CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND
Nowadays, scarcity of flora in Indonesia is not foreign. From a wide variety of
flora in Indonesia, which is now rarely seen by people are orchids. In Malang, the
orchids is rarely maintained by Malang people around as an ornamental plant in the
garden of their home. Of the various types of orchids in Indonesia, most species of
phenomenal rarity, there are moon orchids. (Alamendah, 2010).
Phalaenopsis is one of the orchid spesies that is known for its graceful, arching
spray of beautiful flowers. The flowers appear like butterflies with its wings
outstretched (Fighetti, 2006). In Indonesia, the Phalaenopsis is known as moon orchids,
possibly comparing the flower to the romantic full moon. (Fighetti, 2006).
Moon orchids are orchids that has a distinctive feature for orchid collectors and
plant observers. With thick leaves and green and beautiful blooming flowers growing on
top of the roots. This plant too bad if left constantly, because it can lead to the extinction
of moon orchids. (Alamendah, 2010).
This phenomenal about scarcity of moon orchid caused by many factors. There
are caused by the exploitation of the orchid hunters, imbalance and damage due to forest
fires. Imbalance of the ecosystem is the causes scarcity of moon orchids population.
(Alamendah, 2010).
Therefore the researchers made a paper entitled The Cultivating Moon Orchids
in Malang to understood the causes scarcity of orchids in Malang and to know how to
maintain and preserve orchid plants, especially in Malang areas.

1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEMS

The research problems are :
a.What the causes scarcity of moon orchids in Malang?
b. How the conservation ways to develop moon orchids in Malang?
c.How the solution to caring moon orchids in Malang?
1.3 ADVANTAGES
a. To know the causes scarcity of moon orchids in Malang.
b. To know the conservation ways to develop moon orchids in Malang.
c. To find out the solution to caring moon orchids in Malang.

CHAPTER II

LITERATUR REVIEW

A. Causes the extinction moon orchids

Causes of the scarcity of orchids species in Indonesia, because many
exploitation by hunter orchids without thinking about survival living in nature, and there
isnt replanting to the natural habit of the cultivation. (Alamendah, 2010).
The causes the extinction moon orchids are (a) habitat alteration, and (b) overexploitation.This ecosystem decay has led to a pollination crisis caused by disruptions
in pollination systems. The cause of the crisis, human activity, is widespread and it is
therefore, likely that pollination disruption is also widespread (Buchmann and Nabhan,
1996). Since the Orchidaceae is a rapidly evolving, pollinator-oriented family,
disturbance to pollination systems will not only affect their long-term survival but also
evolutionary potential. (Alamendah, 2010).
Damage environment from fire, damage forest, illegal logging are the causes
scarcity. Excessive exploitation forest including mining, burning and conversion of
forests to agricultural fields or residential areas is cause shrinking forest. As the result,
the ecosystem changes that lead to decreased biodiversity. Orchids species in the forest
grow with large trees, both below and on upper, grow on rott wood, or grow with litter.
Because of destruction ecosystem forest is the causing extinction of orchids species.
(Alamendah,2010).
B.

Conservation for moon orchids in Malang

One of them, conservation through the botanical gardens. Purwodadi Botanical

Garden in East Java is one form of conservation of plant species that exist in Indonesia.
Botanical garden has a very important significance in the conservation for plants. One
of them conservation of rare orchids. (Alamendah, 2010).

Purwodadi botanical gardens, orchid is an important and interesting collection.

Since 2006, conservation of rare orchids are routinely conducted and have yielded
progress. (Alamendah, 2010).
Here are the results of the achievement of the conservation activities:
-Search native habitat of rare orchids.
-Collection of rare orchids alive.
-Research related to conservation of rare orchids.
C.

How to caring moon orchids

Orchids are usually grouped into two broad categories that characterize their

growth habits. Monopodial orchids have a single, upright stem, with leaves arranged
opposite each other along the stem. The flower stem appears from the base of the
uppermost leaves. Orchids with this growth habit include the Phalaenopsis and Vandas.
(Alamendah, 2010).
The more common growth habit is sympodial. These orchids grow horizontally,
sending out new shoots from the old rhizome. Leaves and flower scapes form at the top
of the new shoots. Many sympodial orchids form Pseudobulbs, which are swollen
shoots that water store and nutrients to help the plant survive periods of prolonged
drought. Sympodial orchids include cattleya, cymbidium, oncidium and dendrobium.
(Alamendah, 2010).
Orchids can also be classified by their native habitat, which gives an indication
of the temperature, moisture and light levels they prefer. Orchids native to the humid
tropics, such as Phalaenopsis and Paphiopedilum, prefer daytime temperatures of 73 to
85F, with 80 to 90 percent humidity. They are happiest in an east or southeast window
where the light is not too intense. (Alamendah, 2010).
Warm climate orchids, including cymbidiums and dendrobiums, are accustomed
to an average temperature of 55 to 70F, a steady supply of moisture, and good air
circulation. They are generally happy in a south-facing window, though they may need a
4

little shading during high summer. Cattleyas and some oncidiums grow where days are
dry and relatively cool. They are able to tolerate a long dry season with temperatures of
80 or 90F, followed by a distinct rainy season. Their need for light is high, so they
should be placed in a sunny, south-facing window. (Alamendah, 2010).
High-altitude orchids, such as masdevallia and epidendrum, grow in the cloud
forests where average temperatures are 60 to 70F, and humidity is very high. These
orchids prefer filtered light that isnt too intense. (Alamendah, 2010).
Caring for Orchids
With 30,000 different species of orchids, it is impossible to give general care and
cultivation instructions. However, how an orchid looks can provide clues to its
preferences for light, water, and growing medium. If the plant has few leaves, or
leathery leaves (like most cattleyas and oncidiums), it's likely the plant needs a highlight environment. If the leaves are soft and limp (like some phalaenopsis and most
paphiopedilum), the plants are probably very light-sensitive, and should not be placed in
a sunny south-facing window. (Wordpress, 2009)
If the orchid has fat pseudobulbs, it should be watered sparingly, and should be
grown on coarse chunks of bark or lava rock. If the orchid has no pseudobulbs, it may
require more frequent watering, or should be grown in a more moisture-retentive
growing medium, such as sphagnum moss. (Wordpress, 2009)
Light
As a general rule, orchids are light-hungry plants. For best results, they should
get 12 to 14 hours of light each day, year-round. In a tropical environment, the duration
and intensity of natural light does not vary as it does in temperate climates. For this
reason, you may need to move your orchids around, and supplement with artificial light
to keep them happy during the winter months. (Wordpress, 2009)
South- and east-facing windows are usually the best spot for orchids. West
windows can be too hot, and northern ones are usually too dark. If you dont have a
5

good window location for your orchids, they will be perfectly happy growing under
artificial lights. Orchids should be positioned no more than 6 to 8 inches away from a
set of 4-foot fluorescent bulbs. Opinions vary as to the benefits of cool white, warm
white, and grow light bulbs. The new full-spectrum bulbs are probably the best allaround choice. Some orchids with very high light requirements, such as vandas and
cymbidiums, may need high-intensity discharge lighting in order to flower. For more
information, read Growing Under Lights. (Wordpress, 2009)
Growing Media
Terrestrial orchids, such as paphiopedilums and some cymbidiums, grow in soil.
But most tropical orchids are epiphytes, which means that they grow in the air, rather
than in soil. Their fleshy roots are covered with a layer of white cells called velamen,
which acts as a sponge to absorb water. The coating also protects the roots from heat
and moisture loss. (Wordpress, 2009)
An orchid growing medium must provide good air circulation and permit water
to drain very quickly. It must also give the roots something secure to cling to.
Depending on the type of orchid, they can be happy growing in peat moss, fir bark,
dried fern roots, sphagnum moss, rock wool, perlite, cork nuggets, stones, coconut fiber,
lava rock or a blend that combines several of these materials. Some epiphytic orchids
can also be wired onto slabs of tree fern or cork. As a general rule, fir bark nuggets are
the most popular growing medium. (Wordpress, 2009)
Watering
Most orchids can tolerate drought far better than they can tolerate excess
moisture. Nothing kills an orchid faster than letting it sit in a water-logged pot. Without
adequate air circulation, the plant will suffocate and die.
As a very general rule, orchids should be watered once a week. The growing
medium should be allowed to dry out between waterings, and excess water should not
come in contact with the roots or the growing medium. After being re-potted, most

orchids will not resume active growth for several months. Water very sparingly during
this readjustment period.
Humidity
Most tropical orchids prefer humidity levels of 60 to 80 percent. With the
winter-time humidity level in most homes hovering closer to 30 percent, orchid growers
often use a humidifier, or set their orchids in gravel-filled trays. Some orchids also
benefit from being misted.

Fertilizer
Orchid-growing mediums provide very few nutrients, so orchids must be
fertilized to sustain healthy growth. Use a liquid fertilizer, and dilute it more than you
would for other plants. Fertilizer should only be applied when plants are in active
growth. This means that most orchids should not be fertilized in midwinter, or right
after they have been re-potted. Many growers use a 30-10-10 fertilizer, though others
prefer 10-10-10 or 10-10-30. Misting your orchids with fish emulsion or seaweed
extracts will provide micronutrients.
Potting and repotting
Orchids are usually happiest in a relatively small pot. Plastic pots are preferred
because when its time to re-pot, the roots can be more easily detached, or the pots can
simply be cut apart. To ensure good drainage, you can fill the bottom inch or two of the
pot with Styrofoam peanuts. Suspend the orchid over the pot, and gradually fill the
pot with fir bark chunks or whatever other growing medium you are using. The crown
of the plant should be just a bit below the top of the pot. Sometimes it's helpful to use a
bit of wire to secure the plant until its roots get established.
Some orchids should be re-potted every year. Others may be happy in the same
pot for seven or more years. As a general rule, dont re-pot your orchid unless necessary.
7

Orchids resent being disturbed. Re-pot if the growing medium has started to break down
enough to reduce aeration; if the roots are creeping out well beyond the pot; or if new
growth has unbalanced the plant. (Wordpress : 2009)
Propagation
Propagating orchids from seed is quite difficult. Unlike the seeds of other
plants, orchid seeds do not contain nutritional storage tissues. To grow, the seed must
land where it will find a particular kind of fungi that can penetrate its root system and
convert nutrients into a usable form. To overcome the odds, an orchid seed capsule
typically disburses millions of microscopic seeds, which can be carried hundreds of
miles from the mother plant.
To propagate orchids from seed, you must work in sterile conditions. The seeds
must be grown in a gelatinous substance that contains nutrients and growth hormones.
You must also be very patient. It takes months for the first leaves to develop, and, even
then, they will only be visible with a magnifying glass. Roots appear even later. It will
be at least three, and possibly as many as eight years before you see a bloom.
It is far easier to propagate orchids by division. But remember that dividing a
plant means forsaking blooms for at least a year. Also, the larger the orchid plant, the
more flowers it will produce. Small divisions take many years to mature. (Wordpress :
2009)

CHAPTER III
8

SURVEY METHODS

In this survey, the surveyors use the qualitative method. The qualitative survey tries
to discover the facts comprehensively and context appropriately by collecting the data
naturally and the surveys it self. This kind of survey is descriptive and tends to use the
analyzis in inductive approach.
3.1 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
Sample of the population is taken as research materialis moon orchids Sthat exist in
one of the houses in the Lawang area, Malang.

3.2 COLLECTING DATA

(PICTURE 1)

(PICTURE 1)

(PICTURE 3)

(PICTURE 2)

(PICTURE 4)

3.3 PLACE AND TIME OF SURVEY

This survey is done at Jl. Madukoro number 40 Lawang, Malang, on Monday 2

September 2013.
3.4 INTERVIEW
Through interviews with Mrs. Soekartik in Lawang obtained information
Regarding the development of moon orchids.Lately, Moon Orchids has been
overstepped in some areas of Indonesia, especially in East Java, which proved that the
majority of orchid collectors in trouble to find the type and color of moon orchids.
Moon Orchids included in the monopodial orchids like little sunshine to support
life. Green leaves with elongated shape. Roots are white and round an delongated
fleshyfeel. The flowers have as light fragrance and long bloom time and diameter can
grow up to10 cm.
3.5 INSTRUMENT OF RESEARCH
In data, collection the researchers need the instrument support of research. In the
research, researcher uses 2 instruments :
A. The interview manual is used to be the guidline of interview and keep straight to
the purpose of result. This manual is arranged based on both the purpose of
research and related theory with the researcher problem.
In this research,the interview will be conducted using an interview guide.
Interview guide is used to remind the interviewer about what aspect should be
discussed, as wellas a talker list(check list) if the relevant aspects have been
discussed or asked.
B. Camera tools
Its function is as the supporting tool in interview to make th interview to make
the interview easier ake picture and documention the process of interview. In
addition, the taken pictures will be evidence that the interview was conducted.
3.6 QUESTION OF INTERVIEW
Group

: When did you become a fan of orchids?

Mrs. Soekartik

: Since 10 years ago.

10

Group

: What type of orchids that are here?

Mrs. Soekartik

: Moon orchids, leopard orchids.

Mrs. Soekartik

: How do you think the development of orchids during it?

Mrs. Soekartik

: Development orchids last few years has been reduced. it is

characterized by the time I was in town a stone which is one
orchid producing areas in East Java has now started selling rare
orchids. And if any, species of orchids are available only
leopard orchids.

Group

: In your opinion, which the rare orchids?

Mrs. Soekartik

: Moon orchids.

Group

: How do you how to cultivate orchids?

Mrs. Soekartik

: To pay more attention how to plant, water, fertilize, and it

is good land cultivated in green house.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 RESULTS
11

Indonesia is one country that has a rich flora and fauna of the largest in the
world.One of them is an orchid flora with their beauty. Orchid germplasm second
largest after Brazil. In the world there are about twenty-six thousand species of orchids,
from the amount of five thousand are in Indonesia. Is are or endemic species of orchids
that can not be found in the other hemisphere. But unfortunately, due to act of the
human hand are not responsible for, the majority of these species to extinction.
The Malang city is one of the cities in Indonesia which has a diversity of types
of orchids. it is in because, the Mlang city have many mountainous regions, and the
temperature in this area is very cool. making it possible to live orchid plants there. moon
orchid is one of the types of plants that exist in malang areas. but its existence is now
greatly reduced. orchids once a month always adorn every home. but now it is difficult
to be found.
There has been a dearth of orchids month in the city of Malang . this is evident
from the orchid collector had difficulty in finding certain types of orchids. Orchids
which we will examine in this paper is orchid month. orchids are orchids purih months
that are excellent. Because the color is soft and simple form. However, due to several
factors, cause this orchid be difficult to find. Factor in this study may include the
following.
1. Public is less concerned about the preservation of orchids month.
2. Residence : Big wood utilized as construction material, other than that
the leaves of the fig tree, the coconut is also widely used as the
roof of the house. And because the population is diminishing tree,
causing any dwelling orchid plants getting damaged. And will
ultimately lead to scarcity of orchids month.
3. Research :

Many interesting biodiversity researchers to examine each

component of each diversity. In addition, the study was also
carried out not only by researchers, but also by students from
elementary level up to the top level. The research will lead to
unwise moon orchid plant populations are increasingly threatened
with extinction.
12

Human Factors changes in the balance of many ecosystems are affected by

human activities such as:
1 . Orchid poaching against excessively .
2 . Forest exploitation : Conversion of forest into plantations, housing, industry
will make less land and diversity in it. It also will affect the
survival of orchid plants.
3 . Pollution, human activities will cause pollution in the air, soil and water also
causes the orchid plant which was originally requiring special habitas be not be
able to live even more exhausted. Natural factors changes in the balance of the
ecosystem may occur by natural factors, such as volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes.
4.2 DISCUSSIONS
Based on the results of the study or our survey can be concluded that yesterday
was the last five years this moon orchids are difficult to find in some areas of Indonesia,
especially in Java Island. The specialty orchids in the characteristics that lure, colorful
flowers and beautiful moon orchid collectors make them always add to his collection
back.
But what if the moon orchids and steps are now in danger of being extinct,
therefore, that the moon does not disappear orchids, we need a good way of cultivating,
watering techniques include, cutting, placing flower pots, and even fertilizer and light
intensity are also considered. Appropriate treatment will help cultivating moon orchids
for nowadays.
Of the research we do, the need for special measures to prevent the extinction of
the higher numbers of orchids. Including the from the government itself, should really
provide protection of the existence of rare plants. The government must have a clear
legal basis for the presence tackle poaching and habitat destruction of endangered
plants. The second is the awareness of the public to work together to protect the
existence of moon orchid Its still in the realm. Other than that the community should
13

also be a watchdog to keep the moon orchid plant habitat in the forest area. The third is
to preserve orchid month at the botanical garden is a special place that has been
providing safe from poachers, so orchids month will still be there.
One of them, conservation through the botanical gardens.Purwodadi Botanical
Garden in East Java is one form of conservation of plant species that exist in Indonesia.
Botanical garden has a very important significance in the conservation for plants.One of
them conservation of rare orchids.
Purwodadi botanical gardens, orchid is slah an important and interesting
collection. Since 2006, conservation of rare orchids are routinely conducted and have
yielded progress.
Here are the results of the achievement of the conservation activities:
- Search native habitat of rare orchids
- Collection of rare orchids alive
- Research related to conservation of rare orchids

CHAPTER V
CLOSING REMARKS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS

14

Based on the research that has been done, then some conclusions can be drawn as
follows:
1. Most of the orchids in the scarcity factor is poaching carried out by the
irresponsible and forest fires.
2. How to overcome the scarcity of orchids in cultivation of orchids month is done
through preservation in situ and ex situ.
3. To caring the moon orchids the plant needs a high-light environment. If the
leaves are soft and limp, the plants are probably very light-sensitive, and should
not be placed in a sunny south-facing window.

5.2 SUGGESTIONS
Based on the conclusions above, then while the writer's suggestion is as follows:
1. There should be an effort in cultivating orchids.
2. There should be a rescue effort, the cultivation of orchids month from extinction.
3. Make efforts so that the moon does not become extinct orchid.
4. In addition to the use of orchids as well as the cultivation of ornamental plants.

REFERENCES
Indun Kistinnah, dkk. Biologi Makhluk Hidup dan Lingkungannya SMA X: Jakarta.
BSE 2009.
Sri Widayati, dkk. Biologi SMA/MA Kelas X: Jakarta BSE.

15

Wordpress.2009.http://wawaorchid.wordpress.com//tips-merawat-anggrek-bulanphalaenopsis/ (online .). posted on 26 Agustus 2009.

Gardeners.2013.http://www.gardeners.com/on/demandware.store/Sites-GardenersSite.posted on 2013
Antara.2010.file:///K:/LIPI%20Temukan%20Spesies%20Anggrek%20Baru%20di
%20Kalimantan%20-%20ANTARA%20News.htm.posted on 4 April 2010:17.00 pm.
Alamendah.2010.file:///K:/Anggrek%20Bulan%20Puspa%20Pesona%20Indonesia
%20_%20Alamendah%27s%20Blog.htm.posted on 23 April 2010.
Cribb, Paul, J. Greatwood, P. F. Hunt. 1985. Handbook on Orchid Nomenclature and
Registration. 3rd Ed. International Orchid Commission. Stanhope Press. 143 pp.
Leonhardt, Kennth, W. 1981. Simple Orchid Culture. Cooperative Extension Service.
College of Tropical Agriculture & Human Resources. University of Hawaii at
Manoa. Circular 452. 24 pp.
McConnell, J. 1990. Crushed Limestone Aggregate and Coconut Husk as Potting Media
for Vanda X Miss Joaquim. Agricultural Experiment Station. University of
Guam. Technical Report #84. 8 p.
Northen, R.T. 1990. Home Orchid Growing. Prentice Hall Press. New York. 376 pp.
McConnell, J. and R. Muniappan. 1993. Cuscuta campestris. AG FAXTS 93-1.

ATTACHMENTS
Vocabulary List
Research (noun)

: study, investigation, survey, watchfulness, search

Current(noun)

: flow, stream, influx, drift, tides

16

Spread(verb)

: deploy, disperse, scatter, radiate, overspread

Enliven(noun)

: brisk, jazz up

Humidity(noun)

: dampness

Scarcity(noun)

: lack, deficiency, shortage, drawback, shortfall

Midst(noun)

: center, midst, half, centre

Abundance(noun)

: galore, profusion, glut, smother

Rampant(adjective)

: harebrained

Burning(verb)

: combustion, burn, firing, incineration, ignition

Stride(verb)

: step, tread, stride, step across, step over, stride over

Replant(verb)

: replant

Swollen(past participant)

: puffy, bloated, swelled, bulging, turgid

Prolonged(noun)

: prolonged, protracted, continuous

Coarse (adjective)

: rude, rough, coarse, rugged, harsh, crude

17