6.

0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1 RESULTS
Table 1: Raw Data Table for Gaseous Diffusion Experiment
Time, t (min)
0
15
30
45
60
75

Level of Acetone, L (cm)

6.40
6.66
6.74
6.80
6.95
7.00

Table 2: Calculated Data Table for Gaseous Diffusion Experiment

Time,t
(ks)
0
0.9
1.8
2.7
3.6
4.5

Level of
Acetone,L
(mm)
64.0
66.6
67.4
68.0
69.5
70.0

L-LO, dL
(mm)

t/dL
(ks/mm)

0
2.5
3.4
4.0
5.5
6.0

0
0.36
0.53
0.68
0.65
0.75

Graph t/dL versus dL

7
6
5

f(x) = 7.49x - 0.14

Time/dL
R = 0.92 (t/dL , dL)
4

Linear ((t/dL , dL))

3
(10
3 s/mm
)

2
1
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Change of Length,
(mm)

FIGURE 2: Graph t/dL versus dL

The slope of the graph is 7.4894 . The gas diffusivity of the gas is 1.193 x 10-8

m2
s . The partial pressure that obtained from the Antoine equation is P A1 is
9.352 kPa and PA2 is 81.902 kPa. The predicted value be Fuller Et al method is
to be 1.218 X 10-5.m2/s.
6.2 DISCUSSION
Diffusion of gaseous from liquid is very important in many industrial
processes, especially in controlling the desired product from losses and in
such separation operation as liquid-gas extraction, gas absorption and
2

distillation. Diffusion in gaseous and liquids also occurs in nature, such as

oxygenation in lakes and rivers (Geankoplis,Transport Processes Principle,pg
427)
A number of different experimental method have been used to
determine the molecular diffusivity for binary gas mixture. One of the
important method is introduce by this experiment; to evaporate apure liquid
in a narrow tube with a gas (air) allow to passed over the top. The fall in
liquid level is measure with time and the diffusivity calculate from equation

D=

L C BM
2 M C A CT s

Through this experiment, the acetone is preheated until it diffuse to gas with air into free
environment stream. During the experiment, the rate of decreasing of acetone level in the tube
can be observed by using a telescope. The value was recorded than be used to determine the rate
of diffusion.
Based on the result, the level of acetone was decreased when the time was increased
caused by diffusion. Diffusion is process where involving the movement of component or
molecules from one location to another location due to exist of concentration gradient. Normally,
the movement of molecule is from high concentration part to more less concentration gradient.
In the experiment, the diffusion concept can be observed by the decreasing of acetone
level in the capillary tube. The boiling process of water was generated heat and the heat was
3

transferred to the acetone. This process was increased the movement of molecules in the acetone
until it creates body that has high concentration compare to surrounding. Furthermore, due to
some driving forces and existing of concentration gradient, the molecule was move from inside
the capillary tube to the surrounding air that has less concentration.

Based on the graph that has been plotted, the x-axis of the graph is the differences
between final level of acetone and the initial level of acetone. Meanwhile, the y-axis of the graph
is the time taken divide by the difference between the levels of acetone. In addition, the trend of
the graph is increased proportionally. The increasing the difference between the levels of
acetone, the increasing the time divide by the difference between the levels of acetone. The
equation that obtained from the graph is y = 7.4894x - 0.1406, where the slope of the graph is
7.489 in positive value. From the calculation and the data from the table, the value of diffusivity

was determined which is 1.193 x 10

-8

m2
s

Based from the graph also, it showed the Correlation coefficient R 2 value is 0.9164. The
significance of this value is to show or to measure the strength of the straight line or linear
relationship between two variables. This values usually ranging between -1 until +1.The +1
means the perfect positive relationship where one variable increase another variable also
increases. Meanwhile, -1 means the perfect negative relationship where one variable increase the
another variable is decreasing. In the experiment, the obtained value is 0.9164, means that the
relationship of the graph is shift to positive linear relationship.

The Antoine equation was used in the calculation in order to determine the partial
pressure and the concentration. The relationship between the partial pressure and the
concentration is directly proportional:

C=

P
RT

Where the C is the concentration, P is partial pressure, R is gas constant and T is the temperature.
When the partial pressure of the substance is increase, the concentration of the substance is also
increasing.
Moreover, the temperature controller was set up at 50.0 C through along the experiment
and it not been set beyond 70.0 C. It is because the boiling point of the acetone is at 56.0 C
where the process where the phase of acetone change from liquid to vapor.

When the

temperature exceeds 70.0 C, the rate of evaporation is faster compare to temperature at the
boiling point. This situation can cause the problem to the experimenter to collect
the data or difference of acetone level. Finally, the discrepancy from the
experimental data is the value of the time divide by difference between
levels of acetone between intervals is not increased constantly due to some
errors such as parallax error and the initial value of the acetone in the
capillary tube was not read accurately.
After we get the experiment value than we proceed with Fuller Et al
method to compare the numerical data with the experiment result the
calculation also include in the calculation section. As we see, there are large
different in the diffusivity value up to 103. It should be known that the rate of
5

molecular diffusion in liquids acetone is considerably slow than in gas form

(Geankoplis, pg. 427). In general, the diffusion coefficient in gas will be on
the order of magnitude of about 10 5times greater than in liquid. Thus, we
conclude that the value of diffusivity of acetone in our experiment is still
acceptable as the liquid acetone is in dilute liquid solution.

7.0 SAMPLE CALCULATION

Value of slope = 7.4894 (ks/mm2)
ks
mm2

Unit convertion, 7.4894

( 1000 mm ) 2
m2

1000 s
ks

Molecular Weight of Acetone = 58.08 kg / mol

Temperature, Absolute at 0 C = 273 K
Water at 50 C = 323 K
CT =CA1 + CB1
CT = CA2 + CB2

CA2 =

P A2
RT

PV =nRT

P
RT =

n
v =C

For of acetone at 50 oC ,Antoine Equation ;

A = 7.11714
Log10 PA2= A -

B = 1210.595

C = 229.664

B
T +C

Log10 PA2 = 7.11714 -

1210.595
50+ 229.664

PA2 = 614.316 mmHg

PA2 = 81.902 kPa
At absolute temperature;
1210.595
Log10 PA2 = 7.11714 - 0+229.664
PA1 = 70.143 mmHg
7

= 7.4894 x109

PA2 = 9.352 kPa

PA 2
RT =

CA2 =

81.902 kPa
m 3 . kPa
8.314
x 323 K
kg mol . K

= 0.0305

kg . mol
m3

CTOTAL =

PA 2
RT

81.902 kPa
m 3 . kPa
8.314
x 323 K
kg mol . K

= 0.0377
CB2 = CT

CA2

= 0.0377

0.0305

= 0.0072

kg . mol
m3

CA1 = 0.00412

CBM

kg . mol
m3

kg . mol
m3

CB1 = 0.03357

kg . mol
m3

CB 1CB 2
= ln ( CB1 )
CB 2

CA= CA1 + CA2

D

SL x CBM
2 x CA x CT x S

kg
kg . mol
X 0.01713
m3
m3
kg
kg . mol
kg . mol
2 58.08
x 0.03462
x 0.0377
x 7.4894 exp 9
m3
m3
m3
791

= 1.193 x 10

)(

-8

)(

m2
s

NA = D(CA/L)(CT/CBM)

= 1.193 x 10-8

= 1.8179 x 10-8

m2
s

mol
m3
mol
0.01713 kg .
m3
0.0377 kg .

mol
0.03462kg .
m3
0.15 M

kg . mol
m2 . s

Prediction of Diffusivity by Fuller Et al.

P = 1atm
T = 323 K
MA (Acetone) = 58.08
MB (Air) = 29
From table 6.2-2 Atomic diffusion Volumes for Fuller method (Geankoplis, pg.
426)
VA = 3(16.5) + 1.98(6) + 5.48 = 66.86
VB = 20.1
Substitude into equation 6.2-45 (Geankoplis,pg. 425)
1.00 exp7 ( T 1.75 )
DAB =

1
3

1
1
+
MA MB

P VA +VB

1 2
3

1 /2

= 1.218 X 10-5.m2/s.

10