QUESTION BANK

Subject Name: Computer graphics

Subject code: IT(3004) Prepared
By:Ms.Pinky Sharma

Very Short Type Questions:

1. What, in outline, are the main types of scan conversion?

2. Briefly, in conceptual terms, how can raster ops enable fast scrolling?
3. For each of the two types of multiplication of two vectors, give examples of
important applications of them in computer graphics
4. What is Gouraud shading, and what does it achieve (in the context of assuming
diffuse reflection)?
5. What is specular reflection, and how is it usually modeled?
6. What does ray tracing involve?
7. Outline what ray tracing achieves, and its limitations?
8. Vector scaling is multiplication of a vector by a scalar. Using vector scaling, give
a formula for a vector s which is a weighted average of three vectors p, q and r.
9. An image contains a regular hexagon with length of side 1. Note that you can
divide a regular hexagon into six equilateral triangles each with length of side 1.
10. Show reasoning not involving trigonometry which derives a formula for the
distance between two opposite sides of the hexagon
11. Name, draw or describe two well-known polyhedrons of cubic symmetry which,
from some viewpoints, have a hexagonal outline
12. The Icosahedron, illustrated above, has 20 triangular faces (hence its name) and
12 vertices. The Truncated Icosahedron has had these 12 vertices sliced off,
creating 12 pentagons. In place of the Icosahedron's 20 faces, 20 regular hexagons
remain.
13. How could you model polyhedron P in a computer graphics program, using an
iteration corresponding to its symmetry to avoid unnecessary repetition?
14. Outline the different types of method for scan-conversion of filled areas
15. What main factors affect the time taken to scan-convert a filled area?
16. Outline EITHER raster-ops or 3D graphics hardware
17. Briefly, in conceptual terms, how can raster ops enable fast scrolling.
18. What is the resolution of an image?
19. Compute the size of a 640*480 image at 240 pixels per inch.
20. Compute the resolution of a 2*2 inch image that has 512*512 pixels
21. What is an image,s aspect ratio?
22. What is persistence?
23. What is the function of the control electrode in a CRT?
24. Name the two methods by which an electron beam can be sent?
25. What do you call the path the electron beam takes when returning to the left side
of the CRT screen?
26. What do you call the path the electron beam takes at the end of each refresh
cycle?
27. What is the pitch of a color CRT?
28. Why do many color printers use black pigment?
29. What is RLE?
30. The endpoints of a given line are(0,0) and (6,18).Compute each value of y as x
stepa from 0 to 6 and plot the results.
31. What steps are required to plot a line whose slope is between deg. and 45 deg.
Using slope intercept equation?
32. Indicate which raster locations would be chosen by Bresenham’s algorithm when
scan-converting a line from pixel coordinate (1,1) to pixel coordinate(8,5).
33. What steps are required to generate a circle .
34. What steps are required to generate a circle using Bresenham’s algorithm?
35. How would a flood-fill algorithm fill the region?
36. What are the three major adverse side defects of scan conversion?
37. What steps are required to fill a region if it is filled with a pattern?
38. How can we eliminate overstrike?
39. Derive the transformation that rotates an object point with an angle about
origin.Write the matrix representation for this rotation.
40. Find the matrix that represents rotation of an object by 30 deg. About the origin.
41. What are the new coordinates of the point p(2,-4) after the rotation?
42. Write the general form of the matrix for rotation about a point(h,k).
43. Perform a 45 deg. Rotation of triangle a(0,0) b(1,1) c(5,2)
44. a.)about the origin
45. b.)about p(-1,-1)
46. Magnify the triangle with vertices a(0,0) b(1,1) And c(5,2) to twice its size while
keeping c(5,2) fixed.
47. Is a simultaneous shearing the same as a shearing in one direction followed by
shearing in another direction? why?
48. Find the condition under which we can switch the order of a rotation and a
simultaneous shearing and still get the same result.
49. Express a simultaneous shearing in terms of rotation and scaling transformations.
50. How can we determine whether a point p(x,y) lies to the left or to the right of a
line segment joining the points a(x1,y1) and b(x2,y2).?
51. Illustrate the logic of the Sutherland –Hodgeman algorithm.
52. Find the transformation for mirror reflection with respect to a given plane.
53. How can scaling with respect to a point p0(x0,y0,z0) be defined in terms of
scaling with respect to the origin?
54. Derive the general equation of parallel projection on to a given view plane in the
direction of a given projector V.
55. Implement the DDA line drawing algorithm.
56. Implement the Bresenham's line drawing algorithm.
57. Write a function to draw a rectangle
58. Write a function to draw a polyline
59. Write a function to draw a polygon.
60. Implement the Bresenham's circle drawing algorithm.
 61. Implement the Midpoint circle drawing algorithm
62. Implement the Midpoint ellipse drawing algorithm.
63. Implement the Scanline algorithm to fill a polygon.
64. Modify the Scanline algorithm to draw patterned fills.
65. Write a program to display your name in Hindi
66. Modifications to the above interface may be made as required.
67. Write a program to demonstrate the following transformations Translation,
Rotation, Scaling.
68. Modify the above program to use homogenous coordinates.
69. Demonstrate the various transformations with a suitable program
70. Implement the Midpoint Subdivision Line Clipping Algorithm
71. Implement the Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm.
72. Implement the Liang-Barsky Line Clipping Algorithm.
73. Implement the Sutherland-Hodgman Polygon Clipping Algorithm.
74. Design an algorithm for clipping circles, ellipses and arcs.
75. Write functions to store and retrieve the data structure created in the previous
problem to/from secondary storage.
76. .Write a program to demonstrate the Reflection and Shear transformations.
77. Modify Bresenham's line drawing algorithm to draw lines of various styles
and thickness.
78. Express window-to-viewport mapping in the form of a composite transformation
matrix.
79.Use the Cohen –sutherland algorithm to clip the line segments give example.
80. Suppose that a triangle is clipped to a rectangular window. After being clipped
against the window, what is the maximum number of sides that the resulting clipped
polygon might have? Draw an example to illustrate the worst case.
81. What is the difference between a left-handed and a right-handed 3-dimensional
coordinate system?
82. What is the reflection property that characterizes a pure diffuse reflector (also
called a Lambertian reflector)?
83.What is Lambert’s law of diffuse reflection?
84. What is the inverse texture wrapping function, and why is it more relevant to the
rendering process than the texture wrapping function?
85. What is back-face culling? For an average view, what fraction of the faces of a
scene would be expected to be eliminated by this method? Explain briefly.
86. You want to know whether a point P lies on a given surface. From which
representation of the surface is this question easier to answer: implicit or parametric?
87. Let P be a point on a B´ezier curve of degree 3. True or false: The curve has C4
parametric continuity at this point.
88 Fill in the blank: “The complex point c = a + bi lies in the Mandelbrot set if and
only if the Julia set generated by c is .
89. State clearly which properties of the B´ezier blending functions, bi;d(u),
guarantee that the B´ezier curve lies within the convex hull of the control points.
90.Name two different events or actions that could trigger a call to your display
callback function. (This is the function passed to glutDisplayFunc()).
 91. Given two nonzero vectors ~u and ~v in 3-dimensional space, the operation ~u
_ ~v will produce a nonzero vector that is perpendicular to both, except under what
circumstances? (Be as general as possible.)
92. In the Phong shading model, the specular contribution to the reflected color is _s
max(0; ~n _ ~h)_Ls. Why do we take the max in the formula? What would go wrong
if we didn’t?
93 in .Phong specularity, what is the effect (visually) of increasing the _ value?
94.In Phong specularity, why did we not include the object’s surface color (C) in the
formula?
95.Among the basic transformations (translation, rotations, uniform scaling, nonuniform
scaling, and shearing), which preserve normals and which do not?
96. Suppose that A does not preserve normals. As a function of M, how could you
transform any normal
vector ~n to a vector ~n0 that is guaranteed normal to the surface S0 at point P0?
97.Prove that, from the viewer’s perspective the points D, S, and C are collinear? In the
figure we show that S lies between D and C. Explain why this is so
98.Reduce the ray intersection problem to a quadratic equation, and derive the values of
the two roots
99.. Explain how to determine which root leads to the first intersection point with the
ray, and whether the ray hits from the inside or the outside, or misses.
100. Derive a formula for the 2-dimensional normal vector.

SHORT QUESTIONS

1. Give an implicit function f(x; y; z) = 0 that describes the surface of the cone. (Don’t
worry about trimming the cone at its base. The infinite surface is good enough.)
2. Give the inverse wrapping function, which maps a point (x; y; z) on the surface of the
cone to a corresponding point (s; t) in texture space. (Hint: It may be easier to first
derive the polar coordinates in texture space, and then convert to (s; t) coordinates.)
3. Consider the sequence of shapes shown in the figure below. What is the fractal
dimension of the final (limiting) object? What is its area?
4. Give the function p(u) for the B´ezier curve of degree 2 defined by these control
points, where 0 _ u _.
5. Show that the derivative of a curve, as a function of u, is a B´ezier curve of degree 1.
In particular, express the derivative as a linear combination of the degree-1 B´ezier
blending functions.
6. Based on your knowledge of perspective projection, the Phong lighting
Model, and the nature of water, explains why the reflected light has this
Elongated shape. (It may help to draw a picture to illustrate your point.)
7.) Had the water surface been perfectly flat, would the shape of the reflection
Differ, and if so how?
Light source
Reflection from
the water
Water’s edge
8. Give a function that determines the projection of the point P onto a point Q = (qx;
qy; qz) T on the x; ycoordinate plane, that is, the plane given by the equation z = 0.
(Hint: Consider similar triangles as we did in deriving perspective transformations.)
9. Express your answer to part (a) as a 4 _ 4 projection matrix transformation M. This
matrix should have the property that if Q0 = MP, then after perspective normalization to
Q0 (dividing by the last coordinate) we obtain the projected point Q.
10. Given a ray R : P + t~u, where P = (Px; Py; Pz) and ~u = (ux; uy; uz)
derive the t value of the first point of intersection between the surface and the ray.
Express your answer by first deriving a quadratic equation of the form 0 = at2 + bt +
c and then explain how to compute the roots of this equation in order to determine the
first intersection point.
11. Derive the value of the (normalized) normal vector ~n at this intersection point.
There is no notion of outside hit or inside hit, but the normal should be directed to the
same side of the surface from which the ray approaches.
12. Define the aspect ratio of the ellipse to be ry=rx. In the case where rx = ry = r
(aspect ratio is 1) the ellipse is a circle of radius r, in which the above equation is
equivalent to (x - cx)2 + (y -cy)2 = r2..
13. You are given two circles in the plane of radii r1 and r2 centered at points C1 =
(c1x; c1y) and C2 =(c2x; c2y), respectively. Derive an expression that tests
whether these two circles overlap each other, but one circle is not contained within the
other.
14 Explain what a MIPmap is, how to create one, why one would want to use
one, where one would be used, and how one is used.
15. Describe an algorithm that converts a greyscale image into a black and white
image using halftoning. Assume that the black and white image has eight
times the resolution of the greyscale image in each dimension.]
16. Various types of visual artifact (“aliasing”) occur if images are rendered using
only one sample per pixel.
17. Describe at least three di_erent artifacts that occur.
18. Describe a straightforward method to ameliorate these artifacts
19.Describe, in outline, each of the z-bu_er, BSP tree, and painter’s algorithm
methods for rendering a set of 3D polygons.
20. Compare and contrast the three methods of line clipping..
21. Give the definition of the cubic Be0zier curve.
22 Derive the conditions necessary to ensure that two cubic Be0zier curves join
with C1-continuity.
23 Describe, in detail, an algorithm for drawing a cubic Be0zier curve to a given
tolerance using straight lines. You may assume that you already have an
algorithm for drawing a straight line.
24. Explain why and how homogeneous co-ordinates are used in computer
graphics.
25. Standard colour printing uses the four ink colours: cyan, magenta, yellow and
black.
(i) Explain why this is so.
(ii) What benefits are there in using more than these four ink colours?
26. Describe an algorithm for converting a greyscale image to a bilevel (black and white)
image while retaining as good a quality as possible. Your algorithm should be for the
situation where each greyscale pixel maps to a single bilevel pixel.
27. Describe operations on images which achieve the following e_ects:
(i) lighten an image which is too dark;
(ii) remove salt and pepper noise (“shot noise”) from an image;
(iii ) locate 45_ edges in an image;
(iv ) convert a colour image (in RGB format) to a greyscale image while
preserving the perceived luminance.

28.Explain each mechanism, describe the way in which it helps us to compress

the image, and describe how the mechanism is implemented in the baseline
JPEG compression method.
(b) Describe the limitations of human vision in terms of:
(i) Spatial resolution,
(ii) Luminance,
(iii ) color,
And explain the implications that each of these has on the design of display
Devices, including numerical estimates of the limits beyond which a human
Cannot discriminate.

29 Describe, in detail, an algorithm that will draw a one-pixel wide outline of a

Circle of integer radius centered on the origin.
30. Describe the modifications required to your algorithm in part (a) to make it
Draw a filled circle.
31. Describe the modifications required to your algorithm in part (a) to make it
Draw the outline of a circle centered at arbitrary integer coordinates.
32 Describe the modifications required to your algorithm in part (c) to make it
Draw the outline of a circle centered at arbitrary non-integer coordinates and
Of non-integer radius.
33 Describe an e_cient algorithm which will draw a one-pixel wide outline
of a circle of integer radius, R, centered on the origin.
34. Describe the modifications required to your algorithm to make it draw a
Filled circle.
35. Given a function drawline(x1, y1, x2, y2), describe an algorithm for drawing
a Bezier cubic curve to a specified level of accuracy using only straight lines.
35. Explain why display devices appear to be able to reproduce (almost) all the
colors of the spectrum using only red, green and blue light.
36 Describe an algorithm (other than threshold) which will convert a grayscale
image (8 bits per pixel) to a bi-level black and white image (1 bit per pixel),
with the same number of pixels, while retaining as much detail as possible.
37. Explain what seculars and di_use reflection are in the real world. State and
explain equations for calculating approximations to both in a computer.
38. Calculate the maximum resolution needed by a movie projector in a movie
theatre. Clearly state any assumptions that you make.
39.) Describe, in detail, an error di_usion algorithm for converting greyscale images
to bi-level black and white images at the same resolution.
40. Explain how this could be extended to provide an algorithm to print full colour
RGB images on a CMYK laser printer, assuming that one pixel in the image
maps to one pixel on the printer.
41 Describe, in detail, an algorithm to clip a straight line against an axis-aligned
Rectangle
42. Explain why homogeneous coordinates are used for handling geometric
Transformations.
43. Give a matrix, or a product of matrices, which will transform the square
ABCD to the square A0B0C0D0.
44. Show what happens if the same transformation is applied to the square
A0B0C0D0.
45. In ray tracing, once we have determined where a ray strikes an object, the
Illumination at the intersection point can be calculated using the formula:
I = Iaka +Xi
Iikd(Li ·N) +Xi
Iiks(Ri · V)n.
46. Explain what real e_ect each of the three terms is trying to model, how Accurately it
models the real e_ect, and explain what each of the following Symbols means, within the
context of this formula:
I, Ia, i, Ii, ka, kd, ks,Li, N, Ri, V, n.
47. Compare and contrast the ray tracing and z-buffer algorithms.
48. Describe an algorithm (in 2D) which clips an arbitrary polygon against an
arbitrary axis-aligned rectangle.

49. Describe an algorithm for performing scan conversion of a set of 3D polygons,

including details of clipping, projection, and the underlying 2D polygon scan
conversion algorithm
50.Explain how to convert standard 3D coordinates, (x, y, z), to homogeneous
coordinates and how to convert homogeneous coordinates to standard 3D coordinates.

LONG QUESTIONS
1. Explain what seculars and di_use reflection are in the real world. State and
explain equations for calculating approximations to both in a computer.
2 Explain why homogeneous coordinates are used for handling geometric
Transformations.
3.Prove that, from the viewer’s perspective the points D, S, and C are collinear? In the
figure we show that S lies between D and C. Explain why this is so
4 Describe, in detail, an algorithm that will draw a one-pixel wide outline of a
Circle of integer radius centered on the origin
5.Derive the value of the (normalized) normal vector ~n at this intersection point. There
is no notion of outside hit or inside hit, but the normal should be directed to the same side
of the surface from which the ray approaches
6.Formulate transformation matrices for the following -
 * Rotation about any pivot point (xp, yp) not just origin
* Scaling relative to any fixed point (xf, yf) not just origin
* Scaling along any arbitrary axis, not just the standard x and y axes
7. Explain how this could be extended to provide an algorithm to print full colour
RGB images on a CMYK laser printer, assuming that one pixel in the image
maps to one pixel on the printer
8.Describe, in outline, each of the z-buffer, BSP tree, and painter’s algorithm
methods for rendering a set of 3D polygons
9.Derive a linear interpolation function C(x; y) that maps a point Q = (x; y) in the
triangle to an RGB color vector by blending these three colors together. You may express
your answer either as a formula (using affine geometry) or using pseudo-code. The final
color should be a function of x and y and C0, C1, and C2.
10 An image processing package allows the user to design 3 × 3 convolution filters.
Design 3 × 3 filters to perform the following tasks:
(a) blurring
(b) edge detection of vertical edges
11 Describe a quad-tree encoding method for greyscale images. [6 marks]
Given the following greyscale image, draw a diagram showing how it would be
encoded using your method from the previous part.
33 39 43 72
34 54 64 81
42 54 71 83
60 64 77 89
q12..Give the viewport transformation that maps a point P = (px; py) in the rectangular
drawing region to the
corresponding point V = (vx; vy) in the OP9 viewport. Express your transformation as
two equations:
vx = some function of px and/or py
vy = some function of px and/or py
1
13.) Consider a hyperboloid in 3-space defined by the following equation:
z + x2
a2 -
y2
b2 = 1
(for some nonzero constants a and b). Given a point P0 = (x0; y0; z0)T on the surface of
this hyperboloid, derive
a normal vector for such a point. You do not need to normalize your vector to unit length.
(If the constants a
and b confuse you, you may assume that a = b = 1 for partial credit.) Show how your
derived your answer.
14.Suppose that you are given a function drawWing(), which draws the wing shape
shown in the figure below left. (This should be drawn on the z = 0 plane. In the figure the
z-axis pointing up and out of the
page.)
(a) Use the procedure drawWing() and other OpenGL functions (e.g., glPushMatrix(),
glRotate*(), glScale*(),
glTranslate*(), etc.), to produce a procedure drawBird1() that draws the two wings shown
in the center
figure.

Q15.Explain how the A-bu_er improves on the z-bu_er.Also Explain what a form factor
is (in radiosity). Outline an implementable method of
calculating form factors.
Problem 16
Describe an algorithm to draw a straight line using only integer arithmetic. You
may assume that the line is in the first octant, that the line starts and ends at integer
coordinates, and that the function setpixel (x, y) turns on the pixel at location (x, y).
17 Describe Douglas and Peucker’s algorithm for removing superfluous points.
18.Consider a new type of light called a spot-light. A spot-light is defined by giving a
point P, a vector
~v (normalized to unit length), and an angle _. The spot light illuminates any point that
lies within an infinite
3-dimensional cone whose apex is P and whose angular radius about ~v is _. Write a
function which, given a
point Q in 3-space, and P, ~v, and _, determines whether Q is illuminated by the spot-
light.
v
P

19. Explain the purpose and operation of the A-bu_er in rendering a sequence of images
into a framestore. Exhibit an example that shows an advantage over the use of a Z-bu_er.
19. Give a procedure (in pseudocode):
void cylinder(float h, float r, int vs, int rs);
to draw such a cylinder in OpenGL. (You may NOT use any GLUT procedures.) For full
credit, you should
specify both the vertices and associated normals, so that the shading of the cylinder will
be smooth. You
do not need to draw the top and bottom of the cylinder.
(b) Your boss also wants you to wrap a texture around your cylinder. The texture image
is 256 _ 256
20. One way to speed up ray tracing algorithms is to enclose each object in a simpler
enclosing shape (e.g. a
sphere or a box) and first test intersection with the enclosing object. Its axis is aligned
with the z-axis, its height
is h, and its base is located on the xy-plane and has radius r. As a function of h and r,
compute the center and
radius of the smallest (minimum radius) sphere enclosing this shape. (Hint: There are two
cases to consider,
one for fat cones and one for skinny cones.)
21.. Suppose that you are given two spheres S1 and S2, with respective center points C1
and C2, both with
the same radius r. Assume that the distance between C1 and C2 is less than 2r. Define
object X(C1; C2; r)
to be the “lens-shaped” intersection of these two spheres. Consider a ray P + t~u. Write a
procedure that, as a
function of C1, C2, r, P and ~u, computes the parameter value t of the first intersection of
the ray with object
X. You may assume that you already have access to a function that returns the parameter
values t0 and t1 of the
intersection of the ray with a sphere, where t0 _ t1.
22 (a).Explain how straight lines can be used to draw Bezier cubic curves.
(b)Describe the z-bu_er polygon scan conversion algorithm
23 In ray tracing a large computational cost is associated with determining ray–object
intersections. Explain how the use of bounding volumes and space subdivision
methods may reduce this cost.
24.. A certain image contains a number Q of di_erently coloured pixels. There are
not enough di_erent pixel values available to represent these and so a method of
approximation is needed.
Describe an approach and comment on its performance.
25 Consider three control points p0, p1, p2 in the plane.
(a) Give the function p(u) for the B´ezier curve of degree 2 defined by these control
points, where 0 _ u _ 1.
(b) Show that the derivative of this curve, as a function of u, is a B´ezier curve of degree
1. In particular,
express the derivative as a linear combination of the degree-1 B´ezier blending functions.

26 Draw either the first eight one-dimensional Haar basis functions or the first eight
one-dimensional Walsh–Hadamard basis functions. Calculate the coe_cients of your
chosen eight basis functions for the following one-dimensional image data:
27.(a) Explain the difference in how smooth shading is performed in Phong shading and
Gouraud shading. Which method does OpenGL use?
(b) The Phong lighting model, as implemented in OpenGL, models light as a
combination of four different effects. Name them.
28.(a) Define the angle of incidence between a ray and a surface to be the acute angle
between the ray’s direction and the surface normal at the point of contact. As a ray goes
from a medium of higher index of refraction to one of lower index of refraction does the
angle of incidence tend to increase or decrease? Justify your answer.
(b) Explain the meaning of a regularized boolean operation.
(c) Among the following surfaces, which (if any) is the hardest to apply a 3-dimensional
procedural texture: plane, sphere, torus? Briefly explain. You may assume that the
contact point and normal vector are given.
27 Compare object-space and image-space visibility tests in synthesising an image for
display. Describe one visibility test in detail.
28.. Why the solids are sectioned?
(a) How is the isometric view of an object obtained?
(b) Distinguish between single curved surface and double curved surface.
(c) Define apparent section and true section.
(d) What are applications of the intersection of surfaces?

29. Derive the value of the (normalized) normal vector ~n at this intersection point. There
is no notion of outside hit or inside hit, but the normal should be directed to the same side
of the surface from which the
ray approaches.
29 Describe the method of Douglas & P¨ucker for approximating one line chain by
another to within some tolerance. Are there any special cases?
30. Discuss transformations applied to 3D wireframe objects.Discuss the use of
homogeneous coordinate representations
(a) for presenting concepts
(b) within programs

31. (a) Consider the hyperbola y2 - x2 = 1 in the projective plane. (Note this consists of
two curves, one above the x-axis and one below the x-axis.) Consider the four extensions
of the hyperbola out to infinity. What are the homogeneous coordinates of these points at
infinity?
(b) In some graphics systems (not OpenGL) a left-handed coordinate frame is used. Give
the 4_4 matrix that performs a rotation counterclockwise about the x-axis by angle _ in a
left-handed frame. Contrast your result with the matrix for a right-handed frame.
32. A user draws a triangle strip using GL TRIANGLE STRIP and gives n vertices. As a
function of n, how many triangles are produced? (Assuming no three collinear vertices
and no duplicate vertices.)
(a) You are given a vertical line x = b and a pair of points P and Q in the plane. As a
function of b and the coordinates of P and Q, compute the affine combination of P and Q
that lies on this vertical line.
(b) Which of the following statements is true of perspective projections? (Select all that
apply)
(c) Lines are mapped to lines (c) Midpoints are preserved
(d) Parallelism is preserved (d) Angles are preserved
(e) Given points P0, P1, P2 in 3-space, and a viewer at point V , give a geometric test to
determine whether, from V ’s location, the vertices of triangle 4P0P1P2 appear in
clockwise or counterclockwise order.
34. Consider the two frames F and G shown in the figure above.
(a) Express both P and ~w in homogeneous coordinates relative to frame F.
(b) Express both P and ~w in homogeneous coordinates relative to frame G.
(c) Give the 3_3 matrix which transforms a point represented in homogeneous
coordinates relative to G into
its homogeneous coordinates relative to F. (If you wish, you may express your answer as
the inverse of a matrix, without actually computing the inverse.)
35.RasterOp is the name given to an operation which generates, from a number of
rasters of pixel values, another raster of pixel values.
Describe suitable versions that could be used
(a) to move a window on screen while preserving background
(b) to blend two images in proportions given by a mask
36.Derive a linear interpolation function C(x; y) that maps a point Q = (x; y) in the
triangle to an RGB color vector by blending these three colors together. You may express
your answer either as a formula (using affine geometry) or using pseudo-code. The final
color should be a function of x and y and C0, C1, and C2.

36 Discuss sampling artifacts and their e_ect on image quality on a raster display.
What can be done to reduce or eliminate them?

37. When scan-converting items for display, a Z-bu_er is sometimes used to avoid some
sorting. Outline its operation and limitations.
The use of an A-bu_er will improve matters. Explain why.

38.Prove that, from the viewer’s perspective the points D, S, and C are collinear? In the
figure we show that S lies between D and C. Explain why this is so. (Hint: Try to reduce
this to a two dimensional problem, by considering an appropriate plane.)
39. (a) Name two different events or actions that could trigger a call to your display
callback function. (This is the function passed to glutDisplayFunc()).
(b) Given two nonzero vectors ~u and ~v in 3-dimensional space, the operation ~u _ ~v
will produce a nonzero vector that is perpendicular to both, except under what
circumstances? (Be as general as possible.)
40.(a) In the Phong shading model, the specular contribution to the reflected color is _s
max(0; ~n _ ~h)_Ls. Why do we take the max in the formula? What would go wrong if
we didn’t?
(b) In Phong specularity, what is the effect (visually) of increasing the _ value?
(c) In Phong specularity, why did we not include the object’s surface color (C) in the
formula?
41.Consider the image on the right of a picture taken at night of lights being reflected off
of water in a harbor. The light source at the top of the image produces a reflection that is
very long and thin. Water is a highly specular reflector and poor diffuse reflector.
(a) Based on your knowledge of perspective projection, the Phong lighting
model, and the nature of water, explain why the reflected light has this
elongated shape. (It may help to draw a picture to illustrate your point.)
(b) Had the water surface been perfectly flat, would the shape of the reflection differ, and
if so how? Light source,Reflection from the water Water’s edge
42. (a) Reduce the ray intersection problem to a quadratic equation, and derive the values
of the two roots
(b) Explain how to determine which root leads to the first intersection point with the
ray, and whether the ray hits from the inside or the outside, or misses.
(c) Derive a formula for the 2-dimensional normal vector.
43 Explain how to derive a sequence of transformations to achieve the overall e_ect of
performing a 2D rotation about an arbitrary point.
44. (a) Suppose that a triangle is clipped to a rectangular window. After being clipped
against the window, what is the maximum number of sides that the resulting clipped
polygon might have? Draw an example to illustrate the worst case.
 (b) What is the difference between a left-handed and a right-handed 3-dimensional
coordinate system?
(c) What is the reflection property that characterizes a pure diffuse reflector (also
called a Lambertian reflector)? What is Lambert’s law of diffuse reflection?
45.(a) What is the inverse texture wrapping function, and why is it more relevant to the
rendering process than the texture wrapping function?
(b) What is back-face culling? For an average view, what fraction of the faces of a scene
would be expected to be eliminated by this method? Explain briefly.
(c) You want to know whether a point P lies on a given surface. From which
representation of the surface is
46 What are homogeneous coordinates?
How can they be used in computer graphics to model
(a) translation?
(b) simple perspective?
47.. Consider three control points p0, p1, p2 in the plane.
(a) Give the function p(u) for the B´ezier curve of degree 2 defined by these control
points, where 0 _ u _ 1.
(b) Show that the derivative of this curve, as a function of u, is a B´ezier curve of degree
1. In particular, express the derivative as a linear combination of the degree-1 B´ezier
blending functions.
48 Explain with a diagram how a shadow mask cathode ray tube works. What might be
the point of extending the scheme to accommodate five electron guns?
49. (a) Explain the difference in how smooth shading is performed in Phong shading and
Gouraud shading.
(b) The Phong lighting model, as implemented in OpenGL, models light as a
combination of four different effects. Name them.
(c) Define the angle of incidence between a ray and a surface to be the acute angle
between the ray’s direction and the surface normal at the point of contact. As a ray goes
from a medium of higher index of refraction to one of lower index of refraction does the
angle of incidence tend to increase or decrease? Justify your answer.
50 Why are matrix representations used to describe point transformations in computer
graphics? Describe how to represent three di_erent 2D transformations as matrices.