Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Signals)
(information)
(data)
(
)
(Systems)
(
inputs)
outputs)
1-1
1.1.1
1.
(continuous-time signals,
1(a))
(discrete-time signals,
1(b))
1.
2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2.
(
)
(analog signals)
(digital signals) (
2)
3.
(deterministic signals)
(stochastic or random signals)
4.
g(t)
g(t ) = g(t + T0 ),
T0
"t
(periodic signals)
g(t)
T0
g(t)
(1)
(aperiodic signal)
(1)
5.
(energy)
(power)
g(t)
Eg =
g(t ) dt.
1
T T
Pg = lim
T /2
-T /2
(2)
g(t ) dt.
(energy signals)
(power signals)
(2)(3)
(
(3)
3.
1.1.2
1.
(Time Shifting)
g(t)
g(t T)
(
2.
T>0
)
(Time Scaling)
(
3)
T<0
3.
g( t)
(Time Reversal)
g(t)
4.
g(t)
g( t) = g(t)
(odd function)
g(t)
g( t) = g(t)
(even function)
go (t ) :=
go(t)
ge(t)
g(t)
1
[ g(t ) - g(-t )] ,
2
ge (t ) :=
1
[ g(t ) + g(-t )].
2
g(t)
1.1.3
(a)
(Sinusoidal Signal)
(b)
(Rectangular Pulse)
1,
x(t ) = P(t ) =
0,
t < 12
elsewhere
(c)
(Triangular Signal)
1 - t , t < 1
x(t ) = L(t ) =
0, elsewhere
(d)
(Exponential Signal)
Ae-at , t > 0, a > 0
x(t ) =
0 , t < 0
(e)
(f)
(g) Sinc
(h)
)
sin(p x )
sinc( x ) =
px
(sign function)
1,
x>0
x=0
sgn( x ) = 0,
x <0
-1
g(t)
1.1.4
- < t <
guish it from the phasor Ae jq , for which is e jw0t implicit. Using Eulers theorem, we may
readily show that x(t ) = x(t + T0 ) , where T0 = 2 p / w0 . Thus x(t ) is a periodic signal with
period 2p / w0 .
The rotating phasor Ae j( w0t+q ) can be related to a real, sinusoidal signal A cos( w0t + q )
in two ways:
1. x(t ) = A cos( w0t + q ) = Re( x(t )) = Re( Ae j( w0t+q ) ),
2. x(t ) = A cos( w0t + q ) =
1
1
1
1
x(t ) + x* (t ) = Ae j( w0t+q ) + Ae- j( w0t+q )
2
2
2
2
1-2
4.
1.2.1
P.A.M. Dirac
d( t ) = 0,
t0
d(t )dt = 1
(singularity
function)
4)
d(t ) = lim d (t ),
1
pt
where d ( t ) = sin
pt
where d (t ) =
1 t
P
2 2
d(t ) = lim d (t ),
(sampling property)
f(t)
t=T
(c) d ( at ) =
1
d (t ), a
a
(d) d( t) = d(t).
(e)
t2
t1
(f) d(t ) =
(g) If
du(t )
,
dt
f(t)
=
u(t)
where
g(t),
+ and ( n )( t )
and
(1)
1.2.2
t1 < T < t 2
(n)
0,
undefined,
t
or
d (t ) =
t <0
t>0
t=0
du(t )
,
dt
1
1
P(t ) = ut + - u t -
2
2
1. Determine whether the following signals are energy or power, or neither and
calculate the corresponding energy or power in the signal:
(a) x1(t) = u(t), where u(t) is the unit step function.
(b) x2(t) = 4cos(2pt) + 3cos(4pt).
1
t
(d) x4 (t ) = e-at u(t )
(c) x3 (t ) =
t - 4n
(g) x7 (t ) = L
2
n=-
Solution:
3 For an energy signal g(t) with energy Eg, show that the energy of any one of the signals g(t), g(t), and g(t T) is Eg. Show also that the energy of g(at) as well as g(at b) is Eg/a.
This shows that time inversion and time shifting do not affect signal energy. On the other hand,
time compression of a signal by a factor a reduces the energy by the factor a. What is the effect
on signal energy if the signal is (a) time-expanded by a factor a (a>1), and (b) multiplied by a
constant a?
Solution:
4 For the signal g(t) shown in the following figure, sketch (a) g( t); (b) g(t + 6); (c) g(3t);
(d) g(6 t). Also find their energies.
Solution:
1-3
1.3.1 Signals versus Vectors
[a, b]
x(t)
N
t1 = a , t2 = a + , t 3 = a + 2 ,..., tN = a + ( N - 1) = b, where
N
x = [ x(t1 ) x(t2 )
x(t N ) ]
N
x
lim x = x(t ),
t [ a , b ].
b -a
N -1
This relationship clearly shows that continuous-time signals are straightforward generalizations of finite dimension vectors. Thus, basic definitions and operations in a vector space
can be applied to continuous-time signals as well.
1.
w0 = 2 p f 0 =
(t0, t0+T)
x(t ) = X n e jnw0t ,
-
Xn =
1
T0
t0 +T0
t0
2p
T0
x(t)
t0 t < t0 + T0
(Fourier coefficients)
1 t0 +T0
f(t )dt , if x(t ) is periodic with period=T0
T0 t0
f(t ) :=
1 T
lim f(t )dt , if x(t ) is aperiodic.
T T -T
(Euler formula)
X n = x(t ) cos( nw0 t ) - j x(t )sin(nw0 t ) = Re(X n ) + j Im( X n ) = X n e j
Re(Xn)
x(t)
X n = X- n
X-n = Xn*
Xn
Im(Xn)
X n = - X- n ,
and
x(t)
x(t)
Xn =
(a)
(Linearity)
x(t)
y(t)
Xn
Yn
AXn+BYn
Ax(t)+By(t)
A, B
(b)
(Time Shifting)
x(t)
(c)
Xn
Xn e- jw0 a
(Frequency Shifting)
x(t)
(d)
x(t-a)
Xn
x(t )e jkw0t
Xn
x*(t)
X-* n
x( t)
Xn-k
(Conjugate)
x(t)
(e)
(Time Reversal)
x(t)
Xn
1 t0 +T0
2
2
x
(
t
)
dt
=
Xn := Pav
T0 t0
n=-
1.
Pav
2.
(Line Spectra)
(t0, t0+T0)
x(t)
Xn
(phasor)
Xn
w = nw0 (n
Xn
Xn
(line spectra)
X0
DC
x(t)
Xn
x(t)
(n-th harmonic)
p
x(t ) = 1 + 2 cos( 2 pt ) + sin(2 pt ) + 3 cos 4pt + + 2 e j 6pt .
4
Then derive all of its Fourier series coefficients, ak, when x(t) is expanded as
x(t ) =
ae
k =-
jkw0 t
(93
Solution:
1-4
(Fourier Transform)
x(t)
x(t)
x(t ) dt <
x(t)
(Fourier integral)
X( f ) =
x(t ) =
x(t )e- j 2 p ft dt
X( f )e j 2 p ft df
(4)
(Fourier transform)
x(t)
F {x(t )} = X( f ) =
X( f )e j 2 p ft df .
X(f)
X( f ) =
Re(X(f))
x(t)
X (- f ) = - X ( f )
X( f )
Re(X(f))
X (- f ) =
X(f) = jIm(X(f))
X(f) =
x(t)
X( f )
X( f )
x(t)
x(t)
E :=
x * (t ) X ( f )e j 2 p ft df dt ,
-
-
x(t ) dt =
2
E = X( f ) x * (t )e j 2 p ft dt df = X ( f ) x(t )e j 2 p ft dt df
-
-
-
X( f )X * ( f )df
E=
x(t ) dt =
2
X( f ) df
Parseval
jouls/hertz (
energy density)
G(f)
(
1.
(Superposition Theorem)
a1 x1 (t ) + a2 x 2 (t ) a1 X 1 ( f ) + a2 X 2 ( f ) (
Proof.
2.
(Time-Delay Theorem)
Im(X(f))
X( f) = X*(f) (
x(t)
X( f )
3.
(Scale-Change Theorem)
1 f
x( at ) X
a a
Proof.
4.
(Duality Theorem)
X (t ) x(- f )
x(t)
X(f)
X(t) (
x( f)
Proof.
5.
x(t )e j 2 p f0t X( f - f 0 )
Proof.
6.
(Modulation Theorem)
1
1
x(t ) cos(2 p f 0 t ) X( f - f 0 ) + X( f + f 0 )
2
2
7.
(Differentiation Theorem)
d n x(t )
( j 2 p f )n X ( f )
n
dt
8.
(Integration Theorem)
Proof.
1
x(l )dl ( j 2 p f )-1 X ( f ) + X (0)d( f )
2
X(t)
9.
Proof.
(Convolution Theorem)
x1 (t ) * x2 (t ) :=
10.
Proof.
x1 (l )x2 (t - l )dl =
(Multiplication Theorem)
x1 (t )x2 (t ) X 1 ( f ) * X 2 ( f ) =
X1 (l )X 2 ( f - l )dl
(4) Ae j 2 p f 0t Ad ( f - f 0 )
(Ziemer
Solution:
d(t - mT ).
s
m=-
Solution:
ys(t)
y s (t ) =
Yn =
1
Ts
m=-
y s (t ) = f s
Ts
d(t - mTs ) =
jn 2 p f st
n=-
m=-
(5)
n=-
jn 2 p f st
fs =
1
,
Ts
d (t )e- jn 2 p fs t dt = f s .
Ys ( f ) = f s
Ye
(4)
n=-
F 1 e j 2 pnfs t = f s
d(t - mTs ) f s
d( f - nf ).
n=-
d(t - nf )
(5)
n=-
-
m=-
- j 2 p ft
- j 2 p ft
(
)
(
)
d
t
mT
e
dt
=
d
t
mT
e
dt
=
e- j 2 pmTs f
s
s
- m
-
=-
m=-
m=-
(5)
m=-
e j 2 pmTs f = f s
d(t - nf )
n=-
p(t) = x(t)
p(t) = 0)
m=-
m=-
x(t)
X( f ) = F d(t - mTs ) P( f ) = f s d ( f - nf s ) P( f )
m=-
n=-
(5)
= fs
P(f)
p(t) (
x(t)
n =-
d ( f - nf s )P( f ) =
n =-
f s P(nf s )d( f - nf s ),
p(t)
m=-
p(t - mTs )
(6)
n=-
f s P(nf s )d( f - nf s )
(6)
F {exp(- j 2 pnf s t )} = d( f - nf s )
(6)
n=-
n=-
(6)
m=-
p(t - mTs ) = f s
P(nf )e
s
n=-
1-5
j 2 p f st
(Correlation)
x(t)
Rx (t ) =
Rx(0) = E
x(t)
F {Rx (t )} = X( f ) := G( f )
2
x(t)
(time-average autocorrelation
function)
1
T 2T
Rx (t ) = lim
-T
Rx ( t )
Rx (0) = x 2 (t ) := P
F {Rx (t )} =
Sx(f)
Rx (t )e- j 2 p f t dtSx ( f )
Rx ( t )
x(t)
4.
x(t)
lim t Rx (t ) = x(t )
Rx ( t )
T0
T0
5.
t)
(nonnegative functions)
6.
(a) Prove Parsevals relation
1
2
X ( j w ) dw
2p
where X ( jw ) is the Fourier transform of x(t).
x(t ) dt =
2
5.
1-6
(89
5
(
Hybrid System
1.7.1
a1
a2
y (t ) =
t0
y (t - t 0 ) =
[ x( t )]
(
response)
t = 0
t0
[ x(t - t0 )]
h( t ):= [d(t )]
x(t)
x(t)
1.7.2
(impulse
h(t)
y(t)
(Stability)
(bounded)
BIBO
1.7.3
h(t ) dt <
)
h(t)
Y ( f ) = H ( f )X ( f )
X ( f ) = F[ x(t )], Y ( f ) = F[ y(t )]
H ( f ) = F[h(t )] =
h(t ) = F-1 { H( f )} =
h(t )e- j 2 p ft dt
H(f )
H ( f )e j 2 p ft dt
BIBO
y (t ) =
1.7.4
X( f )H( f )e j 2 p ft dt
(Causality)
(Memoryless)
(Causality)
h(t) = 0, for t < 0
ln H ( f )
1+ f 2
h(t ) dt =
2
H ( f ) df <
2
(memoryless)
[]
[]
[]
1.7.5 H(f )
H(f )
H ( f ) = H ( f ) exp [ j H ( f )]
H( f )
H( f )
H ( f ) = H (- f )
h(t)
H ( f ) = - H (- f )
H(f )
y( t ) =
t-t2
t-t1
x(t )dt ,
sin(2pt )
.
pt
(92.
Solution:
1, t 2 t t 1
d( t )dt = u(t - t 2 ) - u(t - t1 ) =
t-t1
0, else
(b) The system is linear and time-invariant but not causal, because h(t ) 0 for t < 0.
(a) h(t ) =
t -t 2
t +t
- j 2 p f 1 2
f
2
f
2
Therefore, SY ( f ) = SX ( f ) H ( f ) = s 2 + P (t1 - t2 )sinc2 [(t1 - t2 ) f ] .
2
1.7.6
H(f )
x(t), y(t)
Gx ( f ) = X( f ) , and Gy ( f ) = Y ( f )
2
Gy ( f ) = H ( f ) Gx ( f ).
2
x(t)
y(t)
Sy ( f ) = H ( f ) Sx ( f ).
2
1.7.7
(Distortionless Transmission)
x(t)
y(t) = H0x(t t0)
H0
t0
H ( f ) = H 0 e- j 2 p ft0
H(f )
(distortionless system)
(amplitude
distortion)
(phase,
or delay, distortion)
1.7.8
(nonlinear distortion)
(Ideal Filter)
(frequency-selective device)
(low-pass)
(band-pass)
(high-pass)
1.
H LP ( f ) = H 0 P( f / 2 B)e- j 2 p ft0
2.
3.
H BP ( f ) = [ H 1 ( f - f 0 ) + H 1 ( f + f 0 )]e- j 2 p ft0 ,
where H 1 ( f ) = H 0 P( f / B).
(
)
6.
(a)
(b)
hBP (t ) = 2 h1 (t - t 0 ) cos[2 p f 0 (t - t 0 )]
h1 (t ) = F-1[ H 1 ( f )] = H 0 Bsinc( Bt )
hBP (t ) = 2 H 0 Bsinc[ B(t - t0 )]cos[ 2p f 0 (t - t0 )].
Brms
8. Assume
2
2
2
f H ( f ) df
= -
2
H
f
df
(
)
t
t - 10 k
t 1 - ,
x(t ) = L
, where L =
t
2
t
k =-
0,
t <t
otherwise
t
If this signal passes through a low-pass filter with the impulse response h(t ) = sinc ,
4
find the filtered output signal.
Solution:
x(t)
1-7
(95.
Hilbert
Transform
x (t )
(Hilbert Transform)
h( t ) =
H ( f ) = - j sgn( f )
x(l )
2. x (t ) = x(t ) * h(t ) =
dl = F-1 {X( f )[- j sgn( f )]} .
- p(t - l )
Example: x(t ) = cos 2 p f 0 t x (t ) = sin 2p f 0 t ,
1.8.1
1. X ( f ) = X ( f )
1
pt
2. x (t ) = -x(t )
x (t )
3. x(t)
4.
5.
x(t )x (t )dt = 0.
c(t)
m(t)
c(t)
m(t)
x(t)=m(t)c(t)
x (t ) = m(t )c(t )
m(t)
c(t)
m(t )c(t ) =
M ( f ) = F {m(t )} , C ( f ) = F {c(t )}
m(t)
c(t)
m(t )c(t ) =
M(f )C(f)
m(t )c(t ) =
f <W
f '>W
sgn(f + f)
M ( f )exp( j 2p ft )df
= m(t )c(t )
1.8.2
(Analytic Signals)
xp(t)
x(t)
xp ( t ) = x(t ) + jx (t )
xp(t)
x(t)
pre-envelope
xp(t)
f >0
f <0
sgn(f)
xn (t ) = x(t ) - jx (t )
x (t )
-x (t )
1.8.3
x(t)
f0
(bandpass signal)
xp (t ) = x(t )e j 2 p f0t
(complex envelope)
x(t )
xp (t ) = x(t ) + jx (t )
= x(t )e j 2 p f 0t
xp ( t ) = x(t ) + jx (t )
xI (t ) := Re{ x(t )}
: quadra-
A( t ) = xI2 (t ) + xQ2 (t ),
x (t )
f( t ) = tan -1 Q
xI (t )
1.8.4
(Bandpass Systems)
Bandpass
System
x(t)
H ( f ) = 0,
y (t )
f - f0 W
x(t ) = m( t )
H ( f ) = ke jb ( f )
b ( f ) -2 p f 0 t (
)
y(t ) = km(t - t g ) cos[ 2 p fc (t - t p )]
t g := -
1 db ( f )
2p df
(group delay)
f = fc
t p := -
b( f )
2p f
(phase def = fc
lay)
10.
Solutions:
y ( t ) = x(t ) * h(t )
y (t ) =
1
x(t ) * h(t ).
2
11. Given the bandpass signal x(t ) = sinc(t ) cos(2 p f c t ), which is passed through a
(modulated signal))
xc (t ) = A(t )cos[2p f c t + f(t )],
fc
(message signal, m(t))
1.
vs.
A(t)
AM,
m(t)
m(t)
PM, FM
2.
vs.
DSB, SSB, VSB
AM, PM, FM.
1.
2.
S( f ) =
Ac
[ M ( f - f c ) + M ( f + f c )]
2
DSB
BT = 2W (
3.
Ac2 PM
PS =
2
DSB
2.1.2 DSB
PM
PS
Eff = 100%
(Modulator)
1. Balanced Modulator
s(t ) = s1 (t ) - s2 (t )
2. Switching Modulator
p(t ) =
t - kTc - t0
1
, f c = , t < Tc
Tc
t
k =-
P( f ) = F{ p(t )} =
n=-
Bandpass
System
fc
x(t)
m(t)
p(t)
s( t )
x(t) = m(t)p(t)
X( f ) = M( f ) * P( f ) =
x(t)
n=-
fc
s(t ) = F { fc sinc( f c t ) M ( f - f c )e- j 2 p fc t0 + f c sinc( f c t )M ( f + f c )e j 2 p fc t0 }
= f c t sinc( f c t )m(t )2 cos(2 p f c t + q ) = Ac m(t ) cos(2p f c t + q ),
-1
Ac = 2fctsinc(fct), q = -2pfct0
2.1.3 DSB
1.
(Demodulator)
(Coherent Demodulator)
Low-pass
Filter
v(t)
s(t)
v o (t )
(1)
( f c = fc' , q = 0)
vo (t ) = LPF{ v(t )} =
Ac Ac'
m(t ).
2
Ac Ac'
m(t )[1 + cos(4p f c t )]
2
( f c = fc' , but q 0 )
(2)
vo (t ) = LPF{ v(t )} =
Remarks
I.
q=
II.
p
,
2
vo(t)=0
v0(t)
Ac Ac'
m( t )[cos q + cos(4p f c t + q )]
2
Ac Ac'
m(t ) cos q.
2
m(t)
q
III.
pilot signal
s(t)
fc
2. Costas Receiver
1
1
Vp = LPF Ac m(t ) cos f Ac m(t )sin f = LPF Ac2 m 2 sin 2f = k sin 2f
2
2
2
2
1
k = Ac2 m2 (t )
f << 1
Vp = k sin 2f k 2f
phase offset f > 0
Vp > 0
8
VCO
phase error
phase offset f < 0
Vp < 0
VCO
phase error
2.1.4
m1(t)
m2(t)
Coherent Demodulator
= RX(t ).
Y (t ) =
y 2 (t ) R21 R22 x2 (t )
Find the 2 2 transformation matrix R, and sketch the I/Q plot of y1(t) and y2(t).
Solution:
2-2 AM
(Amplitude Modulation)
2.2.1
AM
Ac
m(t)
(amplitude sensitivity)
W fc
mn (t ) :=
m(t )
min m(t )
ka
a := k a min m(t ) 100%
(modulation index)
a 100%
a
(phase reversal)
a > 100%
1+kam(t)
1+kam(t)
(over-modulated)
fc >> W
a 100%
s(t)
(envelope
m(t)
detector)
M(f )
m(t)
S( f ) =
S(f )
S(f )
Ac
kA
[d( f - f c ) + d( f + f c )] + a c [ M( f - f c ) + M( f + f c )]
2
2
m(t)
PM
E ff :=
k a2 PM 1
Ps =
s(t)
Ac2 (1 + k a2 PM )
2
AM
Eff
k a2 PM
1 + ka2 PM
50%
Eff
Single-Tone
E ff =
ka2 ( Am /2)2
a2
=
33.3% (if a 1)
1 + ka2 ( Am /2)2 1 + a 2
50
t
0
T/2
3T/2
2T
Figure 1
Solution:
2.2.2 AM
1.
(Square-Law Modulator)
Square-Law
Device
v1(t)
m(t)
v2 (t )
BPF
fc
s(t)
Ac cos(2 p f c t )
v1 (t ) = m(t ) + A cos(2 p f c t )
v2 (t ) = A cos( 2p f c t ) + m(t )
2. Switching Modulator
v1(t
m(t)
Ac cos(2p f ct )
v2(t
)
p(t)
v1 (t ) = m(t ) + A cos(2p f c t )
t - nT0
1
, T0 =
p(t ) = P
fc
T0 / 2
n=-
Bandpass
System
fc
s( t )
3. Amplitude Modulation
Figure 2 shows the circuit diagram of a square-law modulator. The signal applied to the
nonlinear device is relatively weak, such that it can be represented by a square law: v2(t)
= a1v1(t) + a2 v12 (t ) , where a1 and a2 are constants and v1(t), v2(t) are input and output
voltages, respectively. If the input voltage is defined by v1 (t ) = Ac cos(2 p f c t ) + m(t ),
where m(t) is the message signal and Accos(2pfct) is the carrier wave.
(a) Evaluate the output voltage v2(t).
(b) For the tuner circuit shown in Figure 2, specify the frequency response that the tuner
circuit must satisfy in order to generate an AM signal with fc as the center frequency.
(c) Calculate the amplitude sensitivity of this AM signal.
(d) Design a possible circuit that can be used to demodulate this signal.
Figure 2
Solution:
2.2.3 AM
1.
(Coherent Demodulator)
s(t)
Low-pass
Filter
x(t)
2 cos(2p f c t )
2.
v(t )
y(t)
C
(Square-Law Detector)
s(t)
Square-Law
Detector
v(t )
Low-pass
Filter
r(t)
y(t)
C
v(t ) = a1 s(t ) + a2 s 2 (t ),
y(t ) = LPF{ v(t )}
(1) m(t)
r(t)
km(t)
3.
(Envelope Detector)
2-3 SSB
VSB
2.3.1
(Single-Sideband Modulation)
(USB)
(SSB)
USB
m(t)
(LSB)
DC
LSB
sDSB(t)
m(t)
Sideband Filter
HL(f ) or HU(f )
sUSB(t) or sLSB(t)
Ac cos(2 p f c t )
1. SSB
(a)
LSB
1
H L ( f ) = [sgn( f + f c ) - sgn( f - f c )]
2
SLSB ( f ) = SDSB ( f )H L ( f )
(b)
USB
(c)
BT = W
(d) PS =
Ac2
PM ,
4
HU ( f ) = 1 - H L ( f )
SUSB ( f ) = SDSB ( f )H H ( f )
E ff = 100%
2. SSB
(a)
Ac
1
[ M( f + f c ) + M ( f - f c )] [sgn( f + f c ) - sgn( f - fc )]
2
2
A
= c {M ( f + fc )sgn( f + f c ) + M( f +f c ) + M( f - f c ) - M( f - f c )sgn( f - f c )}
4
Ac
=
{ M ( f +f c ) + M ( f - f c ) +
4
j[ M( f + f c )(- j ) sgn( f + f c ) - M ( f - f c )(- j )sgn( f - f c )]}
SLSB ( f ) =
Ac
A
{M( f +f c ) + M ( f - f c )} + c j {M ( f +f c ) - M ( f - fc )}
4
4
sLSB (t ) =
Ac
A
(t )sin(2p f c t )
m(t ) cos(2p f c t ) + c m
2
2
sUSB (t ) =
Ac
A
(t )sin(2p f c t )
m(t ) cos(2 p f c t ) - c m
2
2
(b)
3. SSB
4. SSB
(1) Coherent Demodulator
v(t)
sUSB(t) or sLSB(t)
2 cos(2 p f c t + f )
Low-pass
Filter
vo(t)
Envelope
Detector
v(t)
sUSB(t) or sLSB(t)
y(t)
C
k cos(2 p f c t )
1
(t )sin(2p f c t )
v(t ) = Ac m(t ) + k cos( 2 p f c t ) Ac m
2
2
v(t)
1
(t )
vo (t ) = Ac m(t ) + k + Ac m
2
k >>
Ac
m(t )
2
v o (t )
Ac
m(t ) + k
2
DC
y (t )
2.3.2
Ac
m(t )
2
VSB
(vestige)
DC
m(t)
sDSB(t)
Ac cos(2 p f c t )
1.
Sideband
Filter, Hv(f )
vo(t)
SVSB ( f ) = SDSB ( f )H v ( f )
m(t)
VSB
H v ( f + f c ) + H v ( f - f c ),
VSB
B T = W + fv
-W f W
Eff = 100%
2.
sVSB (t )
Ac
M( f ),
2
f W
s I (t ) =
f W
Ac
A
M ( f ){ j[ H v ( f - f c ) - H v ( f + f c )} = c M( f )H Q ( f )
2
2
A
sQ (t ) = c m(t ) * hQ (t )
2
where H Q ( f ) = j{ H v ( f - f c ) - H v ( f + f c )}, hQ (t ) = F -1 { H Q ( f )}
=
3.
Phase-Shift Modulator
m(t)
Ac
cos( 2 p f c t )
2
-90o
HQ(f )
Ac
sin(2 p f c t )
2
m(t ) * hQ (t )
4.
sVSB (t )
Coherent Demodulator
v(t)
sVSB(t)
Low-pass
Filter
vo(t)
2 cos(2p f c t )
2.3.3
1.
2.
3.
4. VSB
5.25 MHz)
(VSB+C)
FM
Sideband Filter
VSB
Envelope Detector
(
(a)
VSB
2.3.4
1.
(Mixing)
f1
f2
s1 (t ) = cos( 2 p f 1t )
f LO = f 1 f 2 (
)
1
1
e(t ) = cos(2 p f 1t ) cos(2 p f LO t ) = cos[ 2 p( f 1 + f LO )t ] + cos[2p( f 1 - f LO )t ]
2
2
(1)
f2 > f1: up-conversion (
)
f2 < f1: down-conversion (
(2)
BPF
2.
f 1 + 2 f 2 ,
f image =
f 1 - 2 f 2 ,
3.
high-side tuning
low-side tuning
(Superheterodyne Receiver)
(1)
high-side tuning
(Intermediate Frequency, IF) fIF
(2)
fimage = fc + 2fIF
RF
(3)
high-side tuning
fLO
fLO
RF
fc
Example: