Work in Mechanics

Work & Heat

m
F
F H = 0

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

TikZ001

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

(BUET)

Work & Heat

F
F F
F H = F : acceleration

if F 0 : quasi-static process

The product, W = Fs of force F and displacement s is defined as

the work done by the force F and against the force F .
The scalar quantity, work, is defined as the scalar product of force
and displacement:
W =Fs

zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Thermodynamic work is limited to mechanical work but can be

generalized to include all forms of work (i.e. mechanical,
electrostatic, electrical, magnetic, etc.)
ME 201 (2015)

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Thermodynamic Work & Heat

Work
is performed by a system on its surroundings during a process if the
only effect external to the system could be the raising of a weight.
Heat
is energy in transition from one body or system to another solely
because of a temperature difference between the systems.
The terms heat and work refer to interactions in which energy is
transferred. These are not properties, and it is improper to speak
of heat or work contained in a system.
The magnitudes of heat and work depend on the arbitrary
selection of boundaries between interacting systems.
Heat and work transfers are the only mechanisms by which
energy can be transferred across the boundary of a closed system.

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T010

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Comparison of Heat & Work

An energy transfer can be heat or work, depending on system selection.

T023

An example of the difference between heat and work.

Heat and work are both transient phenomena. Systems never

possess heat or work.
Both heat and work are boundary phenomena. Both are observed
only at the boundary of the system, and both represent energy
crossing the boundary.
Both heat and work are path functions and inexact differentials.

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T080

T081

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Work & Heat

Work

A general system could have many possible work modes, so a

general work expression is:
X
W = Ws + Wb + Wf + =
Wk

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Work & Heat

ME 201 (2015)

P
Vi

+Q

P
si

Ve

System
W

+W

se

Ws

Q
TikZ002

shaft work: rotary useful work

boundary work: due to expansion/compression of system
flow work: interaction required for the mass to cross CS
electrical work

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Work

Thermodynamic work is generalized to include all forms of work,

and a generalized force Fk and generalized displacement dk can
be identified:
Z
Wk = Fk dk

ME 201 (2015)

Wb

General Work Expressions

Ws
Wb
Wf
WI

Energy transfer is not caused by

temperature difference between the
oven and the surroundings, rather is
caused by electrons crossing
boundary
work interaction

Energy generated in the heating

element is transferred due to
temperature difference between the
heating element and the air inside
oven
heat interaction

TikZ003

Flow work, Wf is associated with mass crossing the CS.

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Wf ,i = (PAi )si : as displacement against PAi

Wf ,e = +(PAe )se : as displacement along PAe
Wf = Wf ,i + Wf ,e = P(Vi Ve )

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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ME 201 (2015)

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Work

Work

Moving System Boundary Work

Expansion & Compression Work

P
P

dA

dx

TikZ004

Force acting on an element dA of CS = PdA

T064

Work performed as dA recedes by a distance dx = (PdA)dx

RR
RR
Work done = Wb =
PdAdx = P
dAdx = PdV
A

= PAdx

Wb = PdV Wb =

R2
1

PdV

= W12

dV is the change in volume represented by the volume enclosed between the

full and the broken curves in figure.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Work & Heat

ME 201 (2015)

= Fdx

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= ZPdV
=
PdV
T011

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Work

Work & Heat

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Work

P
2P 0

P0

V0

2V0

T067

TikZ005

Wi f

Wif
=
Wia + Waf

Wib + Wbf

= 32 Po Vo
= 2Po Vo + 0 = 2Po Vo
= 0 + Po V o = Po V o

W12

Work done by a system depends not only on the initial and final states
but also on the intermediate states = path function.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Work & Heat

ME 201 (2015)

= Patm
Z2
PdV = Patm (V2 V1 )
=

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T066

P = f (V ): not specified.

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Work

Process involving a change in volume with W = 0

T022

Work can only be identified at the system boundary.

If the gas & the vacuum space is considered as system: no work is
done as no work can be identified at the system boundary.
If the gas is the system: there is a change in volume, but no
resistance at the system boundary as the volume increases, and so
no work is done in the process of filling the vacuum.

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