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This article is about the planet. For the Roman god, 1 Formation and migration
see Jupiter (mythology). For other uses, see Jupiter
(disambiguation).
Main article: Grand Tack Hypothesis
See also: Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Jupiter is the fth planet from the Sun and the largest
planet in the Solar System. It is a giant planet with Earth and its neighbor planets may have formed from
a mass one-thousandth of that of the Sun, but is two fragments of planets after collisions with Jupiter deand a half times that of all the other planets in the So- stroyed those super-Earths near the Sun. As Jupiter came
lar System combined. Jupiter is a gas giant, along with toward the inner Solar System, in what theorists call the
Saturn (Uranus and Neptune are ice giants). Jupiter Grand Tack Hypothesis, gravitational tugs and pulls ocwas known to astronomers of ancient times.* [11] The curred causing a series of collisions between the superRomans named it after their god Jupiter.* [12] When Earths as their orbits began to overlap.* [15]
viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of 2.94, bright enough to cast shadows,* [13] and Astronomers have discovered nearly 500 planetary sysmaking it on average the third-brightest object in the tems each with multiple planets, and typically these systems include a few planets with masses several times
night sky after the Moon and Venus.
greater than Earth's (super-Earths), orbiting closer to
Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen with a quar- their star than Mercury is to the Sun, and Jupiter-like gas
ter of its mass being helium, although helium only com- giants are also often found close to their star.
prises about a tenth of the number of molecules. It may
also have a rocky core of heavier elements,* [14] but like Jupiter moving out of the inner Solar System would
the other giant planets, Jupiter lacks a well-dened solid have allowed the formation of inner planets, including
*
surface. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet's shape Earth. [16]
is that of an oblate spheroid (it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator). The outer atmosphere
is visibly segregated into several bands at dierent lat- 2 Structure
itudes, resulting in turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result is the Great Red
Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at Jupiter is composed primarily of gaseous and liquid
least the 17th century when it was rst seen by telescope. matter. It is the largest of the four giant planets in the
Surrounding Jupiter is a faint planetary ring system and a Solar System and hence its largest planet. It has a diamemi) at its equator. The density
powerful magnetosphere. Jupiter has at least 67 moons, ter of 142,984 km (88,846
3
of
Jupiter,
1.326
g/cm
,
is
the
second highest of the giant
including the four large Galilean moons discovered by
planets,
but
lower
than
those
of
the four terrestrial planGalileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these,
ets.
has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury.
Jupiter has been explored on several occasions by robotic
spacecraft, most notably during the early Pioneer and
Voyager yby missions and later by the Galileo orbiter.
The most recent probe to visit Jupiter was the Plutobound New Horizons spacecraft in late February 2007.
The probe used the gravity from Jupiter to increase its
speed. Future targets for exploration in the Jovian system include the possible ice-covered liquid ocean on the
moon Europa.
2.1 Composition
Jupiter's upper atmosphere is composed of about 88
92% hydrogen and 812% helium by percent volume of
gas molecules. Because a helium atom has about four
times as much mass as a hydrogen atom, the composition
changes when described as the proportion of mass contributed by dierent atoms. Thus, Jupiter's atmosphere is
approximately 75% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass,
with the remaining one percent of the mass consisting
of other elements. The interior contains denser materials, such that the distribution is roughly 71% hydrogen,
24% helium and 5% other elements by mass. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, water vapor,
1
2 STRUCTURE
the Sun,* [24] and its mass is 0.001 times the mass of the
Sun, so the density of the two bodies is similar.* [25] A
"Jupiter mass" (M J or M Jup ) is often used as a unit to
describe masses of other objects, particularly extrasolar
planets and brown dwarfs. So, for example, the extrasolar
planet HD 209458 b has a mass of 0.69 M J , while Kappa
Andromedae b has a mass of 12.8 M J .* [26]
Based on spectroscopy, Saturn is thought to be similar in composition to Jupiter, but the other giant planets Uranus and Neptune have relatively much less hydrogen and helium.* [22] Because of the lack of atmospheric entry probes, high-quality abundance numbers of
the heavier elements are lacking for the outer planets be- Although Jupiter would need to be about 75 times as
yond Jupiter.
massive to fuse hydrogen and become a star, the smallest red dwarf is only about 30 percent larger in radius
than Jupiter.* [30]* [31] Despite this, Jupiter still radiates
2.2 Mass and size
more heat than it receives from the Sun; the amount of
heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives.* [32] This additional heat is generated by
the KelvinHelmholtz mechanism through contraction.
This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 2 cm each
year.* [33] When it was rst formed, Jupiter was much
hotter and was about twice its current diameter.* [34]
3.1
Cloud layers
3
lar System, spanning over 5,000 km (3,107 mi) in altitude.* [42]* [43] As Jupiter has no surface, the base of its
atmosphere is usually considered to be the point at which
atmospheric pressure is equal to 1 MPa (10 bar), or ten
times surface pressure on Earth.* [42]
The core region is surrounded by dense metallic hydrogen, which extends outward to about 78% of the radius of the planet.* [32] Rain-like droplets of helium and
neon precipitate downward through this layer, depleting the abundance of these elements in the upper atmosphere.* [21]* [38]
Above the layer of metallic hydrogen lies a transparent
interior atmosphere of hydrogen. At this depth, the temperature is above the critical temperature, which for hydrogen is only 33 K.* [39] In this state, there are no distinct liquid and gas phaseshydrogen is said to be in a
supercritical uid state. It is convenient to treat hydrogen as gas in the upper layer extending downward from
the cloud layer to a depth of about 1,000 km,* [32] and
as liquid in deeper layers. Physically, there is no clear
boundarythe gas smoothly becomes hotter and denser
as one descends.* [40]* [41]
The temperature and pressure inside Jupiter increase
steadily toward the core, due to the KelvinHelmholtz
mechanism. At the surfacepressure level of 10 bars,
the temperature is around 340 K (67 C; 152 F). At
the phase transition region where hydrogenheated beyond its critical pointbecomes metallic, it is believed
the temperature is 10,000 K (9,700 C; 17,500 F) and
the pressure is 200 GPa. The temperature at the core
boundary is estimated to be 36,000 K (35,700 C; 64,300
F) and the interior pressure is roughly 3,0004,500
GPa.* [32]
This view of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and its surroundings was
obtained by Voyager 1 on February 25, 1979, when the spacecraft was 9.2 million km (5.7 million mi) from Jupiter. The white
oval storm directly below the Great Red Spot is approximately the
same diameter as Earth.
Atmosphere
This looping animation shows the movement of Jupiter's counterrotating cloud bands. In this image, the planet's exterior is
mapped onto a cylindrical projection. Animation at larger
widths: 720 pixels, 1799 pixels.
4 PLANETARY RINGS
Jupiter's low axial tilt means that the poles constantly reand circulation of the Great Red Spot. Full size video here
ceive less solar radiation than at the planet's equatorial
region. Convection within the interior of the planet transports more energy to the poles, balancing out the temper- to contain two or three planets of Earth's diameter.* [58]
atures at the cloud layer.* [23]
The maximum altitude of this storm is about 8 km (5 mi)
above the surrounding cloudtops.* [59]
3.2
In 2000, an atmospheric feature formed in the southern hemisphere that is similar in appearance to the Great
Red Spot, but smaller. This was created when several
smaller, white oval-shaped storms merged to form a single featurethese three smaller white ovals were rst observed in 1938. The merged feature was named Oval BA,
and has been nicknamed Red Spot Junior. It has since
increased in intensity and changed color from white to
red.* [60]* [61]* [62]
5
the liquid metallic hydrogen core. The volcanoes on the
moon Io emit large amounts of sulfur dioxide forming
a gas torus along the moon's orbit. The gas is ionized
in the magnetosphere producing sulfur and oxygen ions.
They, together with hydrogen ions originating from the
atmosphere of Jupiter, form a plasma sheet in Jupiter's
equatorial plane. The plasma in the sheet co-rotates
with the planet causing deformation of the dipole magnetic eld into that of magnetodisk. Electrons within the
plasma sheet generate a strong radio signature that produces bursts in the range of 0.630 MHz.* [66]
Magnetosphere
At about 75 Jupiter radii from the planet, the interaction of the magnetosphere with the solar wind generates a bow shock. Surrounding Jupiter's magnetosphere is a magnetopause, located at the inner edge of a
magnetosheatha region between it and the bow shock.
The solar wind interacts with these regions, elongating
the magnetosphere on Jupiter's lee side and extending it
outward until it nearly reaches the orbit of Saturn. The
four largest moons of Jupiter all orbit within the magnetosphere, which protects them from the solar wind.* [32]
The magnetosphere of Jupiter is responsible for intense
episodes of radio emission from the planet's polar regions. Volcanic activity on the Jovian moon Io (see below) injects gas into Jupiter's magnetosphere, producing
a torus of particles about the planet. As Io moves through
this torus, the interaction generates Alfvn waves that
carry ionized matter into the polar regions of Jupiter. As
a result, radio waves are generated through a cyclotron
maser mechanism, and the energy is transmitted out along
a cone-shaped surface. When the Earth intersects this
cone, the radio emissions from Jupiter can exceed the solar radio output.* [67]
Jupiter (red) completes one orbit of the Sun (center) for every
11.86 orbits of the Earth (blue)
8.2
R
e
8.2
8.3
Radiotelescope research
8.4
8.4
9
conducting multiple ybys of all the Galilean moons and
Amalthea. The spacecraft also witnessed the impact of
Comet ShoemakerLevy 9 as it approached Jupiter in
1994, giving a unique vantage point for the event. While
the information gained about the Jovian system from
Galileo was extensive, its originally designed capacity was
limited by the failed deployment of its high-gain radio
transmitting antenna.* [103]
Galileo mission
10
9 MOONS
Moons
Jupiter with the Galilean moons. Seen from Earth at this point in
their orbits, Europa appears closer to Jupiter than does Io.
9.1
Galilean moons
A basic sub-division is a grouping of the eight inner regular moons, which have nearly circular orbits near the
plane of Jupiter's equator and are believed to have formed
with Jupiter. The remainder of the moons consist of an
The Galilean moons. From left to right, in order of increasing unknown number of small irregular moons with elliptical and inclined orbits, which are believed to be captured
distance from Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto.
asteroids or fragments of captured asteroids. Irregular
the largest satellites in the Solar System, form a pattern moons that belong to a group share similar orbital ele-
10.1
Impacts
11
ments and thus may have a common origin, perhaps as a 10.1 Impacts
larger moon or captured body that broke up.* [112]* [113]
See also: Comet ShoemakerLevy 9, 2009 Jupiter impact event and 2010 Jupiter impact event
Jupiter has been called the Solar System's vacuum
10
Along with its moons, Jupiter's gravitational eld controls numerous asteroids that have settled into the regions of the Lagrangian points preceding and following
Jupiter in its orbit around the Sun. These are known
as the Trojan asteroids, and are divided into Greek and
Trojan campsto commemorate the Iliad. The rst
of these, 588 Achilles, was discovered by Max Wolf in
1906; since then more than two thousand have been discovered.* [116] The largest is 624 Hektor.
A 1997 survey of historical astronomical drawings suggested that the astronomer Cassini may have recorded an
impact scar in 1690. The survey determined eight other
candidate observations had low or no possibilities of an
impact.* [123] A reball was photographed by Voyager 1
during its Jupiter encounter in March 1979.* [124] During
the period July 16, 1994, to July 22, 1994, over 20 fragments from the comet ShoemakerLevy 9 (SL9, formally
designated D/1993 F2) collided with Jupiter's southern
hemisphere, providing the rst direct observation of a
collision between two Solar System objects. This impact
provided useful data on the composition of Jupiter's atmosphere.* [125]* [126]
12
13
SEE ALSO
11
Possibility of life
Jovian is the adjectival form of Jupiter. The older adjecIt is considered highly unlikely that there is any Earth-like tival form jovial, employed by astrologers in the Middle
life on Jupiter, because there is only a small amount of Ages, has come to mean happyor merry,moods
*
water in Jupiter's atmosphere and any possible solid sur- ascribed to Jupiter's astrological inuence. [141]
face deep within Jupiter would be under extreme pres- The Chinese, Korean and Japanese referred to the planet
sures. In 1976, before the Voyager missions, it was as the wood star(Chinese: ; pinyin: mxng),
hypothesized that ammonia- or water-based life could based on the Chinese Five Elements.* [142]* [143]* [144]
evolve in Jupiter's upper atmosphere. This hypothesis is Chinese Taoism personied it as the Fu star. The Greeks
based on the ecology of terrestrial seas, which have sim- called it , Phaethon,blazing.In Vedic astrolple photosynthetic plankton at the top level, sh at lower ogy, Hindu astrologers named the planet after Brihaspati,
levels feeding on these creatures, and marine predators the religious teacher of the gods, and often called it
that hunt the sh.* [134]* [135]
"Guru", which literally means theHeavy One.* [145]
The possible presence of underground oceans on some of In the English language, Thursday is derived fromThor's
Jupiter's moons has led to speculation that the presence day, with Thor in Germanic mythology being the
of life is more likely there.
equivalent Germanic god to the Roman god Jupiter
(mythology). The Roman day Jovis was renamed Thursday.* [146]
12
Mythology
13 See also
Hot Jupiter
13
JovianPlutonian gravitational eect
Jovian (ction)
Juno (spacecraft)
Jupiter in ction
New Horizons
Space exploration
14
Notes
[1] Orbital elements refer to the barycenter of the Jupiter system, and are the instantaneous osculating values at the
precise J2000 epoch. Barycenter quantities are given because, in contrast to the planetary centre, they do not experience appreciable changes on a day-to-day basis due to
the motion of the moons.
[2] Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure
15
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18
17
16
Further reading
17
External links
EXTERNAL LINKS
Moons of Jupiter articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries. Planetary Science Research
Discoveries. University of Hawaii, NASA.
June 2010 impact video
Bauer, Amanda; Merrield, Michael (2009).
Jupiter. Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the
University of Nottingham.
NASA Solar System Jupiter.
Photographs of Jupiter circa 1920s from the Lick
Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa
Cruz Library's Digital Collections
19
18
18.1
Jupiter Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter?oldid=669925608 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Magnus Manske, Brion VIBBER, Mav,
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18.2
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File:Almagest-planets.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Almagest-planets.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Spacepotato
18.2
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Content license