
,,
,
lit.
bound
(8)
23.
ivSvaare,
cf.
().
undenieath
-.
parts of
prin.
for the class of verbs, see 82, 4.
SYMPHONY.
26.
prin. parts of
ENDUE,
d-
For the
case, see 148.
For
is the opt. of
what this is.
av
the forms of the opt. in the New Testament (and the uses
The optative is used instead
of this mood), see 70, 71.
TL
,
,
,
of the indicative in indirect question

not exist in the speaker's mind.
27.
28.
29.
when
certainty does
,.
bac-k.
note the force of
so always in the New Testament for
4'tos.
2 aor. mid. imp.
',
observe the force of the prep, as in trans-gress.

devoured, squandered.
30.
imperf.
see 244 sc. <ri or
is pred.
31.
',
as
subj. of the infinitives.
Cor. 13.
.
, ,
, ,
1.
2.
',
=
,
LOVE.
13.
3-
things
\.
y.
I have,
,
cf.
first
, see under
'
134.
i.e.
all that
see 2 aor. act. of

59.
to cover
8.
self.
is,
all the
63.
; then to cover and thus

Hence, hold off against, etidure.
in the mid
in the act. to stop some one
Hence, cease.
means
keep (7^ what threatens.

to stop one's
ê^t-
68.
,
,
,,
I20
ESSENTIALS OF
11.
imperf. tense.
^v, mid. end.
See
-;
for act.
-v.
Note the
78.
12.
tiri
adds the idea of WtV/
or thorouglily.
greater; therefore,
13.
case of
t/ie
For the
greatest.
see 150.
A doubtful
v. 3, is an aor. mid. subjv.
reading where some editors give a passive form
bum.
from
(-^)
LITERAL TRANSLATION.
The
First Epistle of John,
chapter
1.
That-vv'hich
i.
was from beginning, tliat-which we-
\-6
eyes of-us,
have-heard, that-which we-have-seen
that-which we-belield and the hands of-us handled, con-
cerning the word of-the Hfe,

2. And the Hfe was-manifested, and we-have-seen, and
we-bear-witness, and we-proclaim to-you the life the eterwas with the Father, and was-manifested
nal which
to-us,
3.
()
That-which we-have-seen and have-heard, we-pro-
claim also to-you, that also you fellowship may-have with

us and the fellowship tmly the our with the Father and
with the Son of-him Jesus Christ
:
4.
And
these-things write
(having-been-fiUed)
we
that the joy of-us
may-be
full.
5. And there-is this the announcement which ve-haveheard from him and re-announce to-you, that the God
light is, and darkness not is in him at-all.
6. If we-say that fellowship we-have Avith him, and in
the darkness we-walk, we-Iie and not we-do the truth
7. If however in the light we-walk, as he is in the light,
fellowship we-have with one-another, and the blood ofJesus the Son of him cleanseth us from every sin.
:
ESSENTIALS OF
122
8.
If
we-say that sin not we-have, ourselves \ve-deceive,
and the truth not
is
in us.
we-confess the sins of-us, faithful he-is and

righteous tliat he-may-remit to-us the sins, and may-cleanse
us from all unrighteousness.
lo. If ve-say that not we -have-sinned, a liar we-make
g.
If
him, and the word of-him not
is
CHAPTER
1.
in us.
2.
Little-children of-me, these-things write-I
And
that not ye-may-sin.
if
any-one
sin,
to-you,
an Advocate
we-have with the Father, Jesus Christ righteous

2. And he propitiation is for the sins of-us; not for
the our and only, but also for whole the world.
3. And in this ve-know that we-have-known him,
if
the
4.
commandments of-him we-keep.

The-one saying that I-have-known him, and the
not keeping, a liar is, and in this-
commandments of-him
one the truth not is
5. Who however
:
()
this-one the love of-the
we-know
6.
keeps of-him the word, truly in

has-been-perfected.
In this
God
that in-him Ave-are
The-one saying
in
him to-abide ought
just-as that-
one walked also himself to-walk.

Beloved, not commandment new I-write to-you,
commandment old which you-had from beginning:
commandment the old is the word which ye-heard.
8. Again, commandment new I-write to-you, which7.
but
the
is true in him and in you, because the darkness ispassing-away, and the light the perfect already shines.
9. The-one saying in the light to-be, and the brother
of-him hating, in the darkness is until now.
thing
LITERAL TRANSLATION.
23
The-one loving the brother of-him in the light

abides, and oft'ence in him not is.
11. The-one but hating the brother of-him in the
darkness is, and in the darkness he-walks, and not heknows where he-goes, because the darkness blinded the
10.
eyes of-him.
I-write to-you, little-children, because are-reniitted
12.
to-you the sins on-account-of the

I-write
13.
name
of-him.
because you-have-known
to-you, fathers,
the-one from beginning. I-write to-you, young-men, because you-have-conquered the evil-one.
I-wrote to-you, little-children, because you-haveI-wrote to-you, fathers, because you-
14.
known
the Father.
have-known the-one from beginning.

I-wrote to-you,
young-men, because strong you-are, and the word of-the
God in you abides, and you-have-conquered the evil-one.
15. Not love-ye the world, nor the-things in the world.
If
any-one love the world, not
is
the love of-the Father in
him.
16. Because every-thing the in the world, the lust ofthe flesh, and the lust of-the eyes, and the vain-glory ofthe life, not is out-of the Father but out-of the world is.
17. And the world is-passing-away, and the lust of-it
the-one but doing the will of-the God abides into the age.
Little children, last
18.
hour
that antichrist is-coming, even
become
whence we-know
is;
now
and
just-as ye-heard
antichrists
that last hour
many
have-
is.
Out-of us they-went-out, but not were-they out-of

they-would-have-remained
with us but that they-might-be-made-manifest that
19.
us
if
()
for out-of us they-were,

:
not are-they
20.
And you
know (you)
21
all
out-of us.
anointing have from the Holy-One, you-
all.
Not I-wrote to-you because not you-know the
truth,
ESSENTIALS OF
124
but because you-know

truth not
it,
and because every
lie
out-of the
is.
Who
if not the-one denying that Jesus

This-one is the antichrist, the-one
denying the Father and the Son.
23. Every-one the denying the Son, not-even the Fathei
has the-one confessing the Son also the Father has.
24. You that-which you-heard from beginning, in you
let-it-abide.
If in you abide that-which from beginning
you-heard, also you in the Son and in the Father shall-
22.
not
is
the Har,
is
the Christ?
abide.
25.
the
life
And
this is the
promise which he promised to-us,
the eternal.
26. These-things I-wrote to-you concerning the-ones

deceiving you.
27. And you the anointing which you-received from
him abides
in you, and not need have-you that any-one

may-teach you but as the of-him anointing teaches you
concerning all-thinJjF and true is, and not is false, and
just-as it-taught you, abide-ye in him.
28. And now, little-children, abide in him
that if hebe-manifested, we-may-have boldness, and not may-we-beashamed from him in the presence of-him.
;
29.
If
you-know that righteous
he-is,
you-know that
every-one tlie doing the righteousness, out-of him hasbeen-begotten.
TRANSLATION
(Revised Version).
CHAPTER
3.
Behold what manner of love the Father hath bestowed upon us, that we should be called children of God
and (such) we are. For this cause the world knoweth
I.
us not, because
it
knew him
not.
TRANSLATION (REVISED VERSION).
'
25
2. Beloved, now are we children of God, and it is not

made manifest what we shall be. We know that, if he
for we shall see
shall be manifested, we shall be like him
yet
him even
as he
And
3.
is.
every one that hath this hope (set) on him
even as he is pure.
Every one that doeth sin doeth also lawlessness
purifieth himself,
4.
and
sin
5.
sins
is
And
ye
know
that he
was manifested
to take
him is no sin.
Whosoever abideth
and
lawlessness.
away
in
in him sinneth not whosoever

6.
sinneth hath not seen him, neither knoweth him.
(My) little children, let no man lead you astray:
7.
:
he that doeth righteousness
is
righteous, even as he
is
righteous
8.
He
that doeth sin
of the devil
is
To
for the devil
end was the Son

of God manifested, that he might destroy the works of
sinneth from the beginning.
this
the devil.
g.
Whosoever
is
begotten of
cause his seed abideth in him

he is begotten of God.
God doeth no
and he cannot
sin,
sin,
be-
because
God are manifest, and the

whosoever doeth not righteousness
is not of God, neither he that loveth not his brother.
11. For this is the message which ye heard from the
beginning, that we should love one another
12. Not as Cain was of the evil one, and slew his
And wherefore slew he him? Because his
brother.
works were evil, and his brother's righteous.
13. Marvel not, brethren, if the world hateth you.
14. We know that we have passed out of death into
10.
In this the children of
children of the devil
because we love the brethren.

abideth in death.
life,
He
that loveth not
ESSENTIALS OF
126
15. Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer: and

know that no murderer hath eternal life abiding in him.
16. Hereby know we love, because he laid down his
and we ought to lay down our lives for the
life for us
ye
brethren.
But whoso hath the world's goods, and beholdeth

and shuttetli up his compassion from
him, how doth the love of God abide in him?
17.
his brother in need,
18.
(My)
little
with the tongue

19.
Hereby
children, let us not love in word, neither

but in deed and truth.
shall
we know
that
shall assure our heart before him,
condemn
20.
eth
all
we
are of the truth,
and
whereinsoever our heart
us
Because
God
is
greater than our heart, and
know-
things.
21. Beloved, if our heart condemn us not, we have

boldness toward God
22. And whatsoever we ask, we deceive of him, because
we keep
his
commandments, and do the things
that are
pleasing in his sight.
And
commandment, that we should

Son Jesus Christ, and love
one another, even as he gave us commandment.
24. And he that keepeth his commandments abideth
And hereby we know that he
in him, and he in him.
23.
this, is
believe in the
name
his
of his
abideth in us, by the Spirit which he gave us.
VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS FOR

TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH.
,
,
,
,
,
,, ,
an-
gel.
to hallow.
ayios. Jioly.
pin- ify.
pure.
?,
,,
field.
,
,
,
,
,
',
,
,
,
5,
brother.
nnrighteoiisness.
dark saying,
ENIGMA.
truth.
trne.
true, real.
adv., truly.
conj., but.
07ie
,
,
,
?,
, added
another.
to sin.
sinner.
sin.
to temporal
and
relative conj., not trans;
see
Greek index.
to declare.
live again] revive.
to take
away.
to be ashamed.
ask for.
d, age,
?,
?,
latable
blood.
to
vainglory.
to clang.
beloved.
c>,
,
,
?,
,
,
,
to hear.
, i/iessage.
, niessenger^
65,
,
,
?,
,
be glad.
to love.
request.
EON.
eternal.
?,
-,
,
d,
man.
', man.
, murderer.
to raise up.
?,
,
127
lawlessness.
ANTICHRIST
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
2
ESSENTIALS OF
.
',
?, ,
ivorthy.
',
to
', clerk.
,
5,
away.
prep. w. g&u.,from.
to go abroad.
to answer.
to be
to
to write.
to
send away.
and, but.
conj.,
take back.
impers.,
6, devil.
to
to deny.
to give,
to begin.
just.
, justice.
unseemly.
to act
adv., dissolutely.
,
,
he, she,
of himself
to forgive.
to cast.
-,
,
),
Papvs,
-, -, heavy.
', life,
-,
,
,
.
kingdom.
sustenance.
to see.
to feed.
conj., for.
,
,
,
',
neighbor.
to beget.
to be, become.
to k)i07U.
to scatter.
to teach.
beginning.
,
-?,
murmur.
inind.
now.
apTos, o, bread.
of.
to divide.
pleasing.
adv.,
fiecessary.
ace, on account
to light.
,
,
it is
prep. w. gen., through;
to touch.
-TOs,
fingering.
to expend.
to loose, destroy.
--',
knowledge.
announce.
tongue.
to thirst.
to persecute, follow.
it.
,
,
,
,,
to
prove.
a servant.
to be
serva7it.
to be able.
two.
,
,
,
,
conj., if.
of himself
come near.
.
to
/.
, conj.,
,
,
,
if.
TO,
IDOL.
am.
2 aor.,
I said.
peacemaker.
,
,
VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS.

prep. w. ace, into, in.
,
-',
6,
cls,
, one.
els,
to enter.
bring
to
in.
wJiether.
prep. w. gen., out of.

\nA&(\.,one hundred.
',
6,
,
,
K,
adv., there.
to
show
iXirCs,
i'veKv,
on,
comniandmeftt.
adv.,
,
,
face
in
before,
to
go
,
<,
to
conj., 7intil.
w. ace,
falling
life.
conj., or.
to,
know
to desire.
.
,
,
',
',
w.
to, on.
com-
to.
to
to envy.
to seek.
'5,
promise.
prep. w. gen., lipon
ing
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
out.
, promise.
dat., 0/!
',
am
cf. K.
Iiri,
to gladden, rejoice.
adv.,
of.
^,
to find.
to live.
ninety.
vva, ni>te.
year.
, to have.
ENDUE.
of.
, ,
TO, tnirror.
he said.
prep. w. gen., on ac-
count
to ask.
iTos, TO,
adv., before.
put
to come, go.
(,
',
hope.
to
,
,
desert.
kid.
8, last.
prep. w. dat., in.
4,
,
,
8, ,
'-.
fnercy.
?, my.
v,
upon.
to eat.
merciful.
to place
TO, wor/c.
,
-,
carry ont.
,
,
desire.
to fall dcnini.
shall say.
that one.
to
129
well.
',
now.
coine.
day.
OUT.
to soimd.
,
to
death.
marvel.
to behold.
will.
to will.
05, , God.
ESSENTIALS OP
130
, ,
8,
-, ,
,
-,
', ,
\, judgment.
to observe.
to sacrifice.
,
?,
conj.,
propitiation.
order that.
-05, strong.
,
,
blessed,
bad.
,
,
gen., against
\v.
w. ace, tJiroiigh.
to
',
',,/
-,
condemn.
to leave behind.
bring to nought.
to
kiss.
to devoiir,
squan-
to
to boast.
lie,
recline.
TO, the fruit of the
Carob
used for the

swine, also by poor people.
Lit., a little horn.
,
,
tree,
to shut.
-,
-, ,
r\,
,
',
,
,
to
bear witness.
witness.
to
to inherit.
felhnvsJiip.
pjinishnient.
world, COSMOS.
remove.
greater.
remain.
part.
prep. w. gen., with\
w. ace, after.
to
,
,
,
TO,
to repent.
der.
6,
,
happy.
to suffer long.
long, far.
heart.
prep.
judge, think.
loose, destroy.
/(;
to call.
hunger.
word.
, lamp.
new.
ei'il.,
to say.
6,
?,
,
',
to take.
\(^,
to purify.
pure.
conj., even as.
conj., and, also.
, Cain.
,
,
,
CYMBAL,
to Speak.
JesiiS.
/';/
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-,
,
,
repentance.
to cross over.
Jiot.
neither, nor.
,
-.
,
,
,
,
-',
no one.
to hate.
hireling.
d, hire.
pay.
o)dy begotten.
alone, only.
d, calf.
, MYSTERY.
VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS.

veavicTKos, o,
,
,
,
youiig
riian.
vKpos, dead.
young.
vos,
young
to
child.
conquer.
victory.
adv., now.
whence.
o0v, adv.,
8, / know.
,
Iiottsei
,
,
,
,
,
oIkos, d, lionse.
oXos, whole.
like.
(>(>,
to confess.
to revile.
name.
TO,
to see.
to anger., arouse.
mountain.
OS. , , who.
',, whoever.
-Tis,
, conj., when.
opos, TO,
8,
conj., because, that.
ov, not.
neither, nor.
no one.
ou8eis,
'-,
,
,
adv., never.
'. adv., no longer.
,
,
adv., not yet.
heaven.
heavenly.
',
substance, prop-
erty.
this one.
,
,
,
,
',
adv., thus.
6, ,
debtor.
debt.
to 07ve, be indebted.
eye.
shall
,
,
see.
TO, child.
,
,
,
,,
child.
to hiniger.
,
,
,
old.
adv., again.
,
to
PARABLE.
pass away.
to deliver,
give
up.
summon, com-
to
fort.
d,
advocate.
trespass.
pass
to
by,
omit.
-,
.
irapovcria,
,
6.
to be
provoked.
, presence.
, boldness.
all.
'',
d,
to
father.
persuade.
to send.
^,
-,
grieve,
d,
mourn.
temptation.
6, prep. w. gen., concerning; w. ace, around.

to
'--,
walk.
to
abound.
ESSENTIALS OF
132
'-',
,
,
,
,
,
vaiint,
to
to fall.
, faith.
irio-Tos,
faithful.
wander,
wandering.
caicse to
to
,
-,
go, Come.
what
,
-,
sort of.
TO, sheep.
ace,
to,
'., to receive.
ers
to offer
pray-
to
summon.
face.
, prophecy.
d,
irpwTos, first.
miisic.
PROPHET.
to eat with.
to call together.
to rejoice with.
to slay.
-,
-,
,
',
',
to.
-?,
,
-,
-,
-,
,
-,
-,
seed.
robe, gar^nent,
to collect.
towards.
',
compassion,
thou.
elder.
prep. w. gen., before.
w.
have com-
to
prep.
darkness.
bowels.
irpaijs, gentle.
irpos,
cause for
darkness.
passion.
foot.
,
-,
,
<rds, ////.
adv., where.
-5,
,
(,
sweep.
to
, flesh
cTKOTos, TO,
how great.
iroTairos,
to deliver.
(, ,
many.
iropvos, o, fornicator.
-,
how.
.,
<,
(,
stumbling.
6, citizen.
08. wicked.
irovis, o,
irws, adv.,
(TiTivTOs, fatted.
spirit.
iroXvs, nuich,
beggar.
adv., to-day.
II.
0, to do, make.
iroo-os,
?,
,
,
en-
adv., ever.
to believe.
ttCo-tis,
learn,
to
quire.
boast.
7,
',
body.
saviour.
adv., quickly.
Tf'\ios,
to', little
to',
child.
child.
perfect, mature.
VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS.-
,
,
-,
p 67-feet.
to
d, collector
of taxes.,
?, ,
,
to keep.
Tis,
who ? what ?
sotne
Ti,
otie,
certain
one.
?,,
',
much.
Too-oiJTos, so
Tpiis,
,
,
',
',
neck.
three.
to run.
,
,
?,,,
swine.
dancing.
Xopo's,
to be well, strong.
-,
'?, ,
to be.
',
',
-,
,
'$,
6,
',
', sandal.
to
endure.
to lack,
to shcnu,
want.
appear.
plain, tnanifest.
fnake manifest.
bring, bear.
6,
friend.
to fear.
',
-,
',
fear.
to think.
to
guard.
need.
',
,
,
,
,
,
,
son.
prep. w. gen., for.
'.
to be filled.
to go.
8,
to rejoice.
used as prep. w. gen.,

for the sake of.
, hand.
Xpcia,
,
,
viTi'p,
,
,
brass, bronze.
to tnake blind.
TO, water.
d,
light.
to',
, joy.
to p2ct, place.
tCs, t,
puffed up,
inflated.
?,
publican.
to be
133
to be kind.
anointing.
Christ.
country.
lie,
to
speak falsely.
75,
false
prophet.
TO, lie.
-?. ,
,
,,
,
liar.
to touch,
handle.
soiil.
give in small parts.
as follows, thus.
,,
,
tis,
shoulders.
hour.
as.
debtea
to
to.
owe,
be
in-
PART
II.
GRAMMAR.
WRITING AND SOUND.
1.
Greek
1.
is
written with twenty-four letters.

Nam .
Form.
"
(short)
Latin.
alpha
a
bi
as in father
g
d
as in get
delta
epsilon
as in Viet
beta
gaiiuna
seta
(long)
,}
^^
8
t^
(short)
as in they
th
as in thiiig
iota
as in machine
kappa
lambda
in
c or
1
nil
xi
as in exainple
as in obey
oniicron
eta
theta
pi
5
rho
sigma
tail
French
upsilon
^
[^
phi
(long)
^
f
German
Ji
or
ii
ph
chi
as in phase
ch as in chasm
psi
ps
as in lips
ouiega
as in tone
Letters without equivalents are pronounced as in English.
in the
middle of a word;
at the close,
See 11,
d.
138
ESSENTIALS OF
60
'-S
"nJ
5
'
(U
00.
b ^
"*
>a3
<i3
)-<
'%
)0
-^
"
->
/^\
rfl
^^j. JJji
i-^
0)
Si
5
^
03
iuO
i,
.4_
.nj
Uj
4->
(/I
OJ
'w
- X
J3
OJ
4-)
OJ
>^
c
(
CO
the;
as
;5
>
-g -
-Si
"
c
open;
fa
>
Q3.CO
"
M-l
<L>
foil
3
ipJitJiongs
fa
2"
are
Si
3^
t=
t-
Linguals
Palatals
Labials
yA
pa
3
c
f2
c
3
>3
.
S)
>"
3
?^
e
C
CU
Is.
U
a
55
)-
M-l
(U
g.
TO
-3
>
i
Id
'^
9
>
'S
b
.(
Si
>-
ci
eor>
CO
ys
13
>
-c
.i:
CONTRACTION.
Ti
3o
iS
'';^"li
en
'OJ
5>
iz)
^t^-2c
'rt
S ^
0-o"ll''Ôc"iL.
II
gl3
So
CO
s:
-5
<
ot^
>>2
cc
aJc^ll
> ^
>
'i
"^
39
TS
^
^
-
::
^ -
^^^n"
S^-^S
C.cCi-
^
WW
>-
^
(J
-^ ^
(D
J-:
./
^
:
essentials of
140
new testament
greek.
Accent.
There are three kinds
9.
of accent in
Greek
The acute ;
as in /, tvho ?
"
The grave
ri?, some one.
The circumflex ; "
to hint.
There are two fundamental laws of accent

and nominal (includVERBAL, explained in 3,
ing nouns, adjectives, and participles), given in
<?>
57.
Breathings.
Every
10.
initial
breathing mark over

(')
is
is
called the smooth breathing,
pronounced.
(')
vowel or diphthong has a

it
fSio?,
called the rongJi breathing,
sound
Note
of
//.
Jidra ;
that the breathing
and
is
is
and gives the

hantou.
placed over the
second vowel of the diphthong.

Initial
always has the rough breathing,
Movable
11.
Movable
may
I.
v.
occur at the end of the
following
All dative plurals in
{).
not
-{).
7rdac(v),
apostrophe;
crasis.
-.
{),
third person
singular of
All verbs with the ending
2.
\{).
After
3.
-e
of
'\{),
verbs.
After kari
4.
So
also
vowel, as
?-
the
{).
{).
as
<;
is
141
'
movable
'^,
Before a
in
thus.
but before a consonant,
Apostrophe.
In the prepositions a short final vowel

before a word beginning with
12.
may be dropped
a vowel.
zuJiicJi ;
^,
E.g. air
Note that the
from him
vr,
breathing.
but, also suffers elision
,,
rough mute,
to the corresponding
at
marked by an apos-
elision is
trophe, and that a smooth mute, as
i'ougJi
",
zvith us.
as
changes
before a
'
e/xot.
Crasis.
13.
thong,
When
two vowels, or a vowel and a diphin two words, as /cat
come together
or TO evavTiov, they are usually joined together;

as Kayco or
(mixture), and
is
This
is
called
crasis
indicated by the coro)iis over
the contracted form.

^
But
in the
New
Testament often
before a consonant.
essentials of
142
new testament greek.
Punctuation.
14.
the
The Greek has
comma and
mark
interrogation
colon
four punctuation marks
the period, as in English

{ ; ),
and the point
()
the
as the English semi-
above the
line,
which
equals English colon or semicolon.
2.
15.
ACCIDENCE.
Accidence treats
nominal
of
hiflexion,
the declension of nouns, adjectives, and participles,
and of the
cotijiigation of verbs.
Inflexion.
In Greek all nouns, adjectives, and parhave inflexion; i.e. an ending or suffix
which is added to the stem or substantial part
of the word. There are three sets of endings or
suffixes, and according as a noun takes one set
or the other it is said to belong to the nrst,
16.
ticiples
second, or tJiird declension.

17.
Nouns
stem ending
in
of the first declension
-.
This
is
have the
therefore called the
A-declension.
Nouns
in
-0.
of the
second declension have the stem
O-declension.
GENDER AND NUMBER.
"
43
Most nouns of the third declension have

stems ending in a consonant, hence the term
Consonant Declension is used.
Gender.
18.
line,
All nouns in Greek are either mascu-
feminine, or neuter gender.
Nouns denoting male persons are masculine.

Nouns denoting /i7rt/fc' persons are feminine.
Outside of these sex rules the gender
very largely by the declension to which the noun belongs
19.
may be determined
1.
Nouns
of the A-declension ending in a,
are feminine.
Those ending
in
-?
r\,
are mas-
culine.
2. Nouns of the 0-declension in -09 are mostly
masculine ; those in -ov are nenter.
In the third declension the gender varies
3.
according to the ending of the stem.
See
Lessons XV., XVI., XVIII., and XIX. for the
discussion of these forms.
Number.
20.
In the Greek of the
New
Testament
there are two numbers, singular and plural, as

in English.
essentials of
144
new testament greek.

Case.
There are
21.
five cases in
Nominative, as
1.
Genitive,
2.
in
Greek
source or whence-case.
possessive or objective with
lish
Dative, \vhere-case, to or
3.
thing
Eng-
of.
for which any-
English remote or indirect
or IS done.
IS
English.
object.
Accusative, whither-case.
4.
English direct
object.
5.
Vocative, case of address.
- ,-
First or A-Declension.^
22.
,
, begitining.
Stem
, wisdom.
Stem
S.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
,, -
hour.
Stem
upas
(,$
pais
($
<
(
$ $
,
P.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
Sp
copwv
, glory.
Stem
S.N.V.
88
G.
D.
A.
^
Cf.
55
5o|i-
P.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
for table of
$
$
endings in the A-declension.
SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION.
? - ?
?
145
-?, , PROPHET
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
.
.
ple
c.
Stem
...
G.
D.
Most nouns of this declension have the nom.

and are feminine.
Some end in -s, and are masc. E.g.
a,
o''
veavias,
yrj,
out as
young man
judge.
disci-
from yea, is declined throughbut with the circumflex accent.
?,88
?
Second or 0-Declension.
5,
Stem
P.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
, earth, contracted
o.pyr],
23.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
in a,
d,
word.
?,
',
servant.
Stem
\o-ô-
?
?
?
?
?,
Stem
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
ma7i.
Stem
son.
...
G.
D.
.
1
See 51 and 54.
?
?
ESSENTIALS OF
146
8,
TO, gift.
Stem
P.N.A.V.
S.N.A.V.
G.
D.
a.
Jesus,
The
L
24.
Masc.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
P.N.
G.
D.
A.
ol
25.
G.
D.
is
>;
in the gen., dat.,
and voc.
Definite Article.
Fern.
Neut.
8
"^
Td
Tois
rats
TOVS
TOS
TOiS
Adjectives of the A- and 0-Declension.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
P.N.
G.
D.
A.
good.
PRONOUNS
,
85
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
one's
IN -05.
own.
? )
tSLov
147
small.
...
G.
D.
Pronouns
26.
ihis (one)
in
-.
i/tai
62-64.
Cf.
(one)
/le,
himself.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
P.N.
G.
D.
A.
and
are declined like
except the neut. sing, of each
and
'
'?,
above,
in
nom.
ace.
>.
she, it
noun
the
and
is
in
man
is used as tlie pers. pron. of the 3 pers., /le,

but in the oblique cases only.
When used with a
any
case,
himself.
it
it
means
himself.,
But when the
means
the
etc e.g. b
precedes the pron., as
;
art.
same (man).
Cf. 69-70.
Relative Pronoun.
7.
OS,
who.
OS
ov
28.
ols
als
oil's
as
Consonant or Third Declension.
Mute
xdpis,
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
xapis
P.N.V.
G.
D.
Lingual
127-132.
XirCs,
Stem
hope.
iXiris
XiriSos
iXiriSi
X^pis
iXirC
xapiTs
iXirCSes
xapiras
vvt,
Stem
.
...
Cf.
G.
D.
, grace.
Stem
S.N.V.
G.
D.
Stems.
mghi.
VVKTOS
vvKTiS
,XiriSas
6,
ruler prince.
^
Stem
apxovTOS
apxovTas
NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.

29.
149
Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension.

Stems
in -ar.
Cf. 106.
- -$
(
(
(
, ,-, ,
body.
Stem
S.N.A.V.
G.
D.
P.N.A.V.
G
D
ftame.
?
'
Stem
S.N.A.V.
G.
D.
30.
P.N.A.V.
G.
D.
Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension.

Stems
in -ea.
8, ,
S.N.A.V.
G.
D.
31.
-,
'
Stem
7'vos
Stems in
P.N.A.V.
-t
and
A
V.
--
G.
D.
'-
(yeVea)
(yevewv)
Cf. 112.
jroXi-
P.N.V.
'
Third Declension.
-ev.
ctVy.
Stem
G.
D
race.
yeve<T-
(yeVeos)
TTOXis,
S.N.
Cf. 135.
G.
D.
A.
iroXeis
iroXewv
ESSENTIALS OF
I50
Pao-iXcvs, 6, king.
Stem
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
V.
32.
P.N.A.V.
G.
D.
pa<riXivs
(.'
Pao-iXcis
-(
Liquid Stems of the Third Declension.
,,
'(,
age.
Stem
S.N.V.
G.
D.
P.
Stem
,
1$
, , father.
in -ep-.
Cf. 113.
Stem
S.N.
G.
D.
.
V.
()
irarpos (Trarepo?)
"-
P.N.V.
G.
D.
, ,
f/ian.
.
G.
D.
A.
V.
dvSpos (avepos)
dvSpi (ave'pt)
()
avep
?
^
-
Cf. 114.
Stem
8.
8 .
.
$
S.N.V.
G.
D.
Syncopated Stems
33.
leader.
/-
P.N.V.
G.
D.
(
8
8<()
avSpcs
/pes)
avSpas (avepas)
, . -,
-..
,
,
?,
,
,
,,.
ADJECTIVES OF THE CONSONANT DECLENSION.

a.
-,
daughter^ and
jiwtJier^
are nouns declined the
same
151
belly^
as
34. The following are nouns of the third

declension that have irregularities of form or
Only forms
accent.
of the
New
Testament are
here given.
,
,5,
,
,, .., ,65,8., , .
,.
-,
?
'.
, , ?, . ^- ', , ,
,
TO, knee.
hair,
dog.
?,
Plur.
-.
Plur.
foot, iroSos,
Plur. iroSes,
waier,
-,
35.
hand.,
Xi-pi,
Xips,
Adjectrês of the Consonant Declension.
,-'
--
Stem
P.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
Plur.
xeipas.
true.
D.
A.
V.
iroo-C,
Plur.
Xip<5s,
STEMS IN
S.N.
G.
Plur.
Plur.
ear.
irois,
Plur.
tuoinan,
'
'
8
$
,STEMS IN
-V-
foolish.
Stem
$-
ESSENTIALS OF
152
36. Irregular Adjectives of
Declension.
Cf.
the Consonant
164-165.
',
SN.
great.
/- ,? ? 5
()
'
iras, all.
Stem
iras
G. iravTOs
D.
A.
V.
--
Stems
-,
-?, ?
??
??
-, ?"
"?
.N.V. iravTes
G.
D.
A. iravTas
iraerais
7niich, tiiany.
Stems
S.N.
G.
D.
Comparison of Adjectives.
37.
1.
Add
-?,
for the compar.,
Add
?,
and -raros
-?,
strong.
2.
??
?
??
for the superl.
(--?),
strong-er.
for the compar.,
and
-,
strong-est.
'<
for the superl.
-?,
much.
most.
in )%,
6$,
When the penultimate vowel is short, as

lengthened before -repoi and -raros; e.g.
^
().
is
Cf. 225.
the
CARDINAL NUMERALS
,
,
,
05, good
05,
bad
good
--
great
small
miicJi
Comparatives in
are declined like
35.
Cardinal Numerals.
39.
'
07ie.
'
G.
D.
A.
evi
evi
4'
'
ihrec.
-, four.
'-
TeVtrapcri
<<
The
b.
Ordinal numerals
{,
cardinal numerals from 4 to 100 are indeclinable.
declined like adjectives in

c.
153
Irregular Comparison.
38.
PROxNOUNS.
and
etc.) in -05
For the declension of oiSet's
(ov8e,
and not, +
els,
see 221.
Pronouns.
40.
S.N.
G.
D.
Cf.
68 and 213.
S.N.
G.
,
<,
D.
A.
. . 5,
Personal.
/.
lue
G.
D.
.
1
-ol
are
-05.
Occurs but once,
P.N.
G.
D.
A.
you.
(
CTi
one),
154
NEW TESTAMENT
,
,
,
,, $
ESSENTIALS OF
Reflexive.
<,
(,
-, -
myself.
S.G.
D.
A.
P.G.
D.
A.
S.G.
D.
A.
-$
,
,
6, -
$8 5 ?
avTas
/innself herself
itself.
P.
-fjs
$ ?
, -, -fj
Interrogative.
S 41.
S.N. ts
G.
Tivos
Indefinite.
who.
Tis,
thyself.
-r\%
-fj
5 ,,
GREEK.
some
tIs,
S.N. tIs
P. Tives
otie.
p. Tivs
tI
Tivos
D.
Tivl
Ttvas
a. TIS,
some one,
42.
The
is
an
enclitic.
Tio-l
tI
Tivtt
Tivas
Cf. 196-198.
indefinite relative
6<;
(6,
S.N.
oo-Tis,
5, ,.
P.N.
oiVives,
aiTivis,
Participles.
43.
loose.
?
-)
-
Present Active.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
XvoVTOS
XvOVTOS
ivJio,
and ?), whoever, has the following forms
PARTICIPLES OF
P.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
a.
?
,^
For the
155
see 183
pres. pai 1. of
and
184.
- -)
("
Aorist Active.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
P-N.V.
G.
D.
A.
Xvlo-as
-avTOS
(5
--9
(<
(5
?, $
8
Perfect Active.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
P.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
So
likewise the 2 perf. act.
staiidi>ig,
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
KOTOS
from
?
5
'
'
/(?
;//7/?
as
?
?
?, ,
stand.
Aorist Passive.
<
-?
-)
'
'
'
'
'
"
-, ,
156
ESSENTIALS OF
P.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
kvBtvTis
(
$
'?
XvGiicrais
, ,
So
C.
likewise the 2 aor. pass.
from
44.
follows
Participles in
'
as
- and
contract as
,
9
- ,
speaking'
become
become
sow.
05
living
Second Aorist Participles of Irregular
45.
.-
Verbs.
.-,
Sovs, giving.
going.
5 (5 8 ? 5 5
$.
-,
.? ( ' (-. -S.N.
S.N.
,5
G.
G.
etc.
etc.
a.
So the
S.N.
G.
pres. part.
Geis,
placing.
5 <8
S.N.
GiVTOS
G.
ir<rovTOS
--?
So
the pres. part.

1
ire<rov
iricrovTOS
etc.
etc.
b.
falling.
tiOcCs.
See 5, 8; 8,4.
c.
So
all
See
2 aor. ptcs. in
5,
1,2; 8,3.
-.
THE VERB.
<. ?,
G. crravTOs
(-?
etc.
46.
like
All
-. ?,
( 8-8
standing.
<
S.N. (TTds
157
S.N.
-us
knowing.
()
G.
participles in
etc.
are declined
25.
The Verb.
Voice.
There are three voices in Greek the

and passive. Of these the active
and passive are the same as the active and
47.
active, middle,
passive in English.
The middle
acting upon
voice represents the subject as
itself
or in
some way
that concerns
itself.
1.
The Direct Middle where
directly
upon
the subject acts
itself; e.g:
ivash ;
I wash myself.
2.
The Indirect Middle where the subject is
represented as acting in some way for itself
e.g.
I buy,
I buy for myI zvash,
/ wash
self ;
my
,,
The uses of the middle voice are numerand are best learned from the lexicon.
48.
ous,
?,
hands.
ESSENTIALS OF
158
^,
Often the sense of the verb changes

middle e.g.
I persuade ;
suade myself, I obey.
;
in
the
I per-
Mood.
49.
There are
five
moods
in
Greek
the In-
dicative, Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative,
The
Infinitive.
Indicative, Imperative,
and
and
In-
correspond very closely to the same

moods in English.
The Subjunctive is most
often translated by the English potential.
The
principal uses of the Subjunctive are explained
in 87, 95-97, 158.
See also under Syntax.
The Optative mood is rare in the New Testament, and hence is not given with the paradigms.
For the forms that occur and the uses
of the same, see 70 and 71.
finitive
Tense.
50.
seven.
The
The
tenses of the Indicative
mood
are
present and imperfect denote con-
the aorist and future

denote an indefinite action the perfeet, pluperfuture perfect aQX\ot& completed action.
fect,
tinued or repeated action
51.
The
tenses of the subjunctive are the
present, aorist,
in the
New
perfect ; the latter
Testament.
is
very rare
THE VERB.
The
52.
159
tenses of the Indicative are distin-
guished as primary and secondary.
Primary
Secondary
Present., fjcttcre, perfect, future perfect.
Imperfect., aorist, pluperfect.
The
principal parts of a Greek verb are

person singular of the present, fnture,
or second) aorist, (first or second) perfect,
53.
the
first
(first
indicative active
first
the perfect middle, and the
or second aorist passive
,
e.g.
', ',,
,
, ', ',
, -,
4'.,
There
54.
is
meaning nor
and a second
perfect and a second
no difference
in
in translation betvêen a first aorist

aorist,
between a
first
perfect.
55. The tenses of the verb are divided into
nine classes or tense systems, each having a
distinct tense stem.

\.
Present
2.
Future
incluaing present and in/perfcct.

"
future active and middle.
"
3.
First aorist
4.
Second aorist "
5.
First perfect
6.
7.
Second perfect ^^
Perfect middle "
8.
First passive
9.
Seco7id passive "
"
"
and middle.
second aorist active and middle.
first perfect and pluperfect active.
second perfect
pluperfect active.
perfect and pluperfect middle and
passive and future perfect.
first aorist active
first aorist
and future passive.
second aorist and future passive.
ESSENTIALS OF
56.
NEW TESTAMENT
Active Voice of
I.
'
Present.
Imperfect.
Indicative.
GREEK.
Ftiture.
(15

4'
I.
p.
iXvT
3-
Subjunctive,
2.
S.
2.
.
2.
3-
Imperative.
2.
S.
[
2.
-^
or
Infinitive.
Participle.
,(,
( 43)
(,
<
<(,
ACTIVE VOICE OF
I
Indicative.
'
S.
I.
2.
L3
'-
'-
-)5
6
-)
2.
s.^
l3'2.
3
-
Infinitive.
Participle.
(l)\eXvKci
[
?
or
I.
p.-
)65
()
()XXVIKCI-
2.
.3
Imperative.
()
<6
Pluperf.
2.
2.
p..
()1-
.
s.
Perfect.
-as
Subjunctive
i6i
<
I.
P.
Aorist.
(6
- ']
'
or
?,
-,
Xijcra<ra,
( 43)
08
( 43)
l62
ESSENTIALS OF
Middle Voice of
2.
Present.
Indicative.
Imperfect.
I.
s.
2.
.3
),
Xvei
Xierai
2.
Subjunctive
\v<r0
Fiiture.
),
6-
(6
I.
P.
<
I.
s.
2.
.3
I.
p.
2.
.3
Imperative.
2.
[
.
Infinitive.
Participle.
'-
S.
or
5,
((
,
-,
( 46)
(46)
MIDDLE VOICE OF
Indicative.
I.
S.
2.
.3
I.
P.
2.
.3
Subjunctive
I.
s.
2.
.3
I.
p.
2.
Aorist.
'
'
'
.
-(
.3
12.
3
Infinitive.
Participle.
'
^
]
'
- ^
'05
09 3
['
2.
s.
Pluperf.
Perfect.
.3
Imperative.
163
- -?,
--
or
-5,
-(46)
-,
or
-^
-(46)
1 64
[
,--6 ?
Fut. Perf?-
Indicative.
I.
S.
] 2.
\
2.
II.
3
- -
Passive Voice of
3.
Aor?-
Future^
],
--
(3
Subjunctive.
S.
2.
.;;
Imperative.
S.
-'
Infinitive.
Participle.
- (5, ,,
-,
(46)
^
or
-,
(43)
All other tenses of the passive voice are the
as the middle-
(5?
-
(46)
same
in form
SECOND AORIST, PERFECT,
2 Aor. Act.
2 ^<?r.
'
y]//i/.
Indicative.
1
I.
2.
--6
3.
P.
'
-7
2.
-;
3.
I.
2.
3I
'
2.
2.
? [-[
65
(^
75
3-
[.
- -]
-'
2.
2 Phiperf.
eXe\otireT6
?
] )
165
\e\oiiri(rav]
Imperative.
.
2 /Vr/.
P.
Xe'Xoiira
X.nres
Subjunctive.
S.
OF
Second Aorist (Active and Middle) and

Second Perfect and Pluperfect of Xetirw.
57.
S.
ETC.,
76
"6
or
Infinitive.
or
'
,. 5,
-
Participle.
-,
( 46)
( 45, <)
,,
[XeXoiirlvai]
-iros (
43)
6
58.
ESSENTIALS OF
Future and First Aorist Active and Middle

(Liquid Forms) and Second Aorist and
Second Future Passive of
Flit.
Ac
"
Indicative.
av(o
Is
lavei
ii
13
Fut. Mid.
) ''
'
|$
-ii
S.I
Infinitive.
Participle.
Aor. Act.
Subjunctive.
Imperative.
(
or
,, $,
,
- -,
-,
( 46)
(44)
(43)
FUIURES AND AORISTS OF
Indicative.
f'
S.
2.
-*
Aor. Mid.
2 Aor. Pass.
--
I.
2.
2 Fiit. Pass.
5 ,
-
(
, (
.3
P.
.3
Subjunctive.
i^
1
S.
2,
.3
I.
P.
2.
.3
Imperative, c
i2.
l3\
Infinitive.
Participle.
2.
3
5,
-,
or
'
<
5.
-,
-,
(46)
(46)
(43,0
ESSENTIALS OF
68
'T3
"^
.
'3
<-
<^
^p ^f^ ^P" ^p- ^- ^

(
<0
O lO (O
^ ^ <<.
( (- (
(lO
^
*-
^^
--
y^~s.
.
,
<
'
^
'3
--4--4-
^"i
"
<
'
<*
3\S
"^
3 w
/^s
>
"S
'K
^ <
.^
"
<3
4----6-
6----
"J
"
V"r
.'5
-- -- --
"S
"S
-^----
,
.i?.
<'
.d.
'd'
I-
V4J
4^
"Si
..
3
a.
.1-1
,.
t/<
3?r:!SS
< ><
[^:
0-----
C3
A "ai
_,
<l <d
.s
<3
I-
"
s.
.1
<3
-d
"
s. .3.
<P=
^?"?
.V.
( S
I S I
lU
'<
<*
contract' verbs.
w
<3
'3
"F
bO
f="
*^
^^^^^
F
- ,
^ ^ ^
F ."
3-
t>
3
<3
/<
(O (O CO
.3
"o
00 00 00 00
00
^vu
^vt
^^-^
"^
"Q,
^ ^
'<
to
"
CO
CO
CV ^^
^ ^-<
^w
~^
\.-^
^^
->
u.
UJ
I-
"^
<3
'3
rd sg
<iJ
-3
-d
<d
lu
Ô
S "S
K^w
"S
^S
,3-
,3-
'
S_^
^ ^ ^
iijij-S
^^
^^
"*
^VK
ui
c<
J<
^ t
3 3
:^:<:<
"3
^
F
.F
(lO
169
Vi
-^ -^
^^ ^^ ^^
^
i i i
,0
'd
p- 3
^ti
,3- ,3- ,3-
lu
i i i
^w
.5- ,3-
,3- ,3-
,3-
.-^
il2d
ci
v^'t"
ESSENTULS OF
170
NEW TESTAMENT
000000
p-p-p-p-p-p-
^ ^ ^
(Soous
.::.
<v
GREEK.
"3
<3
^3
e3
'?:
v ^5
"c-
<<
J^.S",^
'<
J<
-- --
-e-
'^
ô
-<
5=~
--
-e-
3 .=!=
^ss-^S"
^
'i
-- --
-4-
'^-S.'<
,5" !=-
,5"
.ri
--
<3
<P=
viJ
^w
lu
imi
nyu
'û;
I.
i3-fc
'f
,_/
<3
cp
<3
^^
p-
^^^ ^^^
-3
a "d ^d
^d "d "d
oi
<5
<3
i <di i i <i A
'f
,3- ,3- ,3-
ff-
< -3
'f
'f
^s- '<R- -i
-- -- -- -- -- --
^
-<_
/^
_.
^ ,
a-^
00 CO *
<3
p-p-p-p-p-p-
ciocob0ci0(0(o
.3-
,3
oi
,3-
'f
d ^d -d
,3- ,3- ,3-
ai
I?!
CONTRACT VERBS.
<=
OB
k ^ 'P
SOriS
(^ bO (^ (^
^ cp 
^ ^
--
'i
'i
<^
d
b
>

l.
--->.
^^
^^ <
'i
^
<^
^.b
^w
^.
'< '<
'<'<'<
'<
'<
^\U
"W
''W
"W
vi;
<3
<d
'<
-^
--
><
----------:-
"^
--
n^
--
f.\^
^^^
^^
d
b
3
^
3
w
b
3
<
>
3
,
fe
< -d
^3
."=
-a
:i.
3.
b
-d
b -d
-3-3-3
,f-
a. a.
i.
**
I'
^
.
_g
b
a
^3.
S,
?^ ^-^
3.
ô
ci
"S
3-
S
3-
'Ul
'S
i.
I-
b
d
-3
-3 'd
d.
..
^^
l~
CIS
vSÔ
2-
_^P
_^w
^^
~-^
Jf
<
b
^d "d
-d ^d
S.
<3
i i
3-
3-
3-
^ '^ ^
ESSENTIALS OF
172
NEW TESTAMENT
Conjugation of
60.
Verbs
in
differ
GREEK.
Verbs.
from verbs
in
in
the Present and Second Aorist Systems only.
See Lessons
61.
,, ,
XXXI. and XXXII.
and
Synopsis of
and Second Aorist Systems.
in the Present
Active.
Indie.
(,
SubJ.
Imper.
8($
cSiSovv
4'
(
Infin
Part.
IcTTOs
$
?
?
OcCs
Sw
- 1(
86s
< '8
Passive and Middle.
8$
f,
600
'9
$
CONJUGATION OF
VERBS.
173
PRESENT SYSTEM.
62.
Active Voice.
Sing.
.3
i^
1
Plur.
2.
.3
?
(-
<
<
--.
Freseni Indicative.
-.
8(
8(
(8$
SCSoTC
Imperfect.
.
]
Sing,
2.
3
.
Plur.
2.
<
(
<
.3
I.
Sing.
2.
3
'
Plur.
I.
2.
.3
(
-
1$
"<
Present Subjunctive.
)5
5(
1<
(8
($
ESSENTIALS OF
174
2.
Sing.
2.
Plur.
Present Imper ative.
<
<-
SCSov
8(>
TiOe'rw
'
or
or
or
Present Infinitive.
,
Present Participle (45).
TiOeis
8i.8ovs
Passive AND Middle.
'
. (
'
<
1 '
-(
Present Indicative.
I.
Sing.
2.
3
I.
Plur.
2.
Imperfect.
.
Sing.
2.
.3
CONJUGATION OF
1.
Plur.
2.
13
'
VERBS.
175
66
cSiSocrOc
i'<j-Tacr0
'icTTOVTO
(
8
(
(
(
(
(
- ((
Present Subjunctive.
Sing.
->,
3
Plur.
Present Imperative.
Sine
2.
Is2.
Plur.
(
(-
j)(rav
''(
or
Present Infinitive.
((
'
Present Participle (46).
1($
<
or
or
ESSENTIALS OF
176
NEW TESTAMENT
GREEK.
SECOND AORIST SYSTEM.
63.
Active.
^
'?
'
4'
Second Aorist Indicative.
I.
Sing.
2.
3
.
Plur.
2.
[3
<
'?
8^
'
(.
'<
Second Aorist Subjunctive.

'
Sing,
j
[
2.
(TTfjs
*'"'"
.
Plur.
2.
[
<(.
<
Second Aorist Imperative.
2.
Sing.
[
05
Ois
2.
Plur.
3.
or
or
Second Aorist
'
^
or
Infinitive.
Second Aorist Participle.
^
I
No
aor. in
( 45)
2 aor. ind. act. of
is
given.
( 45)
and
Cf. 235, 3, note.
( 45)
occurs
so
the
CONJUGATION OF
VERBS.
Middle.
Second Aorist Middle Indicative.
'
3-
'0TO
.
Plur.
2.
!I.
2.
'
4'
'
'
Second Aorist Middle Subjunctive.

I
Sing.
1^
2.
.
2.
3.
Second Aorist Middle Imperative.

2.
Sing.
3.
2.
Plur.
3
'
-or
'-
Second Aorist Middle
'
-(>
or
Infinitive.
Second Aorist Middle Participle.

( 46)
( 46)
77
NEW
ESSENTIALS OF
178
TESTAIMENT GREEK.
Irregular Verbs of the
Form.
The verbs
(compounded
go (only in
, ,2,, , ),
,,
64.
am,
and
know,
with
compounds),
say, are all irreg-
ular.
65.
(stem
-), am.
Present.
Indicative.
Sins.
Plur.
cl
o-tC
Siibjioictive.
Imperative.
OS
<
cl(r(
'-,
Ifififiittve.
Participle,
, -,
gen. ovtos,
Indicative.
Sing.
(')
3
.
Plur.
(-)
2.
2.
3.
etc. (183).
Future.
Imperfect.
I.
$,
Indicative.
Infinitive.
'(
4', <|
"
()
4'<
(6
'-
eVeo-Ge
Cf. 78,
Participle
IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE
FORM.
S 66.
(stem
The
following forms of this verb
the
79
e-), revtit.
occur in
, .,)-
New Testament
?,
-,
,
'.
-, $,,
Indicative Active.
Fut.
Kas,
etc ^
-.^.
Aor.
.
.
,,..
Imperf.
Aor.
etc.
Indicative Mid. and Pass.
Subjunctive
as though from
(Pres.
Pres.
Fut.
Aor. pass,
Pass.
3 per. plur.
Act.
2 aor.
).
.
.
?.
,
.
.
,
Pres.
2 aor.
Pres.
Imperative Act.
Participle Act.
Infinitive Act.
2 aor.
5,
2 aor. act.
compounds with
the pres. ind. 3 per. plur.
and 2 aor.
has <)-, and (rvvCov<ri.
Subjv.
and with
2 aor.
Aor. pass. ind.
are found. The former
b. Pres. part. o-wuCs and
is more regular and occurs in
a. In
-,
-8,
2 aor. act. part, also occurs.
67.
in
But few forms

compounds.
Indicative.
(stem
Participle.
ov (183).
go.
of this verb occur,
Pres. --.
Infinitive.
1-^1
Imperf.
-jfti,
and always
--.
Uvai.
-rov<ra,
-,
regular like
, -,
Conjugated like the mid. of

Such forms only are here given of the compounds of
as might be difficult to recognize.
The lexicon ought to be
consulted for all verb forms
^
NEW TESTAMENl
ESSENTULS OF
olSa (stem
I 68.
This verb
is
regularly olha,
once,
GREEK.
-), know.
a second perfect
The
olSa<;, etc.
lare in 2 per. plur.
and conjugated
is
also found.
',
--.
, 8.
-, k/Knvye (occurs once).
Infinitive. .
Participle.
8,
Imperfect.
Future.
Subjunctive.
Imperative.
-p'Seis,
etc.
18,
l8us,
etSos, like
-),
(stem
^ 69.
This verb is found

and plur.
per. sing,
and
(43).
say.
and
in pres. ind.
he said.
Imperf.
70. The following forms of the

mood occur in the New Testament
1.
has
3 per. plur.
optative
,
.
,
, , , ^, -
Present Tense.
, OekoL, ,
,
,,
uyj,
2. /^z'rsi Aortst.
...
Second Aorist.
First Aorist Passive.
>;,
evpoiev,
//,
,.
-..
In fact a 2 pluperf., but the perf. and pluperf. have in this
verb the sense of the pres. and imperf.
TENSE SYSTEMS.
OPTATIVE MOOD.
l8l
, ,
8, , ,
,
,,,
It
may be noted
()
^,
Svvaivro,
Karevui'vai,
form the Optative by the ad-
], -;
dition of I, which, with preceding vowel, forms a diphthong
^
this
the iota
also
',
diphthong is always long, (d)

form the Optative by adding
is
siibscript.
made by adding
changing to
in that and
t\oitv,
, the
in the case of
are
evpoiev,
person plural
from
in the third
(c/)
differs
have changed place.
The
71.
(c)
following examples will illustrate
the uses of the optative

1.
T/ie Optative
6eos
grattt unto
2.
^,
I could wish
you
now may God
The Potential Optative.

Acts 26
3.
';
of Wishing.
Rom. 15:5.
29.
(.
indirect Question.
Luke
she
29.
was
discussing
tlf]
/,
what manner of
to
God.
salutation
this 7night be.

4.
The Conditional Optative.

I
Cor. 14: 10.
t Tvypi.,
if it should chance.
Tense Systems.
72. No one verb has all nine tense systems,
but the following table shows the various tenses
(as far as found in the New Testament) in
ESSENTIALS OF
l82
loose,
cast,
<,
desh'oy.
Present
Future
Aorist
2 Aorist
1
Perfect
Mid.
Perf.
'erf
--
I Flit. P. \t\v<r%-
*()-
\ Fut.
Aor.
2 Pass. j
[ Fut.
Primary.
I.
2.
, (<)
<,
The
-
<rav
personal endings of the imperative
are
Middle and Passive.
Active.
r
S.
2.
"K.
P.
Secondary.
-,
74.
Middle and Passive.
Secondary.
Primary.
I.
,()-
Personal Endings.
Active.
2.
%-
<%-
73.
%%- %
%- %- %-
%- %-()- ()-
iPassi"^""^
S.
and
(- (\v<r%-
2 Perfect
Perfect
\v%.
zunte,
1^
2.
X.
2. o-o
3-
2.
P.
3.
or
AUGMENT.
75.
The endings
^
..
J
[
iv,
of the infinitive are
contracted with
183
to
eiv.
vai.
Mid. and Pass,

76.
The
by adding
tenses of the indicative are formed
to the verb theme, with certain modi-
fications, the following suffixes.
Active:
Pres.
Fid.
Aor.
Perf.
Pliiperf.
-%-
-<r%-
---
--
--
Middle and Passive have the same suffixes

except in perf. and pluperf., where there is
The aorist passive has -ê- for i aorist
none.
and
-e-
for 2 aorist.
Augment.
I. When the verb begins with a con 77.
sonant the vowel e is prefixed to the theme in
the imperfect and aorist e.g. e-\v-o-v, e
This is called syllabic augment. In the perfect
the initial consonant is placed before the augment e.g. Xe
This is called reduplication.
In the pluperfect the reduplicated form may be
--.
--.
augmented
2.
When
vowel
is
e.g. i-\e-Xu-Ki-v.
begins with a vowel this

=,
lengthened in all past tenses
a verb
184
ESSENTIALS OF
, .
=, =.
augment
.7];
',
lead,
hear,
); -,
thong may lengthen the

ask for,
] ,,
Such an augment
e.g.
first
pray,
is
called temporal
An
vowel
initial
;
e.g.
^,.
come,
diph-
Verbs beginning with two consonants or a

double consonant {, ,
have the augment and
no reduplication in the perfect and pluperfect.
A mute ( 2) followed by a liquid , , , , is an
3.
, ,
,
exception to this
e.g.
judge, has perfect
and
call, has perfect
4. Verbs beginning with a rough mute
have the corresponding smooth mute ,
the reduplication
behold,
e.g.
, -love,
-&-.
The Eight
,,,
, ,
in
;
Classes of Verbs.
78. It is necessary in the study of the Greek

verb to determine the theme or root, for on this,
with certain modifications mostly of tense and
mood signs, the various tenses are built. This
theme may or may not correspond to the theme
as seen in the present indicative.
More frequently the present stem is a strengthened form
of the theme
e.g.
loose, has theme and
present stem \v- the same, while
steal,
theme kXett-, has present stem
receive, theme \-, present stem
;
\,
, -.
\-.
THE EIGHT CLASSES OF
With reference
VERBS.
85
theme
Greek are
to the relation of the
the present stem the verbs in
to
divided into eight classes
Verb stem remains un 79. First Class.

changed t]iroughoiit. The present stem is formed
by adding simply the variable vowel % to the
theme
:
.-
Theme.
-, say
conquer
Pres. stem.
Xey%
.%
Second Class.
Strong vozvel forms.
verbs have a theme ending in a mute, 2,
preceded by a short vowel, principally
or v.
The present theme of these verbs is formed by
lengthening this vowel, l to et,
to eu, and the
addition of %
80.
Some
Third Class.
mute
/%
Fut.
Verds in
or the
verbs have the theme in a labial
that form the present stem by
to the theme
7,
, ,
,
,
-
Theme.
steal
/i/de
a.
Pres. stem.
Some
-class.
adding
--
Theme.
persuade
^(.v^f>),flee
81.
- %
$%
is
for
-.
%%
.%
Pres. stem.
Fut.
kXc{J/%
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
1 86
Fourth Class.
82.
Some
1.
mute
stem.
This
-,
-
with the mute gives
Theme.
preach
-t,
svtite
When t%
is
present stem ends
-,
3-
added
\%.
Theme.
/?-
baptize
save
theme
in a liquid,
for the present.
^,
Theme.
announce ayytX-
\-
But with
and
the
to the preceding vowel
%,
rarely
%%
7%
%
% %
%
%
%
% %
Pres. stem.
Fut,
.^%
to a
theme
Pres. stem.
in
the
Fut.
/?7%
,,
, , may add l%
\l% becomes
fia.\\m,cast
4.
class.
verbs having a theme ending in a

add t % to form the present
/c, 7,
palatal
2.
Iota
GREEK.
Pres. stem.
Fut.
usually passes over
and with
or e forms a
diphthong
,
,
take
away
show
Theme.
Pres. stem.
alp%
ap
Fut.
apf.%
THE EIGHT CLASSES OF VERBS.
1 87
The present
N-c/ass.
83. Fifth Class.
stem of some verbs is formed by adding v% to
the theme
Theme.
irCv,
1.
drink
The
suffix
{,
2.
Under
,
,
may be
3.
The
,
,
84.
-av%.
sin
class
this
(i)
7,
Pres. stem.
come
several verbs
before the final mute
happen
Pres. stem.
\.%
/3-
may be
-,
after
gird
swear
Sixth
ceptive class.
(,
-,^?/
^ %
stem by adding
know
Pres. ind.
- ()
Class. Verds
a vowel
'/
Theme.
show
Theme.
receive
suffix
(,
iriv%
Theme.
that insert a nasal
-.
Pres. stem.
ttl-
in
-^
the in-
few verbs form their present

or
to the theme
Theme.
yvotvp-
%
%
Pres. stem,
88
ESSENTIALS OF
NEW TESTAMENT
GREEK.
Seventh Class.
added to shnple
This class includes most of the verbs of
the yut-Conjugation, which form their present
and imperfect tenses luiihotit the use of %.
85.
stem.
-,
Theme.
make stand
, say
Pres. ind.
Mixed class. Verbs

Eighth Class.
among the irregular verbs and
86.
of this class are
form different tenses on entirely distinct stems.

See the list of irregular verbs.
,
,
--
Tl lemes.
eat
see
, run
, bear
caîOpCL-
rpcx-
07-
8-
OL-
evcK-
,,),,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
',,
,
,
,
,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, '/, , .
87. The following verbs may be classified
according to the principles laid down above.
)((,
88,
The
88.
following table gives the principal
most common irregular verbs in the

Testament. The aim is to give only such
parts of the
New
forms as occur.
reading
that
is
may
in
A rare compound or a variant

some few cases present a form
not given.
TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
1 89
g-t:
3-
.1
-I:
>^
^r^
8^
g
ij^'S
.^
fris-?^-??-
Si
3
b
-a *a
"B
"^s
'^
-.^
3t-
a 'a 'a
*e
al
3
.b
-a "a
a

;
"^
^Sa3
K^
'
-a -a
a "a
-p Ji-"a
"a "a
<3
^^
-a
'2
ESSENTIALS OF
190
ti
.(1,
'w "w r^
'lu
S 3
vifr
?-w
?^
ir
mJ"
oa.
CO 'w
S.ca;:<
oil
^cna
v5"5a.
w;i.!i.s
^ ?^
.3
^
T^CO
I 3
.^1-3
<3
î
?> r^ ?>CO
-w "w
i I
02.
'^S.
Qa.
P^
5i
-3o
CO
-^
"!S
CO CO
CO CO O
'^
^""
î^,'^
-"JUi
^|-^T3
.^J<3 1
<3
CO
CO -w -w
'i
CO CO
I
^3
"SS-
J?>.^^cococo
i ^l^S 11
vi
.3 c|
cocococo
?;^
"W
^2.
"
><
*"v
"U '5
I9I
-.5 'V
1=
3-
>3.
<:
'<
S-
-^
.?->
lit I flip
ff-,
Q.'
Hi
vu
^
V
k
"^
Is
Js
-<3
3=^=
i- b
?^ "P-
'^
3|a3
t2
3"
1.3
X^b
Q,
:i
vs
3 -I
-3 .b ^
X
^
^^ " ^
*W
*s/>
;.
=^
^
,3
-1
b
tii
ii
^s
i;
!
-
^1
3- Q.
Q. &,
-Ul
J-
art
a,
gS*!^ i.sl,=3
^ ^"1
iy
SVji
IJ
"^^
*VJ
*3
>\ii
fill
\y
>\ij
*Vt;
>\U
S-1
:tg
'*'
*W W *W
^VJ
^^
;:;
<e -^
<
^::-^~
^":<:vi
-3
3'~
;^
;i
*<
5^
|i. ig ^^ ^
S.
^-^ 1
I 3
S c?
'
3-
><
3'
3"
b ig
g ^S-
V
g
1^
-lu -iu "lu 'lu
CJ
3. i. s.
,j;
n^
^b
"
S.
3.
Oh
I-
i"
g;
h Si
,i-
*-
'S'^tibj-.g-s.tio^
.s
I
'3
"?
b i
u; >*>
'W
4 3J
>?
-vu "lu
a
,b
'w
"jr-
^^^
b.b t^S
-V -r
v^.'^T
'?r
b J5
-'^
P- 3
^
s-Vt;
"
^c- e
b b b w
-I-
:^ 3\3
3.
3'
S ^
*K*
111
^-^
g?ô
*W *W *w *W
3'
Q^
--.b
*W
I
's
3"
- ,1s
-
--
.3
?<
r^
:-,
W "W
-e-S-e-
5^
3'
2-
1^
93
ESSENTIALS OF
194
89.
To
locate a verbal
form
at
once
is
the
most
difficult
It is
intended, therefore, that in the following
thing a beginner has to learn.
pages the student shall have a special opportunity for mastering a large part of this main
difficulty.
Of the most common irregular verbs
there are here gathered into small space the
forms that occur, and by a mastery of these
pages a great deal will be done towards gaining
a rapid and easy understanding of the Greek,
read as Greek.
After a thorough acquaintance with the

paradigms and the principal parts of the irregular verbs, nothing may prove of greater
profit than repeated drill on these forms.
,
,
,
,
},,,
,
,
,
,
],
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,,<;,
, ,,-
,^
90.
hear.
<;,
The aim
is
to give
forms of these verbs, but such com-
pleteness can hardly be expected.
is,
as yet,
The
various editors give
same passage, and no concordance

published which gives W. and H's. reading.
often a different form for the
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
^
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, .,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
<, ,
,,., ,
,,
,,
>,,,
,
,
,
',
-,
, ^, , ,
IRREGULAR VERBS: STUDY OF FORMS.
91.
95
i-aisc up.
avaarrj,
<;, <;,
92.
open.
',
avoiyei,
')(,
,,
,^,, ,,
^, -, ', '<{,
^],
', ^,
^<;, -,
^,
, ^., ,^<;,
-.,
93.
die.
>],
,
^,
,
^
^
,
,
^
,
^
,
.,
,,
,^
.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.)
^ .,
,
,
),
,
,
,
,
^
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.,
,
,^,., .)
196
velrai,
ESSENTIALS OF
)^
.,
destroy, kill.
94.
},
',
cnroXeaei,
'?,
95.
XevTi,
send.
],-
IRREGUL.4R VERBS
STUDY OF FORMS.
97
,
,
,
,
,
, ,,, ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, -,., ,
^,
, ,,,,,,,
,
,
,,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, , , ,,
,).
,
,
,
,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
],
, ,,,,,,
,
96.
remit, forgive.
, .,,'?,,
OJ^\.r\\^\.,
?;<9,
?],
<;,
97.
go, come,
-, -, -, -.
],
',
(for
98.
-,
east
-)],
,,,,,.,
^
,
NEW TESTAMENT
ESSENTIALS OF
igS
GREEK.
],
\],
(a verbal,
Luke
, ,
,
-,
'
^),
^, ', ^,^,
99.
become.
be,
yeyova,
yivovrai, iyevovTO,
^^.,yevra,
^^.,
eyeveaOe,
^,
yevoevv,
yiveraL^
yeyovevai,
yeyevrjadai,
yevoev,
ylveaOai,
yeveaOai^
yevevov,
yevijOevTa^,
yve.,
yvevov,
iyvv, yeva,
yv,
yvea,
yev6V0Vy
yevrjvaL,
eyvav,
yeveve^,
yev,
'yeyvaev^
yivov,
eyeyovei,
eyevov,
/'
iyivero,
yeyovoTi,
yVoIi, yev^ yevoyivoevv, yeyova<;^ yevovo^

yeyovav, yeyovare, iyevero, yvoevv,
yeve.,
yiveaOe.,
yLvva,
<;,
yeyovaai,
yevijaeraL,
yeyovei,
yeveva,
1^09,
in
yeyove,
yevevv,
the phrase
God forbid).
100.
yva,
^/,
yeyovvia,
eyeve^
yevijaeaOe, yev6eva, yeyovore^.,
yeyo-
yevoiro (optative, mostly
yevoiro,
-,
may
not happen,
it
know.
yLvv,
,
yvo),
yvoidi, yvwai., yLvwaKeiv,
eyvov, yiva>aK6L,
eyv, yvev^, eyvu>Kare,
yivodaKerat,
yva.,
yvco-
yvoiaovrai,
yLvcoaKere, yLV(a-
,
,^^^,',^
^,
,
6,
yvovi;, yvu)T,
99
^,
<,
<<;,
, ^4.
,
8, , , ,
,
,
, ,
,
]
8, 8
, /,
^,-.,<, <^ ^,
'^,
'yvu>^
eytVw^/ce, iyvcuKeire,
yvovra^
-,
eyvw-
give.
101.
8, 88, 8, , , 88, /,^

8,
88,
88,
88,
and 8, irregular forms
, ^,
= optative 8,
86,
/, ;, 88, 88, 8,
SeScuKeiaav,
iSlSovv,
,,, ,
,
Sovvai,
SoOfj,
for
],
,8.,
8,
8, 88,
8,
,
8, 88, ?,
8, , 8.8, .
86,
8e8oTai,
'^?/,
102.
,^, .,, ,
co;ne, go.
^,
,
, ^^ .,],^
\,
)(^,
)^,
,
,
,
,,
^,
<,
-^
., .
-^,
1
^pxjj, iXOetv,
ep
eXevaerai,
eXOovTC,
Cf. similar
form in
7'],
', 104,
eXO
latter part.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
^,
^,
200
(,
iXOov,
6\<,
^^),
eXôVre?,
occurs for
';,
- ,.
^^??
^,
%
in the 2 aor.
few forms
in
VPX^^^
as
(*
commonly
are omitted.)
^,
.,,,,
,
,
',
,
', ,
,
,
<,,
,
,,
,,,
<}
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,^
),
,
,
,
,,,.
,,,
,,
,,,
,
,
, ,,,,,
,
'
,
,
,
, ,,, ,, , ,,
103.
find.
ebpi']ar]<i,,
^},
(opt.),
^'>
104.
/lave.
^,
^,
^/^,
],
^'^'
and
^,
(opt.),
Cf note,
p.
189.
^, ^,
both
(nearly
all
20I
', -^ = ^^,
the forms of the pres.
act.
,
,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
<,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,,,
,
,
,
,
, , ,,
,
,
^,
,
,
,
,
,
),
,
,
,
,
,
, , ', , ,
part, occur).
cause to stand.
105.
[,
]';,
<;,
,,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
},
,
,
,
,
,
7],
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, -,
,
,',
,,
,,
<;.
W. and
plupf. instead of
give
throughout the
/-.
106.
take, receive.
',
(opt.),
-<;.
202
ESSENTIALS OF
,
,[], ,, ,,,, ^',
drink.
107.
.,
,
,
,
.,
,
,
,. , ,
., ,', ,, ,
/,
,
,
,
,
,
,
^,
,' .
,
,,,
,
,
,
., ,
,
,
^
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
',
,
,
,
,
,
', .,
,,
,
,
,,,,],
,,
,, ,
eine,
7, 7,
7rivovTe<;,
7?7,
],
Trivet,
iriveiv,
Trie,
107
fa//.
,
,
eireaov, Trearj,
7,
7,
ire-
(for -<;),
put, p/ace.
108.
reOeiKa,
reOfj^
),
WevTO,
109.
show, appear.
,
, ,,
.
], ,
,
^,
^
,
^
,
,
, ,, ,.,,, ^,
-,,
,
,
-,
, -,^,^,, ,
IRREGULAR VERBS
SYNTAX.
203
},
]^,
110.
dear.
<,
'^,
],
<;,
<,
4<],
111.
No
-rjvejKaTe,
-^,
'^<,
It is
-],
-'.
-<,
3.
tory
iveyKare,
SYNTAX.
not the purpose of this introduclargely with Greek syntax.
work to deal
study, however, of the
New
Testament,
the Greek, can be prosecuted without at least
in
a
modicimi of knowledge of the Greek syntax.

It is therefore within the scope of this little
work to furnish that modicnin.
It is believed that the examples and principles here set forth will prove of great value
in assisting the beginner to keep his bearings
204
ESSENTIALS OF
amidst the various forms of construction which

render the Greek so rich a language, and at the
same time make it appear so difficult to the
learner.
The inductive study of syntax is valued by no

one more highly than by the author, and I hope
that the following principles may not be looked
upon as rules that are to serve as pegs upon
which the student is to hang his subjunctives,
infinitives, genitives, and datives.
The study
of the syntax should begin with the examples
and not with the principles, with the Greek text
and not with a work on Greek syntax.
The New Testament, written as it was by
several different persons, cannot but present
the peculiarities of style that belong to these
authors.
This variety of style often passes
over
into
different
syntactical
expression.
Accordingly, what is a very common form of

construction in the writings of Paul may not
be found in the Gospels, and Luke may use
expressions that do not occur elsewhere.
The aim has been in the following examples
to give those that are representative of the
language as used by all the writers of the
New
Testament.
syntax
The Moods
The
112.
tences
in
subjunctive.
205
Independent Sentences.
indicative
in
independent senneeds nothing
the natural one and
is
said about
it
here.
Subjunctive.
The
person plural of the subjuncmay be used to

denote a command or cxhortatiojt. The nega 113.'
tive
Let
first
either present or aorist,
tive,
is
(l
lis
eat
and
114.
and
Cor. 15
32),
drink,
Let US not love
The
distinction
'^
John
18,
/*/;
in zuord.
,
-
between the present

what is
aorist is that the present denotes
continued, extended, or repeated, while the aorist
denotes the fact simply without any continued

or extended action. This distinction is generally
true of the present and aorist in all moods
The aorist subjunctive
except the indicative.
and imperative do not refer to past time, but
to the present or future.
may
The
aorist infinitive
refer to past time.
115. In questions of doubt or uncertainty the

subjunctive is used in the first person, rarely in
Mark 12 14,
the second or third.
:
8'
shall zue give or shall
we
not give ?
206
ESSENTIALS OF
NEW TESTAMENT
GREEK.
116. The aorist subjunctive is used with

the double negative
to express a strong
negation.
John 6:35, 6
e'/ie
eh
ireivaajf
e'/xe
he who comes
me shall not hunger,
and he ivho believes on Die shall not thirst.
Note that the future indicative is thus also
used.
The
117.
.,
may
aorist subjunctive
negative command.
Matt, y
Xe
-,
express a
ayiov
Score
-.6,
7]86
give not that which
to the dogs,
nor throiv your pearls before
is
holy
stvine.
Optative.
The
118.
ykvoLTo,
optative
is
used to express a wish

Luke 20 16,
to future time.
that refers
may
See
this not Jiappen.
71.
In Dependent Sentences.
Subjunctive.
119.
duced by
more
3
14,
Final clauses denoting piirpose are introor

and take the subjunctive,
]/
\ 7
rarely the indicative
negative
.
Mark
7], e
and
SYNTAX
he chose
hifn,
20
tivclve in order that they viight be
and
Acts 9
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
']^
l/j
Lord has
with
that he might send them to preach.

.
7\)
sent
me
ayiov,
that yoii might look up
the
and
be
filled ivith the holy spirit.
Object clauses after verbs of exhorting,
120.
commanding, and entreating, take the subjunctive with

more rarely
negative
Matt.
14
entreated
'?
36,
' .
^
;
him that they might but touch
of his garment.
Mark
happen not in the
13
18,
and pray ye
the
they
hem
that
it
luinter.
Conditional Sentences.
condition stated simply without any 121.

thing being impHed as to fulfilment has in
,-
Greek, as in English, the simple present, future,
or past (aorist) indicative in the condition, with
,,
the same tense in the conclusion.
Matt. 4:6,
if thou, art the
down.
all
men
Matt. 26
ejco
Son of God,
33, el
shall be offended in thee,
cast thyself
if
I never shall be
2o8
ESSENTIALS OF
2 Cor.
offended.
NEW TESTAMENT
l6>
^^'
i^^^^
aWa
GREEK.
we have known Christ according

yet noiv tve knoiu him no longer.
if
Conditions CoJitrary
122.
is
to Fact.
added to the conclusion where
the condition, a non-fulfilment

same tense of the indicative
When av
appears in
el
The
implied.
is
and
to the flesh,
used in both
is
parts.
The
123.
denotes present time,
imperfect
and the aorist or pluperfect denotes past time.

Imperfect
John 5 46, d
for if you ivere now
:
^,
believing in Moses, yoii
would now
be believing
Implying that they are not believing
in me.
Moses.
Aorist or pluperfect
',
,
Cor.
8,
in
el
for if they had knozun it they ivonld not

have crucified the Lord of Glory,
i John 2
19,
^,
:
et <âp
for
.,
ef
if they
mained
124.
had
been of
lis,
they
would have
re-
zvitJi us.
Future Conditions.
Clauses that
to future time are introduced
by
eaV,
refer
which
is
followed by the subjunctive {rarely the indica-
SYNTAX
RELATIVE CLAUSES.
,,
2O9
In the conclusion the future indicative

occurs or the present with future sense.
Matt. 9:21, iav
tive).
If
ment,
sJiall
shall be saved.
but touch his gar-
John
ivTo\a<;
my
if ye shall keep
main
my
in
125.
usually
Tjj
;,
iav
10,
commandjnents, ye shall
re-
love.
The
15
ev
negative
in
the
condition
always
in the conclusion
is
oh.
Relatfve Clauses.
126.
as
Clauses introduced by relative words

and
where, follow the same
luJio,
09,
principles as conditional clauses

to present, past, or future time.
word stands as the conjunction
Where an
el.
eaf-construction
when referring
The relative
in the
is
room
relative word usually takes the place of the

and the dv remains, as 09 av. More rarely
eav
is
found.
Luke 8:18,
,^
b?
zvhoever has, to
14
9,
e70Lev
iav
av yap '?;,
him
shall
it
of
implied, the
SoeaL
be given.
eiiayyeXiov,
el
09
Mark
...
zuherever the Gospel
shall be preached, that luhich she has done will

be told.
210
essentials of
new testament
greek.
Temporal Clauses.
Temporal Clauses introduced by ^^

until, are followed by the same con-
127.
ivJien,
,
,
struction as relative conjunctions, 126; ore av

always written orav.
Mark 6 lO,
is
go out
abide there
Jintil
you
Matt. 2I :4, orav ovv

6
wJicn there;
tJience.
fore the lord of the viiieyard cometJi, what will

he do ?
128.
Luke 22
),
More
:
rarely
appears without
e'fo?
av.
34,
croiv to-day until
you deny
the cock shall
not
that
you
three
tiifies
knoiu me.
Infinitive.
129.
meaning
able
The
,,
infinitive is
hope;
used to complete the
of such verbs as
zuish;
seek.
This con-
is the same as in English.

If this
has a subject different from that of
principal verb, this subject must be in
struction
infinitive
the
the acciisative.
we moreover
Hebr. 6
desire each one of
the sanie earnestness.
8
?/!/,
11,
2 Cor. 11
you
:
16,
to exhibit
SYNTAX
^)
same
subject
as
no one
of
the
principal
commonly
be
verb,
is
this
expressed, and all

the nominative case.
Rom.
are in
elvai
made
me.
tJiink
the subject of the infinitive
22,
zuere
211
INFINITIVE.
foolish).
that
not
is
attributes
:
I am
When
130.
tJie
let
elvai,
foolish {that
foolish
they
by declaring themselves
to
be wise.
Words
131.
of
saying and in general exmay be followed by the
pressions of thought
with
infinitive
example
in
the cases
as above.
See
last
129 and in 128.
The infinitive may be used as a suband in this construction may take the
article in any case.
This substantive phrase
(while keeping its verbal force) is governed as a
noun, and often takes a preposition.
132.
stantive,
'
,
,,
I Cor. 14
39, ro \a\eiv
forbid not the speaking with tongues.
Acts
he has faith
14:9,
that he will be healed, Ut. faith of being healed.
:
John
before
48,
Philip called you.

133.
it
came
The
to
infinitive is frequent after i'yevero,
pass,
where the
infinitive,
with or
12
without a subject accusative, is the subject of

the ijevero.
Luke 6 i, eyeveTo
iv
,
,
came
it
8e ev
-,
and
ayiov eV
been baptized {ev
that the heavens tuere
to
pass as
Luke 3:21,
journeyed on the Sabbath.
Xabv
all the people
zvJien
he
iyepero
had
happened
opened, and that the Holy
it
Spirit descended 7ipon him.

134.
so that (to
be distinguished from
as an introductory word,
and so,
therefore),
<
takes the infinitive (indicative twice), negative
Mark 9
^,
26, eyeveTO
he became as one
dead, so that the most said that he was dead.
\eyeiv
,
135.
The
infinitive is
Matt.
before.
common
26
34,
^,
before the cock croivs.

ev
or
after
Acts 7
before
Jie
2,
dwelt in
Charran.
Participle.
136.
Verbs
perceiving,
of hcaj'ijig, seeing, knowing,
may be
This construction
is
and
followed by the participle.

a form of indirect discourse
SYNTAX:
NEGATIVES.
^
',
,7 '^ ^ ^
213
and is rendered by such a clause in English.

Acts 7:12,
A'LyuTTTov, and Jacob having Jicard that there
was
Luke
corn in Egypt.
for
power has gone
ont
from
46,
Die.
knoiu that
John 4
2,
iv
every spirit zuhich confesses that Jesus

For some other exin the flesh.
CJirist canie
amples of the participle see 190-193.
Negatives.
137.
tional,
the usual negative in the condi-
is
and temporal clauses, ov the
relative,
negative of the main clause.

138.
is
'
]
139.
is
negative reply
Tt
aught
to
used
is
not.
in
asking questions where a
expected.
eêre
John 21:5,
/itt/e
chi/dren,
have ye
eat ?
140.
is
affirmative
-^
the negative of the imperative,
marvel
SeKu
purified f
used
answer
is
in
questions
expected.
;
where
Luke
17
an
:
17,
were the ten not
ESSENTIALS OF
214
The
141.
NEW TESIAMENT GREEK.
double negative
24
This generation shall not pass
ykvy]Tai.
away
116.
yevea
TrapeXOr)
34,
until all these tilings come to pass.
When a strong emphasis

negatives may occur in a
142.
several
, ^.
,
Mark
John
44,
,,
is
while
/>;
or
be
or
ev
no darkness
pa
In general,
or fact
sentence,
5,
is
speak ne er a word to any one.

negatives are simple, the effect
143.
desired
is
provided the simple negative as
followed by the compounds, as
ment
used to
Matt.
is
See
express a strong negation.
is
in
him at
all.
77], see to it,

But where the
is
as in English.
the negative of statethe negative of con-
ception, possibility, or contingency.
Uses of the Cases

144.
It
supposed
is
in
that
Greek.
the student
is
already acquainted with the simpler uses of the

cases that have come up in the course of the
lessons.
Genitive.
145.
tive.
Time
<
tuithin luJiich
Matt.
28
they
came
13,
is
put in the geni-
in the night aiid stole Jmn.
syntax: uses of the cases.
The agent
146.
a vohintaiy agent,
Mark
genitive.
he
expressed by
The
147.
and I am of
Christ.
Matt, ii
I'eed
Cor.
7,
shaken by the
may be used
genitive
^.
after
icate
and the
9,
was baptised by JoJui.
zvind.
after a passive verb, usually
is
215
12,
',
as a pred-
of Paul
Verbs of touching, begging, hearing,

and the like, are usually followed by the
genitive.
Luke 5:13,
he
148.
tasting,
, ^,-,
/,
him, saying.
tojicJied
''
Mark
begged Jiim, saying.

Matt. 17
hear ye him. John 8 52,
'
,
and
truth.
he
5, d/coiêre
denoting fulness, deficiency,

take the genitive.
John
full of grace
waît,
1:15,
and
took hold of
he shall not taste death forever.
Words
149.
plenty,
23,
and he
Luke 5:12,
his hand.
etf
Luke 1:53,
.,
he filled the hungry zvith good [things).
James
5, ^l
if any of you
is
lacking in zvisdom.
and
2l6
ESSENTIALS OF
The
150.
NEW TESTAMENT
genitive follows the comparative
Mark 12:31,
degree of the adjective.
mandmcnt
The
151.
Mark
15
and
John
after
to
40,
for
zve
account for the
,.
genitive follows most adverbs, as
5)
me was
the high priests accused
things.
The
to
19
3,
,,,,
152.
Acts
like.
iyKaXeiaOat
are in danger of being called
him of man}'
com-
genitive follows verbs of acciising,
and the
'yap
disturbance.
otlie}'
greater than -these.
is
condernning,
GREEK.
before me, because
he who comes
lie was prior
me.
Dative.
153. The dative is used after words signifying likeness, agreement, or their opposites.
John
55,
be like you, a liar.

154.
The
I shall
dative follows verbs of approach-
ing, joining, following.
Luke 15:25,
and as he
%uent he
SYNTAX
USES OF THE CASES.
folUnv
',
155.
Matt. 21
huti
and he
\&
7
14,
and
wor-
dative.
fe believed
12,
John 9
not.
believe,
commonly followed by the
are
ship,
Die.
,
& , ,
Mark
drciv near to the house.
381
k^cu
zvorshipped him.
The dative is used after et/it and <ylvodenote the possessor. Acts 8:21,
no part is to yo2t {you have no
156.
to
eartv
part).
means, manner, degree, and

157. Cause,
instrument are put in the dative
the latter
usually with a preposition.
Rom. 1 1 20,
^,
,
because of their ujdielief
,
7 ]
Rom. 8 24, rrj yap

off.
Mark
for we are saved by hope.
they were brokeji
10
48,
more,
L
lit.
more by
inuch.
ev
he cried inueh
Luke 22
49, Ku^te,
Lord, ivhether shall zue
:
strike with the szvord ?
158.
dative
Time zuhen and place zuhere are in the

more commonly with kv. Luke 12 20,
rfi
this night they ask from thee thy soul.
ESSENTIALS OF
21
Accusative.
159.
Verbs
subjective,
The motion may be
a preposition, as
et?,
et?
Mark
house.
objective or
,, .
'
the same case occurs, and with
still
vTrearpe'êv
motion tozvards require the
of
accusative case.
Luke
or
Jie
56,
the
tiirncd into
23,
he falls at his feet.
Word
the
John 1:1,0
\oyo<i
zvas with' God.
'
Extent of time and space is put in the

John 7 33, eVi
yet a little while I am with you.
John 6:19, 7]\<; ovv
160.
accusative.
7,
zvhen then they
had gone about
twenty-five
fnrlongs.
Tivo accusatives may follow verbs of

161.
saying or asking something of some one also
Matt. 7 9,
doing something to some one.
ov
,
6
),
son ask for bread.
men.
162.
The
accusative.
Matt. 4
whom
131.
shall his
19,
I shall make you
infinitive
See
fishers of
has the subject in the
SYNTAX
163.
PREPOSITIONS.
Prepositions.
Genitive only.
,
,
,
K,
Dative
only.
out
of.
els, into, to.
Gen., Dat.
down.
and
irepi,
of.
before.
through.
, with,
and
instead
fro)n.
-, until.
Accusative only.
Genitive
219
liri,
Accns.
after.
upon,
at. to.
-rra.po..froj/i, by, to.
irpos,
/<',
at.
about.
Acciis.
vTzip,
tootJi
from
Galilee
sin.
genitive,
'
him.
THE SAKE
;
cls
from every
learn of
through,
entering through
tJirongJi
,
,
,^^'
Source,
, )
,
sake
instead of oSovra
a
tooth.
for
denotes separation, arro
164.
above.
under.
eyeveTO,
the
8ia
Means,
the zaorld zvas
Accusative, on
of, hia TO
door.
vie.
account
., for
made
of,
for
7ny name's
on account of this.
denotes motion toward, either
8ta
real
or
20
eh
implied,
,,
Jie
Time,
vioiititain.
et<f
Used metaphorically
CONDITION,
is
to
zvcnf up into the
for everlasting.
denote rest or a
eh
Jie
in the bosom of the Father.
., .,
K denotes motion out of, where there has

been a close union,
iic
a voice
out of heaven. Time, ck
after this {time).
Place, eV
on the rigJit hand.
,
,
V, IN, eV TTf a'yopa., in the
]
iv
with
iv
,
T7}
,
,
;
(so often
Instrument,
nouns).
plural
market-place ; BeSo-
given among men
shall
we
strike zvith the sivordf
with the genitive, upon, with verbs of

RESTING, GOING, STANDING, eVl T^9 /;?, Upon the
earth.
Time, eVl
in the time of
Claudius.
With the
dative,
where,
iirl
},
a charger.
Accusative, motion toward,
stern ;
errl
gathered
Jipon
they
to
put
him.
,
it
at the
eVl
upon a lajnpstand,
great multitude zuas
Genimotion from above downward.

they rushed doivn
the steep place. An opinion or judgment against
any one, el tl eêTe
^?, if you have anything against any one.
tive,
SYNTAX
Accusative^ along,
,
,
,,
^^
Kara
PRErOSITIONS.
through, according
according to the
throilgJioiit tJiese
association with.
tJie
to,
Genitive,
FatJier is
places
zvitJi
me.
Accusative, After, denoting succession, /xera
ravra
and after this he said.

from the side of.
genitive,
From,
always of a person,
receive from him.
Dative, by the side of.
Something
is done by some one or something,
they remained tuith him.
Accusative,
contrary to, ^Xê
,
,
contrary
TTCpi,
Trepl
he zvcnt
to
the sea ;
to the teaching.
genitive, about,
avTov,
it is
is
zve
or
^
,^,
88^,
concerning,
zvritten concerning him.
Accusative, about, around, irepX 8e
and about
the eleventh hour;
Tyre.
irpd,
BEFORE,
,,
aronnd
before the doors
before the foundation of
the world.
verbs of motion,
he departed to tJiem.
Where the
irpos, accusative, after
<},
motion
XoL'9j
is
not objective,
(ind indeed they contended ivith one another.
ESSENTIALS OF
222
Proximity,
the mountain.
eoV,
Dative.,
icrrep, genitive.,
of.
for sake
shall lay doiun
Accusative, above,
to
is the
near,
t/ie
of,
my
life
ho\)\o^
servant above his fnaster.
ivord
ope<,
Genitive but once, Acts 27
for the advantage

WITH,
with them.
nor
Xoyo'i
zvas zviih God.
by
34,
he proceeded
for yon.
.,
genitive., always with the passive voice

denote the agent,
he
zvas baptized by Jo Jin.
Accusative, under,
sa7v
yon underneath
elSov
,/
the fig tree.
The student should by no means
consider this
short treatment of the prepositions exhaustive.
Many
them occur more than 1000 times in

Testament, and often with varying significance. Only the most fundamental uses have
here been indicated.
In all cases constant reference should be made
the
of
New
to the lexicon.
INDEXES.
GREEK INDEX.
. . All
made
references are
reference
A,
contraction,
in
changed
to
rj,
139
is
to pages.
made
48
to a,
15;
parts,
(note),
^';,
B,
classification
138
changes before
86.
contract form in, 168.
mutes,
short in endings, 23 (top).

1
-,
class of verbs, 186.
2 aor., 118 (v. 13).
,
,
ot,
conjugation, 179; prin.

189; forms in N. T.,
197.
comparison, 153.
76,
ay ,
Occasionally more particular
in parenthesis.
2 perf.,67 (top)
and 112
(v. I).
clauses, 210;
208
in
temp.
,
3,
in rel. clauses,
49.
prin. parts, 190;
in
N. T., 197.
in
N. T.,
prin.
decl., 151.
&v, in apodoses,
among the
(2); euph.
parts, 190;
forms
forms
197.
decl., 150.
209.
,
,
cLvqp, decl., 45.
'^, forms
in
N.
forms in N. T., 196.

forms in N. T.
196.
axiTos,
w. gen., 215.
pers.
pron., 30 (top);
intensive pron., 29 (bottom);

position and meaning with
art., 29, 30,
147.
138
changes before
w. gen., 219.
classification
mutes,
T., 195.
-,
,
49; before
decl., 151.
\v.
,
parts,
gen., 215.
8g
190;
(bottom)
prin.
forms in N. T.,
;
198.
parts,
198.
225
117 (top).
for eavTov, 80.
among the
(2); euph.
prin.
8g (bottom)
forms in N. T.,
;
190;
ESSENTIALS OF
220
aor.
-^,
pass,
69 (bottom).
ei,
et/it,
classification
among
the
207, 208.
?'/,
ei5oi',
57 (bottom).
conjug., 178; w. dat.
poss., 217;
mutes, 138; dropped before

49; euph. changes before
eijui,
a liquid, 69 (mid.); inserted

45 (bottom).
elwov, forms of, 58 (top),
in
,
,
,
,
^,
Set,
impers., 90.
forms, 168.
,
,
decl., 151
conjug.
-,
(note)
verbs
73;
redupl., 89
in
aor.
of,
88;
87,
(bottom)
or
parts,
prin.
88
190;

in contraction, 138; in aug.
15;
lengthened to
aor.
of liquid stems, 79;

pass.,
aor.
fut.
liquid
conjug. of
48; in
147
stems,
\4,
83.
().
148.
decl., 154.
vv.
gen., 2l6 (mid.).
w. dat., 220.
ev,
w.
iwl,
and ace,
gen., dat.,
,,.
220.
parts,
91; forms
N. T., 199.
187;
prin. parts, 191;
class,
', prin. parts, 190;

N. T., 200.
-, -3, -, in the gen.
(bottom)
69
compound,
w. gen., 220.
eKeivos, 27.
in
E,
e|,
e\7r/s, decl., 51,
w. gen. and ace, 219.
in
composition only,
w. ace, 219.
et's,
e/c
w. gen., 215 (mid.).

of
contract
conjug.
in
179
eis,
30.
go,
of
enclitic, 31.
forms in
78;
68; vari-
of the 3d
decl., 44, 45.
able vowel, 4, 13 (top), 15

(mid.), 48 (top) contraction
?ws, construction of, 2IO.
of
Z, double consonant, 12
eai, 13.
();
verb stems in -', i86 (2).
-eat, for -etrat, 13.
iav, w. subj., 39, 208, 209.
iyeipw,
decl., 154.
H,
fut. of, 78.
-r;s,
adjs. in, 84, 85.
classification
see under
e.
iy^, decl., 29, 153.

ei
for ee in aug., 16 (note).
under
e.
See
mutes, 138.
among
the
GREEK INDEX.
, in aor.
-;
M,
pass., 68.
{),
only w.
prin. parts, 191;
,
-,
-^,
class
153
,
,
decl., 15
vowel, 138 (3); added

and adv., 52 (note) ;
in redupl., 89; sign of the
to pron.
opt, 181.
',
(bottom).
in ace. sing., 51
206;
object
vv.
clauses, 207.
',
redupl.,
of forms,
89;
inflection
prin.
173;
-iffTos,
comp. and
decl., I5I (top).
V,
case ending, 51 (bottom).
-vat, infin., 76,
183.
-, in
plur., 4.
3d per.
S, double consonant,
88 (note).
KUKOs compared, 153.
KoXos compared, 153.
in verbs,
,
,
A,
prin. parts, 191.
138; verbs in
class
-,
2 aor.
i86.
of verbs,
prin. parts, 192.

of,
conjug., 160.
165.
17 (top).
in contraction, 139;
187;
to
,48;
length-
to 011,52(132);
connect, vowel, see under
of mutes,
138; before <, 49; before

117 (top).
,
,
in 5th class of verbs,
187.
ened
-,
N, 138;
O,
for classification
final,
superl.,
86.
K,
rel.,
parts,
191; forms in N. T., 201.
in cond.,
subj., 205 (bottom);

double neg.
26 (top)
in asking questions, 213.
conj., construction w. final
clauses,
gen. and ace, 221.
-w.
tative
I, close
-Lv,
compared,
temp, clauses, 213; in wishes,

206; w. imp., 213; w. dubi-
(top).
152;
decl.,
neg.
decl., 151.
-, see
138.
prep.
of verbs, 187 (bottom).
227
0,
TO, art.
clitics,
,
01,
decl.,
e.
146; pro-
21 (note).
diphthong,
8,
conjugation, 180.
,
,
(-, -),
class of verljs,
187.
';,
decl,, 42.
w. gen., 86 (note).
in obj. clauses
w. subjv.,
207.
prin.
ment, 112
8i, rel.
parts,
192;
(v. l).
pron., 33 (bottom).
aug-
ESSENTULS OF
228
,,
.
,
01),
dropped in nouns, 53 (bottom); in

and
13 (). 17 (). and 56 (a);
movable , 141 (top).
and -, see under .
3d per. plur., 15 (top),

28 (note 2) ; see
da-Tis,
decl., 83.
oCs, ear, decl., 151.
and mean-
ovTos, decl., 147; use
ing
-,
n,
168.
in,
138; be49; before Oe in aor.
for classification,
fore
pass., 69.
,
,
w. gen.,
dat.,
ace, 221.
decl., 153.
T, for classification, 138; euph.

changes with other Unguals,
,
-?,
decl., 45.
and ace, 221.
w. gen.
class of verbs, 187;
,
,
,
parts,
prin.
forms in N. T.,
192;
202.
masc. nouns
dat.,
217 (top).
tIs, decl.,
compar.
49.
154; see 75.

154; see 75.
decl., 153.
()
class of verbs.
(mid.);
187
152;
decl.,
in, 22, 23.
see 89 and 90.
t/s, decl.,
Tjoeis,
by
foil,
decl., 44.
,
,
decl., 154.
prin. parts, 193.
69; dropped before
iras, 64.
',
,
,
-,
88.
of, 26, 27.
verbs
,.,
under
prin.
parts,
193
153
51 (top); decl., 151 (top).
w.
Trpos,
vv.
6,
infin., 212.
gen., dat.,
and ace,
221.
Y, close vowel, 138 (3).
',
VL,
w. gen., 216 (middle).
,
,
of,
3 (note)
cation, 138
w. mutes. 49
to
<r
(c),
classifi-
euph. changes
Unguals change
before
216 (middle).
beginning of a word, 140.
, forms
(top).
vios, decl., 145.
TrpQros, w. gen.,
at
decl., 151
diphthong, 10
lingual,
69;
classification,
138
euph.
changes, 49, 69 (178).

conjug., 166
class of
;
verbs, 186;
prin. parts, 193;
193
i88 (mid.); prin. parts,
GREEK INDEX.
X,
see reference under
see KaKos.
double consonant,
and
138.
see under
il,
, augm.
Xelp, decl., 151 (top).
19 (a)
229
0.
,,
for
01,
15 (36).
part, of
-$,
in adverbs, 86.
w.
inf.
(note l).
and
ind., 212,
80
;.
ENGLISH INDEX.
See remark, page 225.
Absolute gen., 74 (note 3).

Abstract nouns, w. art., 112
(v. I, latter part).
Accent, nominal, 24; verbal, 2;

gen. and dat. of oxy tones, 20;
from
S8(note);
in
aor.,
(v.
part,
in contr. syllables, 78 (top)
68,
of,
218.
redupl.
and
inf.,
62; aor. pass.,
and
of,
act.
by gen.,
of, foil,
216.
endings,
69; sense of aor.,

(mid.) and 205.
Apostrophe
61
in elision, 141.
Article decl., 146;
Accusing, verbs
118
accent of 2 aor.
13);
suffix
Accusative case, 144; uses
form and mean-
Attic
monosyllables of 3d decl., 42;

in enclitics, 29 (note).
aor. in
ing, 57; aor. in
(note); w.
proclitic, 21
$,
29,30; w.
adjs. to give positioti, 27.
Augment,
Active voice, 157.

Acute, see under Accent.
Adjectives,
compar.
agree w. nouns,
85;
of,
1 1
attrib.
15
and
183.
Believing, verbs of,
foil,
by
dat.,
25 (note 2).
and pred., position of, 27 (64)

Adverbs, formation of, 86 foil.
by gen. case, 216.
Agent, see under Genitive.
Alphabet, 137.
Antecedent, assim. of rel. to
;
case of anteced.,
15 (v. 24).
Antepenult, 2 {6).
Aorist, 158, 159; use
ing
of,
55,
56;
Cardinal numerals decl., 153.

Cause expressed by dat., 217;
by
part.,
72-73 (top).
Classes of verbs, 184.
Close vowels, 138 (3); stems

of nouns ending in, 51 (bot-
tom).
of,
mean- Command expressed by
2 aor.
diff.
83
imp.,
;
,
ENGLISH INDEX.
Deponent
Comparative, see Degree.
Comparison of
adjs.,
85;
of
advs., 86.
Compound
nega-
verbs, 32, 33;
Condition and conclusion (protasis and apodosis)

syntax
of cond. sent., 206-208.
Conjugation of
-verbs,
Consonants,
(top)
and 69
140;
(note)
3d
at
of,
of,
138
49
consonant stems of
decl., 53.
Contraction, 138, 139; of verbs

in
15
-, -, -,
negatives, 214.
Doubt, questions
of,
exprs.
by
subjv., 205.
Elision of vowels in prep., 141
division
movable consonants,
end of words, 42
138 (4); contr.

w. vowels, 139 (8) ; in aug.
160;
-verbs,
172.
euph. changes
verbs, 32.
Diphthongs,
Double consonants, 138 (2);
tives, 214.
of
231
68; in parts,
(mid.).
Enclitics, 29 (note).
Endings, pers. end. in verbs, 4,

182; case endings in nouns,
23, 42,45, 51.
Exhortation exprs.
by subjv.,
205.
Extent, see Accusative.
of same verbs, 156.

Coronis, 139.
Feminine gender, 143.
Crasis, 139.
Final clauses, 206.
Following,
Dative,
meaning
144; uses
of,
of, 216-217.
Declension of nouns,
Fulness
7
and 142;
A-decl., 19-23; O-decl, 6-11;
41-46 and 50-54;

irreg. nouns of 3d decl. ,151;
of adjs., 26-27; ^djs. of 3d
3d
decl.,
decl.,
85;
of
participles,
154-157; of pronouns, 153-
Demonstrative
pronouns,
26,
liquid verbs,
of
fut.
w. ov
of, 47-49; in
77-78; syntax
214 (top).
Gender, 143,
Genitive case, meaning
3d
of,
clauses, syntax
of,
144;
20; in
41 (bottom) and 51
214-216; prep, w.,
219; gen. abs., 74 (note 3).
decl-,
syntax
27.
206-310.
gen., 215.
Future, formation
accent of oxytones,
154
Dependent
approachby dat., 216.

and want exprs. by
joining,
ing, verbs of, foil,
of,
Grave accent, 9 (note).
232
OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
ESSENTLi.,LS
Hearing, verbs
of, foil,
by gen.,
Movable consonants, 140-141

(top).
II (note).
Mutes,
Imperative, 82, 83; endings of,
182; used in commands, 83.
Imperfect tense, meaning of,

14; aug. in, 15; secondary
tense,
used in cond.
159;
sent., 208.
Indicative, 158;
207-208; w.
of,
of,
212; pers.
182; suffixes
Infinitives, 76;
syntax
in cond. sent.,
of,
in, 183.
2 aor. inf
62;
210-212; endings
183.
euph.
117
changes,
verb
(top);
Negatives, 213;
see under
Neuter, see Gender; neut. plur.

w. sing, verb, 18 (note);
neut. ace. of adjs. as advs.,
86 (mid.).
Nominative case, 144;
of
3d
decl., 41.
143.
Numerals, 153.
nouns of 3d
Irregular,
Nasals, 138 (2).
Number,
Inflexion, 142.
151
138
69,
stems, 186.
and
Impersonal verbs, 90.
end.
49,
decl.
comparison, 153; verbs,
189-193.
Labial mutes, 138.
Likeness, words of,
Objective case, 144.

Open vowels, 138 (3).
Optative, i8o-i8x.
foil,
by
dat.,
Oxytone, 20 (bottom).
216.
Liquids,
138;
verb stems
in,
Palatal mutes,
stems
77-79
in,
Participle,
Manner, see Dat.

part.,
exprs. by a
Means, see dat.

87-90;
37, 39.
Passive voice, 12, 157;
second
Penult, 2 (bottom).
conjugation
of, 172.
Middle mutes, 138 (2).

Middle voice, 157.
Moods, 158.
Motion toward exprs. by ace,
218.
70-73 and
verb
pass., 69.
72 (2).
yut-verbs,
138 (2);
186 (top).
Perfect tense, 65-67;
primary
tense, 159.
Periphrastic forms, 1
2 (bottom).
Personal endings, 4 and 182183.
Place exprs. by dat., 217 (bottom).
ENGLISH INDEX.
Pluperfect tense, suffix in
act.,
Semivowels, 138 (2).
Smooth
89-
Predicate position of adjs., 64
elision,
breathing, 140.
Subjunctive,
syntax
(3d. sent.).
219-222
Prepositions,
233
141
in
suffer
compound
verbs, 32.
Present tense,
3,
primary,
4;
38-39;
35-36,
205-210.
of,
Subscript iota, 7 (a).

Suffixes, 183.
Superlative degree of adjs., 85

of advs., 86.
Systems, tense, 159, 181-182.
159
Primary tenses, 159.

Tasting, verbs
Principal parts of verbs, 159.

Proclitics, 21 (note).
Pronouns, pars, pron., 29;
in-
tensive pron., avTos, 29, 30;

interrog. and indef. pron.,
75;
rel.
pron., 33;
refl.
pron.,
80, 81.
Pronunciation, 137 and 138 (4).

Punctuation, 142.
Purpose, exprs. by
final clauses,
by gen
159; tenses of ind., 158; of

35; of inf., 76; of
subjv.,
part.,
71-72.
Time, within which exprs. by

gen., 214 (bottom); -when,
dat., 217; how long, ace,
218; use of part, to express
time, 72.
206.
Touching,
Quantity of a syllable, 2
(3,
4).
Questions of doubt exprs. by
in
Reduplication in perf., 66;

2 aor., 118 (v. 13); in pres.
system, 89-90; Attic redupl.
1
12 (v. i).
breathing, 10
by
of,
dat., 216.
and
of,
close,
138 (3); contract,
138 (4), 139.
Vowel
declensions,
142 (bot-
Vowel stems in verbs, 48 (mid.).

212.
(<r),
mutes, 138 (2).
by
tom).
Relative clauses, 209.
Result exprs. by
foil,
Voice, 157.
Vowels, short and long, open
Reciprocal pronouns, 81.
in perf.,
of,
Union and approach, words

foil,
Recessive, see Accent.
verbs
gen., 215.
subjv., 205.
Rough
Rough
of, foil,
215 (mid.).
Tenses, primary and secondary,
140.
Want, words of, foil, by gen., 215.

Wish, exprs. by opt., 181.
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mvS'

THE LIBRARY OF THE

This book is due at the WALTER R. DAVIS LIBRARY on

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK

JOHN HOMER HUDDH.STON,

Author of " Greek Tragedy

Light of Vase-Paintings," " Lessons

from Greek Pottery"

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

Set up and electrotyped August, 1895.

1896; October, 1897 (with corrections); August, 1900

of the Revised Version of our

Students are becoming more and more awake to the

passage for themselves rather than accepting without

doubt or question whatever the authorities say

Can anything be done

to bring the language of the

Testament within the reach of a larger number

the absolutely essential parts of the language, as

Testament writers, be set forth in

power of the earnest Sunday-school worker or other

thus devoted for a few months.

teaching of elementary classes in

have been accustomed to begin my

student thus at the very

with a substantial hold

on what proves one of the main

fewest difficulties of form, and which at the

were of the most frequent occurrence, were presented

comprehended by those who had not made the

present volume has grown out of this plan of

The work has been

represents the results of class-room experi-

and with private students, and

class of books, of having

been given a practical

includes the thirty- two lessons, which will afford

preparation for the reading of the Greek,

Prayer from Matthew, the chapter on the Prodigal

given a translation of three chapters,

two literal and one quoted from the Revised Version.

adjectives, participles, the conjugation of verbs, the

New Testament, a table

and the special study in the classes of

main features of the syntax

The prepositions also are discussed

in the lessons so full

may be made by private study,

convenient form of declensions and conjuga-

opportunity for the teacher to exercise

in putting the student in control of

the elementary work.

for the use of their

wish here to acknowledge

wish especially to express

to Rev. Charles Horswell, Ph.D., Professor of

Institute, for invaluable assistance.

Without his suggestion the work would not have been

Whatever of merit this little book may

by Professor Milton S. Terry, D.D., Garrett Biblical

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.