Steady-State, Steady Flow (SSSF) Processes

Assumptions:

Steady-State, Steady Flow (SSSF) Processes - I

Control volume does not move relative to the coordinate frame.

State of the mass at each point in the control volume does not
vary with time.

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

As for the mass that flows across the control surface, the mass flux
and the state of this mass at each discrete area of flow on the
control surface do not vary with time. The rates at which heat
and work cross the control surface remain constant.

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

For example, a centrifugal air compressor that operates with a constant

mass rate of flow into and out it, constant properties at each point
across the inlet and exit ducts, a constant rate of heat transfer to the
surroundings, and a constant power input. At each point in the
compressor the properties are constant with time.

ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

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c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

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[Moran Ex. 4.3]: Converging-diverging Steam Nozzle: Estimate A2 .

Nozzles & Diffusers

Steady state dEcv /dt = 0

Z2 = Z1

_
_
W
cv = 0 & Q = 0

m
_ i = m
_ e = 2 kg/s
T145
T159

A nozzle is a flow passage of varying cross-sectional area in which

the velocity of a gas or liquid increases in the direction of flow.

dEcv
dt

_ W
_
=Q
cv +

m
_ i

 X



V2
V2
m
_ e
hi + i + gzi
he + e + gze
2
2
e
0 = (h1 h2 ) + 12 (V21 V22 )

In a diffuser, the gas or liquid decelerates in the direction of flow.

For a nozzle or diffuser, the only work is flow work at locations
where mass enters and exits the CV, so the term Wcv drops out.
The change in potential energy from inlet to exit is negligible
under most conditions.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

3 / 13

h2 = h1 + 12 (V21 V22 )

2 = (Steam, P = P2 , h = h2 ) = 6.143 kg/m3

4
= m
_ 2 = 2 A2 V2 = A2 = 4.896 10
m2

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

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Throttling Devices
A significant reduction in pressure can be achieved simply by
introducing a restriction into a line through which a gas or liquid flows.

[Cengel Ex. 5.8]: R-134a enters the capillary tube of a refrigerator as

saturated liquid at 0.8 MPa and is throttled to a pressure of 0.12 MPa.
Determine x2 and T .

Steady state dEcv /dt = 0

Z 2 = Z 1 & V2 V1
_ = 0 & W
_
Q
cv = 0

T148

h1
h2 =
T160

For a control volume enclosing a throttling device, the only work is

flow work at locations where mass enters and exits the control volume,
so the term Wcv drops out. There is usually no significant heat
transfer with the surroundings, and the change in potential energy
from inlet to exit is negligible.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

5 / 13

h1 = enthapy(R134a , P1 = 0.8 MPa, x1 = 0.0)

h1 = h2 = hf ,

0.12MPa

+ x2 hfg,

0.12MPa

= x2 = 0.32

T1 = T (R134a , P1 = 0.8 MPa, x1 = 0.0) = T1 = 31.3o C

T2 = T (R134a , P2 = 0.12 MPa, sat .) = T2 = 18.8o C
T = 53.64o C

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

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[Moran Ex 4.4]: Heat Transfer from Steam Turbine: Determine heat loss, Q.

Turbines
A turbine is a device in which power is developed as a result of a gas or
liquid passing through a set of blades attached to a shaft free to rotate.

Steady state dEcv /dt = 0

Z2 = Z1

m
_ i = m
_ e = (4600/3600) kg/s
T146

dEcv
dt

_ W
_
=Q
cv +

m
_ i

i
_
W
cv

T161

T162

Axial-flow steam or gas turbine.

Hydraulic turbine installed in a dam.



 X

V2
V2
m
_ e
hi + i + gzi
he + e + gze
2
2
e
h
 2 2 i
V V
_ + m
=Q
_
(h1 h2 ) + 1 2 2

h1 = enthalpy(Steam, P = P1 , T = T1 )
h2 = enthalpy(Steam, P = P2 , x = x2 )

_
= Q
cv = 63.61 kW (heat loss)

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

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c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

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_
[Moran Ex. 4.5]: Air Compressor Power: Determine power required, W
cv .

Compressors & Pumps

Steady state dEcv /dt = 0

Compressors and pumps are devices in which work is done on the

substance flowing through them in order to increase the pressure
and/or elevation. Compressor is used to compress a gas (vapour) and
the term pump is used when the substance is a liquid.

Z2 = Z1

_
Q
cv = 3.0 kW

m
_ = AV

T147

dEcv
dt

_ W
_
=Q
cv

= P/RT
 X



V2i
V2
+ gzi
+
m
_ i
m
_ e
hi +
he + e + gze
2
2
e
i
h
 2 2 i
V V
_
_
W
_
(h1 h2 ) + 1 2 2
cv = Q + m
X

h1 h2 = Cp (T1 T2 ) = 160.8 kJ/kg

1 = P1 /RT1 = 1.20 m3 /kg
m
_ = 1 A1 V1 = 0.72 kg/s

_
= W
cv = 119.4 kW (work input required)

T163
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

T164
SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

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[Borgnakke Ex. 4.6] : A water pump is located 15 m down in a well, taking

water in at 10o C, 90 kPa at a rate of 1.5 kg/s. The exit line is a pipe of
diameter 0.04 m that goes up to a receiver tank maintaining a gauge pressure
of 400 kPa. Assume that the process is adiabatic, with the same inlet and exit
velocities, and the water stays at 10o C. Find the required pump work.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

10 / 13

Heat Exchangers

Steady state dEcv /dt = 0

_ = 0, V = V , T = T
Q
i
e
i
e

Pi = 90 kPa, Pe = 501.325 kPa.

ze zi = 15.0 m

T442

dEcv
dt

_ W
_
=Q
cv +

_ = 1.5 kg/s
 m



X
V2i
V2e
+ gzi
+ gze
m
_ i
m
_ e
hi +
he +
2
2
e
i
h
 2 2
V V
=m
_
(h1 h2 ) + 1 2 2 + g(z1 z2 )

X
i

_
W
cv

_
W
cv = 0.822 kW (work input required) :

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

hh1 h2 =

SSSF Processes - I

P1 P2

T166

, if & T are constant. i

ME 201 (2015)

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Common heat exchanger types. (a) Direct contact heat exchanger. (b)
Tube-within a-tube counterflow heat exchanger. (c) Tube-within-a-tube
parallel flow heat exchanger. (d) Cross-flow heat exchanger.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

SSSF Processes - I

ME 201 (2015)

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 [Cengel P5-85]: Condenser Cooling Water: Determine m

_ water .

_ = 0, Q
_ = 0, (KE ) = 0, (PE ) = 0
W

m
_ 3 = (20000/3600) kg/s
m
_ 1 = m
_ 2 & m
_ 3 = m
_ 4

h1 = h (H2 O, P = 100 kPa, T = 20)

h2 = h (H2 O, P = 100 kPa, T = 30)
h3 = h (H2 O, P = 20 kPa, x = 0.95)
h4 = h (H2 O, P = 20 kPa, x = 0)

T149

0=

P
P
_ h )i
(m
_ h )e
(m

(m
_ 3 h3 + m
_ 1 h1 ) = (m
_ 4 h4 + m
_ 2 h2 )

= mwater = m1 = 297.4 kg/s

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

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ME 201 (2015)

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