FEDUC

CHAPTERS 17- COMMUNAL SOCIETIES

By: CABAG

FACTORS
DIFFERENTIATING THESE
TWO TYPES
COMMUNITY

FAMILY

URBAN

RURAL

It is an extensive built-up area

where a large number of
people live and work. The
nature of the population is
heterogeneous for they come
from
different
ethnic
communities,
dissimilar
beliefs and ideologies, various
statuses in life and diverse
thinking.

Refer to a group of people

living in the countryside,
provinces, or barrios
They nave, stereotype and
simple.

Work- oriented, because the

cost of living in the city is quite
high and job competition is
stiff.

Usually a family have many

children. The father works as
farmer or fisherman and the
mother does the household
chores with the help of their
children.

Both parents are working

while the children are in
school. They send their
children to school in the
morning and fetch them in the
afternoon or they have the
kasambahay to do that.

They do not aspire things they

think cannot afford.
They breathe fresh air, eat
fresh fruits and veges, sleep
on bamboo bed and stroll in
the pilapil. These are enough
to them.

They have tv or radio use to

watch/listen telenovelas or
soap opera.
In
several
families
grandparents and kamaganak live in the same house
and often than not they
interfere with the familys
decision making.
Children enjoy themselves
through Filipino games like

ECONOMY

Middle class income ranges

from 5-7 thousands( this
varies depending on the type
of work they are into)
Too small for urban life(water,
telephone line, house rentals,
etc)
hence,
they
need
sidelines
(selling
dried
seafood
from
Palawan
hahahaha)
For many: isang kahig isang
tuka ang buhay ciudad.

EDUCATION

Most educational institution

are in the U-belt. Urban
students enjoy their school
days full of unexpected
experiences,
tingling
relationships between fellow
students
and
professors
(laswa), gimmicks when they
feel like to skip classes,
occupy computer shops ( in
short lagging nagbubulakbol
tulad natin dati. Hihihi)
However there are students
who are quite serious in
learning for they want to get
high and competitive grades
for future employment.

Modern technologies in the

city brought thestudents to a
more
advanced
and
competitive research and

taguang
pong,
tumbang
preso, playing holen and
many others.
Prices of commodities in
several provinces and barrios
are a bit cheaper depending
on
the
class
of
the
municipality.
Remuneration
of
workers are cheaper.

skilled

Salaries
of
government
employess oftentimes come
late because of insufficient tax
collection.
Many provincianos migrate to
the city to search for good
employment.
Government run educational
institution to those who cant
afford to send their children to
private school.
Higher educations are only
available in the nearby cities.
Schools are usually located in
the populated areas and
students from far flung areas
will will walk kilometers away
just to attend school.

Students depend much on the

lessons prepared by teacher
because they lack in materials
like books, computers and the
like.

Some who graduated from

high school do not pursue

paper works assigned by their

teachers.

FESTIVAL

Those who graduated from

reputable
universities
or
colleges in the city may have
a plus factor in their future
employment.
There
are
several companies who prefer
graduates from such colleges
and universities.
Very limited compare with the
festivities in the provinces.
Urban festivities are
extravagant (bongga) for
organizers spend a lot of
money to make the
presentation colorful and
artistic.

college due
constraints.

to

financial

Many festivals are held for

instance one for the patron
saint, barrio fiesta, one
established by hermano/na
mayor of the place.
They
also
have
the
pasasalamat for the bountiful
harvest

The fireworks display is the

most awaited event during the
festival.

DEVELOPMENT

Common urban celebrations:

MMFF, Manila day, New Year,
Christmas, Holy Week, San
Juan
It is not impossible because
experts,
planners,
and
developers
can
work
competitively
for
the
expansion and progress of the
city.
Tax revenues is high enough
to sustain all development
expendetures.
The cities must be models
and images of progress and
modernity to other countries.

IV- MORAL

Loe
budget
from
the
government. Some do not
have electricity yet.
No water supply and roads
are rough.

OBEDIENCE- where subordinates subsequently follow submissively to carry out the approved
conducts by the elders with no argumentation and criticism for one reason or another.
MORAL derived from latin mos that denotes manner or custom. Hence morality is the
rightness or wrongness of any specific human action as judged by accepted moral standard.

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES

He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of

the great teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is
knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.

internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.

Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the

main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.

Human actions are based on five virtues of:

Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.
Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.

He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood

would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.
ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the

Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.
ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a

man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.
ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya

eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.
ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged

such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the

behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.
ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against

authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their

actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral

people once more to the principles and precepts of sages

of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.
Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.

Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.

He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood

would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.
ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.

Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the

Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.
ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.

Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a

man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.
ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.

Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya

eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.
ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged

such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the

behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual

nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

toward the (551-479 BC)
standards is to convert

Chinese philosopher who believed that the remedy

present disorder and lack of moral
people once more to the principles and precepts of sages
of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.

Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and
cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES
He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of
the great (469- 399BC)
teachers of
ethics who argued that virtue is knowledge;
People will be virtuous if they know what virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.
ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)
essence

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

virtue is self control and that it is capable of being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

sensual

external good- which consists of personal property,

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the

soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against

authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their

actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)

Chapter 18-Historical development

The moral standard for human conduct was based from tested principles, philosophies,
and dogmas of different thinkers,philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post
modernity.
Divine revelation is always the foundation and point of reference of Christian ethics,
while the philosophical discipline of morality relies upon the authority of reason. Both terms,
morality and ethics , will be used interchangeably to accommodate the highest good and
rightness of human actions in the realm of philosophy and theology.

PYTHAGORAS(582-500 BC)

He was a greek philosopher and mathematician

Who believed that mans intellect is higher than his sensual
nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental
discipline.
Man must be simple in speech, dress, and food. Any
superfluous way of life should be avoided.

KUNG FU-TZU OR CONFUCIUS

Chinese philosopher who believed that The remedy toward

the present disorder and lack of moral standards is to

convert people once more to the principles and precepts of

sages of antiquity.
Human actions are based on five virtues of:
Kindness, uprightness , decorum, wisdom and
faithfulness that constitute the whole of human duty.
Kindness

is an act that shows considerations and caring for others

especially to those underprivileged and needy people.

Uprightness

is an act in which an individual behaves according to a

religious or moral code all the time.

Decorum

is an act in which a person does the right that is socially

accepted.

Wisdom

is the knowledge and experience needed to make sensible

decisions and judgments.

Faithfulness

is an attitude of an individual consistently trushworthy and

loyal especially to another person, a duty or a promise.

GAUTAMA BUDDHA

He was an Indian philosopher and founder of Buddhism

(563-483 BC)
good

who believed that human actions lead to rebirth, wherein

deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished.

By living a compassionate life and love for all creatures, a

person attains the liberation from self centered greediness
and cravings.
NIRVANA

The ultimate goal of Buddhism ethics. It is a state of life in

which all living creatures are free from pain and sorrow that
can be reached only through a transcendental meditation.

SOCRATES

He was a greek philosopher and considered as one of the

great teachers of ethics who argued that virtue is
knowledge; People will be virtuous if they know what
virtue is;
Vice or evil is result of ignorance.
Education can make people moral.

ANTISTHENES(444-371 BC)

He was a Greek philosopher who maintained that the

essence of virtue is self control and that it is capable of
being taught.
Pleasure is evil if it is a guide to conduct.

Two kinds of good:

external good- which consists of personal property,sensual

pleasure, and knowledge of the soul.
internal good- comprises of truth and knowledge of the
soul.

PLATO (428-347BC)

He was Greek philosopher and the greatest disciple of

Socrates who argued that good is an essential element of
reality.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SOUL

1. Intellect (wisdom)- should be sovereign before the will

2. will (courage)
3. emotion (self control)- subject to intellect and will.

ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)

Greek Philosopher and contemporary rival of Plato in

terms of doctrines and influence.
Highest and satidfying form of human existence is: when a
man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent.
The ultimate goal of man: is to develop his reasoning
powers.
Happiness- is the product of human attributes to reason
functioning harmoniously with human faculties.
Moral virtues- are habits of action that conform to the
Golden Mean and the principle of moderation

MENG-TZU OR MENCIUS

Chinese Philosopher who believed that people are by

nature good but this goodness manifests only when they
experience peace of mind, which in turn depends on
material security.
He affirmed that when people had a stable livelihood
would they have a steady heart.

EPICTETUS (55-135 BC)

Greek Philosopher who asserted that humans are limited

and irrational beings. GOD is the only perfect being.

EPICURUS (341-270 BC)

A Roman poet and Philosopher who argued that in order

to attain pleasure one has to maintain his state of serenity
by eliminating all emotional disturbances like religious
belief because it preoccupies people on death, punishment
and the like.

TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS (C 94- C 55 BC)

who observed that the main cause of
human unhappiness is the fear of death and of the gods.
Man by nature seeks pleasure and avoids pain ( tama sya
eto na ang mga tao ngayon hahahahaha)

JESUS CHRIST (4 BC-AD 29)

Jewish preacher who emphasized on moral sincerity rather

than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization
of law.
One must set aside himself and family and give up
everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

SAINT AGUSTINE OF TAGASTE

Christian theologian and doctor of the church who asserted

that God did not deprive people of their free will even when
the sinned.

(354-430 AD)

MUHAMMAD (570-632 AD)

Founder of Muslim community who believe that people are

accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274)

Italian Philosopher and theologian who maintain that

individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition but
acts in concrete performance.

MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)

German theologian close to St Augustine. He maintained

that moral conduct or good works is a Christian
requirement but ones salvation comes from personal faith.

HUGO GROTIUS (1583-1645)

Dutch jurist and humanist who argued that natural law is

part of divine law and is based on human ture.

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

English Philosopher and political theorist who argued that

human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short. They fight with each other.

BARUCH ESPINOZA (1632-1677)

Dutch Philosopher and religious thinker who argued that all

things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity.
Human needs and interests determine what is considered
good and evil.

DAVID HUME(1711-1776)

Scottish historian and philosopher who postulated that the

concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on
ones own happiness of self.
It is human nature to laugh with the laughing and grieve
with the grieved.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

German philosopher who held that reason is the final

authority of morality.
The morality of an act must be judged by its intention
which is good.

JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832)

British philosopher, economist, and a jurist who maintained

that human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain
pleasure and avoid pain.

GEORG W. F. HEGEL (1770-1855) German idealist philosopher who argued that morality is a
matter of individual conscience. No one can dictate to
another what is right or wrong.

SOREN AABYE KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855)

Danish religious philosopher who believe
that if a person chooses certain action he has to take it
with full enthusiasm and responsibility.
FREDRICH W NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)
German philosopher who contended that
traditional values represented a slave morality, which is
created by weak and resentful individuals who encouraged
such behavior as gentleness and kindness because the
behavior served the interest.

Nihilism- the term he coined to describe the devaluation of

the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal.
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

Austrian psychoanalyst who observed that problem of

good and evil in individual is to struggle between the drive
of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires. Self control is
needed to function in society.

JOHN DEWEY (1859-1952)

American philosopher, psychologist and educator who

maintained that the good is that which is chosen after
reflecting upon both the means and the probable
consequence of realizing the good.

GEORGE EDWARD MOORE( 1873-1958) British philosopher who claimed that good refers to
a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and
situation.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) German existentialist philosopher who maintained that

human beings are alone in the universe since God does
not exist and must maje their ethicak decisions with the
constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life
(bitter si koya)

JEAN PAUL SARTRE ( 1905-1980) French existentialist philosopher who contended that
human beings create their own world by rebelling against
authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their
actions unaided by society and the like.
Freedom and acceptance of personal responsibility are the
main values in life.

Filipinos concept of right and wrong were brought by colonialism.

Split level morality- that human actions, which are good and reasonable , are not performed for
one reason or another rather they do other way around,
which is an evil act. (application: see example on the
book and relate to our FORCED donationshehehehe my
hugot yan)