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Book Referred by :
1. HVDC Power Transmission by K.R Padiyar
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INTRODUCTION
HVDC converters introduce both AC and DC harmonics which are injected into the AC
system .
There are several problems associated with the injection of harmonics are listed below:
Telephone interference
Extra power losses and consequent heating in machines & capacitors connected in the S/Y
Overvoltage's due to resonances
Instability of converter controls, primarily with Individual Phase Control (IPC) scheme of
firing pulse generation
Interference with ripple control systems used in load management
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GENERATION OF HARMONICS
Characteristics Harmonics
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CHARACTERISTICS HARMONICS
The characteristic harmonics are harmonics which are always present even under
ideal operation - balanced AC voltages, symmetric three phase network and
equidistant pulses.
In the converter, the DC current is assumed to be constant.
In this case, there are Harmonics in AC current of the order
= 1 -------------------------- (1)
Where, p is the pulse number
n is any integer
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DC VOLTAGE HARMONICS
From the Fourier series analysis of DC voltage waveform, We can obtain
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The harmonics produced due to the first cause are termed as residual harmonics.
These mainly due to the difference in the firing angles in the two bridges which
lead to unequal cancellation of the harmonics of order 5. 7, 17, 19, etc.
The unequal leakage impedances of the two converter transformers feeding the
two bridges also lead to residual harmonics.
The last three causes can lead to the generation of triplen and even harmonics and
their analysis is complex
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There is no loss of generality in assuming the firing error for valve 1 is zero as the
analysis
applies to steady state conditions, where it is assumed that the waveform is
periodic with the
Fundamental frequency of . Thus, there are five independent parameters 2, 3,
4. 5, and 6
To illustrate the analysis. we will consider an example with following data:
3 = 5 = 0,
2 = 4 = 6 =
The waveform of the phase similar to the waveform of 1 ,to analyze the waveform
consider the sum of two waveform and the other represents the effect of firing errors
= + ()
= + ()
= + ()
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By Neglecting Firing angle errors. For the delta given the waveform of , and
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DESIGN OF AC FILTERS
Criteria of Design
The major design objective of AC filters is to reduce the telephone interference.
This can be measured by any of the following performance indices.
Harmonic Distortion
This can be measured in two ways:
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In some cases Harmonics distortion can be defined individual for the single harmonic as
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Where
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IT product
In BTS-EEI system, there is another index called IT product and is defined by
( )2 ]1/2
= [
=1
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TYPES OF FILTER
The are basically two types of filter used.
They are
Passive Filter
Damped filters Low Q Filters
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Active Filter
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Resonant frequency
=
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1
=
for the Damped filter
0
Note that G is the conductance of the resistor in parallel with the
inductor do the damped resistor
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We can express ,
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From the above derived value RHS is equal to 2. Thus, We can finally derive
= + 0 2
= 0 (() + 2)
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as the function of
for three different values of the quality factor Q It
is observed impedance remains practically constant at higher
frequencies.
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= =
=
| + | | |
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Basic objective in designing the filter is to select the filter admittance in order to
minimize voltage in the harmonics.
They are two possible representation of system impedance in the complex plane.
Impedance angle is limited.
Impedance is limited both in angle and impedance
The impedance is assumed to lie in the region shown in which R1 and R2 and
Obtained in the system characteristics.
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cot 2
=
2
1 + cos
=
2 sin
=
| + |
4 0
=
1 + cos
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= 2
1
1 =
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2
2 1
1
0
1
; =
; = 0
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1 2
= 1 1 = 2
1 0
Eliminating 0 in the above equation and sub in the , equation we get
The cost of filter is
1
= +
=
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= 0
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0
0 [ + 0 . ( 2 1
]
=
0 2
1+(
)
If Filtering is improved If Q1
=
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0
0 2 1
1 2
.( )
0
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Protection of Filters
The filter is exposed to an overvoltage during switching in and the magnitude.
The overvoltage is a function of the short circuit ratio (higher with low values of
SCR) and the saturation characteristics of the converter transformer.
During switching in, the filter current (at lter frequencies) can have magnitudes
ranging from 20 to 100 times the harmonic current in normal (steady-state)
operation.
The lower values are for tuned filters and higher values are applicable to high
pass llers.
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DC FILTERS
The harmonics in the DC voltage across the converter contain both characteristic and
non-characteristic orders.
These harmonics result in current harmonies in DC lines and cause noise in telephone
circuits.
The harmonic current generated in the line can be computed from the knowledge of
harmonic voltage sources at the converters, smoothing reactor, DC lter and line
parameters.
The effectiveness of the DC filter is judged by one of the following criteria:
1. Maximum voltage TIF on DC high voltage bus
2. Maximum induced noise voltage (INV) in milli voltsfkm in a parallel test line
one kilometer away from the HVDC line
3. Maximum permissible noise to ground in telephone lines close to HVDC lines.
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