KOTA DAMANSARA

B.ENG (Hons) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

In collaboration with

AIR CONDITIONING
Thermofluids and Engines
EAT223
LEVEL 2

STUDENT NAME

: Mohammed Umer Qureshi

STUDENT ID

: SCM-028698

LECTURER

: Dr Vinod

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 5TH May 2014

Objective
Our main objective in this experiment is to study the cooling and heating effects in an air
conditioning system by altering the speed of the blower. Additionally, the experiment was
also carried out to determine the heating power of the heaters and the cooling power of the
cooling coil in the evaporator. We will utilise a preheater in the system. The cooling process
will be tested to analyse the temperature change of air at the outlet in the absence of a pre
heater. Alongside the heating and cooling process, water vapour present in the air (humidify
effect) will be analysed whenever there is a change in speed of the blower. For every change
in the air pressure, the temperature of the refrigerant at every stage of the cycle will be noted
recorded and analysed.

Introduction
In the broadest sense air conditioning can refer to any form of cooling, heating, ventilation or
disinfection that modifies the condition of air, typically for thermal comfort. The more
common use of air conditioning is to mean cooling and often dehumidification of indoor air,
typically via refrigeration.

Figure: This is the Schematic Diagram of the Air-conditioning Module

Heat flows in direction of decreasing temperature, i.e., from high-temperature to low

temperature regions. The transfer of heat from a low-temperature to high-temperature
requires a refrigerator and/or heat pump. Refrigerators and heat pumps are essentially the
same device; they only differ in their objectives,

Heating process
Heat transfer is the movement of heat from solid, liquid or gas materials to other solid, liquid
and gas materials. According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat always flows from a
material at a high temperature to a material at a low temperature. For heat to transfer there
has to be a temperature difference between the two materials.
In general the sensible heating process is carried out by passing the air over the heating coil.
This coil may be heated by passing the refrigerant, the hot water, the steam The hot water and
steam are used for the industrial applications.
The sensible heating process is also represented by a straight horizontal line on the
psychometric chart. The line starts from the initial DB temperature of air and ends at the final
temperature extending towards the right (see the figure). The sensible heating line is also the
constant DP temperature line.

Cooling process
In this Air-conditioning system the air is cooled by a direct evaporator. In large-scale systems
so-called cold-water sets are frequently interposed, allowed for indirect cooling. From the
compressor outlet the refrigerant flows into the condenser; the condenser is basically a heat
exchanger that enables the heat transfer from the warm gaseous refrigerant to the
surroundings at the outlet of the condenser the refrigerant is in a liquid phase at high pressure
and from here it passes on to the expansion valve. Across the expansion there is a major
pressure drop from the high pressure side to the low pressure side. This causes an expansion
of the liquefied refrigerant from a high pressure small volume to a low pressure large volume.
This abrupt change in pressure causes some of the refrigerant to evaporate, this phase change
causes the temperature of the refrigerant to drop (the valve is insulated and cannot take up
heat from the surroundings). At the outlet of the expansion valve the refrigerant is now partly
liquid partly gas (in the two phase region) and has a low temperature and a low pressure.
From the outlet of the expansion valve the refrigerant flows to the evaporator; the evaporator
is basically a heat exchanger that enables heat transfer with the surroundings e.g. a cold
storage room or any other industrial application.

The Reversed Carnot Cycle

The Reversed Carnot Cycle Reversing the Carnot cycle does reverse the directions of heat
and work interactions. A refrigerator or heat pump that operates on the reversed Carnot cycle
is called a Carnot refrigerator or a Carnot heat pump.

Diagram : T-s diagram and major components for Carnot refrigerator.

The reversed Carnot cycle is the most efficient refrigeration cycle operating between two specified
temperature levels.
1-2: A reversible, adiabatic (isentropic) compression of the refrigerant. The saturated vapour at state 1
is superheated to state
2-3: An internally, reversible, constant pressure heat rejection in which the working substance is desuperheated and then condensed to a saturated liquid at 3. During this process, the working substance
rejects most of its energy to the condenser cooling water
3-4: An irreversible throttling process in which the temperature and pressure decrease at constant
enthalpy. The refrigerant enters the evaporator at state 4 as a low-quality saturated mixture. h3 = h4 41: An internally, reversible, constant pressure heat interaction in which the refrigerant (two-phase
mixture) is evaporated to a saturated vapor at state point 1. The latent enthalpy necessary for
evaporation is supplied by the refrigerated space surrounding the evaporator. The amount of heat
transferred to the working fluid in the evaporator is called the refrigeration load

The Psychometric chart

It is used for detecting the changes of state of the air in air-conditioning systems. The changes of state
of the air caused by heating and cooling can be plotted. The Psychometric chart shows the following
constants as lines or curves:

tp: Relative air humidity in %

t: Temperature in C
h: Enthalpy in kJ/kg
x: Absolute humidity in kg/kg.

Apparatus

Pressure gauge
Manometer
Compressor
Evaporator
Condenser
Blower

Complete Equipment Picture

The Blower and the Pressure Gauges

The Preheater and Evaporator

Base Condensing Unit, Contains all the probes and selectors for different selections

PROCEDURE
For the heating process:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

9.

The solenoid valve with the receiver was selected.

Solenoid valve selector is set to expansion valve (SV3).
The condensing unit is switched on.
The blowers was switched on and regulated at a lower speed.
The temperature and relative humidity at the inlet (AT1, AH1) and outlet (AT2, AH2) of the
cooling coil was reached once steady state was reached. A steady state condition was reached
when the digital readings for AT1 AND AH1 had stopped fluctuating.
Reading for the pressure differential was recorded from the manometer.
All four refrigerant temperatures were recorded by turning the nob each time (TT1, TT2, TT3,
and TT4) followed by analogue readings from the pressure gauges (P1, P2).
The blower speed regulator was rotated again to gradually increase the speed and step 5,6,7 and 8
were repeated 3 more times each time the blower speed was increased to acquire a total of 5 sets
of readings of temperature, pressure and humidity while keeping the initial setting unchanged.
All the switches were closed once the readings were acquired.

For cooling process:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The solenoid valve with receiver was selected.

Solenoid valve selector was kept on expansion valve (SV3).
The condensing unit was switched on.
The preheater was switch on.
The blower was switched on and the lowest speed was selected.
The temperature and relative humidity at the inlet (AT1, AH1) and (AT2, AH2) of the preheater
were recorded once the process was stabilized in approximately 15 minutes.
7. The blower regulator speed was changed gradually (increasing it) and step 6 was repeated.
8. Step 7 was repeated 2 more times to acquire 4 sets of reading in total, while waiting 15 minutes
after each regulation to stabilize the system

Result

Cooling process
Manomete
r

Air
temperature

Refrigerant temperature

AT1

AT2

TT1

TT2

TT3

TT4

AH1

AH2

P1

P2

50

28.7

15.1

11.4

38.1

39.2

8.7

50.7

81.2

138.0

100

29.0

15.8

13.2

39.1

40.0

9.8

48.5

89.9

142.2

150

29.2

16.6

13.4

38.9

39.7

9.9

45.7

92.2

142.2

200

29.3

16.2

13.7

39.1

39.9

10.4

45.0

93.0

142.2

250

29.3

16.4

13.9

39.2

40.5

10.6

45.1

93.6

142.2

35.
5
41.
2
34.
1
34.
1
34.
1

P, N/
m

Relative
humidity
%

Pressure
gauge (psi)

HEATING PROCESS
Manomete
r
P, N/

Air
temperature

Relative
humidity %

AT1

AT2

AH1

AH2

26.6
26.4
26.2
26.1
26.1

22.3
22.2
22.5
22.8
22.9

50.5
50.6
50.9
51.2
51.7

73.5
70.4
67.8
66.7
68.9

m2
50
100
150
200
250

Manometer Vs Pressure Gauge for Cooling

150 (psi) P1
Pressure gauge

Linear (Pressure gauge (psi) P1)

100
Pressure Gauge PSI

50

0 (psi) P2
Pressure gauge
0

50

100

Linear (Pressure gauge (psi) P2)

150
200
250

300

Manometer P,N/m2

Manometer Vs Humidity Cooling

Relative Humidity %

Relative humidity % AH1

Linear (Relative humidity %

AH1)

Relative humidity % AH2

Linear (Relative humidity %

AH2)

Manometer P, N/m2

Manometer Vs Humidity For Heating

Relative humidity % AH1

80

Relative Humidity %

60

Linear (Relative humidity %

AH1)

40

Relative humidity % AH2

20

Linear (Relative humidity %

AH2)

0
0

50 100 150 200 250 300

Manometer P, N/m2

Calculations
Diameter of the air duct = 12cm .12m

Air duct cross sectional area, A =

2
x (0.006)

0.01 m

h1 =

h2 =

Simple calculation

WhenAT1 = 28.7 and AH1 = 50.7, the h1 = 59.8kJ/kg

When AT2 = 15.1 and AH12= 81.2, the h1 = 38kJ/kg

To calculate the velocity of the air across the orifice

v = 0.598 x

= 0.598 x

2 x P

2 x (50 x 1333.224)
1.225

= 329.90 ms-1
3
By assuming the density of air at 1 atom pressure is equal to 1.1055 kg / m

v = 0.598

Area of the orifice A = =0.01 m

Q = 329.90 x0.01
3
= 3.299 m s-1

M = 1.225 x 3.299
= 3.956 kgs-1

h1 = 68

h2 =

2(50)
1.1055

= 5.687m/s

WhenAT1 = 26.6 and AH1 = 0.51he h1 = 53kJ/kg

When AT2 = 22.3 and AH12= 0.74 the h2= 54kJ/kg
3
Assuming the density of air at 1 atom pressure is equal to 1.1055 kg / m

@ AT1 = 26.60 and AH1 = 0.51, H1 = 53 kJ/kg

@ AT2 = 22.30 and AH2 = 0.74, H2 = 54 kJ/kg
Power in the heater
W

= H2 H1
= 54 53
= 1 kJ/kg

Power = W x M
= 1 x 3.956
= 3.956 kJs-1
Cooling Power of the cooling coil
@ AT1 = 28.70 and AH1 = 0.51, H1 = kJ/kg
@ AT2 = 15.10 and AH2 = 0.81, H2 = kJ/kg
Discussion
In this experiment we accomplished to study the heating and cooling effect and to determine the
heating power of the heaters and the cooling power of the cooling coil. From the results of the
experiment it can be seen that the air temperature decreases after undergoing i.e. thats the cooling
process. The pressure decreases after exiting the expansion valve which helps the evaporator to
change the state of the working fluid to vapour. However, the humidity is also increases in the re-heat
process which controls and varies the humidity levels throughout the process.
From the Cooling Table at an air pressure of 50 N/ m

, the entering temperature was 27.1 .

The air of this temperature passes through the cooling coil in the evaporator, and then the refrigerant

takes in the heat from current air temperature reduces its temperature to 15.1 . The humidity of
air before reaching the evaporator was 0.57 whereas at the outlet it was found to be 0.81 as the air
crosses the humidifier and means that the water vapour is reduced.
According to heating results at an air pressure of 50 N/ m

, the entering air temperature was 26.6

. As it passes through the preheater, the temperature of air was further raised by few degrees

and allowed to pass through the evaporator. Evaporation occurs the hot air ,cools the air temperature
to 22.2 and humidity level increases from 0.5 to0.73
Comparing the 2 processes and taking into account of the cooling process,, this experiment were had
some acceptable errors which have affected the experiment but cannot be compensated such as
human error. Overall it was successful, we established our aim, attained knowledge required to
understand the processes.