PORTABLE STEEL SCAFFOLD

Mohammad Hanif bin Mohd Salehan, , Akashah bin Ridzuan,Muhammad Hafiz bin Jamaluddin, Amirul Danial bin
Samsudin, Pn Aida binti Muhamad, Hj Roslan bin Kulop
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam, Pusat Pengajian Diploma, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor
E-mail : hanifsalehanh@yahoo.com

______________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
In a construction of a building a beam is one of the most important structure in distributing or holding the load of the
building. For the construction of the beam, a support is needed to hold the formwork to form a beam without
deflection. This structure is called scaffolds. Scaffolds is the main support for the structure while the concrete in the
wet state. The usage of the scaffolds mostly used by woods. The main purposed of this project is to create a scaffolds
that made out of steel that can be replaced from woods. Besides the strength of the steel the usage of woods can be
reduce and at the same time the overused woods can be decrease. Before the making of the steel scaffolds, the
calculation of the strength of the steel need has to be done in order to achieve the maximum bearing load. All of the
calculation are done by referring the British standard, BS. If the calculation of the steel exceed the specification that
needed, the parts is being combine together by welding and the use of hinge in a certain par[1]t. The function of the
hinge is to move every parts of the structure that need to be move. After all the combinations of the parts is done,
what comes next is the test for deflection to estimate the strength after a certain spec is set. The deflection test is
being held by using the Magnus frame that available in the makmal rekabentuk dan struktur berat, FKASS UTHM.
Keywords: BS Standard .

______________________________________________________________________________
1.0 Introduction
Scaffolds is a temporary construction and being used to support a structure that are still
weak until it achieve the strength that required or already safe to use. It mainly used in the
constructions of building. Usually a wooden scaffolds is being used in a moderate construction
work. The purpose of the scaffolds is to prevent a certain structure like beam or a wall from
crack or fail due to the failure to achieve a required strength[7] [4]. Objective of this project was
to create an environmental portable steel scaffolds with the strength and have a speciality in the
easy way of using it.
2.0 Literature Review/Background of Study
The literature reviews was carried out for some important aspects such as types of
steel used, plate steel , deployable structure used
2.1

Steel Circular Hollow sections

Steel that be used is Hot-Finished Circular Hollow Sections.The steels draft of Hot-Finished Circular
Hollow Sections is in the Figure 1. While Table 1 show the strength of steel Hot-Finished Circular
Hollow Sectios.

Figure 1 : Design of Steel for Hot-Finished Circular Hollow Sections

Table 1: Characteristics of Hot-Finished Circular Hollow Section[6]

2.2

Metal plat

Plate steel is compressed metal and is widely used in the market. Plate steel is
always used in the production of fences and others construction thingy. Plate steel
also used in this scaffold as retaining mold. The sizing of the steel use is 20mm X
2mm X 200mm

Figure 2 : Steel plate in market

2.3

Hinge

Hinge consists of two metal plates that connect and allow movement of the two plates is less than 360 .
We use the hinge is a hinge-type butt hinge ..

Figure 3: Butt hinge

2.4

Screw and nut

Screw and nut is used simultineously because it comes to from a set of product that works
together. Bot screw and nut is used to lock the hinge between the scaffold. Screw and nut is used to lock
the hinge. The usage of screw and nut simplify the maintaineces of scaffold soon.

Figure 4 : Screw and nut

2.5

Deployable structure

Deployable is a generic name for a category of prefabricated structurethat changes from a

configuration compact to expanded shape where it is stable and can carry load. Deployable
structure can comprise a broader class of structural adjustment it is characterized by the ability to
customize forms, mechanical and physical properties, and conduct it as a whole to the external
load and requirements arising from the use of it at any time[10].

Figure 5 : Deployable structure that have in market

3.0

Materials and Methods

Ideas, sketching and calculation
List the problem faced during in the
construction
Ideas to overcome the problem faced in the
construction
Design the product using pensil and paper
Calculation:
Self weight of actual beam
24 kN/m3 x L x h x w
L
= Span of the beam
h
= Height of the beam
w
= Width of the beam
24kN/m3 x 3m x 0.3m x 0.15m
=
3.24kN
Strength of steel
pc
= Stress of steel (constant)
A
= Area section of steel
P
= pc x A
= 41N/mm2 x 81.36mm2
= 3335.97 N/3.334 kN

Materials
List the materials that suitable to
product
Cost of the materials need to be
Product Construct
Methods
Measure the length required
Cutting the steel
Drill a hole
Welding as permenant jointer
Bolt and nut as main jointer
Finishes to enchance period`s
product
Test
Magnus frame test
Load accommodated by product and
deflection obtained
Graph of load and deflection
Conclusion
Suitable for beam teporary supporter
More advantages than conventional
method
Benefits in the construction field
Figure 7 : Flow chart of the construction of portable steel scaffolding

4.0

Results and Discussions

In the making of this steel scaffolds, an effective ways need to be done. The studies on the
selections of the materials used also need to be take care of in order to get the materials that have the
specifications that needed. The making of this structure also requires an early test or an early calculation
have to be done. After the completion also, the test of defection is needed in order to know that the
deflection does not exceed the limit that have been stated.

Figure 8: Final Product

4.1

Calculation Test based on BS Standard

For the calculation for the selections of steel based on the characteristic of the steel that will be used. This
characteristics include the angle, radius, and the thickness of the steel. It is important to be used in the
next calculations. Then, compare the strength that are needed and the strength or the maximum strength of
it to bear the compressions.
P
Pc
A

= Pc x A
= Stress of steel (constant)
= Area section of steel

The results shows on how much compression can it takes that it should be reaching the value of 3.3359Kn
only, but then it still can hold up to 7.5KN without exceeding the value of the maximum deflection that
allowed.
4.2

Steel scaffolds deflection test

Deflection test is done on the product. This test is called a Magnus frame and it being held in Makmal
Pembinaan dan Struktur Berat FKAAS UTHM. After the test has been done, all the data and results were
being uploaded into a laptop. All the results is shown below.

Data pengiraan
1st scaffolds

2nd scaffolds

Load VS Deflection

Load VS Deflection

Load (kN) 4
2

Load (kN) 4
2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deflection (mm)

0
0

Deflection (mm)

Figure 8: Load versus deflection graph

On the first scaffolds, the data shows load versus deflection. It indicate that deflection increase
dramatically at the load of 2kN. The steel does not show any failure even though at the load of 7.5kN. On
the second scaffolds, the graph shows still load versus deflection. Graph said that the deflection starting to
rise on the load if 3.5kN. This steel can bear the load of more than 7.5Kn.

Mean deflection
Table 2: Mean deflection

load(kN)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0

deflection on
scaffolds 1
(mm)
2.56

deflection on
scaffolds 2
(mm)
0.83

mean
deflection
(mm)
1.70

5.09

2.50

3.80

5.47

3.85

4.66

6.04

4.03

5.04

6.34

4.62

5.48

6.89

5.04

5.97

7.39

5.68

6.54

7.42

6.42

6.92

Referring to the BS, deflection must not exceeding 8mm. In the results we got that even on 8kN as the
mean deflection it still below the allowable maximum deflection. Usually, the maximum load for concrete
that have a span of 1m long is 3kN. This is only for one scaffolds, and even if it divides into 3 scaffolds
the strength will be much greater.

5.0

Conclusions

The conclusion that can we get from this project is that steel is a strong material and have a long
durability. The scaffolds that being made by steel will produce an endurance or durability in compression
more than the usage of wood. All of the construction followed the procedure that being stated. All of the
making of the product followed on what have been planned.

6.0

Acknowledgement

All gratitude and thanks is dedicated to all that have been contributed in this project especially to
supervisor Pn Aida binti Muhamad and to UTHM and lastly to beloved parents.

7.0

References
[1] Shiyekar, M.R., (April 2011). Limit state Design in Structural Steel, New Delhi: PHI Learning Private
Limited
[2] Shahrin Mohammad, A.Aziz Saim, Mohammad Ismail, Redzuan Abdullah, (2001).Reka Bentuk Struktur
Keluli: Malaysia, Percetakan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
[3] C.J.Gantes, (2001).Deployable Structures: Analysis and Design: Southamton, united Kingdom, WIT Press
[4] Nur Khazanah A. Rahman, Hasniza Abu Bakar, Mohamad Luthfi A. Jeni, Salmam Salim (2013). Teknologi
Pembinaan: UTHM, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
[5] Don Geary, Rex Miller, Welding Second Edition, The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc (2011, 2000)
[6] Steelworks Design Guide to BS 5950-1: 2000 . Diperolehi pada 29 September daripada
http://www.steelconstruction.org/component/documents/?task=downloadDocument&doc=3555&file=3555
[7] Tupang dan Scaffold. Diperolehi pada 14 oktoberr 2014 daripada
http://skapoli09.blogspot.com/2010/05/tupang-scaffold.html

[10] Reka Bentuk Skru, Pengikat dan Sambungan. Diperoleh pada 12 Disember 2014 daripada
http://www.fkm.utm.my/~kasim/mech/smj3533/lecture7.pdf