United States

slavery in the country.[30][31] By the end of that century,

the United States extended into the Pacic Ocean,[32] and
its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar.[33] The SpanishAmerican War and
World War I conrmed the countrys status as a global
military power. The United States emerged from World
War II as a global superpower, the rst country to develop
nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in war,
and a permanent member of the United Nations Security
Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution
of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the
worlds sole superpower.[34]

America, US, and USA redirect here. For the

landmass comprising North and South America, see the
Americas. For other uses, see America (disambiguation), US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation) and
United States (disambiguation).
The United States of America (USA), commonly
referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic[18][19] composed of 50 states,
a federal district, ve major territories and various possessions.[fn 1][fn 2] The 48 contiguous states and
Washington, D.C., are in central North America between
Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii
is an archipelago in the mid-Pacic. The territories are
scattered about the Pacic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
At 3.8 million square miles (9.842 million km2 )[17] and
with over 320 million people, the country is the worlds
third or fourth-largest by total area[fn 3] and the third most
populous. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale
immigration from many countries.[25] The geography and
climate of the United States are also extremely diverse,
and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife.[26]

The United States is a developed country and has the

worlds largest national economy by nominal and real
GDP, beneting from an abundance of natural resources
and high worker productivity.[35] While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, the country continues
to be one of the worlds largest manufacturers.[36] Accounting for 34% of global military spending[37] and 23%
of world GDP,[38] it is the worlds foremost military and
economic power, a prominent political and cultural force,
and a leader in scientic research and technological innovations.[39]

Paleo-Indians migrated from Eurasia to what is now

the U.S. mainland at least 15,000 years ago,[27] with
European colonization beginning in the 16th century.
The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along
the East Coast. Disputes between Great Britain and
the colonies led to the American Revolution. On July
4, 1776, as the colonies were ghting Great Britain in
the American Revolutionary War, delegates from the 13
colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence. The war ended in 1783 with recognition of
the independence of the United States by the Kingdom of
Great Britain, and was the rst successful war of independence against a European colonial empire.[28] The countrys constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787,
and ratied by the states in 1788. The rst ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratied in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental
civil liberties.

1 Etymology
See also: Names for United States citizens and Names of
the United States

In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemller

produced a world map on which he named the lands of
the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci (Latin: Americus Vespucius).[40] The rst documentary evidence of
the phrase United States of America is from a letter
dated January 2, 1776, written by Stephen Moylan, Esq.,
George Washington's aide-de-camp and Muster-Master
General of the Continental Army. Addressed to Lt. Col.
Joseph Reed, Moylan expressed his wish to carry the full
and ample powers of the United States of America to
[41]
Driven by the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, the United Spain to assist in the revolutionary war eort.
States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North The rst known publication of the phrase United States
America throughout the 19th century.[29] This involved of America was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia
displacing American Indian tribes, acquiring new territo- Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April
ries, and gradually admitting new states, until by 1848 the 6, 1776.[42][43] In June 1776, Thomas Jeerson wrote
nation spanned the continent.[29] During the second half the phrase UNITED STATES OF AMERICA in all
of the 19th century, the American Civil War ended legal capitalized letters in the headline of his original Rough
1

2 HISTORY

draught of the Declaration of Independence.[44][45] In

the nal Fourth of July version of the Declaration, the
title was changed to read, The unanimous Declaration
of the thirteen united States of America.[46] In 1777 the
Articles of Confederation announced, The Stile of this
Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'".[47]
The preamble of the Constitution states "...establish this
Constitution for the United States of America.
The short form United States is also standard. Other
common forms are the U.S., the USA, and America. Colloquial names are the U.S. of A. and, internationally, the States. "Columbia", a name popular in
poetry and songs of the late 1700s, derives its origin from
Christopher Columbus; it appears in the name "District
of Columbia".[48] In non-English languages, the name is
frequently the translation of either the United States or
United States of America, and colloquially as America. In addition, an abbreviation (e.g. USA) is sometimes used.[49]
The phrase United States was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent statese.g., the
United States areincluding in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratied in 1865.
The singular forme.g., the United States is became
popular after the end of the American Civil War. The
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained
[50]
in the idiom these United States.
The dierence is
more signicant than usage; it is a dierence between a the native population declined for various reasons, pricollection of states and a unit.[51]
marily diseases such as smallpox and measles. VioA citizen of the United States is an "American". lence was not a signicant factor in the overall deit impacted specic tribes and colonial
United States, American and U.S. refer to the cline, though
[53][54][55][56][57][58]
settlements.
In the Hawaiian Islands
country adjectivally (American values, U.S. forces).
the
earliest
indigenous
inhabitants
arrived around 1 AD
"American" rarely refers to subjects not connected with
from
Polynesia.
Captain
James
Cook arrived in the
[52]
the United States.
Hawaiian Islands in 1778[59] with American contact made
in 1790 with the rst ship to dock arriving in Oahu.[60]
In the early days of colonization many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease, and attacks
from Native Americans. Native Americans were also ofMain articles: History of the United States, Timeline of ten at war with neighboring tribes and allied with EuroUnited States history, Economic history of the United peans in their colonial wars.[61] At the same time, howStates and Labor history of the United States
ever, many natives and settlers came to depend on each
other. Settlers traded for food and animal pelts, natives
for guns, ammunition and other European wares.[62] Natives taught many settlers where, when and how to culti2.1 Indigenous and European contact
vate corn, beans and squash. European missionaries and
others felt it was important to civilize the Indians and
Further information: Pre-Columbian era and Colonial urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques
history of the United States
and lifestyles.[63][64]

History

The rst inhabitants of North America migrated from

Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at
least 15,000 years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival.[27] Some, such as the preColumbian Mississippian culture, developed advanced
agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies.
After the Spanish conquistadors made the rst contacts,

2.2 Settlements
Further information: European colonization of the
Americas and Thirteen Colonies
After Columbus' rst voyage to the New World in 1492,

2.3

Independence and expansion (17761865)

other explorers followed with settlement into the Floridas and the American Southwest.[65][66] There were also
some French attempts to colonize the east coast, and
later more successful settlements along the Mississippi
River. Successful English settlement on the eastern coast
of North America began with the Virginia Colony in
1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims Plymouth Colony in
1620. Early experiments in communal living failed until
the introduction of private farm holdings.[67] Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking
religious freedom. The continents rst elected legislative assembly, Virginias House of Burgesses created in
1619, and the Mayower Compact, signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking, established precedents for
the pattern of representative self-government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American
colonies.[68][69]

3
America were established.[78] All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a
growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen
and a sense of self-government stimulating support for
republicanism.[79] With extremely high birth rates, low
death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly. Relatively small Native American
populations were eclipsed.[80] The Christian revivalist
movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great
Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious
liberty.[81]
In the French and Indian War, British forces seized
Canada from the French, but the francophone population
remained politically isolated from the southern colonies.
Excluding the Native Americans, who were being conquered and displaced, those 13 colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770, about one-third that
of Britain. Despite continuing new arrivals, the rate
of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a
small minority of Americans had been born overseas.[82]
The colonies distance from Britain had allowed the development of self-government, but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal
authority.[83]

2.3 Independence and expansion (1776

1865)

The signing of the Mayower Compact, 1620.

Further information: American Revolutionary War,

United States Declaration of Independence and
American Revolution
The American Revolutionary War was the rst success-

Most settlers in every colony were small farmers, but

other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements. Cash crops included tobacco, rice
and wheat. Extraction industries grew up in furs, shing and lumber. Manufacturers produced rum and ships,
and by the late colonial period Americans were producing
one-seventh of the worlds iron supply.[70] Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve
as trade hubs. English colonists were supplemented by
waves of Scotch-Irish and other groups. As coastal land
grew more expensive freed indentured servants pushed
further west.[71]
Slave cultivation of cash crops began with the Spanish in
the 1500s, and was adopted by the English, but life expectancy was much higher in North America because of
less disease and better food and treatment, leading to a
rapid increase in the numbers of slaves.[72][73][74] Colonial
society was largely divided over the religious and moral
implications of slavery and colonies passed acts for and
against the practice.[75][76] But by the turn of the 18th century, African slaves were replacing indentured servants
for cash crop labor, especially in southern regions.[77]

The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

ful colonial war of independence against a European

power.
Americans had developed an ideology of
"republicanism" asserting that government rested on the
will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures.
They demanded their rights as Englishmen, no taxation
without representation. The British insisted on adminWith the British colonization of Georgia in 1732, the istering the empire through Parliament, and the conict
13 colonies that would become the United States of escalated into war.[84]

2 HISTORY

Following the passage of the Lee Resolution, on July 2,

1776, which was the actual vote for independence, the
Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, on
July 4, which proclaimed, in a long preamble, that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that
those rights were not being protected by Great Britain,
and nally declared, in the words of the resolution, that
the Thirteen Colonies were independent states and had no
allegiance to the British crown in the United States. The
fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence
Day. In 1777, the Articles of Confederation established
a weak government that operated until 1789.[85]
Britain recognized the independence of the United States
following their defeat at Yorktown.[86] In the peace treaty
of 1783, American sovereignty was recognized from the
Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River. Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing
the United States Constitution, ratied in state conventions in 1788. The federal government was reorganized
into three branches, on the principle of creating salutary
checks and balances, in 1789. George Washington, who
had led the revolutionary army to victory, was the rst
president elected under the new constitution. The Bill
of Rights, forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was
adopted in 1791.[87]
Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808, after 1820 cultivation of
the highly protable cotton crop exploded in the Deep
South, and along with it the slave population.[88][89][90]
The Second Great Awakening, beginning about 1800,
converted millions to evangelical Protestantism. In the
North it energized multiple social reform movements,
including abolitionism;[91] in the South, Methodists and
Baptists proselytized among slave populations.[92]

U.S. territorial acquisitionsportions of each territory were

granted statehood since the 18th century.

1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of

the present-day American Northwest.[99] Victory in the
MexicanAmerican War resulted in the 1848 Mexican
Cession of California and much of the present-day American Southwest.[100]
The California Gold Rush of 184849 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western
states.[101] After the American Civil War, new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade and increased conicts with Native Americans.[102] Over a half-century, the loss of the
American bison (called, bualo) was an existential blow
to many Plains Indians cultures.[103] In 1869, a new Peace
Policy sought to protect Native-Americans from abuses,
avoid further war, and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship, although conicts, including several of the largest
Indian Wars, continued throughout the West into the
1900s.[104]

Americans eagerness to expand westward prompted a

2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction Era
long series of American Indian Wars.[93] The Louisiana
Purchase of French-claimed territory in 1803 almost
Further information:
American Civil War and
doubled the nations size.[94] The War of 1812, declared
Reconstruction Era
against Britain over various grievances and fought to a
Dierences of opinion and social order between northdraw, strengthened U.S. nationalism.[95] A series of U.S.
military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and
other Gulf Coast territory in 1819.[96] Expansion was
aided by steam power, when steamboats began traveling
along Americas large water systems, which were connected by new canals, such as the Erie and the I&M; then,
even faster railroads began their stretch across the nations
land.[97]
From 1820 to 1850, Jacksonian democracy began a set of
reforms which included wider male surage; it led to the
rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs
as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854. The Trail of
Tears in the 1830s exemplied the Indian removal policy
that moved Indians into the west to their own reservations. The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845
during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny.[98] The The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania during the Civil War by
Thure de Thulstrup.

2.6

World War I, Great Depression, and World War II

ern and southern states in early United States society,

particularly regarding Black slavery, ultimately led the
U.S. into the American Civil War.[105] Initially, states
entering the Union alternated between slave and free
states, keeping a sectional balance in the Senate, while
free states outstripped slave states in population and
in the House of Representatives. But with additional
western territory and more free-soil states, tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over
federalism and disposition of the territories, whether and
how to expand or restrict slavery.[106]
With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the rst
president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party,
conventions in thirteen states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America,
while the U.S. federal government maintained that secession was illegal.[106] The ensuing war was at rst for
Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln
delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, a second war
aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the
deadliest military conict in American history, resulting
in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well
as many civilians.[107]

Ellis Island in New York City was a major gateway for European
immigration.

In 1893, the Kingdom of Hawaii was succeeded by the

Republic of Hawaii, and the US annexed it in 1898.
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by
Spain in the same year, following the SpanishAmerican
War.[115]
Rapid economic development at the end of the 19th century produced many prominent industrialists, and the
U.S. economy became the worlds largest.[116] Dramatic
changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of
populist, socialist, and anarchist movements.[117] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive
Era, which saw signicant reforms in many societal areas, including womens surage, alcohol prohibition, regulation of consumer goods, greater antitrust measures to
ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.

Following the Union victory in 1865, three amendments

to the U.S. Constitution brought about the prohibition
of slavery, gave U.S. citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves,[108] and
promised them voting rights. The war and its resolution
led to a substantial increase in federal power[109] aimed
at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while
ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves.[110] Following the Reconstruction Era, throughout the South Jim
Crow laws soon eectively disenfranchised most blacks
and some poor whites. Over the subsequent decades, in 2.6 World War I, Great Depression, and
both the North and the South blacks and some whites
World War II
faced systemic discrimination, including racial segregation and occasional vigilante violence, sparking national Further information: World War I, Great Depression and
movements against these abuses.[110]
World War II
The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of

2.5

Industrialization

Main articles: Economic History of the United States and

Technological and industrial history of the United States
In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented inux
of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the countrys industrialization
and transformed its culture.[111] National infrastructure
including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred
economic growth and greater settlement and development
of the American Old West. The later invention of electric
light and the telephone would also impact communication
and urban life.[112]
The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage un- U.S. troops approaching Omaha Beach in 1944.
der mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets.[113] Mainland expansion was com- World War I, in 1914, until 1917 when it joined the war
pleted by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.[114] as an associated power, alongside the formal Allies of

2 HISTORY

World War I, helping to turn the tide against the Central

Powers. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations. However, the Senate refused to approve this, and
did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the
League of Nations.[118]
In 1920, the womens rights movement won passage
of a constitutional amendment granting womens suffrage.[119] The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio
for mass communication and the invention of early
television.[120] The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties
ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. After his election as president in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with
the New Deal, which included the establishment of the
Social Security system.[121] The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South
began around WWI and extended through the 1960s;[122]
whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished
many farming communities and spurred a new wave of
western migration.[123]
The United States was at rst eectively neutral during
World War II's early stages but began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend-Lease
program. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan
launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting
the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers.[124] During the war, the United States was referred
as one of the "Four Policemen"[125] of Allies power who
met to plan the post-war world, along with Britain, the
Soviet Union and China.[126][127] Though the nation lost
more than 400,000 soldiers,[128] it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and
military inuence.[129]
Allied conferences at Bretton Woods and Yalta outlined
a new system of international organizations that placed
the United States and Soviet Union at the center of world
aairs. As an Allied victory was won in Europe, a 1945
international conference held in San Francisco produced
the United Nations Charter, which became active after
the war.[130] The United States developed the rst nuclear weapons and used them on Japan; the Japanese
surrendered on September 2, ending World War II.[131]

2.7

Cold War and civil rights era

Main articles: History of the United States (194564),

History of the United States (196480) and History of
the United States (198091)
After World War II the United States and the Soviet
Union jockeyed for power during what is known as
the Cold War, driven by an ideological divide between
capitalism and communism.[132] They dominated the military aairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its NATO allies
on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on

U.S. President Ronald Reagan (left) and Soviet General Secretary

Mikhail Gorbachev, meeting in Geneva in 1985

the other. The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist inuence. While the
U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided
direct military conict.
The U.S. often opposed Third World movements that
it viewed as Soviet-sponsored. American troops fought
communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the
Korean War of 195053.[133] The Soviet Unions 1957
launch of the rst articial satellite and its 1961 launch
of the rst manned spaceight initiated a "Space Race"
in which the United States became the rst nation to land
a man on the moon in 1969.[133] A proxy war in Southeast
Asia eventually evolved into full American participation,
as the Vietnam War.[fn 4]
At home, the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class. Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nations infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and inner
cities to large suburban housing developments.[140][141]
In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last state added
to the US.[142] A growing civil rights movement used
nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination,
with Martin Luther King, Jr. becoming a prominent
leader and gurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act
of 1964, sought to end racial discrimination.[143][144][145]
Meanwhile, a counterculture movement grew which was
fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war, black nationalism, and the sexual revolution. The launch of a "War on
Poverty" expanded entitlement and welfare spending.[146]
The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagation.
After his election in 1980, President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with freemarket oriented reforms. Following the collapse of
dtente, he abandoned containment and initiated
the more aggressive "rollback" strategy towards the
USSR.[147][148][149][150][151] After a surge in female labor
participation over the previous decade, by 1985 the ma-

7
jority of women aged 16 and over were employed.[152] ended in June 2009.[166]
The late 1980s brought a "thaw" in relations with the
USSR, and its collapse in 1991 nally ended the Cold
War.[153][154][155][156]
3 Geography,

climate, and envi-

ronment
2.8

Contemporary history

Main articles: Geography of the United States, Climate

Main article: History of the United States (1991present) of the United States and Environment of the United States
The land area of the contiguous United States is

The former World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan

during September 11 attacks in 2001
A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and
surrounding areas.

One World Trade Center, built in its place

After the Cold War, the 1990s saw the longest economic
expansion in modern U.S. history, ending in 2001.[157]
Originating in U.S. defense networks, the Internet spread
to international academic networks, and then to the public
in the 1990s, greatly impacting the global economy, society, and culture.[158] On September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda
terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York
City and the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., killing
nearly 3,000 people.[159] In response, the United States
launched the War on Terror, which includes the ongoing
war in Afghanistan and the 200311 Iraq War.[160][161]

View of the Atlantic coast of the United States from the International Space Station. The New York City area is visible in the
lower right quadrant. Philadelphia and Washington D.C. are
near the center.

2,959,064 square miles (7.7 Mm2 ). Alaska, separated

from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the
largest state at 663,268 square miles (1.7 Mm2 ). Hawaii,
occupying an archipelago in the central Pacic, southwest
of North America, is 10,931 square miles (28,311 km2 )
in area. The populated territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and US
Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles (23,789
km2 )[167]

Beginning in 1994, the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and
services. The goal of the agreement was to eliminate
trade and investment barriers among the U.S., Canada,
and Mexico by January 1, 2008; trade among the part- The United States is the worlds third or fourth largest naners has soared since the agreement went into force.[162] tion by total area (land and water), ranking behind RusBarack Obama, the rst African American,[163] and sia and Canada and just above or below China. The
multiracial[164] president, was elected in 2008 amid the ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed
Great Recession,[165] which began in December 2007 and by China and India are counted and how the total size

GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AND ENVIRONMENT

of the United States is measured: calculations range

from 3,676,486 square miles (9.5 Mm2 )[168] to 3,717,813
square miles (9.6 Mm2 )[169] to 3,794,101 square miles
(9.8 Mm2 )[4] to 3,805,927 square miles (9.9 Mm2 ).[17]
Measured by only land area, the United States is third in
size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada.[170]
The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of
the Piedmont.[171] The Appalachian Mountains divide the
eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands
of the Midwest.[172] The MississippiMissouri River, the
worlds fourth longest river system, runs mainly north
south through the heart of the country. The at, fertile
prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast.[172]
The Rocky Mountains, at the western edge of the
Great Plains, extend north to south across the country,
reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in
Colorado.[173] Farther west are the rocky Great Basin
and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave.[174] The
Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to
the Pacic coast, both ranges reaching altitudes higher
than 14,000 feet (4,300 m). The lowest and highest
points in the contiguous United States are in the state
of California,[175] and only about 84 miles (135 km)
apart.[176] At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m),
Alaskas Denali (Mount McKinley) is the highest peak
in the country and North America.[177] Active volcanoes
are common throughout Alaskas Alexander and Aleutian
Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The
supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in
the Rockies is the continents largest volcanic feature.[178]

The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States
since 1782.

found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[182]

The United States is home to 428 mammal species,
784 bird species, 311 reptile species, and 295 amphibian species.[183] About 91,000 insect species have been
The United States, with its large size and geographic vadescribed.[184] The bald eagle is both the national bird and
riety, includes most climate types. To the east of the
national animal of the United States, and is an enduring
100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid contisymbol of the country itself.[185]
[179]
nental in the north to humid subtropical in the south.
The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi- There are 58 national parks and hundreds of other fed[186]
arid. Much of the Western mountains have an alpine cli- erally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas.
mate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the coun[187]
Most of this is protected, though
the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and trys land area.
oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logAlaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii ging, or cattle ranching; about .86% is used for military
[188][189]
and the southern tip of Florida are tropical, as are the purposes.
[180]
populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacic.
Environmental issues have been on the national agenda
Extreme weather is not uncommonthe states bordering since 1970. Environmental controversies include debates
the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of on oil and nuclear energy, dealing with air and water polthe worlds tornadoes occur within the country, mainly in lution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife, logging
Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South.[181]
and deforestation,[190][191] and international responses to

3.1

Wildlife

Main articles: Fauna of the United States and Flora of the

United States
The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: about 17,000 species
of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States
and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of owering plants are

global warming.[192][193] Many federal and state agencies

are involved. The most prominent is the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order
in 1970.[194] The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness
Act.[195] The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended
to protect threatened and endangered species and their
habitats, which are monitored by the United States Fish
and Wildlife Service.[196]

4.1

Population

Demographics

reunication) were granted legal residence.[208] Mexico

has been the leading source of new residents since the
Main articles: Demographics of the United States, 1965 Immigration Act. China, India, and the Philippines
top four sending countries every year
Americans, List of U.S. states by population density and have been in the
[209]
since
the
1990s.
As of 2012, approximately 11.4 milList of United States cities by population
lion residents are illegal immigrants.[210]

4.1

Population

The Statue of Liberty in New York City is a symbol of both the

U.S. and the ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity.[198]

The U.S. Census Bureau currently estimates the countrys

population to be 322,075,000.[199] The U.S. population
almost quadrupled during the 20th century, from about
76 million in 1900.[200] The third most populous nation
in the world, after China and India, the United States is
the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected.[201] In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children, by the 1900s this number
had decreased to 3.56.[202]
The United States has a very diverse population;
37 ancestry groups have more than one million
members.[203] German Americans are the largest ethnic group (more than 50 million) followed by Irish
Americans (circa 37 million), Mexican Americans
(circa 31 million) and English Americans (circa 28
million).[204][205]

According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute, nine million Americans, or roughly 3.4% of
the adult population identify themselves as homosexual,
bisexual, or transgender.[211][212] A 2012 Gallup poll also
concluded that 3.5% of adult Americans identied as
LGBT. The highest percentage came from the District
of Columbia (10%), while the lowest state was North
Dakota at 1.7%.[213] In a 2013 survey, the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention found that 96.6% of
Americans identify as straight, while 1.6% identify as gay
or lesbian, and 0.7% identify as being bisexual.[214]
In 2010, the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2
million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry (2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry)
and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacic island ancestry (0.5 million exclusively).[215] The census
counted more than 19 million people of Some Other
Race who were unable to identify with any of its ve
ocial race categories in 2010.[215]
The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans (the terms are ocially interchangeable) is a major demographic trend. The 50.5 million Americans
of Hispanic descent[215] are identied as sharing a distinct "ethnicity" by the Census Bureau; 64% of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent.[216] Between
2000 and 2010, the countrys Hispanic population increased 43% while the non-Hispanic population rose just
4.9%.[217] Much of this growth is from immigration; in
2007, 12.6% of the U.S. population was foreign-born,
with 54% of that gure born in Latin America.[218]
Fertility is also a factor; in 2010 the average Hispanic
woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime, compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for
non-Hispanic white women (both below the replacement
rate of 2.1).[219] Minorities (as dened by the Census
Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic, non-multiracial
whites) constituted 36.3% of the population in 2010
(this is nearly 40% in 2015),[220] and over 50% of children under age one,[221] and are projected to constitute
the majority by 2042.[222] This contradicts the report
by the National Vital Statistics Reports, based on the
U.S. census data, which concludes that 54% (2,162,406
out of 3,999,386 in 2010) of births were non-Hispanic
white.[219]

White Americans are the largest racial group; Black

Americans are the nations largest racial minority (note
that in the U.S. Census, Hispanic and Latino Americans
are counted as an ethnic group, not a racial group), and
third largest ancestry group.[203] Asian Americans are the
countrys second largest racial minority; the three largest
Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans,
About 82% of Americans live in urban areas (includFilipino Americans, and Indian Americans.[203]
ing suburbs);[4] about half of those reside in cities with
The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000, which
populations over 50,000.[223] In 2008, 273 incorporated
is 5 births below the world average.[206] Its population
places had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more
growth rate is positive at 0.7%, higher than that of many
than one million residents, and four global cities had over
[207]
In scal year 2012, over one mildeveloped nations.
two million (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and
lion immigrants (most of whom entered through family

10

4 DEMOGRAPHICS

Houston).[224] There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million.[225] Of the 50 fastestgrowing metro areas, 47 are in the West or South.[226] The
metro areas of San Bernardino, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta,
and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008.[225]

languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) include

Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and
Chinese.[240][241] 18% of all Americans claim to speak at
least one language in addition to English.[242]

4.3 Religion

Main article: Religion in the United States

See also: History of religion in the United States,
Freedom of religion in the United States, Separation of
Main article: Languages of the United States
church and state in the United States and List of religious
See also: Language Spoken at Home in the United States movements that began in the United States
of America, List of endangered languages in the United
States and Language education in the United States
The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids
English (American English) is the de facto national lan- Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.
guage. Although there is no ocial language at the fed- Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced
eral level, some lawssuch as U.S. naturalization re- in the U.S., but other religions are followed, too. In a
quirementsstandardize English. In 2010, about 230 2013 survey, 56% of Americans said that religion played
million, or 80% of the population aged ve years and a very important role in their lives, a far higher gure
older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken than that of any other wealthy nation.[244] In a 2009
by 12% of the population at home, is the second most Gallup poll 42% of Americans said that they attended
common language and the most widely taught second
church weekly or almost weekly; the gures ranged
language.[228][229] Some Americans advocate making En- from a low of 23% in Vermont to a high of 63% in
[12]
glish the countrys ocial language, as it is in 28 states.
Mississippi.[245]
Both Hawaiian and English are ocial languages in As with other Western countries, the U.S. is becomHawaii, by state law.[230] Alaska recognizes twenty Na- ing less religious. Irreligion is growing rapidly among
tive languages.[231] While neither has an ocial language, Americans under 30.[246] Polls show that overall AmeriNew Mexico has laws providing for the use of both En- can condence in organized religion is declining,[247] and
glish and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and that younger Americans in particular are becoming inFrench.[232] Other states, such as California, mandate the creasingly irreligious.[243][248] According to a 2012 study,
publication of Spanish versions of certain government Protestant share of U.S. population dropped to 48%, thus
documents including court forms.[233] Many jurisdictions ending its status as religious category of the majority for
with large numbers of non-English speakers produce gov- the rst time.[249][250][251]
ernment materials, especially voting information, in the
most commonly spoken languages in those jurisdictions. According to a 2014 survey, 70.6% of adults identied themselves as Christian,[252] Protestant denominaSeveral insular territories grant ocial recognition to tions accounted for 46.5%, while Roman Catholicism,
their native languages, along with English: Samoan[234]
at 20.8%, was the largest individual denomination.[253]
and Chamorro[235] are recognized by American Samoa The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2014 was
and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro
5.9%.[253] Other religions include Judaism (1.9%), Islam
are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands;[236] (0.9%), Buddhism (0.7%), Hinduism (0.7%).[253] The
Cherokee is ocially recognized by the Cherokee Nasurvey also reported that 22.8% of Americans described
tion within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern themselves as agnostic, atheist or simply having no reOklahoma;[237] Spanish is an ocial language of Puerto ligion, up from 8.2% in 1990.[253][254][255] There are
Rico and is more widely spoken than English there.[238]
also Unitarian Universalist, Baha'i, Sikh, Jain, Shinto,
According to the Center for Immigration Studies, Arabic Confucian, Taoist, Druid, Native American, Wiccan,
and Urdu (Pakistan's national language) are the fastest humanist and deist communities.[256]
growing foreign languages spoken at American house- Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping
holds. According to the survey, more than 63.2 million in the United States. Baptists collectively form the largest
US residents speak a language other than English at home. branch of Protestantism, and the Southern Baptist ConIn recent years, Arabic speaking residents increased by vention is the largest individual Protestant denomination.
29%, Urdu by 23% and Persian by 9%.[239]
About 26% of Americans identify as Evangelical Protes-

4.2

Language

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in

the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers) are:
Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught

tants, while 15% are Mainline and 7% belong to a traditionally Black church. Roman Catholicism in the United
States has its origin in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas, and later grew because of Irish, Ital-

11
ian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration. Rhode
Island is the only state where a majority of the population is Catholic. Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in
immigration from Northern Europe and Germany. North
and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality
of the population is Lutheran. Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants. Although it has spread across the United States,
it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast. Dutch Reformed congregations were founded rst in New Amsterdam (New York City) before spreading westward. Utah
is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the
majority of the population. The Mormon Corridor also
extends to parts of Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming.[257]

5 Government and politics

Main articles: Federal government of the United States,
State governments of the United States, Local government in the United States and Elections in the United
States

The United States is the worlds oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic and
representative democracy, in which majority rule is
tempered by minority rights protected by law".[268] The
government is regulated by a system of checks and
balances dened by the U.S. Constitution, which serves
as the countrys supreme legal document.[269] For 2014,
The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the the U.S. ranked 19th on the Democracy Index[270] and
Southern United States in which socially conservative 17th on the Corruption Perceptions Index.[271]
Evangelical Protestantism is a signicant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denomi- In the American federalist system, citizens are usually
nations is generally higher than the nations average. By subject to three levels of government: federal, state, and
contrast, religion plays the least important role in New local. The local government's duties are commonly split
between county and municipal governments. In almost
England and in the Western United States.[245]
all cases, executive and legislative ocials are elected
by a plurality vote of citizens by district. There is no
proportional representation at the federal level, and it is
rare at lower levels.[272]

4.4

Family structure

Congress

Main article: Family structure in the United States

See also: Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States,
Same-sex marriage in the United States and Cousin
marriage law in the United States by state

House of
1
Representatives

Vice
President
Senate2

Cabinet
Armed Forces
Federal

Executive Oce
2

State4

State Courts

Legislation

As of 2007, 58% of Americans age 18 and over were

married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and
25% had never been married.[258] Women now work
mostly outside the home and receive a majority of
bachelors degrees.[259]

Supreme Court

President

Electoral College

State Legislature
Governors

4
Enfranchised people (normally 18 years and older)

Legislative branch
Executive branch
Judicial branch

elects
appoints or controls
5
veto-power / can repeal

approves

1: Elections are every 2 years. Apportionment is based on each states population

2: Each state is represented with 2 senators. Senators serve 6-year-terms,
but one-third of the seats are up for election every two years
3: Head of state and government, as well as commander-in-chief
4: The state levels can vary from state to state
5: Presidential vetos can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both house.
The Supreme Court can declare laws as unconstitutional and thereby repeal them

The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000

women. The rate has declined by 57% since 1991.[260] The political system of the United States
In 2013, the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama,
and the lowest in Wyoming.[260][261] Abortion is legal The federal government is composed of three branches:
throughout the U.S., owing to Roe v. Wade, a 1973
landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United
Legislative: The bicameral Congress, made up of
States. While the abortion rate is falling, the abortion rathe Senate and the House of Representatives, makes
tio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15
federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has
per 1,000 women aged 1544 remain higher than those
the power of the purse,[273] and has the power of
of most Western nations.[262] In 2013, the average age at
impeachment, by which it can remove sitting memrst birth was 26 and 40.6% of births were to unmarried
bers of the government.[274]
women.[263]
Executive: The President is the commander-inThe total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated for 2013 at
chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before
1.86 births per woman.[264] Adoption in the United States
they become law (subject to Congressional overis common and relatively easy from a legal point of view
ride), and appoints the members of the Cabinet (sub(compared to other Western countries).[265] In 2001, with
ject to Senate approval) and other ocers, who adover 127,000 adoptions, the U.S. accounted for nearly
minister and enforce federal laws and policies.[275]
half of the total number of adoptions worldwide.[266] It
Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal
is legal for same-sex couples to adopt. Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S.[267]
courts, whose judges are appointed by the President

12

5 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn the President of the United States. Each state has presithose they nd unconstitutional.[276]
dential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress, the District of Columbia
[287]
The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, has three.
each representing a congressional district for a two-year Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the
term. House seats are apportioned among the states by states following each decennial Census of Population.
population every tenth year. At the 2010 census, seven Each state then draws single member districts to conform
states had the minimum of one representative, while Cal- with the census apportionment. The total number of Repifornia, the most populous state, had 53.[277]
resentatives is 435, and delegate Members of Congress
The Senate has 100 members with each state having two
senators, elected at-large to six-year terms; one third of
Senate seats are up for election every other year. The
President serves a four-year term and may be elected
to the oce no more than twice. The President is not
elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral college
system in which the determining votes are apportioned to
the states and the District of Columbia.[278] The Supreme
Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has
nine members, who serve for life.[279]

represent the District of Columbia and the ve major US

territories.[288]
The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the
Native American nations. Though reservations are within
state borders, the reservation is a sovereign entity. While
the United States recognizes this sovereignty, other countries may not.[289]

5.2 Parties and elections

The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral Main articles: Politics of the United States and Political
legislature.[280] The governor (chief executive) of each ideologies in the United States
state is directly elected. Some state judges and cabinet The United States has operated under a two-party system
ocers are appointed by the governors of the respective
states, while others are elected by popular vote.
The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its
relationship with the individual states. Article One protects the right to the great writ of habeas corpus. The
Constitution has been amended 27 times;[281] the rst ten
amendments, which make up the Bill of Rights, and the
Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by
the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided.
The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned
in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court President Obama meets with congressional leadership in 2011
in Marbury v. Madison (1803)[282] in a decision handed
for most of its history.[290] For elective oces at most
down by Chief Justice John Marshall.[283]
levels, state-administered primary elections choose the
major party nominees for subsequent general elections.
Since the general election of 1856, the major parties
5.1 Political divisions
have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and
Main articles: Political divisions of the United States, the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil
U.S. state, Territories of the United States, List of states War, only one third-party presidential candidateformer
and territories of the United States and Indian reservation president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive
Further information: Territorial evolution of the United in 1912has won as much as 20% of the popular vote.
States and United States territorial acquisitions
The third-largest political party is the Libertarian Party.
The President and Vice-president are elected through the
[291]
The United States is a federal republic of 50 states, a Electoral College system.
federal district, ve territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions.[285] The states and territories are the
principal administrative districts in the country. These
are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent
cities. The District of Columbia is a federal district which
contains the capital of the United States, Washington
DC.[286] The states and the District of Columbia choose

Within American political culture, the Republican Party

is considered "conservative" and the Democratic Party is
considered "liberal".[292] The states of the Northeast and
West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as
"blue states", are relatively liberal. The "red states" of the
South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains
are relatively conservative.

5.4

Government nance

The winner of the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections,

Democrat Barack Obama, is the 44th, and current, U.S.
president. Current leadership in the Senate includes
Democratic Vice President Joseph Biden, Republican
President Pro Tempore (Pro Tem) Orrin Hatch, Majority
Leader Mitch McConnell, and Minority Leader Harry
Reid.[293] Leadership in the House includes Speaker of
the House Republican John Boehner, Majority Leader
Kevin McCarthy, and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi.[294]

13
of the G7,[298] G20, and Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development. Almost all countries
have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have
consulates around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions. However, Iran,
North Korea, Bhutan, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the
United States (although the U.S. still maintains relations
with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment).[299]

In the 114th United States Congress, both the House of

Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate currently consists of 54 Republicans, and 44 Democrats with two independents who
caucus with the Democrats; the House consists of 246
Republicans and 188 Democrats, with one vacancy.[295]
In state governorships, there are 31 Republicans, 18
Democrats and one independent.[296] Among the DC
mayor and the 5 territorial governors, there are 2 Republicans, 2 Democrats (one is also in the PPD), and 2
Independents.[297]

The United States has a "special relationship" with the

United Kingdom[300] and strong ties with Canada,[301]
Australia,[302] New Zealand,[303] the Philippines,[304]
Japan,[305] South Korea,[306] Israel,[307] and several
European Union countries, including France, Italy,
Germany, and Spain. It works closely with fellow
NATO members on military and security issues and
with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral
North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and
Mexico. In 2008, the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on ocial development assistance, the most in the
world. As a share of Americas large gross national in5.3 Foreign relations
come (GNI), however, the U.S. contribution of 0.18%
ranked last among 22 donor states. By contrast, private
Main articles: Foreign relations of the United States and overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous.[308]
Foreign policy of the United States
The U.S. exercises full international defense authority
The United States has an established structure of forand responsibility for three sovereign nations through
Compact of Free Association with Micronesia, the
Marshall Islands and Palau, all of which are Pacic island
nations which were part of the U.S.-administered Trust
Territory of the Pacic Islands beginning after World
War II, and gained independence in subsequent years.[309]

5.4 Government nance

See also: Taxation in the United States and United States
federal budget

The United Nations Headquarters has been in Midtown Manhattan since 1952.

Taxes are levied in the United States at the federal, state

and local government level. These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, imports, estates and gifts,
as well as various fees. In 2010 taxes collected by federal,
state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8% of
GDP.[310] During FY2012, the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue, up
$147 billion or 6% versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30
trillion. Primary receipt categories included individual
income taxes ($1,132B or 47%), Social Security/Social
Insurance taxes ($845B or 35%), and corporate taxes
($242B or 10%).[311] Based on CBO Estimates,[312] under 2013 tax law the top 1% will be paying the highest
average tax rates since 1979, while other income groups
will remain at historic lows.[313]

eign relations. It is a permanent member of the United U.S. taxation is generally progressive, especially the fedNations Security Council, and New York City is home eral income taxes, and is among the most progressive
to the United Nations Headquarters. It is a member in the developed world.[314][315][316][317][318] The high-

14

5 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

est 10% of income earners pay a majority of federal

taxes,[319] and about half of all taxes.[320] Payroll taxes
for Social Security are a at regressive tax, with no tax
charged on income above $113,700 and no tax at all paid
on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains.[321][322] The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs
have not been viewed as welfare transfers.[323][324] However, according to the Congressional Budget Oce the
net eect of Social Security is that the benet to tax ratio
ranges from roughly 70% for the top earnings quintile to
about 170% for the lowest earning quintile, making the
system progressive.[325]

By 2012, total federal debt had surpassed 100% of U.S.

GDP.[334] The U.S. has a credit rating of AA+ from
Standard & Poors, AAA from Fitch, and AAA from
Moodys.[335]
Historically, the U.S. public debt as a share of GDP increased during wars and recessions, and subsequently declined. For example, debt held by the public as a share of
GDP peaked just after World War II (113% of GDP in
1945), but then fell over the following 30 years. In recent
decades, large budget decits and the resulting increases
in debt have led to concern about the long-term sustainability of the federal governments scal policies.[336]
However, these concerns are not universally shared.[337]

The top 10% paid 51.8% of total federal taxes in 2009,

and the top 1%, with 13.4% of pre-tax national income, paid 22.3% of federal taxes.[326] In 2013 the Tax 5.5 Military
Policy Center projected total federal eective tax rates
of 35.5% for the top 1%, 27.2% for the top quintile, Main article: United States Armed Forces
13.8% for the middle quintile, and 2.7% for the bot- The President holds the title of commander-in-chief
tom quintile.[327][328] The incidence of corporate income
tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy
for decades.[317][329] State and local taxes vary widely, but
are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they
rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams, though
their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation.[317][330]
During FY 2012, the federal government spent $3.54
trillion on a budget or cash basis, down $60 billion or
1.7% vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion. Major
categories of FY 2012 spending included: Medicare &
Medicaid ($802B or 23% of spending), Social Security
($768B or 22%), Defense Department ($670B or 19%), The carrier strike groups of the Kitty Hawk, Ronald Reagan, and
non-defense discretionary ($615B or 17%), other manda- Abraham Lincoln with aircraft from the Marine Corps, Navy,
and Air Force.
tory ($461B or 13%) and interest ($223B or 6%).[311]
5.4.1

National debt

Main article: National debt of the United States

The total national debt in the United States was $18.527

US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP, from

1790 to 2013.

trillion (106% of the GDP), according to an estimate for

2014 by the International Monetary Fund.[331] In January
2015, U.S. federal government debt held by the public
was approximately $13 trillion, or about 72% of U.S.
GDP. Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion,
giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion.[332][333]

The Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona on

February 4, 2004.

of the nations armed forces and appoints its leaders,

the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Sta.
The United States Department of Defense administers
the armed forces, including the Army, Navy, Marine
Corps, and Air Force. The Coast Guard is run by the

15
Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by
the Department of the Navy during times of war. In
2008, the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty. The Reserves and National Guard brought the
total number of troops to 2.3 million. The Department
of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not
including contractors.[338]
Military service is voluntary, though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System.[339]
American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air
Forces large eet of transport aircraft, the Navys 10 active aircraft carriers, and Marine expeditionary units at Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local posea with the Navys Atlantic and Pacic eets. The mil- lice departments. The New York City Police Department (NYPD)
[350]
itary operates 865 bases and facilities abroad,[340] and is the largest in the country.
maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[341]
erates on a common law. State courts conduct most crimThe military budget of the United States in 2011 was
inal trials; federal courts handle certain designated crimes
more than $700 billion, 41% of global military spendas well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts.
ing and equal to the next 14 largest national military exPlea bargaining in the United States is very common; the
penditures combined. At 4.7% of GDP, the rate was the
vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled
second-highest among the top 15 military spenders, afby plea bargain rather than jury trial.[352]
[342]
ter Saudi Arabia.
U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in
the CIA.[343] Defenses share of U.S. spending has gen- the United States, a 54% decline from the modern peak of
[353]
In 20012, the United States had aboveerally declined in recent decades, from Cold War peaks 10.2 in 1980.
of 14.2% of GDP in 1953 and 69.5% of federal outlays average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels
[354]
in 1954 to 4.7% of GDP and 18.8% of federal outlays in of gun violence compared to other developed nations.
[344]
A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organiza2011.
tion Mortality Database from 2003 showed that United
The proposed base Department of Defense budget for
States homicide rates were 6.9 times higher than rates in
2012, $553 billion, was a 4.2% increase over 2011;
the other high-income countries, driven by rearm homian additional $118 billion was proposed for the milcide rates that were 19.5 times higher.[355] Gun owner[345]
itary campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.
The last
ship rights continue to be the subject of contentious poAmerican troops serving in Iraq departed in December
litical debate. The FBIs Uniform Crime Reports esti[346]
2011;
4,484 service members were killed during the
mates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes
[347]
Iraq War.
Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were
per 100,000 residents in 2012, for a total of over 9 million
serving in Afghanistan in April 2012;[348] by Novemtotal crimes.[356]
ber 8, 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in
Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States
Afghanistan.[349]
for certain federal and military crimes, and used in 31
states.[357][358] No executions took place from 1967 to
1977, owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. In
6 Law enforcement and crime
1976, that Court ruled that, under appropriate circumMain articles: Law enforcement in the United States and stances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than
Crime in the United States
place in three
See also: Law of the United States, Capital punishment 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking
[359]
Oklahoma.
Meanwhile,
states:
Texas,
Virginia,
and
in the United States, Second Amendment to the United
several
states
have
either
abolished
or
struck
down death
States Constitution and Human rights in the United States
penalty
laws.
In
2014,
the
country
had
the
fth
highest
Justice system
number
of
executions
in
the
world,
following
China,
Iran,
Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the re[360]
Saudi
Arabia,
and
Iraq.
sponsibility of local police and sheri's departments, with
state police providing broader services. Federal agencies
such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and
the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties, including protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing
U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws.[351] At the
federal level and in almost every state, a legal system op-

The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world.[361]
At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were
incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults.[362] At
year end 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 oenders. About 1 in

16
every 35 adult residents in the United States was under
some form of correctional supervision at yearend 2012,
the lowest rate observed since 1997.[363] The prison population has quadrupled since 1980.[364] However, the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than
a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000
in 2013[365] and the rate for pre-trial/remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012.[366] AfricanAmerican males are jailed at about six times the rate
of white males and three times the rate of Hispanic
males.[367] The countrys high rate of incarceration is
largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug
policies.[368] According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons,
the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug oenses.[369] The privatization of prisons
and prison services which began in the 1980s has been
a subject of debate.[370][371] In 2008, Louisiana had the
highest incarceration rate,[372] and Maine the lowest.[373]
In 2012, Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and
non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S., and New Hampshire the lowest.[374]

7 ECONOMY
capita and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP.[384] The U.S.
dollar is the worlds primary reserve currency.[387]
The United States is the largest importer of goods and
second largest exporter, though exports per capita are
relatively low. In 2010, the total U.S. trade decit was
$635 billion.[388] Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and
Germany are its top trading partners.[389] In 2010, oil
was the largest import commodity, while transportation
equipment was the countrys largest export.[388] Japan is
the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt.[390] The
largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities, including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve, who hold the majority of the debt.[391][392][393][394]
The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute,
SIPRI, found that the United States arms industry was the
worlds biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005
2009,[395] and remained the largest exporter of major
weapons during a period between 20102014, followed
by Russia, China (PRC), and Germany.[396]

In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute

86.4% of the economy, with federal government activity
accounting for 4.3% and state and local government activity (including federal transfers) the remaining 9.3%.[397]
7 Economy
The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1.[398] While its
Main article: Economy of the United States
economy has reached a postindustrial level of developSee also: Economic history of the United States
of GDP, the
The United States has a capitalist mixed economy ment and its service sector constitutes 67.8%
United States remains an industrial power.[399] The leading business eld by gross business receipts is wholesale
and retail trade; by net income it is manufacturing.[400] In
the franchising business model, McDonalds and Subway
are the two most recognized brands in the world. CocaCola is the most recognized soft drink company in the
world.[401]

United States export treemap (2011): The U.S. is the worlds

second-largest exporter.

which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high

productivity.[383] According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24%
of the gross world product at market exchange rates and
over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power
parity (PPP).[384]

Chemical products are the leading manufacturing

eld.[402] The United States is the largest producer of oil
in the world, as well as its second largest importer.[403]
It is the worlds number one producer of electrical and
nuclear energy, as well as liquid natural gas, sulfur,
phosphates, and salt. The National Mining Association
provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include
beryllium, copper, lead, magnesium, zinc, titanium and
others.[404][405]
Agriculture accounts for just under 1% of GDP,[399] yet
the United States is the worlds top producer of corn[406]
and soybeans.[407] The National Agricultural Statistics
Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that
include peanuts, oats, rye, wheat, rice, cotton, corn,
barley, hay, sunowers, and oilseeds. In addition, the
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides livestock statistics regarding beef, poultry, pork,
and dairy products. The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modied food, representing half of the worlds biotech crops.[408]

The USs nominal GDP is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014[385] From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a
2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.[386] The Consumer spending comprises 68% of the U.S. economy
country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per in 2015.[409] In August 2010, the American labor force

7.1

Income, poverty and wealth

consisted of 154.1 million people. With 21.2 million people, government is the leading eld of employment. The
largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. About 12% of
workers are unionized, compared to 30% in Western Europe.[410] The World Bank ranks the United States rst
in the ease of hiring and ring workers.[411] The United
States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well. It has a smaller welfare state
and redistributes less income through government action
than European nations tend to.[412]
The United States is the only advanced economy that does
not guarantee its workers paid vacation[413] and is one of
just a few countries in the world without paid family leave
as a legal right, with the others being Papua New Guinea,
Suriname and Liberia.[414] However, 74% of full-time
American workers get paid sick leave, according to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, although only 24% of parttime workers get the same benets.[415] While federal law
currently does not require sick leave, its a common benet for government workers and full-time employees at
corporations.[415] In 2009, the United States had the third
highest workforce productivity per person in the world,
behind Luxembourg and Norway. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the
Netherlands.[416]
The 20082012 global recession had a signicant impact on the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Oce.[417] It
brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing
but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low
consumer condence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, ination, and rising
petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.[418][419][420]

7.1

Income, poverty and wealth

A tract housing development in San Jose, California.

Further information:

Income in the United States,

17
Poverty in the United States, Auence in the United
States, United States counties by per capita income and
Income inequality in the United States
Americans have the highest average household and
employee income among OECD nations, and in 2007 had
the second highest median household income.[421][422]
According to the Census Bureau real median household
income was $50,502 in 2011, down from $51,144 in
2010.[423] The Global Food Security Index ranked the
U.S. number one for food aordability and overall food
security in March 2013.[424] Americans on average have
over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents, and more than every
EU nation.[425] For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among
187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th
in its inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI).[426]
There has been a widening gap between productivity
and median incomes since the 1970s.[427] However, the
gap between total compensation and productivity is not
as wide because of increased employee benets such
as health insurance.[428] While ination-adjusted (real)
household income had been increasing almost every
year from 1947 to 1999, it has since been at on balance and has even decreased recently.[429] According to
Congressional Research Service, during this same period, immigration to the United States increased, while
the lower 90% of tax lers incomes became stagnant,
and eventually decreasing since 2000.[430] The rise in the
share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent, which has more than doubled from 9 percent in
1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has had a signicant impact
on income inequality,[431] leaving the United States with
one of the widest income distributions among OECD
nations.[432] The post-recession income gains have been
very uneven, with the top 1 percent capturing 95 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2012.[433] The
extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of
debate.[434][435]
Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated;
the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of
the countrys household wealth, while the bottom half
claim only 2%.[436] Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices
around the world. Assets owned by Americans lost
about a quarter of their value.[437] Since peaking in the
second quarter of 2007, household wealth was down
$14 trillion, but has since increased $14 trillion over
2006 levels.[438][439] At the end of 2014, household debt
amounted to $11.8 trillion,[440] down from $13.8 trillion
at the end of 2008.[441]
There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered
homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.[442] In 2011 16.7 million chil-

18

9 CULTURE

dren lived in food-insecure households, about 35% more

than 2007 levels, though only 1.1% of U.S. children, or
845,000, saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were
not chronic.[443] According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau, one in ve young adults lives in poverty today,
up from one in seven in 1980.[444]

trails some other OECD nations but spends more per

student than the OECD average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[447][455]
As of 2012, student loan debt exceeded one trillion dollars, more than Americans owe on credit cards.[456]

9 Culture
8

Education

Main article: Culture of the United States

See also: Alaska Natives Cultures, Native American
Main article: Education in the United States
cultures in the United States, Culture of the Native
American public education is operated by state and local
Hawaiians, Social class in the United States, Public holidays in the United States and Tourism in the United States

The University of Virginia, founded by Thomas Jeerson in

1819, is one of the many public universities in the United States.

governments, regulated by the United States Department

of Education through restrictions on federal grants. In
most states, children are required to attend school from
the age of six or seven (generally, kindergarten or rst
grade) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through
twelfth grade, the end of high school); some states allow
students to leave school at 16 or 17.[445]
About 12% of children are enrolled in parochial or
nonsectarian private schools. Just over 2% of children are
homeschooled.[446] The U.S. spends more on education
per student than any nation in the world, spending more
than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more
than $12,000 per high school student.[447] Some 80% of
U.S. college students attend public universities.[448]
The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education. The majority of
worlds top universities listed by dierent ranking organizations are in the US.[449][450][451] There are also local
community colleges with generally more open admission
policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.
Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high
school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a
bachelors degree, and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.[452]
The basic literacy rate is approximately 99%.[4][453] The
United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world.[454]

The United States is home to many cultures and a wide

variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.[25][457]
Aside from the Native American, Native Hawaiian, and
Native Alaskan populations, nearly all Americans or
their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past ve
centuries.[458] Mainstream American culture is a Western
culture largely derived from the traditions of European
immigrants with inuences from many other sources,
such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.[25][459]
More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin
America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics.[25]
Core American culture was established by Protestant
British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement
process, with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation. Americans have traditionally been characterized
by a strong work ethic, competitiveness, and individualism, as well as a unifying belief in an American
creed" emphasizing liberty, equality, private property,
democracy, rule of law, and a preference for limited
government.[460] Americans are extremely charitable by
global standards. According to a 2006 British study,
Americans gave 1.67% of GDP to charity, more than
any other nation studied, more than twice the second
place British gure of 0.73%, and around twelve times
the French gure of 0.14%.[461][462]

The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[463] Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate.[464][465][466][467][386][468]
While mainstream culture holds that the United States is
a classless society,[469] scholars identify signicant differences between the countrys social classes, aecting
socialization, language, and values.[470] Americans selfimages, social viewpoints, and cultural expectations are
associated with their occupations to an unusually close
degree.[471] While Americans tend greatly to value soAs for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. cioeconomic achievement, being ordinary or average is

9.2

Literature, philosophy, and the arts

19

generally seen as a positive attribute.[472]

American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their

British culinary roots with some variations. Although
American lands could grow newer vegetables England
9.1 Food
could not, most colonists would not eat these new foods
until accepted by Europeans.[481] Over time American
Main article: Cuisine of the United States
foods changed to a point that food critic, John L. Hess
Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other stated in 1972: Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their
food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence.[482]
The American fast food industry, the worlds largest,[483]
pioneered the drive-through format in the 1940s.[484] Fast
food consumption has sparked health concerns. During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans caloric intake rose
24%;[477] frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health ocials call the American
"obesity epidemic".[485] Highly sweetened soft drinks are
widely popular, and sugared beverages account for nine
percent of American caloric intake.[486]
Apple pie is a food commonly associated with American cuisine.

9.2 Literature, philosophy, and the arts

Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain

with about three-quarters of grain products made of Main articles: American literature, American philosowheat our[473] and many dishes use indigenous ingredi- phy, Visual art of the United States and American classients, such as turkey, venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cal music
corn, squash, and maple syrup which were consumed by In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and
Native Americans and early European settlers.[474] These
home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on
one of Americas most popular holidays; Thanksgiving,
when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion.[475]

Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American

Thanksgiving dinner.[476]

Characteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken,

pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes
of various immigrants. French fries, Mexican dishes such
as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted
from Italian sources are widely consumed.[477] Americans
drink three times as much coee as tea.[478] Marketing by
U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange
Mark Twain, American author and humorist.
juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.[479][480]

20

9 CULTURE

literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such

as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry
David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary
voice by the middle of the 19th century. Mark Twain and
poet Walt Whitman were major gures in the centurys
second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during
her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet.[487] A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and charactersuch as
Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925) and Harper Lee's To Kill a
Mockingbird (1960) may be dubbed the "Great AmerTimes Square in New York City, the hub of the Broadway theater
ican Novel".[488]
[495]
district

Eleven U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently Toni Morrison in 1993. William
Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most inuential writers of the 20th
century.[489] Popular literary genres such as the Western
and hardboiled crime ction developed in the United
States. The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as
John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo.[490]

team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular

musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s.
In the 20th century, the modern musical form emerged
on Broadway; the songs of musical theater composers
such as Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards. Playwright Eugene
O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize
The transcendentalists, led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo winners Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee, and August
Emerson, established the rst major American philo- Wilson.[496]
sophical movement. After the Civil War, Charles
Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey Though little known at the time, Charles Ives's work
were leaders in the development of pragmatism. In of the 1910s established him as the rst major U.S.
the 20th century, the work of W. V. O. Quine and composer in the classical tradition, while experimenRichard Rorty, and later Noam Chomsky, brought talists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created
analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosoph- a distinctive American approach to classical compoical academia. John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a re- sition. Aaron Copland and George Gershwin develvival of political philosophy. Cornel West and Judith But- oped a new synthesis of popular and classical music.
ler have led a continental tradition in American philo- Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham
sophical academia. Globally inuential Chicago school helped create modern dance, while George Balanchine
economists like Milton Friedman, James M. Buchanan, and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th-century ballet.
and Thomas Sowell have transcended discipline to impact Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography, with major photographers
various elds in social and political philosophy.[491][492]
including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, and Ansel
In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid- Adams.[497]
19th-century movement in the tradition of European
naturalism. The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are
now widely celebrated. The 1913 Armory Show in
9.3 Music
New York City, an exhibition of European modernist
art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art
Main article: Music of the United States
scene.[493] Georgia O'Keee, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major
artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American muJackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art sic have deeply inuenced American music at large, disof Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely tinguishing it from European traditions. Elements from
in the United States. The tide of modernism and then folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known
postmodernism has brought fame to American architects as old-time music were adopted and transformed into
such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank popular genres with global audiences. Jazz was developed
by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke EllingGehry.[494]
ton early in the 20th century. Country music developed
One of the rst major promoters of American theater
in the 1920s, and rhythm and blues in the 1940s.[498]
was impresario P. T. Barnum, who began operating a
lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841. The Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob

9.5

Sports

Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one

of Americas most celebrated songwriters and James
Brown led the development of funk. More recent
American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities,[498]
as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor
Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyonc as
well as hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem and Kanye
West.[499][500][501][502][503][504][505] Rock bands such as
Metallica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the
highest grossing in worldwide sales.[506][507][508]

21
early 1960s,[513] with screen actors such as John Wayne
and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic gures.[514][515]
In the 1970s, lm directors such as Martin Scorsese,
Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital
component in what became known as "New Hollywood"
or the Hollywood Renaissance,[516] grittier lms inuenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the postwar period.[517] Since, directors such as Steven Spielberg,
George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown
for their blockbuster lms, often characterized by high
production costs, and in return, high earnings at the box
oce, with Camerons Avatar (2009) earning more than
$2 billion.[518]

Notable lms topping the American Film Institute's AFI

100 list include Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941),
which is frequently cited as the greatest lm of all
Main article: Cinema of the United States
time,[519][520] Casablanca (1942), The Godfather (1972),
Hollywood, a northern district of Los Angeles, CaliforGone with the Wind (1939), Lawrence of Arabia (1962),
The Wizard of Oz (1939), The Graduate (1967), On the
Waterfront (1954), Schindlers List (1993), Singin' in the
Rain (1952), Its a Wonderful Life (1946) and Sunset
Boulevard (1950).[521] The Academy Awards, popularly
known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since
1929,[522] and the Golden Globe Awards have been held
annually since January 1944.[523]

9.4

Cinema

9.5 Sports

The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles, California

Main article: Sports in the United States

While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and
snowboarding are American inventions, some of which
have become popular in other countries. Lacrosse and
surng arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian
activities that predate Western contact.[526] The Iroquois
eld their own separate national team, the Iroquois Nationals, in recognition of the confederacys creation of
lacrosse. Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the
United States. The United States has won 2,400 medals at
the Summer Olympic Games, more than any other country, and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games, the second
most behind Norway.[527]

nia, is one of the leaders in motion picture production.[509]

The worlds rst commercial motion picture exhibition
was given in New York City in 1894, using Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope.[510] The next year saw the rst commercial screening of a projected lm, also in New York,
and the United States was in the forefront of sound lm's
development in the following decades. Since the early
20th century, the U.S. lm industry has largely been
based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of lms are not made there, The market for professional sports in the United States is
and lm companies have been subject to the forces of roughly $69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all
globalization.[511]
of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[528]
Director D. W. Grith, Americans top lmmaker dur- Baseball has been regarded as the national sport since the
ing the silent lm period, was central to the develop- late 19th century, with Major League Baseball (MLB) bement of lm grammar, and producer/entrepreneur Walt ing the top league, while American football is now by sevDisney was a leader in both animated lm and movie eral measures the most popular spectator sport,[529] with
merchandising.[512] Directors such as John Ford redened the National Football League (NFL) having the highest
the image of the American Old West and history, and, average attendance of any sports league in the world and
like others such as John Huston, broadened the possibili- a Super Bowl watched by millions globally. Basketball
ties of cinema with location shooting, with great inuence and ice hockey are the countrys next two leading proon subsequent directors. The industry enjoyed its golden fessional team sports, with the top leagues being the
years, in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National
Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the Hockey League (NHL). These four major sports, when

22

10

INFRASTRUCTURE

The Interstate Highway System, which extends 46,876 miles

(75,440 km).[536]

systems at 57,000 miles.[538] The worlds second largest

automobile market,[539] the United States has the highest
rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with
765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans.[540] About 40% of
personal vehicles are vans, SUVs, or light trucks.[541] The
average American adult (accounting for all drivers and
non-drivers) spends 55 minutes driving every day, traveling 29 miles (47 km).[542]

Swimmer Michael Phelps and then-President George W. Bush

August 10, 2008 at the National Aquatic Center in Beijing. Phelps
is the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time.[524][525]

played professionally, each occupy a season at dierent,

but overlapping, times of the year. College football and
basketball attract large audiences.[530]

Mass transit accounts for 9% of total U.S. work

trips.[543][544] Transport of goods by rail is extensive,
though relatively low numbers of passengers (approximately 31 million annually) use intercity rail to travel,
partly because of the low population density throughout
much of the U.S. interior.[545][546] However, ridership on
Amtrak, the national intercity passenger rail system, grew
by almost 37% between 2000 and 2010.[547] Also, light
rail development has increased in recent years.[548] Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal.[549]

Boxing and horse racing were once the most watched

individual sports,[531] but they have been eclipsed by golf
and auto racing, particularly NASCAR.[532] In the 21st
century, televised mixed martial arts has also gained a
strong following of regular viewers.[533][534] While soccer
is less popular in the United States compared to many
other nations, the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World
Cup, the mens national soccer team has been to the past
six World Cups. The United States womens national soccer team won the womens world cup three times, highest
in the world.[535] Major League Soccer is the professional
soccer league in the United States.

10

Infrastructure

10.1

Transportation

The U.S. power transmission grid consists of about 300,000 km

(190,000 mi) of lines operated by approximately 500 companies.
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
oversees all of them.

The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and

has been largely deregulated since 1978, while most maMain article: Transportation in the United States
jor airports are publicly owned.[550] The three largest airPersonal transportation is dominated by automobiles, lines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based;
which operate on a network of 4 million miles of public American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisiroads,[537] including one of the worlds longest highway tion by US Airways.[551] Of the worlds 30 busiest pas-

23
senger airports, 12 are in the United States, including sewer utilities. Eleven percent of Americans receive
the busiest, HartseldJackson Atlanta International Air- water from private (so-called investor-owned) utilities.
port.[552]
In rural areas, cooperatives often provide drinking water. Finally, up to 15 percent of Americans are served
by their own wells.[563][564] Water supply and wastewa10.2 Energy
ter systems are regulated by state governments and the
federal government. At the state level, health and enFurther information: Energy policy of the United States vironmental regulation is entrusted to the corresponding
state-level departments. Public Utilities Commissions or
The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt Public Service Commissions regulate taris charged by
hours per year.[553] Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 private utilities. In some states they also regulate taris
tons of oil equivalent per year, the 10th highest rate in the by public utilities. At the federal level, drinking water
world. In 2005, 40% of this energy came from petroleum, quality and wastewater discharges are regulated by the
23% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. The remain- United States Environmental Protection Agency, which
der was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy also provides funding to utilities through State Revolving
[565][566][567]
sources.[554] The United States is the worlds largest con- Funds.
[555]
sumer of petroleum.
Water consumption in the United States is more than douFor decades, nuclear power has played a limited role
relative to many other developed countries, in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident. In 2007, several applications for new nuclear plants
were led.[556] The United States has 27% of global coal
reserves.[557] It is the worlds largest producer of natural
gas and crude oil.[558]

10.3

Water supply and sanitation

ble that in Central Europe, with large variations among

the states. In 2002 the average American family spent
$474 on water and sewerage charges,[568] which is about
the same level as in Europe. The median household
spent about 1.1 percent of its income on water and
sewerage.[569]

11 Science and technology

Main article: Water supply and sanitation in the United Main article: Science and technology in the United States
States
The United States has been a leader in scientic research
Issues that aect water supply and sanitation in the United
States include water scarcity, pollution, a backlog of investment, concerns about the aordability of water for
the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce. Increased
variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate
change is expected to produce both more severe droughts
and ooding, with potentially serious consequences for
water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overows.[559][560] Droughts are likely to particularly aect
the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water.[561] As for drinking water quality,
there are concerns about disinfection by-products, lead,
perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances, but generAstronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15's
ally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good.[562]
Cities, utilities, state governments and the federal government have addressed the above issues in various ways. To
keep pace with demand from an increasing population,
utilities traditionally have augmented supplies. However,
faced with increasing costs and droughts, water conservation is beginning to receive more attention and is being supported through the federal WaterSense program.
The reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable uses is
also becoming increasingly common. Pollution through
wastewater discharges, a major issue in the 1960s, has
been brought largely under control.

landing module and lunar rover in 1971. The eort to reach the
Moon was triggered by the Space Race.

and technological innovation since the late 19th century.

Methods for producing Interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the rst half of the 19th century. This technology along with the establishment of a machine tool industry enabled the U.S. to have large scale manufacturing
of sewing machines, bicycles and other items in the late
19th century and became known as the American system
of manufacturing. Factory electrication in the early 20th
Most Americans are served by publicly owned water and century and introduction of the assembly line and other

24

12 HEALTH

labor saving techniques created the system called mass

production.[570]
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the rst
U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison's research
laboratory, one of the rst of its kind, developed the
phonograph, the rst long-lasting light bulb, and the rst
viable movie camera.[571] The latter lead to emergence
of the worldwide entertainment industry. In the early
20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E.
Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line. The
Wright brothers, in 1903, made the rst sustained and
controlled heavier-than-air powered ight.[572]
The rise of Nazism in the 1930s led many European scientists, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, and John
von Neumann, to immigrate to the United States.[573]
During World War II, the Manhattan Project developed Health spending per capita, in US$ PPP-adjusted, compared
nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age, while amongst various rst world nations.
the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry,
materials science, and aeronautics.[574][575]
The invention of the transistor in the 1950s, a key active component in practically all modern electronics, led
to many technological developments and a signicant expansion of the U.S. technology industry.[576][577][578] This
in turn led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the county such as
Silicon Valley in California. Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include
Adobe Systems, Apple Computer, IBM, GNU-Linux,
Microsoft, and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer. The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements, and became the rst of a series of networks which
evolved into the Internet.[579]
These advancements then lead to greater personalization
of technology for individual use.[580] As of 2013, 83.8%
of American households owned at least one computer,
and 73.3% had high-speed Internet service.[581] 91% of
Americans also own a mobile phone as of May 2013.[582]
The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of
use of the internet.[583]
In the 21st century, 64% of research and development
funding comes from the private sector.[584] The United
States leads the world in scientic research papers and
impact factor.[585]

12

Health

See also: Health care in the United States, Health care

reform in the United States and Health insurance in the
United States
The United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at
birth, up from 75.2 years in 1990.[586][587][588] Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements

elsewhere have contributed to lowering the countrys rank

in life expectancy from 1987, when it was 11th in the
world.[589] Obesity rates in the United States are amongst
the highest in the world.[590]
Approximately one-third of the adult population is obese
and an additional third is overweight;[591] the obesity rate,
the highest in the industrialized world, has more than
doubled in the last quarter-century.[592] Obesity-related
type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care
professionals.[593] The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per
thousand places the United States 169th highest out of
224 countries, with the 224th country having the lowest
mortality rate.[594]
In 2010, coronary artery disease, lung cancer, stroke,
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and trac accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low
back pain, depression, musculoskeletal disorders, neck
pain, and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability. The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood
sugar, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Alzheimers
disease, drug abuse, kidney disease and cancer, and falls
caused the most additional years of life lost over their ageadjusted 1990 per-capita rates.[588] U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than
in other Western nations, especially among blacks and
Hispanics.[595] U.S. underage drinking among teenagers
is among the lowest in industrialized nations.[596]
The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation. America solely developed or contributed signicantly to 9 of
the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975
as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians, while the EU
and Switzerland together contributed to ve.[597] Since
1966, more Americans have received the Nobel Prize in
Medicine than the rest of the world combined. From
1989 to 2002, four times more money was invested
in private biotechnology companies in America than in

25
Europe.[598] The U.S. health-care system far outspends the same legislation. (NPR and PBS are operated sepaany other nation, measured in both per capita spending rately from each other.) As of September 30, 2014, there
and percentage of GDP.[599]
are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the US
the U.S. Federal Communications CommisHealth-care coverage in the United States is a combina- according to[608]
sion
(FCC).
tion of public and private eorts and is not universal.
In 2014, 13.4% of the population did not carry health
insurance.[600] The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue.[601][602] In
2006, Massachusetts became the rst state to mandate
universal health insurance.[603] Federal legislation passed
in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near-universal
health insurance system around the country by 2014,
though the bill and its ultimate impact are issues of
controversy.[604][605]

Well-known newspapers are The New York Times, USA

Today and The Wall Street Journal. Although the cost of
publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to
rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided
by a major wire service, such as the Associated Press or
Reuters, for their national and world coverage. With very
few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or
McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or
in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or
13 Media
families. Major cities often have alternative weeklies
to complement the mainstream daily papers, for examMain article: Media of the United States
ple, New York Citys The Village Voice or Los Angeles
The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National LA Weekly, to name two of the best-known. Major cities
may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries, and papers for local ethnic and
social groups. Early versions of the American newspaper
comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century. In 1938, Superman, the comic
book superhero of DC Comics, developed into an American icon.[609] Aside from web portals and search engines, the most popular websites are Facebook, YouTube,
Wikipedia, Amazon, eBay, and Twitter.[610]
In Spanish, the second most widely spoken mother
tongue behind English, more than 800 publications are
published.[611][612]

14 See also
The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City.

Index of United States-related articles

Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting

System (CBS), the American Broadcasting Company
(ABC) and Fox. The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. Cable television oers
hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.[606]
Americans listen to radio programming, also largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half hours a
day.[607]

Outline of the United States

In 1998, the number of U.S. commercial radio stations

had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations.
In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations. Most of
these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are nanced by public
or private funds, subscriptions and corporate underwriting. Much public-radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR
(formerly National Public Radio). NPR was incorporated
in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of
1967; its television counterpart, PBS, was also created by

National symbols of the United States

List of states and territories of the United States

List of metropolitan areas of the United States
List of United States cities by population
List of wars involving the United States

15 Notes
[1] The federal district is Washington, D.C. The ve major territories are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern
Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent
populations: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island,

26

16

Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra

Atoll, Wake Island, and Navassa Island. U.S. sovereignty
over Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo (Petrel Island) is
disputed.[20]
[2] U.S. legislation or regulation varies in its denitions of
United States in four ways, preponderantly including
the ve major territories as (a) 50 states, D.C., ve territories and other possessions, see Homeland PL 107296.Denitions (16)(a); (b) 50 states, D.C. and ve territories without possessions, see FEMA 44 CFR 206.1.Definitions(26); (c) 50 states, D.C. and four territories without American Samoa, see Immigration 8 U.S. Code
1101.Denitions (38); and (d) 50 states and D.C. alone,
see IRS 26 U.S. Code 7701.Denitions (9). Viewed
July 5, 2016.
[3] The following two primary sources (non-mirrored)
represent the range (min./max.) of total area for China
and the United States. Both sources exclude Taiwan from
the area of China.
(a) The Encyclopdia Britannica lists China as worlds
third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) with
a total area of 9,572,900 sq km,[21] and the U.S. as
fourth-largest at 9,526,468 sq km. The gure for
the U.S. is less than in the CIA Factbook because it
excludes Coastal and Territorial waters.[22]
(b) The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as
the third-largest country (after Russia and Canada)
with total area of 9,826,675 sq km,[23] and China
as fourth-largest at 9,596,961 sq km.[24] This gure
for the U.S. is greater than in the Encyclopdia Britannica because it includes Coastal and Territorial
waters.
[4] Beginning between 1945, 1954, 1962 (depending on different sources) and ending in the mid-1970s. Several start
dates of the war are given by dierent sources: 1945,[134]
1954,[135] 1959,[136] and 1962;[137] the end date is also debated. Major U.S. involvement stopped in 1973,[138] yet
most recognize the end of the Second Indochina War as
when the Republic of Vietnam was toppled in 1975.[139]

16

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Senate Ocial site of the United States Senate
White House Ocial site of the President of the
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Supreme Court Ocial site of the Supreme Court
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18

External links

United States entry at The World Factbook

United States, from the BBC News
Key Development Forecasts for the United States
from International Futures
Government
Ocial U.S. Government Web Portal Gateway to
government sites

Wikimedia Atlas of the United States

Measure of America A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.

49

19
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glaive, Ben Lunsford, Roy Brumback, BOT-Superzerocool, Rwalker, Wangi, Brat32, Jasgbro, TastyCakes, Behemoth98, PS2pcGAMER,
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Weien, Emijrp, Michael2-~enwiki, Jonas Viper, Deville, Bob schwartz, Zzuuzz, Graphic, Nicholas F, Encephalon, Wikiwert~enwiki,

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dude, JG2K6, XxTrillvillexX9, U S Crusher, YourLawyer, Gretzkyv99, Hello14, Awilley, Hello32020, Db099221, Reticulum, Phillip
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P.W.Lutherson, Watti Renew, Huduoroi, Lolnoraj, Uncle Milty, YORKABE, Moustan, JTBX, Holledgeh, Uppie, Mygeneration01, Jef018,
Wikihistorian, Huelenrite, Luisztdt, Imperium Europeum, Pabejar, Korora, Niceguyedc, Neorunner, Ahmad.ibn.as.Sayyid, Danny 17,
Saberswordsmen1, MrJanitor1, Paraside, Tmazhindu, Willingham, Hectorlf, CDHgrn, Azmurath, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Pekin Republican, S71elements, Js00902, Ljriccio9j, Saltsyra, House1090, Robbiemt, Madman445, Secret (renamed), Luke56, Cirt, Daniel4sw,
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Forsyth.joel, LinkFA-Bot, Jasper Deng, Akyoyo94, Blaylockjam10, Yubersoz, HAHS 25, Immortal Horrors or Everlasting Splendors,
Eviloldman, Lakshmix, Presbyterian1, 84user, Seeker alpha806, Jasontz, Numbo3-bot, Heart Like a Wheel, Alanscottwalker, Intellibeing, Dutchdrummer99, Tharnton345, Blackcell16, Equilibrium007, Tide rolls, SDJ, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Jalfredl, Miss tylie, Llakais,
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