Professional Documents
Culture Documents
urut
No
Damage Mechanisms
Sulfidation
NING Environment-Assisted2Cracking 62
NING Environment-Assisted5Cracking 60
65
Oxidation
Thermal Fatigue
Refractory Degradation
Graphitization
Temper Embrittlement
Decarburization
42
30
Caustic Corrosion
Erosion/Erosion - Corrosion
NING Environment-Assisted21
Cracking 64
NING Environment-Assisted22
Cracking 61
40
Carburization
45
Steam Blanketing
Thermal Shock
Cavitation
32
Graphitic Corrosion
Brittle Fracture
885F Embrittlement
Softening (Spheroidization)
Reheat Cracking
27
NING Environment-Assisted40
Cracking 63
31
Dealloying
26
CO2 Corrosion
41
Corrosion Fatigue
Amine Corrosion
23
22
Atmospheric Corrosion
43
24
25
28
44
21
Galvanic Corrosion
Mechanical Fatigue
Nitriding
Vibration-Induced Fatigue
66
Titanium Hydriding
29
Soil Corrosion
Metal Dusting
Strain Aging
47
46
readsheet
Description of Damage
Temperature Range
> 500F
> 500F
< 150F
N/A
N/A
Elevated temperatures
N/A
N/A
> 140F
>1100F
Short-term, high-tempFailures.
1000F-1750F
600F- 1000F
N/A
> 510F
Aqueous HF environments
N/A
N/A
Any temperature
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
> 165F
900F - 1500F
Intermediate Temperature
N/A
Affected Materials
Prevention
Symmetrical/balanced flow in
and out of air cooled
CS; 300 SS, duplex SS, Al alloys exchangers; Maintain velocities
and Ni base alloys more resistant
10 to 20 fps For CS, resistant
materials > 20 fps; Water wash
injection and low oxygen
Refractory materials
Addition of 0.7% Cr
Mechanical, design, or
operational change; Sufficient
NPSH; Streamline flow; Remove
air; Decrease velocities; Fluid
additives
Minimize temperature
excursions; Burner
management
All alloys; Stress levels and number Good design; Material selection;
of cycles to failure vary by material
Minimize stress risers
Titanium alloys
Inspection
Appearance
RT or UT Thickness; Monitor pH of
ovhd accumulators; Corrosion
coupons
N/A
N/A
N/A
Hardness/Field metallography if
process side accessible; RT, UT, MT
For cracking in advanced stages
"fishmouth"
N/A
N/A
VT, UT, RT
UT, MT
"alligatorhide"
VT and UT
N/A
None
N/A
RT or UT Thickness; Corrosion
coupons
Material
Temperatur
No
ANY
1 any
2 cs & low alloy
3 any
4 any
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
x
x
x
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
x
x
Process Unit
Caustic Treating
Visbreaker
Hydrogen Reforming
Isomerization
Sour Water Stripper
Sulfur Recovery
Amine Treating
HF Alkylation
sulfuric acid alkylation
hydroprocessing units
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Damage Mechanism
Sulfidation
Wet H2S Damage
Creep
High Temp H2/H2S corr
Polythionic Acid Cracking
Naphthenic Acid Corrosion
Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion
Ammonium Chloride Corrosion
HCl Corrosion
High Temperature Hydrogen Attack
Oxidation
Thermal Fatigue
Sour Water Corrosion (acidic)
Refractory Degradation
Graphitization
Temper Embrittlement
Decarburization
Caustic Cracking
Caustic Corrosion
Erosion / Erosion-Corrosion
Carbonate SCC
Amine Cracking
Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking
Carburization
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Steam Blanketing
Thermal Shock
Cavitation
Graphitic Corrosion (see Dealloying)
Short term Overheating Stress Rupture
Brittle Fracture
Sigma Phase/ Chi Embrittlement
885oF (475oC) Embrittlement
Softening (Spheroidization)
Reheat Cracking
Sulfuric Acid Corrosion
Hydrofluoric Acid Corrosion
Flue Gas Dew Point Corrosion
Dissimilar Metal Weld (DMW) Cracking
Hydrogen Stress Cracking in HF
Dealloying (Dezincification/ Denickelification)
CO2 Corrosion
Corrosion Fatigue
Fuel Ash Corrosion
Amine Corrosion
Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
Atmospheric Corrosion
Ammonia Stress Corrosion Cracking
Cooling Water Corrosion
Boiler Water / Condensate Corrosion
Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC)
Liquid Metal Embrittlement
Galvanic Corrosion
Mechanical Fatigue
Nitriding
Vibration-Induced Fatigue
Titanium Hydriding
Soil Corrosion
Metal Dusting
Strain Aging
Sulfate Stress Corrosion Cracking
Phosphoric Acid Corrosion
Phenol (carbolic acid) Corrosion
Ethanol Stress Corrosion Cracking
Oxygen-Enhanced Ignition and Combustion
Organic Acid Corrosion Of Distillation Tower Overhead Systems