1891-Smith+Keller-Experiments Arranged For Students in General Chemistry

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SB 35 M33
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REESE LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
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iHrvrs
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EXPERIMENTS
ARRANGED FOR
STUDENTS
IN
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
BY
EDGAR
F.
SMITH
AND
HARRY
F.
KELLER,
it
PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF

PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA.
PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, MICHIGAN MINING

SCHOOL, HOUGHTON.
SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED, WITH 37 ILLUSTRATIONS.
PHILADELPHIA:
P.
BLAKISTON, SON & CO

1012 WALNUT STREET.
|)Q$
COPYRIGHT, 1891, BY
PRESS or WM F. FELL & Co.,

I22O-24 SANSOM ST.,
PHILADELPHIA.
P.
BLAKISTON, SON
&
Co.
PREFACE.
This
little
work
is
The arrangement of
designed as a guide for beginners in chemistry.

the course
is
such as the authors have used with
success in the instruction of their classes
its
object
with the supervision of an instructor, but rather to

reference
is
made
to Richter's
is
assist
not to dispense
him.
book on the subject can be employed
in
its
stead.
text-
The experiments
have been collected from various sources, and no claim

originality.
Although
"Inorganic Chemistry," any other
is
made
for
CONTENTS.
PART
I.
CHAPTER
I.
II.
III.
PAGE
APPARATUS, MANIPULATIONS AND OPERATIONS,
9-10
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
HYDROGEN,
10-11
12-14
IV.
CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE, FLUORINE,

V. OXYGEN, SULPHUR,
VI. NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY,
VII. CARBON AND SILICON, BORON,
PART
14-19
.
."
19-25
25-32
32-34
II.
VIII. POTASSIUM, SODIUM [AMMONIUM],

IX. CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM,
X. MAGNESIUM, ZINC,
MERCURY, COPPER, SILVER, GOLD,
XII. ALUMINIUM, TIN, LEAD, BISMUTH,
XL
XIII. CHROMIUM, MANGANESE, IRON, NICKEL, COBALT,
35-38
39-41
41-42
43-46
46-50
50-56
NON-METALS.
CHAPTER
I.
APPARATUS, MANIPULATIONS AND OPERATIONS.

The Bunsen burner and
1i)
Make
i.
ganese dioxide in
reducing flame (?).
flame.
(2)
it.
5.
the blowpipe.
Dissolve a very minute quantity of manin the oxidizing flame (?).

Heat
4. In the
3.
Heat oxide of lead on charcoal in the reducing
a borax bead.
2.
In the oxidizing flame.

Working with glass tubing and rods.
6.
i. Cut various lengths of rods and

tubing.
by softening and turning the ends in the lamp.
(3)
Construct a wash-bottle (Fig.
2.
Round
the sharp edges
i).
FIG.
i.
Soften a sound cork by rolling it under your foot on

a clean floor.
2. Bore two parallel holes through it by
i.
means of a cork-borer. These perforations should be cylindrical and of less diameter than the glass tubes they are
Use a rat-tail file in enlarging them. 3. Cut
to receive.
suitable lengths of glass tubing.
4. Draw the longer one
to a fine point after softening in the flame.
5.
Bend
the
tubes in an ordinary fish-tail burner, and round the sharp

6. Fit the different pieces together.
edges.
Arrange some other form of apparatus for practice.

The balance.
i. Weigh an object by placing it on the left-hand pan of the balance,
and a weight judged about equal on the right-hand pan. Should the
latter be found too heavy, replace it by the next smaller one
if too light,
next
the
heavier
one.
Then
the
smaller
add
by
weights,
systematically
(4)
(5)
middle of the scale. The final adjustment

In adding or removing weights, the supports
until the needle points to the

is
made with
the rider.
must always be
(6)
i.
raised.
Measuring vessels.
Measure off 10 cc. of water (a]
9
in a cylinder,
()
in a burette, (c)
EXPERIMENTS IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY.
10
in a pipette.
Always read the lower meniscus.
2.
Measure
off similarly
3. Measure
50, 100 and 200 cc. of water, and determine their weight.
the volume of 50 grms. of oil of vitriol, and of 65 grms. of muriatic acid.
What are the specific gravities of these substances ? Note the relation
between weight and volume in the metric system.

(7) Chemical operations Solution, evaporation, crystallization, precipitation, filtration, washing and drying.
i. Place into a test-tube pure sodium carbonate, into another cobalt
Stir.
What occurs ? 2. To
chloride, and add distilled water to each.
:
any change ? Now add a little

3. Pour 5 cc. of strong hydrochloric acid upon powdered manganese dioxide ; observe appearance and
odor.
Note, too, in each case, whether heat has any effect. Distinguish
calcium carbonate, add water.
hydrochloric acid.
What
Is there
action has
it ?
between chemical and mechanical solution.

and the calcium carbonate solutions, each
4.
Heat the cobalt chloride

on an iron
in a separate dish,
completely driven off (?).

5. Dissolve potassium chlorate in hot water, and allow to stand and cool (?).
6. To a
plate, until the liquids are
portion of the cobalt chloride solution, add a solution of soda; boil. 7.

8. Wash the precipitate "until pure water runs
to settle and filter.
Allow
through the
filter (?).
9.
Heat the
filter until
CHAPTER
perfectly dry.
II.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
Changes in matter.
a glass rod with a piece of cloth, then touch particles of paper
2. Through an insulated spiral of stout copper wire pass a
with it (?).
(i)
Rub
i.
current from two Bunsen
cells.
Place a piece of wrought-iron
a nail
inside the spiral, and bring iron filings in contact with it.
What happens? Interrupt the current and note the result ; repeat. 3.
Heat a platinum wire in the non-luminous flame ; is there any change ?
will
answer
What
is
the effect of removing
it ?
Are the
original properties of the substances in the above experiments

altered, after the action of the forces of electricity, magnetism and heat
has been stopped ?
4. Mix intimately four parts, by weight, of finely powdered sulphur
with seven parts of very finely divided iron (filings). Pass a magnet over
a portion of the mixture.
Another portion treat with carbon disulphide in
GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
II
Then heat the remaining portion in a tube over a gas flame.

Note carefully what occurs in each case. Powder the mass
FIG a
Can you
resulting from the last operation in a dry mortar.
extract from it any iron with a magnet, or dissolve out any
sulphur with carbon disulphide? What inference do you draw
a test-tube.
from the
facts
observed
Decompose water
5.
in
Hofmann's
The water should be acidapparatus by an electric current.

ulated with sulphuric acid to make it a conductor of elec-
current from four to six Bunsen cells is required.

the gas, of which a larger volume has collected, apply a flame, and to
6. Heat oxide of mercury in a tube of
the other a glowing spark (?)
tricity.
To
hard glass (Fig. 2). Apply the spark test (?).

7. Rub some sulphur
and mercury together in a mortar (?) 8. Heat sugar in a dry test-tube,
at first gently, and then more strongly.
Note color and odor. 9. Mix
Is there any action ?
What
dry soda and tartaric acid in a mortar.
occurs when you add water ? Point out in what respect the changes
involved in experiments 1-3 differ essentially from those in 4-9.
By
what general names can you distinguish the two different kinds? With
which does chemisty concern itself? Define chemistry.
Through what agencies have the results been obtained in experiments

4-9 ? Has any gain or loss of matter occurred in any of them ?
(2) The products resulting from 5 and 6 cannot be further simplified,
*.
e.,
decomposed into dissimilar substances.

and red oxide of mercury ?
They
are elements*
What
are water
i.
Dissolve in a
little nitric
acid, the black
powder obtained by heating
an intimate mixture of powdered sulphur and copper
filings. f
Evaporate the solution nearly to dryness, take up in water
and filter. What remains on the filter ? Place the filtrate in
a beaker, dip the platinum electrodes of a battery (one or two

Bunsen cells) into it (Fig. 3), and allow the current to act for
ten minutes.
What do you
observe upon the platinum
FIG. 3 .
~*"
foil,
forming the negative pole ? What changes have the copper

and the sulphur undergone in this experiment ?
(Study pp. 18-27, i n Richter's Chemistry.)
(3) Metals and non-metals.
(See Richter, p. 20.)
* The
instructor should here develop the idea of element
more
fully.
f A better substitute would be finely divided copper such as may be obtained by the
reduction of black cupric oxide in a current of hydrogen gas (see page 14).
;
12
CHAPTER
III.
HYDROGEN.
H.
and pour
(i) Put several pieces of granulated zinc into a test-tube

What occurs?
dilute sulphuric acid upon them.
FlG
(2)
The
Arrange the apparatus shown
in
Fig.
4.
should contain about 15 grms. of Zn,

and dilute
is poured
2 SO 4
through the funnel
flask
tube.
When
all
the air in the apparatus has been
displaced (ask for precautions /) collect six

tubes full of the gas over water.
(3)
What
are
its
properties
Will
it
test-
burn
Support combustion? Is it lighter than air?

i. To learn what becomes of
hydrogen when it burns in air,
(4)
The gas is led from the evolution flask
arrange apparatus as in Fig. 5.
A, into a bottle containing concentrated 2 SO 4 and then passes through
a tube filled with pieces of CaCl 2
The gas which escapes is free from
moisture. Burn it under a cold glass jar. What do you obtain ? 2. Fill a
small flask with a mixture of one vol. of H and five vols. of air ; cork
invert the flask several times to mix the gases; wrap a towel around it and
bring
its
mouth
to a flame.
FIG. 5
Result
(5) Hydrogen
the action of Jf2
not the only product of
is
SO
itpo?i
Zn.
Pour some of the liquid remaining in

the flask, in which H was generated, into
a porcelain dish.
Evaporate to about
one-third of the original bulk ; allow to
You
stand several hours.
cover that the solution

crystals.
These are zinc sulphate or white
vitriol
will
is full
salt,
now
dis-
of colorless
ZnSO
-j-
7H
O.
Write the equation of the reaction.

(6) Determine the weight of
generated by a given weight of Zn.
FIG. 6.
A piece of Zn (not more than .02 grm.) is accurately
weighed, and placed under a funnel in a beaker (Fig. 6).
The
tire
latter is
H,SO 4
is
then nearly
filled
with water, so that the en-
under the surface. A test-tube containing dilute

lowered over the stem of the funnel.
Hydrogen
funnel
is
When
appears and collects in the tube.
appeared,* transfer the tube containing the
holding water.
This
may
all
the
Zn has
dis-
H to a larger vessel,
Measure the volume of the gas by marking
be hastened by bringing a spiral of platinum wire in contact with the Zn.
HYDROGEN.
the tube where the inner and outer levels of water are even, and then
weighing or measuring the quantity of water that it will hold to that
mark.
Note the temperature of the water, and the height of the barometer.
The weight of
found by multiplying the vol. by the wt. of

Before
this can be done, however, it is necessary
cc., /.<?., .0000896 gr.
to reduce the volume of the gas to o C. and 760 mm., as the above value
the
is
has been determined under these conditions.
temperature, and p
and
To
If v
= pressure, then
+
(i
.000x5896
calculate the quantity of
Zn
=r volume observed,
X p
X
at)
= .003665.*
necessary to generate a
FIG.
7.
H, we say
unit of
Wt
of
H Wt of
:
Zn
x.
x here stands for the equivalent weight of Zn.

The equivalent weights of some other metals, such
as
Fe, Cd, Mg, can be determined in the same manner. Magnesium gives the most satisfactory results.
(7) Decompose water by electrolysis and test the products.
(8)
Take
a small piece of sodium, wrap

under the mouth of a test-tube
with water, and inverted in water
it
in
paper and place
it,
with
forceps,
filled
(Fig. 7) contained in a dish. Repeat this

until the test-tube is filled with the gas.
Test
it
for
H.
What becomes
of the metal
Write
the reaction.
(9) Construct the apparatus
Fig.
shown
in
8.
Water is heated to boiling in the flask

A, and the steam led over iron filings or
of hard
glass.
wire, heated to redness in a tube

Care must be taken to prevent steam from condensing in
any part of the tube.

for H.
Collect the escaping gas over water.
* Tension of
aqueous vapor
is
here neglected.
Test
it

Is
the iron changed
Equation
(10) Into a weighed tube

of hard glass (6-8 inches in
FIG
length) place a weighed quantity
oxide
(1-2 grams) of cupric

connect the tube with
;
a CaCl 2 -tube of
known weight
Pass a current of dry

over the CuO and heat.
(Fig. 9).
After the change is complete, cool and determine the loss in weight of
tube -)- CuO, and the gain in the CaCL2 tube.
Explain the reaction.
Problems.
i. How much
can be obtained from Zn and 299 grms.
of
H SO
2
2.
How much Zn
and H-jSO^ are necessary
to furnish
100
H ? 3. Suppose you have found that .015 grm. of Mg yield

H at 20 C. and 750 mm., what the equivalent weight of
cc.
of
15.2
that metal ?
4. How many cc. of H can be obtained from 2 grms. of
Na and water? 5. How many grms. of H O can be decomposed by
grms. of
is
grms. of Fe; by how much is the weight of the latter increased

10 grms. of CuO will yield how much Cu upon heating in H?
Give a brief summary of what you have learned about H.
6.
(Study Richter, pp. 39-47-)
CHAPTER
FIRST
IV.
NATURAL GROUP OF ELEMENTS CHLORINE, BROMINE,
IODINE,
FLUORINE.
CHLORINE.
(i) Into a test-tube put
happens both before and
MnO
Cl.
Note what
and concentrated HC1.
after heating.
(2) Use apparatus (shown in Fig. 10) for preparing

be in the
The
2 should
larger quantities of Cl.
form of small lumps (not powder.) Heat the mix-
FIG.
MnO
ture gently, pass the Cl through a small quantity of

it either
by downward displace-
water and collect
ment or over warm water.

Write the reaction.
liberated ?
(3)
ment?
ble?
4.
Does
it
i.
How many
What
2.
is
molecules
atoms of Cl are
the normal condition of this ele-
Is it lighter
support combustion?
How many
than air?
3.
Is
it
inflamma-
NATURAL GROUP OF ELEMENTS
FIRST
To
obtain answers to these questions,

as
proceed
5 bottles
fill
throw a
15
5 test-tubes with
dry Cl, and
Cover them with
glass plates.
under H.
(4) Again
Into
fill
CHLORINE.
with the dry gas.
little
pulverized antimony.
Into 2 carefully introduce a piece of phosphorus.
Into 3 insert tissue paper moistened with oil of turpentine. *
Into 4 introduce colored flowers.
Into 5 pour a little litmus solution.

What are the results ?
(5) Fill a small-sized flask one-half with chlorine, the other half with
Wrap
hydrogen.
mouth
a towel about the flask and apply a flame to
its
open
Care.
(?).
(6) Invert a bottle filled with Cl over water saturated with the same
What follows in the course of a few hours' exposure to sunlight ?
gas.
Can you account
for results in
the gas be collected over
experiments (4), (5) and (6)

water ?
(7) Determine the weight of a litre of chlorine.
shown
as
In the evolution-flask
place
Arrange apparatus
a mixture of equal
Add
and manganese dioxide.
salt
Why should
n.
in Fig.
weights of
warm
sul-
phuric acid, previously diluted with its own volume

of water (pour the acid into the water ).
Heat
!
evolved, and dried by passing

through concentrated sulphuric acid, after which it
led into the perfectly dry flask c.
When this is
Chlorine
gently.
it
is
is
which you ascertain by the color of the gas in

slowly withdraw the tube and cork the
filled,
the neck,
flask
at
meter.
once.
Weigh
Determine,
the
flask.
Read
the
barometer and thermo-
also, the weights of the flask filled with air and with
water.
Calculation
Capacity of
flask,
Temperature,
Pressure,
Flask
filled
with
air,
Cl,
Wt. of a
litre
of
"
It is well,
paper.
when
*- 2 93
air,
w
w'
grm.
....'.'.....
Cl,
the turpentine
is
old, to gently
warm
it,
and then saturate the
tissue
The weight of
the air filling the flask
(i
ence between
this
from
and
this
is
The remainder
w'.
C. and 760
of the Cl to o
11
^
r
and the weight of
i
How much
T^
litre,
heavier
is
is
WX
= -
one
litre
Write the reaction involved

Problems.
MnO
litres
i.
and HC1?
of Cl
3.
How many
The
the weight of the vacuous flask.

Subtract
the weight of the Cl, (W). Reduce the vol.
mm. (see under H)

x
xP x OOI2 93
+ .00367 t) 760
a
is
it is
ax
IOOO
of Cl than an equal vol. of
in the
litres
+ .003671)760
above method
H?
for preparing Cl.
of Cl can be obtained from
What weight of salt is

How many pounds of sodium
2.
required
kilo of
to prepare
100
sulphate and manganese
sulphate will be formed in the preparation of 100 litres of chlorine gas?

4. Calculate the number of grams of Cl that 2 litres of water will abthe latter takes up twice its volume of Cl
your deductions from the above experiments on Cl.
sorb, provided
Write out
(Read Richter, pp. 49-52.)
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE.
HC1.
Quickly cover
(1) Repeat the explosion of equal vols. of Cl and H.
Does the latter rise ?
the mouth of the flask, and immerse it under water.
Put a drop of the liquid on the tongue and note the
any change?
(2) The product of the union of H and Cl
called hydrogen chloride.

acid upon salt, thus:
It is usually
Add some
2NaCl
NaCl +
SO 4
The apparatus employed here
is
a colorless gas.
Na2 SO 4
= HC1 -f NaHSO
It is
the same as that used for making Cl
(Fig. 10).
(3) Determine the properties of
is
prepared by the action of sulphuric
+ H S0 = 2HC1 +
or, better,
taste.
Is there
blue litmus solution.
HCl as
under
H and CL
What new property
Fill a long dry glass tube with the

appears here ?
it
into
a
basin
containing water colored blue with
gas, and quickly bring
What happens? What does HCl gas yield on dissolving in
litmus.
water
by the action of Na upon water, it was

(4) In the preparation of
observed that the liquid became soapy to the touch, and acquired the
To it add
Prepare such a solution.
property of turning red litmus blue.
a few drops of litmus, and then an
HCl
solution
(gradually) from a
NATURAL GROUP OF ELEMENTS
FIRST
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE.
17
burette, until the blue color just begins to turn.

Evaporate the resulting
and
to
Dissolve
It
recrystallize the product.
crystallization.
liquid
appears in cubes, and has the taste of common salt.

We say
does not affect either red or blue litmus.
It
FIG. 12.
it is
The substance is chloride of sodium

What is a salt? An acid? A base ?
How can you obtain HC1 and Cl from NaCl ?
(5) Burn Hin an atmosphere of Cl, and Clin hydrogen.
neutral in reaction.
or
common
salt.
(p. 14) and

Into this introduce a burn-
Generate chlorine as already described

collect
in a large cylinder.
it
Does it continue burning jet of hydrogen (Fig. 12).

What
is
the
?
of
the flame ?
To show the combustion of
ing
appearance
Cl in
arrange apparatus as in Fig. 13.

determine the weight of a litre of
To
(6)
exactly as under chlorine.
HCl, proceed
FIG.
13.
HCl
(7) Determine the composition of

by volume.
i. Fill a perfectly dry and graduated tube with
HCL
Close
the open end with
the thumb, and opening the tube for a

moment, quickly pour in about 10 cc. of sodium amalgam
Close the tube at once with the thumb,
(see sodium, p. 36).
and shake
slightly moist,
well.
Invert the tube in a large
beaker of water, and remove the thumb.
The amalgam
will
and the latter will rush up into the tube,

drop
it
half
full.
Immerse the tube so that the water
filling
nearly
in it and that in the beaker are on the same level.
This is
done to measure the hydrogen under atmospheric pressure.
into the water,
Read
the residual volume of the gas and measure the volume
of the mercury.
Calculation
Capacity of tube,
Vol. of mercury,
Vol. of
(8) Add a solution of HCl to solutions of silver nitrate ; of mercurous

nitrate ; and of lead acetate.
What do you observe in each case? Boil
the precipitate formed in the lead solution with water.

result.
3
Cool, and note
i8
BROMINE.
(1) Allow a drop of bromine
to
fall
Br.
upon a heated watch
glass
cover
What is the color of the vapor ? Dissolve one

quickly with a beaker.
in
of
bromine
each
of
the following solvents contained in test-tubes
drop
it
alcohol,
water,
ether, carbon
relative solubilities,
(2)
disulphide, and chloroform.
and the color of each
Note the
solution.
Pass Cl through an
i.
What happens?
2.
aqueous solution of potassium bromide.

one portion of the product add a few drops of
To
CS 2 and agitate the mixture what is

3. To another portion of the solution,
;
FIG. 14.
free
Br,
Result
the result ?
containing
add a few drops of a starch solution.*
(4) Devise
a method
for
preparing bromine
from KBr.
(5)
Prepare hydrobromic
In a small
acid.
flask
grams of amorphous phosphorus with 4

of
from a funnel, provided with
2 O, and
grams
a stop-cock, gradually allow 20 grams of Br to run- in.f
The gas is purified by conducting it through a U-tube, containing moistened pieces of phosphorus and glass (Fig. 14), and led into water to
cover
obtain the aqueous solution.

(6)
Add
do the
aqueous
resulting
HBr
to solutions of
bromide precipitates
AgNO HgNO
3,
differ
much from
and Pb(NO 3 ) 2
the corresponding
chlorides ?
IODINE.
(1)
i.
I.
Place an iodine crystal upon a warm plate, and note color of

2. Test the solubility of iodine in the same solvents as were used
vapor.
with bromine
what are the colors of the resulting solutions?
Test the resulting liquid

Pass Cl through a solution of KI.
(2)
2. Repeat
with ether, carbon disulphide and starch solution (as with Br).
Avoid excess of Cl as
this experiment, substituting Br- water for the Cl.
i.
Br
well as
(?).
What
conclusion do you draw from these experiments relative to the

affinity of the halogens for potassium ?
* The starch
One gram
solution necessary for this purpose can be prepared as follows
It is
well ground in a mortar, with very little water, to creamy consistence.
then poured into 200 cc. of boiling water. Allow to subside, decant the clear supernaof starch
tant liquid
f As
and use
it is
ponding
is
it
for the test.
upon a balance, calculate the volume corresand measure out the same in a cylinder.
rather difficult to weigh bromine
to the weight given
SECOND NATURAL GROUP OF ELEMENTS
OXYGEN.
19
(3) Pass hydrogen sulphide gas (H 2 S) into 50 cc. of water, and add
powdered iodine till the brown color no longer disappears. Warm, filter
The product is what ?
(?) and distil the filtrate.
How
is
gaseous
HI
prepared
(4) Precipitate solutions of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ), mercurous nitrate

(HgNO 3 ), lead nitrate (Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ), and mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) with
Note
KI.
result in
each case.
FLUORINE.
Fl.
(1) In a lead dish (or platinum crucible) place i gram of pulverized

fluor spar (CaFl 2 ).
Add cone. 2 SO 4 ; cover the dish or crucible with a
watch-glass coated with paraffin, through which some characters have been
drawn with a fine point. Heat gently for a few minutes.
What do you observe on removing the paraffin ?

(2) Can you liberate Fl from a fluoride?
i. How much NaBr, H SO 4 and MnO
Problems.
duce i cu. metre of Br vapor at 20 C and 745 mm. ?
2
HI
are necessary to pro2. What per cent, of
does a liquid contain, which represents a solution of 50 litres of the

i litre of
2 O?
3. 10 grms. of CaFl 2 will give what weight of
gas in
HF1 ?
How much
salt and sulphuric acid will be required to prepare

6 litres of muriatic acid of sp. gr. 1.17?
What volume would the HC1
in these six litres occupy at 735 mm. pressure and
5. What is
the percentage of hydrochloric acid in a solution of which 17 cc. dis4.
22C?
solve exactly 2 grams of metallic magnesium ?

hydrogen liberated at 760 mm. and o ?
CHAPTER
What
is
the
volume of
V.
SECOND NATURAL GROUP OF ELEMENTS OXYGEN, SULPHUR,

SELENIUM, TELLURIUM.
OXYGEN.
O.
Weigh the hard glass tube a (Fig. 15), and intro(1) Preparation.
duce a weighed quantity (about .5 grm.) of red oxide of mercury. Ignite
strongly; collect the liberated gas, and measure it.
Weigh the tube
i.
with the residue.

(2)
What
are the products of the ignition ?

Mix equal parts of KC1O 3
gas, as follows
heat in a tube of hard glass or small retort.
Prepare more of the
and pulverized
MnO
Collect the gas in bottles over water (Fig. 15).
20
Into No.
result.
Add
lower a piece of ignited sulphur on an iron spoon.

water after the combustion (?).
Into No.
FIG. 15.
Note
introduce a small piece of burn-
ing phosphorus (care !). Proceed as in No. i.

Into No. 3 introduce ignited charcoal. Treat
Add now a few
as before.
drops of blue litmus
to the contents of each bottle.
Any change?
bottle No.
4 introduce a fine watch

spring, previously heated at one end and
dipped into powdered S. Result ?
Has
Is oxygen heavier or lighter than air?
Into
odor
color, taste, or
it
Will
support combustion ?
other methods can be used for preparing O
burn
it
Does
it
What
(3) Determine
the weight of a litre of O.
Arrange apparatus shown in Fig. 16; a

tube of hard glass, whose weight is known
FIG.
contains a weighed amount of
The
grm.).
bottle
is
filled
The
and d a beaker.
clip
KC1O
is
;
a
it
(about 0.3
with water, b is a
con-
exit tube should
tain water as far as clip b at the
beginning of the
the clip, heat a to bright

redness, and receive the water displaced by the
When no more gas is evolved, cool ; allowing the rubber tube
in d.
Some of the water will be drawn back
to dip under the water of the jar.
experiment.
Open
into the bottle (?).

Measure the volume of the water in d. Note the
the
of
air, and the height of the barometer.
Weigh a, contemperature
taining residue (KC1).

Calculation
Weight of the tube,

Weight of KC1O 3 and tube,
Weight of KC1O3
Volume of H 2 O collected,
b
b
Barometric pressure,
Temperature,
Aqueous tension at t, ...

Weight of KC1 and tube
V
Vo_. X(P
"(I
(b
KC1
KC1O
Dissolve the residual

silver (?).
How
does
P')
+ .003670x760
c)
iooo
and
in water,
.Vo
and
behave under
to
its
like
solution
add
conditions?
nitrate of

(4)
Give a summary
54
4.
21
your work upon O.
How much O, by wt. and vol., can be obtained from

of
HgO? 2. Heat will expel what vol. of O from 2.45 grms.
grms.
KC1O ? 3. How much HgO is necessary to yield i cu. d. m. of O ?
How many times is O heavier than H ?
Problems.
of
of"
WATER.
i.
OZONE.
O3
(i) Pour water on clean pieces of phosphorus to half cover them ;

invert a large, clean jar over this and allow to stand for several hours'.
For this purpose use paper impregTest the air under the jar for ozone.
nated with a mixture of starch paste and potassium iodide. What occurs ?
(Read Richter,
p.
85-89:)
COMPOUNDS OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN.
WATER. H
(1)
Arrange the
AgNO
Does
3.
Apply
all
it
Note
its
taste
and odor.
leave a residue
What
upon evaporation
it on litmus?
O.
distillation apparatus (Fig. 17)
cc. of distilled water.
with
and prepare about 100

Test
it
FlG I7
.
for chlorides
action has
these tests to a natural
water (except rain).

i.
(2)
ter in a
meat
Heat a
dry
in the
little
test-tube.
vegetable mat2.
same manner.
fully heat crystals
Heat
3.
fresh
Care-
of zinc or copper
sulphate in a test-tube. What happens in these experiments? 4. Expose

clear crystals of sodium phosphate, on a watch-crystal to the air.
5. Do
Results ?
the same with pieces of calcium chloride.
Determine the quantitative composition of water.

follows from the experiment of
under
of
described
oxide
H.
reducing
copper
(3)
1.
The composition of water by weight
2.
The
relative
volumes with which
and
determined either by analysis or synthesis.

formed in electrolyzing water.
3.
Fill a
unite to form water, are
The former
has been per-
eudiometer (Fig. 18) with water. Through a rubber tube

cc. of O and then a like volume of H.
(If the eudiome-
admit about 50
Close the open

not graduated, mark these with rubber bands.)
end with your thumb, leaving some air to serve as a cushion beneath it,
and pass the spark. Remove the thumb, and pour in enough water to
ter is
22
make
tion
What
the levels equal in both limbs.
What is the residual gas ? Test it.
the amount of the contrac-
Determine the weight of a
(4)
FIG. 18.
is
struct apparatus
shown
C is
with a cork.
in Fig. 19.
litre
Conof steam,
flask a is closed
The
a vessel containing melted paraffin.
small glass tube is weighed and filled with water (not

more than .02 grm.). Heat the vessel Cwith a Bunsen
burner until the temperature of a is constant (?).

Now
drop the tube containing the water through the mouth
flask (the bottom of which should be protected
with a layer of asbestos) and quickly re-cork. When
of water in the graduated tube ceases, read the volume of gas,
of the
the
fall
FIG.
(1)
and note the temperature and pressure of the air.

The calculation is analogous to that used under O.
(5) Perform experiment 2, p. 100 in Richter.
How many volumes of steam result from the combination of 2 vols. of H and i vol. of O?
How would you deduce the molecular formula of
water from the preceding experiments ?
19.
Add
What does
moist hydrated barium peroxide to cold dilute

the filtrate contain
H SO
2
4.
Filter.
(2) i. Add a solution of KI, containing starch, to a portion of this

Ferrous sulphate hastens the reaction.
2. Cautiously add a
liquid (?).
dilute solution of potassium permanganate to another portion (?).
COMPOUNDS OF OXYGEN AND CHLORINE.

(1)
it
Make
a dilute solution of caustic potash, and conduct chlorine into

is no longer absorbed.
Treat one portion of the product
until the latter
with HC1, and another with

What results ?
2 SO 4
After the slaking
2 O.
(2) Mix 10 grms. of quicklime with 25 cc of
FIG. 20.
is finished, conduct Cl into the mixture until it is no
.
longer absorbed.
Add HC1
to
one portion and H-jSO*
to a
second
portion.
What
is set
free ?
Does
it
bleach
(3) Pass Cl into a hot concentrated solution of
KOH
ceases to be absorbed (Fig. 20). What separates

Will it give off
Recrystallize the product from water.
till it
upon cooling?
SULPHUR.
23
Try the action of HC1 upon a crystal. Allow a drop of

upon a small crystal and warm gently (?). Care
Observe carefully the behavior of KC1O 3 upon heating (?).
upon heating?
cone. H-jSOi to
fall
SULPHUR.
S.
(i) Place a few grams of powdered S in a dry test-tube, and heat

Observe and describe the changes which occur.
gradually.
(3) Dissolve a
(4)
little
CS and
S in
allow to stand
till
the liquid has
What remains?
evaporated.
Determine the
introduced into a
sp. gr.
of S (Fig. 21).
Water, previously boiled is

neck of the flask should
that the
It is essential
flask.
the flask, then place an additional 10 grm.

the
right-hand pan of the balance and small pieces
weight upon
of S upon the left-hand pan, until the pointer is again in the
Now introduce the S into the flask. Carefully remove
middle.
be narrow.
Weigh
FIG. 21.
water above the mark and re-weigh the flask with its contents.
The loss in weight will represent the weight of a volume of water
The latter divided by the former

equal to that of 10 grms of S.
is the specific
gravity of the sulphur.
(5) Prepare the monoclinic modification of S by melting about 10 grms.
of the ordinary variety in a covered Hessian crucible.
Cool and as
soon as a solid crust has formed upon the surface, pierce it and allow the
;
Note the shape of the
liquid portion of the contents to run out.

crystals upon the sides of the crucible.
still
(6)
To
above 230
obtain the plastic variety, heat 10 grams of S in a test-tube

C., and pour the mass into cold water.
Test the solubility of the product in

several days.
Does it change ?
(7)
To
CS
a strong solution of yellow
Preserve a portion of
potassium sulphide, add
What
are the properties of the separated sulphur

Give a brief outline of the element sulphur ;
it
for
HC1.
compare
it
with the pre-
viously studied elements.
SULPHUR AND HYDROGEN.

Hydrogen sulphide is formed with difficulty from its elements, but
readily obtained by the action of acids upon sulphides, thus
(8)
is
FeS
+H
SO 4
The apparatus
= FeSO + H
4
to be used
is
S or Sb 2 S 3
6HC1
2SbCl 3
3H 2 S.
the same as that employed in preparing
hydrogen.
(9)
What
are the properties of
Is it soluble in
water
Does
it
24
What
?
Hold a porcelain plate in
Pass the gas into solutions of chromic acid, permanganic acid, and ferric chloride. What changes are observed ? How
do these last-named reactions show its reducing power? What happens.
burn
are
its
products of combustion
the flame; what results
to the aqueous solution of the gas when exposed to the air ?

What action
has the aqueous solution upon litmus? To what class of compounds does
it,
therefore,
(10) Pass
SbCl 3 Pb
,
Can
belong?
HS
through solutions of the following
(NO
3) 2 ,
AsCl 3 and Zn (C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2
,
Note
salts, viz.
CuSO
4,
results carefully.
manner? (See Chap. II,

i.)
Determine
the
(n)
composition of hydrogen sulphide.
Into a bent tube of hard glass, filled with mercury,
sulphides be prepared in another
Place a
(Fig. 22), introduce dry hydrogen sulphide.*
in
of
tin
the
bent
and
heat
it.
Is the
portion,
piece
volume of the gas changed after the experiment, and
what becomes of the piece of
tin ?
Test the gas re-
maining in the tube. Do your results enable you to

deduce the molecular formula of H 2 S ? (See Richter,
Write a
2 O.
3d ed., p. in.) Trace the similarity between H 2 S and
summary of your experiments on H 2 S.
SULPHUR AND CHLORINE.

(12)
FIG. 23.
Prepare this compound by conducting

Sulphur Monochloride.
dry chlorine over molten sulphur. The product which distils
over is collected in a dry test-tube, kept cold by immersion
in ice water.
2. Redistil the product.
Determine its boiling
point in an apparatus similar to that pictured in Fig. 23.
Note the color and odor of the product. Expose some of it
to the air on a watch-glass.
Add water to another portion
in a test-tube.
Note carefully what happens.
Write the reaction, and examine for all the products.
contained
SULPHUR AND OXYGEN.

(13) Burn sulphur in the
air.
Result?
Burn FeS 2
are the properties of the resulting compound ?

It
(14) Fit a small flask, as indicated in Fig. 24.
is
in the air.
sulphur dioxide
What
SO
Place copper turnings
Warm. Is the
2 SO 4 (strong) through the funnel tube.
the
same
as
that
in
water? Has
obtained
in
Is
it
soluble
product
13?
the aqueous solution the same properties as the gas?
2. Pass some of
in
it,
then add
The
instructor should perform this experiment.
NITROGEN GROUP
NITROGEN.
25
the gas into solutions of potassium dichroraate and potassium permanganate acidulated with
2 SO 4
Fir 24
Repeat these experiments
,.
What
with the aqueous solution instead of the gas.
happens in each case? 3. Test the aqueous solution of
SO 2 with litmus. What is this solution commonly called ?
4.
Fill a
Note the
(15)
many
dry
jar
with
SO
What
is
Na SO
2
introduce colored flowers.
can
it
3.
What
form
How
would you desig-
Add HC1
salts ?
follows?
How
acid?
the formula of sulphurous
series of salts
nate the different sodium
of
gas
result.
to a solution
the
Evaporate
solution
to
What is it? Write the reaction.

dryness and examine the residue.
SULPHUR TRIOXIDE SO 3 and SULPHURIC ACID H 2 SO 4 (Read Rich.
ter, p. 189).
(16) i. Prepare sulphuric acid as described in Richter, p. 191. Study

the product carefully. 2. Dilute a portion of it with water ; what happens ?
2. Test a portion of this diluted solution with litmus (?).
4. Another
and evaporate. What is the residue ?
portion neutralize with
Does it contain any S? Prove this. 5. Add BaCl 2 to a third portion of
NaOH
the solution.
chloric acid
How many
(17)
(NH
What is the precipitate ?

6. What is the action
Is
it
soluble in water or in hydro2 SO 4

upon wood or
of strong
Explain the cause of this action.
paper?
4) 2
SO
4,
series of salts
can sulphuric acid
Na SO 4 NaHSO 4 and CuSO 4

2
CHAPTER
form.
Prepare
(Read Richter, pp. 189-200).
VI.
NITROGEN GROUP NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY
AND BISMUTH.
NITROGEN.
(i) Preparation.
i.
phosphorus and ignite

FIG
25.
FIG 26
it
N.
In a dish swimming on water place a piece of

invert a beaker glass over it (Fig. 25).
What
;
becomes of the P ?
When
the latter has ceased
burning, restore the level of the water,

the decrease in the volume of the air.
and note
Test the
residual gas with a burn ing taper.

2. Heat gently
in a small flask or retort a mixture of i part
2,
i
pt.
NH C1,
4
pt.
K Cr O
2
collect the gas over water.
7,
and 3
KNO
H O;
of
pts.
Fill five bottles
with
this gas.
(2)
Has
it
color, taste,
odor?
Does
it
burn or
26
with other elements?
heavier than air
Determine the weight of a
(3)
flask
Is the gas
is
fitted, as
shown in Fig.
and insert
litre
Does
of nitrogen.
Pour about 30
26.
it
unite readily
round-bottomed
cc. of
water into
the rubber cork to the mark.
it,
Boil the
FIG.
water, while the clip is open, until all the air has been
Steam should be allowed to
expelled from the flask.
Now close the tube

escape for about five minutes.
with the clip, and remove the flame.
Cool and
flask.
Read the temperature and barometric pressure in the balance-room.
Connect the flask with the tube, b, of the aspirator,
weigh the
clip
is
The
containing N, and arranged as in Fig. 27.
rubber tube, a, is made to dip under water, and the
Now raise the
gradually opened, allowing N to enter the flask.
vessel containing the water into which the rubber tube
FIG. 28.
dips, so that the water in
in the aspirator.
and open the
it is
Close the
at a higher level than that
clip.
Disconnect the
flask
clip for a
moment, to establish atmospheric

Weigh. The calculation is identical
pressure in the flask.
with that given for O.
Wnat
of
is
and
the ratio between the weights of equal volumes
H?
(4) Is air a chemical
compound ?
How
would you determine the weight of a litre of air ?

Determination
i.
of the Oxygen in Air by the Pyrogallate Method,
(5)
At
the atmospheric temperature and pressure
FIG. 29.
measure off 50 cc. of air in the Hempel burette,
shown in Fig. 28. Connect this at c with the
capillary of a
Hempel's compound pipette (Fig.
29) containing an alkaline solution of pyrogallate

of potash.
Open the clips and transfer the air to
the pipette
by
raising the tube, a.
When
this is
capillary of the pipette is filled with water from b,

close the clips again. Disconnect the apparatus. Shake
accomplished, and the
and
Reconnect pipette and
the pipette for several minutes so as to bring gas
absorbent in intimate contact.

burette,
and
force
the
residual
gas into the latter.

read the volume.
Restore atmospheric pressure and

What does the loss represent ?
2.
Explosion Method.
To 40
cc. of air
contained in
NITROGEN GROUP
AMMONIA.
27
Pass this mixture into the Hempel

the burette add 40 cc. of pure H.
explosion pipette shown in Fig. 30. Close the stop-cock, d, and the clip,
c, then connect the platinum electrodes with an inductor and pass a spark
What
much
Measure the volume of the gas remaining. How

takes place ?
of the contraction was due to O ? What is the composition of the
gas after the explosion
(Study Richter, pp. 116-125.)
NITROGEN AND HYDROGEN.

AMMONIA.
Heat an intimate mixture of finely powdered ammo(6) Preparation.

nium chloride and caustic lime in a flask conduct the evolved gas
through a tube filled with small pieces of lime, and collect it in jars or
;
test-tubes over mercury.
What is the object of the lime in the tube?

the gas by passing it through
CaCl 2 ?
2 SO 4 or
lected over mercury ?
ammonia
(7) Is
Does
combustible?
gas
it
Why can you not dry

Why should it be colFIG. 3 i.
FIG. 32.
NH
i. Conduct
3 through
a glass tube, and insert this into a wider tube
filled
with oxygen (Fig. 31).
The ammonia
will ignite
gas
Apply a flame.
and continue to
Heat concentrated ammonia water in

a beaker until there is an abundant disengagement of gas, then conduct a rapid current of
oxygen through the liquid, and lower a glowing
burn.
2.
spiral of
platinum into the beaker (as in Fig. 32).
What happens
Note the odor of

water
NH
(caution
?).
Is
it
lighter than air?
Soluble in
(8) Prepare
What are
Add red
an aqueous
its
solution of
ammonia.
properties
litmus to some of the solution (?), and then neutralize carefully with dilute HC1.
Evaporate to dryness.
Compare the product
with the ordinary
Test it for Cl (?).
Heat a little of it with
4 C1.
NH
sodium hydroxide (?). Heat another portion on a platinum

(9) Determine the weight of a litre of NH^
foil (?).
Fill a dry flask with the gas by upward displacement, and proceed
What is the density of
S ?
exactly as under chlorine.
To determine the quantitative composition of
3
perform experi-
NH
NH
ments T and 2 on pp. 130 and 131, in Richter.

Write out summary.
28
NITROGEN AND THE HALOGENS.

(n) Pour a saturated alcoholic solution of iodine into strong ammonia
Collect the precipitate on a filter and wash it with water.
Weuer.
Open
the moist filter; tear it into small pieces and spread these on a board.
After they have become dry, touch them with the end of a rod (?).
Ask
for instructions
NITROGEN AND OXYGEN.
N O.
(12) Hyponitrous oxide
i.
add a
Place about 5 grms. of
ammonium
and apply heat. Collect the

2. Test it with a
product over warm water.
glimmering chip 3. with
with
burning phosphorus 4.
burning sulphur. 5. Mix equal volumes of
this gas and of H, and apply a flame.
What other gas does it resemble
nitrate in a small retort
little
water,
in
its properties?
i.
Pour dilute
(13) Nitric oxide NO.
copper turnings contained in an evolution flask.
HN0
(sp.
gr.
1.2)
upon
Cool, and allow the
red fumes, which form at first, to escape ; then collect the colorless pro2. What occurs when this
duct over water.
gas comes in contact with
the air?
Is it the O or the N of the air that acts upon the
gas? 3.
NO
How can
be disgiven under (12) to this gas (?).
tinguished from oxygen ? 4. Fill a cylinder with NO, and add a few
drops of CS 2 shake well and bring a flame to the mouth of the vessel (?).
into a strong solution of ferrous sulphate. What
5. Pass a current of
Apply the
tests
NO
boiling
become saturated with the gas heat it to

Pass the gas into a solution of potassium permanganate (?).
After the solution has
occurs?
(?).
6.
NO
(14) Nitrogen trioxide
Nitrous
Add HNO
8.
(Richter, p. 206.)
i. Heat 10 grams
2
(15) Nitrogen tetroxide, N 2 O 4 and dioxide,
of dry lead nitrate in a test tube ; condense the escaping vapors in a
well-cooled receiver.
What are the vapors, and what is the condensed
NO
liquid
Note the
color.
What
2.
is
the action of cold water,
NO
and of
What do
these reactions
indicate in respect to the composition of this compound ?

207-208.) 3. What is its action upon potassium iodide?
(Richter, pp.
aqueous solutions of the alkalies upon
(16) Nitrogen pentoxide,
NO
2
5.
(Richter, p. 205.)
NITRIC ACID.
i.
HNO
In a retort heat a mixture of sodium nitrate and sul-
Preparation.
phuric acid in proportions corresponding to the equation (?)
NaNO,
+ H SO
2
= N*aHSO
-f HNO
3.
PHOSPHORUS AND HYDROGEN.
NITROGEN GROUP
29
Collect the product in a cold receiver.

Color ? Odor ?
are the physical properties of
2. What
3 ?
Action on litmus (dilute with
2 O) ?
3. What action has it on indigo ?
Upon the skin ? 4. Notice the effect of the acid upon the following
HNO
Write the reaction for each one. 5.

Fe, Pb, Zn, Sn.
Cover powdered sulphur with the acid, and warm (?). Dilute with water,
6. Add a few drops of HNO 3 to
filter, and test the liquid with BaCl 2 (?).
metals: Cu,
a solution of ferrous sulphate (?)
Problems.
i.
Required
prived of O ; and
with 80 pts. of O ?
cu.
warm
the solution (?).
How much
m. of N.
how much P must be burned,
HNO
if
62
air is to
pts.
of
be de-
unite
2. How much
3
containing 46 per cent, of water, may be obtained from 1,700 grms. of NaNO 3 and how much water must be taken ?
3 will be absorbed
2 O, if
by 5 litres of
3. How many grams of
,
NH
the latter absorbs 500 times its volume of the gas ?

4. Ten litres of
water having absorbed 700 times their volume of ammonia, what are the
least
amounts of
NH
C1 and
(1)
i.
necessary for producing this solution
PHOSPHORUS.
varieties.
CaO
P.
Determine the physical properties of the active and the red

2. Allow a small piece of the active variety to ignite in the air.
Will the red variety do this? 3. Throw a small piece of the yellow
Repeat with the red variety (?).
variety into a jar of dry Cl (?).
4. Bring a small dry piece of active P in contact with iodine (?).
5.
a flask containing a small piece of P and water until the former is
melted, then pass a current of oxygen through a delivery tube into the
Heat
melted phosphorus
(?).
Care
PHOSPHORUS AND HYDROGEN.
PH
i.
Fill a flask almost
(2) Phosphine
concentrated NaOH solution.
Add a few pieces
3.
When
full
with a moderately
of P, and heat carefully.
the air in the neck of the flask has been expelled by the escaping
cork with a delivery tube the other end of which dips under
gas, insert a
warm
water.
What becomes
of the gas as
it
escapes into the air
the reaction involved.
(Richter, pp. 136-139.)

there any similarity between
Is
PH
and
NH
Write
30
i.
(3)
PHOSPHORUS AND THE HALOGENS.

Pass a current of dry CO gas into a retort, the bottom
of which
covered with dry sand. When all the air has been expelled, introduce
some well-dried pieces of P, and replace the CO 2 by a stream of dry Cl.
Connect the neck of the retort with a Liebig's condenser, and collect
is
the product in a receiver.
It
What
phosphorus trichloride.
is
are
its
properties? Pour some of it into water (?).

2. Place a little PC1 3 in a dry test-tube, and pass a stream of dry Cl
upon its surface. What is the result ?
PHOSPHORUS AND OXYGEN.

(Richter, pp. 214-219.)
i. Prepare phosphorus pentoxifte, P 2 O 5 by burning a carefully dried
P under a dry bell -jar. 2. Drop a portion of the product into
of
piece
water (?).
(4)
pyrophosphoric acid,
series of salts are
P2 O
derived from them
HPO
and FeCl 3
4 ;
guish the different salts ?

i. Dissolve some Na 2
Na
H PO metaphosphoric acid, HPO and

How are these acids obtained ? How many
Orthophosphoric acid,
(5)
What do you
By what names would
and
in water
test che solution
observe in each case
2.
y<Ju distin-
with
AgNO
Dissolve fused
HPO
4 in water, and perform the same tests with its solution.

3. Heat
it no
of phosphorus (NaNH 4
4 ) until
cool,
longer effervesces
crush the residue in a mortar, and dissolve it in water.
How does this
2
HPO
salt
upon treating with the above reagents? 4. Acidify a

of
the
last-named
solution with acetic acid, and add a solution of
portion
albumen to it. Result?
solution behave
P2 O 3 and phosphorous acid H 3 PO 3

(6) Phosphorus trioxide
Pour PC1 3 into water. Evaporate the solution to syrupy consistency
.
(Study Richter,
(7) Hypophosphorous acid
H PO
Heat pieces of phosphorus
2.
in a
porcelain
dish
strong baryta solution (see p. 29).
When- no more
CO
it
filter,
and pass
(?).
p. 216.)
into the solution until
with a moderately
PH
3 is formed, cool,
shows a neutral reaction to
Filter and
Toward the end, the solution should be warmed.
evaporate to suitable concentration.
Hypophosphite of barium will
litmus.
crystallize.
How may
the free acid be obtained from this salt ?
NITROGEN GROUP
ANTIMONY.
ARSENIC.
(1) Study
the
physical
31
As.
and chemical
of
properties
this
element.
Are they analogous to those of phosphorus

(Richter, pp. 142 and 143.)
Result
i. In a tube of hard glass heat a small piece of As to redness.
Heat As with the oxidizing flame upon charcoal

powdered As in strong HNO 3 (?).
2.
3.
(?).
To
33.
the mixture of
Zn and
Dissolve
ARSENIC AND HYDROGEN.

(2) Perform Marsh' s test for As*
Arrange the apparatus shown in Fig.
dilute
in a, add a small por2 SO 4 contained

tion of the solution to be tested for As.
The
liberated gas contains

It
and
AsH
passed through c, filled

with CaCl 2 (?), and then through d, a
After all the air has
tube of hard glass, contracted at several places.
been expelled from the apparatus, ignite the hydrogen. If As is present
it will burn with a bluish white flame, and white vapors will be given off.
(arsine).
Hold
is
a cold porcelain plate in the flame
(?).
Heat the tube
d, as
shown
in the figure (?).
Great care must be exercised

extremely poisonous
in performing this test, as the arsine
ANTIMONY.
(i) Study
this
SbH and AsH

3
gas
is
Sb.
element in the same manner as As. Distinguish between
3.
Treat the metallic mirrors obtained in Marsh's apparatus, with a

As dissolves readily,
freshly prepared solution of hypochlorite of sodium
i.
2. Heat a piece of the tube in which a

scarcely acted upon.
mirror has formed, in the flame of the Bunsen burner.
Dissolve the pro-
while Sb
is
warm HCI, and add H 2 S water (?). 3. Treat the spot

formed upon a cold porcelain plate with yellow ammonium sulphide, and
duct in dilute,
evaporate the solution at a gentle heat (?).

Problems.
(i) How much P can be obtained from
bones?
phine
vol. phos(2) 10 grms. of

the weight of the product remaining, after evapor-

(3)
What
is
250 grms. of
give what
ating a solution of 10 grms. of
As
* Ask
in
HNO
for instructions.
32
CHAPTER
VI.
CARBON GROUP-CARBON AND

CARBON.
SILICON.
C.
How many
allotropic modifications of this element are known?

(i)
What are their principal properties? i. Boil a dilute litmus solution
with powdered animal charcoal;

for the litmus in the preceding
3.
i.
Result?
filter.
experiment
2.
Substitute indigo
(?).
Determination of the composition of coal.

Volatile matter and coke.
Weigh out 2 grms. of powdered coal in
a platinum crucible provided with a well-fitting
Heat with a
cover.
gases cease
crucible.
to
large flame, until the escaping

lid and the
burn between the
lamp flame is applied for a

Cool and weigh. Loss in weight
blast
minute longer.
represents the
called coke.
volatile
matter.
The
residue
is
A second portion of coat (i grm.) is

over the Bunsen flame, until the
heated
gently
2.
Ash.
volatile constituents
then raised and the

Fig. 34.
The
residue
The
are expelled.
heat
is
of the crucible placed in the position indicated in
lid
is
the ash.
CARBON AND HYDROGEN.

(2)
Methane (Marsh gas)
CH
4.
Heat a dried mixture of sodium acetate and sodium

Preparation.
hydroxide in an iron tube.* Collect the gas over water. Note its color,
i.
odor and
times
its
structions
Does
taste.
vol.
it
burn?
2.
Mix
vol.
of
it
with
of air and explode by applying a flame.
(Ask
to
for
8
in-
!)
How
would you determine the molecular weight of this compound ?

Make
a eudiometric combustion of i vol. of CH 4 with 2 vols. of
(3)
as described in Richter, p. 121.
(4)
Ethane
(5) Acetylene
6.
(Richter, p. 153.)
Light a Bunsen burner at the base
*A
hard glass tube will answer.
and turn
it
CARBON GROUP
down, so that the flame
is
SILICON.
33
Acetylene can be recognized, among
small.
by its characteristic odor.

CARBON AND THE HALOGENS. (Richter, p. 160.)
the products of combustion,

(6)
CARBON AND OXYGEN.

(
CQ
Carbon dioxide
7)
2.
Upon pieces of marble, contained in an evolution

1-2 H O).
Conduct the resulting gas
flask, pour dilute HC1 (i HC1
It may be collected either by
through water and through cone. H.jSO 4
i.
Preparation.
2
.
downward displacement of
and odor of
taste
the
Is it
this gas.
or over mercury.
2. Note color,
How does its weight
soluble in water ?
air,
Does it burn
compare
a
Conduct
current
of
CO
2 into a solution
3.
the
Na 2 CO 3 (?). 4.
and
test
residue
for
liquid,
Na 2 CO 3 solution, add solutions of MgSO BaCl
with that
of air
4i
or support combustion ?
of NaOH, evaporate the
To
2>
different portions ,of
Pb (NO 3 ) ZnSO 4
2,
(?).

(8)
Carbon monoxide
CO.
i. In a tube of hard glass heat zinc dust to faint redness,

Preparation.
while conducting a slow current of CO 2 over it.
In what respect does
the
differ
product
cone.
H SO
2
Write the reaction.

(9)
from
in a flask,
CO 2 2. Heat crystals of
and wash the product with a
.
Study the properties of
Carbon disulphide
CS
this gas.
oxalic
2.
(10) CARBON AND NITROGEN.

i. In a dry test-tube heat a
nitrogenous carbon
rating with
Cool and add water.

.
2.
(NH
solution.
(Richter, p. 233.)
Perform some of the experiments indicated in Richter,
piece of K.
with AgNO 3
acid with
NaOH
KCN
is
p. 234.
compound with
a small
formed and can be tested
Convert a portion of the KCN into KCNS by evapoTest with FeCl 3

3. To a solution of FeSO 4 add
4 ) 2 S.
potassium ferrocyanide.
What
results ?
ferrocyanide upon solutions of ferric

(n) Study the nature of flame.
4.
What
is
the action of the
salts ?
Make
the experiments described'in
Richter, pp. 155-160.
SILICON.
Si.
Make an intimate mixture of i grm. magnesium

Heat this to
powder and 4 grms. of finely powdered quartz-sand.
It is best to use the blast
bright redness in a wide tube of hard glass.
1
(i) Preparation.
for this purpose.

The part of the tube containing the mixture
should be rotated in the flame. The residue, after a few minutes' heating,
lamp
is
allowed to cool, and treated with water containing HC1.

5
The product
34
consists of
amorphous
silicon
and undecomposed
action of the following reagents upon Si

fluoric acids, potash solution and chlorine.
SILICON
2.
quartz.
(Read Richter,
Test the
and hydro-
sulphuric, nitric
p. 161.)
AND OXYGEN.
SiO 2
(2) Silicon dioxide (Silica, Quartz)
i. Test its solubility in the various acids and alkalies.
.
ture of
2. Fuse a mixgrm. of finely powdered quartz with 4 grms. of Na.2 CO 3 in a

,
platinum crucible.
Dissolve the product in water.
3.
To
a portion of
Take up the
add HC1, and evaporate to complete dryness.

and filter off the insoluble portion. 4. To another
the
of
aqueous solution of the fusion add NH 4 C1. (?). Make a
portion
bead of salt of phosphorus ; bring a fragment of a silicate or of quartz into
it, and heat in the blow-pipe flame for a few minutes (?).
this solution
residue with water
BORON.
it
B.
(1) Preparation similar to that of Si.

Is
unite directly with other elements ?
modifications
What
is
What are its properties? Does

it known in several
allotropic
the valency of this element
(Read Richter, pp. 240 and 241.)
BORON AND OXYGEN.

(2) Boric Acid -BO 3
i. Dissolve borax in 5 parts of boiling water, add HC1 to acid reaction,
and allow to cool. What crystallizes out of the solution ? Dry some of
.
Test its solubility in

the product by pressing it between filter paper.
What do you observe on igniting the alcoholic
water and in alcohol.
Moisten a piece of turmeric paper with an aqueous solution of
solution ?
boric acid, and dry at a gentle heat.
Problems.
(i)
grms. of carbon
CaCO
give,
What happens?
How much CO results from

(2) How much CO will an
2
the combustion of 12
indefinite
when acted upon by 4.666 grms. of muriatic
quantity of
acid, contain-
CO
ing 30 per cent, of pure HC1 ?

(3) How many cubic decimeters of
can be obtained from 90 grms. of oxalic acid ? (4) What amount of SiO.2
2 grms. of Wollastonite (CaSiO 3 ) ?
(5) What is
the theoretical quantity of boric acid obtainable from 15 grms. of borax
can be obtained from
(Na 2 B 4 O 7 -f ioH 2 O)?
METALS OF THE ALKALIES
POTASSIUM AND OXYGEN.
35
METALS.
CHAPTER
VII.
METALS OF THE ALKALIES POTASSIUM, SODIUM, [AMMONIUM].

POTASSIUM. K.
(1) Preparation.
Arrange apparatus as shown in Fig. 35.
of hard glass, c, introduce a porcelain boat containing about
mixture of 138 pts. (i
FJG
Into a tube
i
grm. of a
35
mol.)
of dry (?)K 2 CO 3
pts.
(3 at.) of
and 72
Mg powder.
Pass a cur-
rent of dry
over
and after all the

been displaced
apparatus
it,
air
has
in
the
light the
(?),
escaping gas ; heat the

part of the tube surrounding the boat to incipient redness.
which
is
formed, and drive
temperature
and the
residue
it
is
potassium.
the boat
it
(2) i. Cut a piece of

the fresh surface. Care !
(3)
i.
it
in this
What
is
the
method of preparation.
K with a knife, and observe the color and lustre of

2.
To ascertain whether the
in a stream of
Expose a thin
brilliant metallic mirror
away from the boat by increasing the

Note also the green color of the vapor
Formulate the reaction involved
a small piece of
Observe the
imparts to the burning hydrogen.

Test its reaction with litmus (?).
violet coloration
left in
it
slice
H.
of
K
H
metal
is
fusible, heat
heavier or lighter than water ?

to the air.
What takes place? 2.
3.
Is
it
a small piece of it upon

In this experiment it is ad2O
(?).
visable to use a tall beaker and to cover the same with a glass plate.
3.
What is the action of the halogens upon K? Ask for instructions.
Throw
POTASSIUM AND OXYGEN.

Potassium
In an iron vessel dissolve
Hydroxide.
(4) Preparation of
in
of
water.
of
160
cc.
Cautiously add
crystallized Ba(OH) 2
50 grms.
a hot concentrated solution of 20 grms. of
K SO
2
until a
sample of the
no longer precipitated by either K 2 SO 4 or Ba(OH) 2

supernatant liquid
Filter rapidly through a plaited filter, and evaporate the solution in an
is
Continue heating the residue till it

During this operation protect the eyes
appears in a state of quiet fusion.
with a glass plate. Now pour the product upon a clean iron surface, and
iron or silver dish over a large flame.
36
while
still
Examine
warm
it
put
fracture
its
into a bottle provided with a well-fitting stopper.

color.
Try its solubility in water and in alcohol.
and
What is the reaction of the aqueous solution with litmus ? What
is
an alkali
Salts.
(5) Potassium Chlorate.

(6) Potassium Nitrate.
grms. of
rates
NaNO
from the
KC1O
KNO
3.
3.
(See p. 22).
a hot concentrated solution of 20
To
add a solution of 18 grms. of KC1. Boil. What sepamixture ? What crystallizes from the mother liquor
warm
on cooling ? Recrystallize the latter product. Examine its crystalline form.

Is it more soluble in hot than in cold water ?
Explain the method of
preparation.
(7) Into a red-hot platinum crucible throw small portions of an intimate
mixture of 10 grms. of
What
3 and i^ grms. of charcoal powder.
takes place?
Write the reaction. What is gunpowder ?
KNO
Reactions.
(8)
i.
Use
KNO
Place a
introduce
for the following tests.
little
of the
salt
upon the end of a clean platinum wire and

What color do you observe?
into a non-luminous flame.
it
View
the flame through a cobalt glass (?).

2. To the aqueous solution
of the potassium salt add HCland boil.
Concentrate by evaporation and
add PtCl 4
What is the composition of the resulting precipitate ? Try
.
its
solubility in hot
and
in cold water, also in alcohol.
3.
To
the con-
centrated solution of the salt add a saturated solution of tartaric acid
on shaking, a white
either at once, or
SODIUM.
(1)
How
Na.
metal usually prepared ?

physical and chemical properties (Richter,
this
is
(2) Study
crystalline precipitate appears (?).
its
Wherein does
(3) Prepare
it
differ
from
p.
285).
K?
Sodium Amalgam.
To 500
grms. of dry mercury, contained in a Wedgewood mortar add

Perform this operation in a
gradually 5-10 grms. of Na in thin slices.
good draught chamber, as the union of the two metals is attended with
the evolution of light and heat, and poisonous vapors are given off. Stir
well with the pestle, allow to cool, and transfer the product to a wellWhat is its action on 2 or dilute 2 SO 4 ?
stoppered bottle.
HO
SODIUM AND OXYGEN.

(4) Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide solution.
Add a little water to 10 grms of fresh quicklime contained in an iron
Cover the latter, and in a second iron pot dis(or porcelain) vessel.
solve 25 grms. of soda ash (Na2
3 ),
using about 100 cc. of water.
CO
SODIUM AND OXYGEN.
METALS OF THE ALKALIES
Heat the solution
to boiling
stir
37
which should have
the quicklime
with enough water to form a thin paste

and
this
of
add
Stir well
gradually to the boiling liquid.
lime),
(milk
with an iron wire ; transfer the mixture to a bottle ; cork, and allow it to
broken up
to a
white powder
After the supernatant liquid has become perfectly clear, decant it

It should be preserved in
glass siphon filled with water.
a tightly corked bottle (?). Test a few drops of the solution with BaCl 2 (?).
stand.
by means of a
What
which
should the solution contain, and of what does the precipitate, from
Write the equation representing the reit was separated, consist?
action.
(5) Determine the
Measure
amount of
NaOH contained in the solution.
off accurately 20 cc. into a porcelain dish
add a drop or two
of phenolphthalein solution, and dilute with water.

From a burette carehas just disappeared.
until
the
color
dilute
red
add
acid
fully
hydrochloric
Read
off the
volume of the acid used
neutralize the alkali
it is
the exact quantity needed to
NaOH
-f
(i mol.) of
HC1
NaCl
+ H
O;
NaOH
require 36.5 pts. (i mol.) of HC1,

the weight of the HC1 contained in the volume of the
dilute acid consumed, a simple proportion will give the weight of the
that
is,
and
if
40
pts.
we know
The strength of the acid is determined

follows: In a porcelain dish, dissolve 1.06 grms. of pure Na 2
3,
previously ignited and accurately weighed; add a little phenolphthalein,
alkali in 20 cc. of the solution.
CO
as
heat to boiling and introduce acid from the burette until the liquid
remains colorless after continued boiling. The carbonate is then exactly
neutralized
Na 2 CO 3
2HC1
2NaCl
CO 2
+ H
2 O.
73 pts. of HC1 for 106 pts. of Na 2 CO 3

Suppose, now,
20 cc. of the acid had been used to decolorize the indicator, then i cc.
It takes, therefore,
would equal
iffi
= .53
grms. of
Na
CO
3,
or .365
number is the standard or strength of the

The phenolphthalein takes no part in these
latter
cates
by
its
grms. of HC1.
The
dilute acid.
it
reactions
merely indichange of color the complete neutralization of the alkali.
;
is it
necessary to boil the solution when the acid
with a carbonate ?
Why
is
standardized
Salts.
(6) Sodium
chloride.
NaCl.
Grind 50 grms. of salt in a mortar with 150 cc.

Purify common salt.
of water.
Filter into a beaker, and conduct HC1 gas into the solution,
38
as
shown
Pure NaCl separates out.
Collect it on a platinum
cone, remove the liquid with the aid of a filter
pump, and dry the salt by warming it in a porce-
in Fig. 36.
no.
3 6.
lain dish,
while stirring
it
with a glass rod.
Na 2 CO 3
(7) Sodium carbonate.
some
of
the
commercial carboRecrystallize
nate.
Heat a portion of the product in a porcelain dish.
What do you observe ?
.
Reactions.
(8)
Use the
purified chloride for the tests,
i.
What
color do sodium
2. Mix a drop of the aqueous solution with 10

give to the flame?
drops of a PtCl 4 solution on a watch-glass.
Evaporate very carefully to
a small volume.
On cooling, a red colored salt crystallizes out in long
salts
monoclinic needles
(?).
Is
it
soluble in water? in
alcohol?
there any salts of sodium which are not soluble in water

pounds of sodium be precipitated by any reagent ?
(1)
What
is
the
AMMONIUM.
composition of ammonium?
Can
it
3.
Are
Can com-
be obtained in a
free state?

(2) Dissolve commercial sal ammoniac in a
in slight excess,
warm,
filter if
crystallization; stir constantly.

in the form of a fine powder.
a precipitate
is
Ammonium
little
water,
add ammonia
formed, and evaporate to

chloride is thus obtained
Reactions.
On
a piece of platinum foil heat successively small portions of

(3)
What occurs in each case ?
the chloride, the sulphate, and the nitrate.
Note the odor
in
small
mortar.
with
lime
a
C1
burnt
2. Mix a little
4
i.
NH
of the escaping gas and its reaction with litmus.

What
tion of
4 C1 with a caustic soda solution.
NH
Heat
3.
is
a small por-
given off? Explain

4. Add PtCl 4 to a
the action of strong bases upon ammonium salts.

Result? 5. To a concentrated solution
solution of
4 C1.
NH
ammonium salt add tartaric acid and shake the mixture

pounds of ammonium impart a color to the flame ?
Compare
the metals of the alkalies with each other.
(?).
How can the com-
pounds of potassium, sodium, and ammonium be distinguished

Problems.
i.
How much KNO
is
of the
Do com-
6.
theoretically obtainable from 2 kilos
METALS OF THE ALKALINE EARTHS

of Chili saltpetre of
KC1
97%, and what amount
CALCIUM.
39
of Sylvite containing
HNO
98%
of
were required
to saturate 50 cc. of a potash lye; further, that 10 cc. of the acid neuwould the lye contralized i. 06 grms. of Na 2 CO 3 what amount of
ash
In
a
the
valuation
of
CO
tain?
2
3 ), 29.1 cc. of a
(impure
pearl
3.
is
required?
2.
Suppose that 75
cc. of dilute
KOH
sulphuric acid were used to neutralize 5 grms. of the sample ; the acid
litre ; calculate the percentage of imcontained 98 grms. of
2 SO 4 per
4. Required the minimum amount of marble that
purities in the product.
should be burnt to liberate the
NH
from 50 grms. of
CHAPTER
NH NO
4
3.
VIII.
METALS OF THE ALKALINE EARTHS CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM.

CALCIUM.
Ca.
CALCIUM AND OXYGEN.

(1) i. Ignite 2 grms. of powdered marble in a platinum crucible to
the highest temperature obtainable with the aid of the blast lamp.
Continue this for 15 minutes, occasionally stirring the mass with a platinum
wire ; what is the residue ? Explain the reaction.
2. Add about 5 cc.
of water to the product.

What do you observe?
the product with litmus paper.
(2)
i.
Prepare lime water.
To
the
slaked
Test the reaction of
lime obtained
from 20
transfer the mixture

p. 37) add i litre of water
to a bottle.
Cork tightly, shake and allow to stand. When the solution
has become clear, draw it off by means of a siphon ? What does it contain ?
Of what does the undissolved portion consist ? 2. Place a portion of the lime water on a watch glass and expose to the air(?).
3.
Through a second portion blow air from your lungs (?). 4. Conduct a
stream of CO 2 through a third portion and observe carefully the successive
grms. of quicklime (see
changes.
tion
Explain them. 5. What takes place upon boiling the clear soluis obtained as the final product in the preceding experiment ?
which
Salts.
(3)
i.
What
What
Calcium Chloride.
CaCl 2
Evaporate some of the spent acid of a

the residue?
CO
generator to dryness.
Expose a little of the salt to the air (?). 3.

use have you made of CaCl 2 previously? 4. Prepare porous CaC/^
is
2.
Dissolve the residue obtained in

(CaCl 2 -f- 2H 2 O).
filter, and neutralize exactly with HC1.
Evaporate the
in
lime water,
filtrate to
dryness
40
and heat the residue for some time on the sand-bath.

show a neutral reaction.
in a porcelain dish,
The
solution of the product must
Calcium Hypochlorite.C*(C\Q\.
(See p. 22.)
CaSO 4
(5) Calcium Sulphate.
i.
Carefully heat a few grms. of gypsum in a porcelain dish until the
water of crystallization is completely expelled.
Pulverize the residue.
(4)
What happens when

stand
it
is
made
and allowed
into a paste with water
to
Reactions.
Use
the pure
CaCl 2
for the following tests
Introduce a small portion of the salt into the Bunsen flame by

means of a platinum wire (?).
2. To the aqueous solution add (NH 4 2
)
i.
CO
Result
3.
To
3.
another portion add dilute

What is the
2 SO 4
Why does it not form in very dilute
.
composition of the precipitate?

solutions?
3.
Add (NH 4 ) C O
2
to the filtrate
from the
CaSO 4
(?).
STRONTIUM.
Sr.
Reactions.
i.
What
element
color
2.
imparted to the Bunsen flame by compounds of this

a CaSO 4 solution to the solution of a strontium salt (?).
is
Add
BARIUM.
Ba.
Reactions.
Observe what color Ba compounds give to the flame. Moisten the

2. To a portion of the aqueous
sample with HC1 before heating it (?).
i.
solution of the chloride
H SO
2
to a
add
second portion
(NH ) CO
4
3.
What
results?
Add
2.
dilute
(?).
Point out how the elements of this group may be distinguished (#)
from those of the preceding group ; (b} from each other.
Problems.
i. How much nitric acid of 20 per cent, will effect the soi grm. of Iceland spar
(CaCO 3 ) ? How much CO 2 is given off,
and what volume would it occupy at 20 C. under a pressure of 750 mm. ?
2. Suppose .5 grm. of sulphur were dissolved in HNO 3 what quantity
of BaCl 2 must be added until it ceases to produce a precipitate ? 3. One
grm. of a mineral consisting of the carbonates of Ca, Sr, and Ba, in the
proportion of their molecular weights, will leave what weight of the mixed
lution of
sulphates on treating
and evaporating with an excess of
H SO
2
MAGNESIUM GROUP
MAGNESIUM.
CHAPTER
IX.
MAGNESIUM GROUP MAGNESIUM,
MAGNESIUM.
Examine
41
ZINC,
CADMIUM.
Mg.
metal in the forms of ingot, ribbon and powder*

(1)
Note its color, lustre and specific gravity. 2. Introduce a piece of the ribbon into the flame with the forceps (?). What is the product ? 3. Treat
the
a piece of the ribbon with dilute
H SO
2
4.
Reaction
Salts.
Magnesium Chloride. MgCl 2

Prepare the ANHYDROUS salt. Dissolve about 50 grms. of the crystallized (?) chloride and 50 grms. of NH 4 C1 in as little water as possible.
Evaporate to dryness in a porcelain dish. Reduce the mass while hot to
small pieces in a mortar, dry it carefully, so as to remove every trace of
It is best to do this by heating small portions of the material
moisture.
in a porcelain crucible until it no longer sinters.
A small sample should
not give off moisture when heated in a dry test-tube.
Be careful also to
.
(2)
prevent re-absorption of moisture.

Quickly transfer the warm powder to
a platinum crucible provided with a well-fitting cover.
Heat, at first
4 Cl, then increase the temperature until the mass
gently, to expel the
NH
It is the anhydrous salt which,

of quiet fusion.
being
be
should
extremely hygroscopic,
preserved in a tightly stoppered bottle.
It should dissolve in water to a clear liquid.
is
in a state
Why
cannot the anhydrous chloride be obtained by evaporation of the
aqueous solution
Mg SO 4 -f yH 2 O.
(3) Magnesium Sulphate.
What
Recrystallize some of the commercial salt.
crystals ?
Taste
is
the form of the
(4) Reactions.
Heat a portion of the sulphate or chloride on a platinum wire

Bunsen flame moisten with Co(NO 3 ) 2 solution and heat again.
i.
the
Add some
2.
pink-colored mass results.
solution of the chloride (?).
dition of an
ammonium
solution with
is
NH
and
The
little
resulting precipitate dissolves
of the
on ad-
3. Mix a second portion of the chloride

add Na 2 HPO 4 and agitate the liquid. What
salt (?)
NH
C1,
the composition of the precipitate

6
caustic soda to a
in
Examine
it
with the aid of a lens.
42
ZINC.
(1)
How
is
this
Zn.
metal obtained from
its
ores?
(2) Study the physical and chemical properties of Zn (see Richter, p.

2. Rei. Treat a small piece of pure Zn with dilute
2 SO 4 (?).
316).
the
commercial
metal.
What
this
impure
experiment, substituting
peat
do you observe ? What causes it ?

Melt 100 grms. of the metal in a wellcommercial zinc.
Granulate
(3)
The blast lamp maybe used for this purpose,
covered Hessian crucible.
difference
The crucible
it is better to perform the operation in a wind furnace.
then removed from the source of heat, and allowed to cool until the
but
is
melted metal no longer takes
fire
when
the cover
is
Pour the
Drain the
lifted.
metal, in a thin stream, into a pail filled with cold water.

product and dry at a moderate heat.
Salts.
(4) Zinc sulphate.
of this
salt
and
Zn SO 4
recrystallize
-f
it
O. (See p. 12).
carefully from water.
7H
i.
Prepare some
2.
Examine the
What
other salt have you prepared that exhibits similar forms

crystals.
Is there any analogy in the composition of the two salts ?
Reactions.
i. Heat a small piece of Zn on charcoal in the oxidizing flame. (?)
Moisten the incrustation obtained with a drop of Co(NO 3 ) 2 and heat
What is the
of ZnSO 4 add (NH 4 ) 2 S.
Result ?
3. To a solution
again.
in
HC 2 H 3 O,
color of the precipitate ? Try its solubility in dilute HC1 and
(5)
2.
(acetic acid).
the
Zn
4.
Study the action of caustic
alkalies,
e.
g.,
NaOH
upon
solution.
How could you distinguish between Zn and

are there between this and the preceding groups
Mg ? What
differences
the strength of a sulphuric acid of which 20 cc.

2. Suppose it was found that i grm.
dissolve exactly .048 grm. of Mg?
C. and 755 mm., and,
at 16
cc.
of
of Zn gave with
2 SO 4
325
Problems.
i.
What
is
further, that .369 grm. of
Mg
Knowing the atomic weight of

two sulphates are isomorphous,
Zn from
the data given
produced the same amount of the gas.

Mg to be 24, and remembering that the
how is it possible to deduce the at. wt. of
MERCURY AND OXYGEN.
CHAPTER
43
X.
MERCURY, COPPER, SILVER, GOLD.
MERCURY.
Hg.
(i) Study the physical and chemical properties of the metal.

does it differ from the other metals?
Wherein
MERCURY AND OXYGEN.
Hg O
Mercuric oxide.
(2)
How
substance prepared? What is its behavior on heating?

Mix a little powdered S with dry Na.2 CO 3 and HgO. Ignite the mixture in a dry test-tube.
Extract the residue with water, filter, acidify
with
this
is
this
HC1 and add BaCl
What
has
become of
the oxide of mercury in
experiment?
Salts.
Mercurous Nitrate.
(3)
An
HgNO
3.
mercury (use 10-15 g rms O
excess of metallic
treated in the cold
HNO
with moderately strong

3 until the formation of crystals is no longer
noticeable.
Redissolve the crystals by warming, filter, and allow to
crystallize.
To
prepare a solution of the
HN0
salt
take
it
up with water acidulated with
(?).
(4) Mercuric chloride.
HgCl
Dissolve about 5 grms. of Hg in aqua regia.

Evaporate to dryness on
a water bath.
Place the residue into a small dry flask, cover the latter
with a watch-glass, and heat cautiously on a sand-bath.
What is the
sublimate formed in the upper part of the flask
Dissolve
it
in four parts
of boiling water and allow to crystallize.

Reactions.
Use the
(5) Mercurous compounds.
a few drops of
Filter,
and add
HC1
NH
solution of the nitrate,
to 2 or 3 cc. of the solution.

3
to the precipitate (?).
2.
to another portion of the nitrate solution (?).
immerse a
slip
when you hold

(6)
of
it
Cu
foil.
stain
Add
3.
Add
takes place ?
stannous chloride
In a third portion
on the metal
is it
changed
in the flame?
Mercuric compounds.
HS
Examine the
i.
What
The
chloride will answer for the
tests.
through a dilute solution and observe the gradation of

colors through which the precipitate passes.
What is the final product ?
i.
Pass
44
Add SnCl
2
drop by drop,
changes which occur.
2.
to the
COPPER.
i.
mercury solution.
Explain the
Cu.
Ignite the pure oxide in a current of dry

the color and the lustre of the product \ test
Preparation.
Examine
14).
bility in
H SO
HC1,
(both strong and
dilute),
and
HNO
(see p.
its
solu-
Write equa-
3.
tions representing the reactions.

Salts.
CuSO, -f sH 2 O.
Copper Sulphate.
10 grms. of Cu in a flask add 45 grms. of cone.
and heat.
2 SO 4
When the metal has completely disappeared and the gas (?) ceases to be
given off, allow to cool, place the white crystalline residue (?) into a
(2)
To
Now add a few drops of

porcelain dish, rinse the flask with hot water.
to
the
hot
water
and
filter.
From
the filtrate the sulphate
3
solution,
on
the
standing.
crystallizes
Recrystallize
product.
HNO
Does this salt suffer decomposition on exposure to the atmosphere?

Heat a small quantity in a porcelain crucible, first moderately, then more
strongly (?).
CuK2 (SOt) 2 -f- 6 2 O.

(3) Sulphate of Copper and Potassium.
2 SO 4
Prepare solutions of 10 grms. of blue vitriol and 7 grms. of
both saturated at 70. The latter should also contain a few drops of
H SO
2
4.
Mix
the
solutions
whitish-blue crystals.
on cooling the double
Examine
salt
separates
in
their form.
Reactions.
Use
(4)
i.
Mix
either of the salts
little
of the
salt
you have prepared.

with
Na 2 CO 3 and
,
heat on charcoal in the
2. Make a borax bead and dissolve a minute quanreducing flame (?).

What color does it give (a) in the oxidiztity of a Cu-compound in it.
ing flame? (<) in the reducing flame? (r) when the bead is reduced with
Is the
a small piece of tin ?
2 S.
3. Through a dilute Cu-solution pass
HNO
resulting precipitate soluble in HC1 or in

drop by drop, to the solution. What changes
3
4. Add ammonia,
do you observe? 5. To
a portion of the very dilute solution add potassium ferrocyanide (?).

(5) To a solution of copper sulphate in a porcelain dish add a small
Allow to stand over night. Note the result. Has the Zn
piece of Zn.
disappeared
form
Where
Does the
is
the
solution contain
any of
this
metal
In what
Cu ?
(6) Repeat the experiment, weighing the copper sulphate (.5 grm.)
Add.HCl in quantity sufficient to insure the
(.2 grm.).
and the Zn
SILVER.
entire solution of the Zn, collect the
dry, heat gently and weigh
be
it
45
Cu on
filter,
in a porcelain crucible.
wash with alcohol,
The
filtrate
should
colorless.
Compare
employed
the weight of the metallic Cu obtained with that of the Zn

How does the found Cu accord with the calculated amount
(?).
.5 grm. CuSO 4 .5H 2 O?

Repeat the experiment using Cd in place of Zn. Compare the weights
What deduction can you make ?
of the metals as before.
of that metal in
SILVER.
Ag.
(1) Prepare pure Silver from a coin.
Dissolve a 25-cent piece in nitric acid of sp. gr. 1.2, filter (?), and
Fuse the residue till it
evaporate the blue (?) solution to dryness.
Now add ammonia in
blackens, extract with 250 cc. of water ; filter.
large excess,
40
until
%)
and then, cautiously, a sodium bisulphite solution (of about

on boiling a small portion of the liquid, it is completely
decolorized.
The greater part of the Ag separates from the solution on standing in

The remainder may be precipitated by
the cold ; it is well crystallized.
the
to
70. Digest
product with strong ammonia (?), wash, dry
warming
and ignite it.
Examine the metal
carefully.
What
are
its
physical and chemical
characteristics?
SILVER
AND SULPHUR.
Ag.2 S.
(2) Silver Sulphide.
Into a dilute solution of AgNO 3
about
filter
(see next experiment), containing

grms. of the metal, pass H.2 S. When the liquid smells of the gas,
off the black precipitate, wash it with water and dry at 100.
2
Salts.
AgNO
3
(3) Silver Nitrate.
Dissolve the Ag obtained in (i) in dilute
S and evaporate to dryness on the water bath.
Dissolve the residue in 80 cc. of distilled water,
.
HNO
and preserve the solution
in a dark bottle (?).
What
is its
reaction with
litmus ?
Reactions.
(4) i. Compounds of Ag on charcoal before the blow-pipe give a
white metallic globule (?).
use the nitrate
add
2. To a silver solution
HC1. Collect the precipitate on a small filter, wash, dissolve it in amthe solution (?).
monia, and add an excess of
3 to
Explain these
HNO
46
reactions.
3.
Expose a small portion of the chloride
Any change ?
What
(Read Richter,
p.
is
practical application
to direct sunlight.
made of
this
reaction
340.)*
(5) Place strips of the metals Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, and Cd in a solution of
What is the result in each case? Explain.
silver nitrate.
GOLD.
(1)
How
Au.
could you distinguish the metal
Au
from Hg, Ag, and Cu?
Reactions.
Dissolve a small piece of gold (or of a substance containing

in
aqua regia, concentrate the solution at a gentle heat and pour it
gold)
into a porcelain dish. Add a solution of FeCl 3 to an SnCl 2 solution until
(2)
i.
the latter
is
permanently yellow.
and then into the gold

formed.
Add
2.
solution.
After diluting, dip a glass rod into this

purple streak (purple of Cassius) is
ferrous sulphate to
some of the AuCl 3 solution
(?).
In what respects do the members of this group differ from each other,
and how can they be distinguished from the metals of the preceding
groups ?
Problems.
1.5 grms. of HgO gave on ignition with carbon 4.63 grms.

of metallic mercury; the specific gravity of the vapor of HgCl 2 referred
What is the atomic weight of Hg ? 2.
to H, was found to be 135.5.
Hg contains how many atoms, if the vapor density

TOO?
On
analysis a chalcocite was found to contain 20.15 per
equals3.
cent, of S and 79.85 per cent, of Cu.
Deduce the molecular formula
What
of
of the mineral.
4.
quantities
Ag, Au, and Hg can be precipiThe molecule of
tated from their respective solutions
by
CHAPTER
ALUMINIUM,
grm. of Cu
XI.
TIN, LEAD,
ALUMINIUM.
BISMUTH.
Al.
What
(i) By what methods is this metal obtained on a large scale?
the
of
are its properties?
the
action
following reagents upon Al
Try
the
Write
reactions.
HNO
and
NaOH
solution.
HC1,
3
:
* If
a
practicable, the instructor should here show and explain the preparation of
photographic negative.
TIN.
47
Sa/ts.
KA1(SO 4 ) 2 -j- i2H 2 O.

(2) Sulphate of Aluminium and Potassium.
mix these so that
2 SO 4 ;
Prepare saturated solutions of A1 2 (SO 4 ) 3 and
the resulting liquid contains the two sulphates approximately in the proThe double sulphate crystallizes on
portion of their molecular weights.
Why?
standing.
Recrystallize
it
from water.
What
is
the form of the
crystals ?
What
is
an alum!
Reactions.
(3)
Use alum.
i.
Heat a
oxidizing flame, moisten with

(?) is the product.
(NH
To
4) 2
2.
little
of the salt on a platinum wire in the

and heat again. A blue mass
3) 2
Co(NO
To an aqueous
S to another portion of the solution.
the diluted solution
changes
add ammonia (?). Add

What do you observe ? 4.
solution
add NaOH, drop by drop.
Note the successive
(?).
TIN.
Examine
Sn.
emits on
i. Note the sound it
Etch a smooth surface with HC1 (?). 3. Try the solu4. What action have moderately dilute, and
bility of Sn in hot HC1.
concentrated, HNO 3 upon it? Write the reactions.
(2) Determine the specific heat of Tin.
A thin glass beaker of about 200 cc. capacity is carefully covered on
(1)
bending
(?).
a bar of this metal,
2.
the outside with a moderately thin layer of cotton wool.

This may' be
Pour 100 cc. of distilled water into the beaker.
called the calorimeter.
Suspend a thermometer
Introduce the test-tube with

boiling water.
Place 25 grms. of granulated tin

the latter with a plug of cotton.
contents into a beaker glass containing
in the water.
into a test-tube, close the
mouth of
its
stout copper wire will serve as a handle.
After ten or
minutes the tin will have acquired the temperature of the boiling
water
100. The tube is then rapidly removed from the latter and its
fifteen
outer surface freed from moisture by quickly passing a towel over it.
Remove the cotton from the mouth, and transfer the tin to the calori-
meter.
While the metal
is
being introduced raise the thermometer from
the water, and replace it as soon as all the metal has been added ; stir the
liquid well and observe, as accurately as possible, the highest point
48
reached by the mercury column.
from these data.
"
"
w
v
x
results
=
=
=
sp.
heat
can be obtained
temperature of water before introducing the

"
"
"
"
after
weight of the water.
"
of the metal.
Let y
"
"
Approximate
Calculate as follows
tin.
then
x __ loo(z-y)
"25 (loo-z)
Would
(Study Richter pp. 256-259.)
the specific heat found for tin,
when multiplied by
the constant 6.4 give the same value as that found in

experiment (3) for the equivalent of tin ? Explain.
many series
of tin compounds are there ?
How
(3) Determine the equivalent weight of Tin.

Place about 3 grms. of tin in a porcelain crucible that has been preCover the metal with 5-10 cc. of concentrated
3
viously weighed.
HNO
Then
by means of an
carefully apply heat
solved, while fumes of
NO
When
are set free.
The
iron plate.
tin is dis-
the acid has been entirely
expelled, heat the crucible with the white stannic oxide over a Bunsen
burner ; allow to cool and weigh.
=
of crucible and SnO
"
"
"
" metallic
= weight
_
Then w - v = weight of O,
" Sn.
"
andv - y =
8
Equiv. ofSn=i^-^
W V
Let w
" v
a.
v
y
tin.
(t
((
Softs.
SnCl 2
(4) Stannous Chloride.
Dissolve 10 grms. of granulated
.
of a few drops of PtCl 4
Sn
in
warm
cone.
HC1
with the addition
Put the solution into a well-stoppered bottle.
(?).
Reactions.
Use
(5) Stannous Compounds.

i.
is
precipitate (?)
What
is
1.
HS
2
Add
happens?
sulphide solution?
HgCl upon SnCl (see p. 44).

Compounds. Add a few drops of Br
solution,
Pass
precipitate?
2.
precipitate from the
the action of
(6) Stannic
SnCl 2
A brown
through a portion of the diluted liquid.
thrown down. Is it soluble in yellow ammonium sul-
What does HC1
phide?
the chloride solution.
HS
Conduct
and boil
(?).
Use the diluted
to a portion of the
liquid for the tests.
into a portion of the solution.

What
Is it soluble in HC1? in
4 ) 2 S?
is
the color of the
(NH
Cu-turnings, boil, decant the liquid, and add

Explain..
2.
HgCl
2.
What
BISMUTH.
LEAD.
49
Pb.
How
can this metal be obtained from the oxide?

(i)
cal properties can it be distinguished from other metals ?
the
By what
Is
it
physisoluble in
(2) In a solution of 5 grms. of lead nitrate in

of water, suspend a strip of metallic Zn and let stand for a
mineral acids?
about 50
few days
cc.
(?).
Salts.
of granulated lead (test-lead) by warming with

Concentrate by evaporation and allow to crystallize.
(3) Dissolve 5 grms.

dilute
HNO
3.
Reactions.
(4) i. Before the blowpipe, on charcoal, lead compounds are reduced
2. Add HC1 to a
to metallic beads, which are sectile with the knife.
Boil the precipitate with water. (?)

What takes
2 SO 4
4.
place on cooling?
3. To another portion add dilute
(?).
Pass
2 S into a third portion (?).
solution of the nitrate.
BISMUTH.
Bi.
Reactions.
i.
(i)
Mix
little
of the oxide or nitrate of Bi with
Na
CO
and heat
Does the resulting metallic globule

reducing flame on charcoal.
resemble lead ? Is it sectile? 2. Pass
2 S into a solution of the chloride
in the
HC1
Add
a large volume of water to a bismuth

What occurs? What reactions distinguish Al, Sn, Pb and Bi
solution.
from each other, and from the metals previously studied ?
i. What is the molecular formula of a mineral
Problems.
containing
or nitrate in
(?).
3.
SiO 2
A1 2
CaO
=
=
=
43.08
36.82
20.10
100.00
2.
of tin and chlorine yielded on analysis 29.42 parts of

its vapor density was ascertained to be
;
132.85.
the atomic weight of tin ?
3. Deduce the formula of Cosalite
compound
Sn and 35.40
What
is
parts of Cl
from the following analysis
S
Bi
Pb
Ag
=
=
=
=
15.27
41.76
40.32
2.65
IOO.OO
50
CHAPTER
XII.
CHROMIUM, MANGANESE, IRON, NICKEL/ COBALT.
CHROMIUM.
Cr.
CHROMIUM AND OXYGEN.

(1)
Chromic oxide.
Cr.2
3.
Mix intimately 20 grms. of potassium dichromate

Preparation.
and 4 grms. of sulphur. Heat the mixture in a porcelain crucible over
i.
the blast
for about
lamp
boiling water and dry

in dilute
HC1?
NaHSO
in a
2.
20 minutes.
at a gentle heat.
it
Fuse a portion of
Cool, extract the residue with

What is its color ; is it soluble
it
What
platinum crucible.
with six times

takes
experiment with some finely powdered chromite.
place?
its
3.
weight of
Repeat
this
(?)
Salts.
(2) Chromic Chloride.
CrCl 3
Prepare the anhydrous salt. Intimately mix 10 grams of Cr2 O 3 prepared as described, and 3 grms. of powdered charcoal, and convert this
into a dough with a little starch paste.
Form the product into balls of the
,
pea ; dry, and then ignite these (covered with charcoal powder)
in a Hessian crucible, provided with well-fitting lid.
Place the residue
size of a
into a tube of hard glass, and heat it in a current of CO.2 to expel every
With the aid of a blast lamp increase the temperatrace of moisture.
ture
and replace the
CO
by a current of
Cl.
The
excess of Cl should
be absorbed by conducting it into a bottle filled with caustic soda. (?)

The resulting CrCl 3 sublimes to the cooler portions of the tube. Describe
Is it soluble in water?
appearance.
other chlorides are prepared in a similar way
its
What
Write the equa-
tion, expressing the reaction.
(3) Chrome Alum.

Dissolve 10 grms. of
SO
Cr2 (SO 4) 3 .K2 SO 4 + 24 H 2 O.

K2 Cr2 O in a little water acidify with
7
into the liquid until the latter

stand ; the double salt crystallizes.
2
solve
warm
some of
it
What
it.
in cold water
H SO
2
is
4,
pass
Allow to
form ? Dis-
saturated with the gas.
What
is
its
crystalline
and note the color of the solution
now
takes place (see Richter, p. 374)?
How is it
2 Cr 2 O 7
crystals of potassium dichromate,
Dissolve 10 grms. of this salt in water, and from a burette
carefully add a caustic soda solution until the color is changed to yellow (?).
(4)
i.
Examine
obtained?
2.
MANGANESE AND OXYGEN.

What crystallizes from the solution on evaporation
convert the product into the dichromate ?
51
?
How
can you
re-
Reactions.
Dissolve a minute quantity of a chromium compound in a borax

(5)
bead.
Heat in the oxidizing and in the reducing flame. Results?
2. Heat a little of the compound with
3 on a platinum foil (?)
i.
KNO
(6) Chromic compounds.

caustic soda, drop by drop,
Use chrome alum
for the tests.
to a little of the solution. (?)
i.
Add
Continue the
addition of the reagent till the precipitate is redissolved.

What takes
2. What is the action of ammonia on the
place on boiling the solution ?
solution of the
chromium salt ?
Use a solution of potassium chromate.
(7) Chromates.
acetate solution.
i.
Add
lead
Note the color of the precipitate. Is it soluble in

2. Substitute BaCl 2 for the lead salt in the preceding exacetic acid?
add
2 SO 4 and
periment. (?)
3. Acidify the chromate solution with
H O 2 to the liquid. What happens? 4. To some of the chromate
solution add a few drops of HC1 and about i cc. of alcohol.
What occurs
when the mixture
is
heated to boiling
MANGANESE.
Mn.
MANGANESE AND OXYGEN.

(1) In what proportions do these two elements unite with each other?
Enumerate the oxides which occur in nature. What is formed when the
oxides of manganese are heated in
H?
When
they are ignited in the
air?
Salts.
(2)
Manganous
Chloride.
MnCl
-f-
4H
O.
Evaporate in a porcelain dish the solution obtained in the preparation

of Cl from MnO 2 and HC1.
Heat the dry residue over a small flame for
some time. Add much water and boil. Filter, and to

of the filtrate
add a solution of Na 2 CO 3 in excess. Allow the precipitate (?) to settle,
draw off the supernatant liquid with a siphon, and wash the remaining
Add the precipitate

precipitate several times with water by decantation.
then to the principal solution and digest at a gentle heat until a small
sample mixed with (NH 4 ) 2 S gives a flesh-colored precipitate which
Now filter and evaporate
completely dissolved by dilute acetic acid.
filtered
is
to crystallization.
(3) Potassium
Manganate
K MnO
2
and
Potassium Permanganate
K Mn O
2
8.
52
KOH
and 2.5 grms.

Maintain a
2
gradually add 5 grms. finely powdered
moderate red heat for 15 minutes. Dissolve the dark-green residue in a
In a porcelain crucible fuse a mixture of 5 grms.
KC1O
little
MnO
Observe the color of the solution. What does it contain?

much water and conduct CO 2 into the liquid. Is there
water.
Then
dilute with
any change
K Mn O
2
little
If so, write the equation expressing
as well as
of the alkaline
K MnO
K MnO
2
it.
are powerful oxidizing agents.

Warm a
solution with a few drops of alcohol (?).
of the permanganate solution, acidified with

add sul2 SO 4
phurous acid (?). Treat the acidified solution also with solutions of ferrous
sulphate and oxalic acid (?).
To
little
Reactions.
What
color do
Mn-compounds impart to a borax bead in the

What
is the effect of the reducing flame?
2. Heat a
flame?
oxidizing
little of an Mn-compound with Na 2 CO 3 and
3 on a platinum foil.
i.
(4)
KNO
What does
the resulting mass contain ?

3.
the chloride in water add (NH 4 ) 2 S. What
To
little
of the solution of
the color of the precipitate.

Test its solubility in acids (including acetic acid).
4. Add caustic soda
Is the precipitate soluble in
to another portion of the chloride solution.
an excess of the reagent ? Is its color affected by exposure to the air ?
is
Explain.
IRON.
(1) Preparation.
boat
filled
Into a tube of
Fe.
Bohemian
with the finely powdered oxide.
through the tube, and when
glass place a porcelain

Pass a current of dry
expelled (how could you test

What
it?), apply heat to that part of the tube which contains the boat.
After a red heat has been
is formed in the anterior portion of the tube ?
all
the air
is
maintained for 10 minutes allow the boat to cool in H, and examine

contents.
Are they attracted by the magnet ?
Expose the product
its
to
air (?).
How
is
properties? (see
iron, steel,
on a
and
Richter, pp. 393
394).
iron obtained from
its
ores
large scale ?
What
are
Distinguish between
its
cast-
and wrought-iron.
Salts.
(2) Ferrous Sulphate.
SO
4 -f 7H 2 O.
Fe
in
of
the
form
nails or wire, free from rust, contained
of
25 grms.
When the evoluin a flask, add 200 cc. of dilute (i
4) sulphuric acid.
-Fe
To
tion of the gas (? Note its odor !) is no longer violent, warm, and finally
boil until the liberation of gas ceases.
sample of the solution poured
IRON.
53
on cooling, give a copious separation of crystals.

Filter into a casserole containing 2-3 cc. of cone,
2 SO 4 , and let stand
for 8 hours.
Collect the crystallized product in a funnel the stem of
into a test-tube should,
which
is
closed with a loose plug
liquor to drain off,
wash with very
of glass wool,* allow the mother

cold water (?), and dry between
little
sheets of filter paper.

Examine the product carefully. Note its color,
in
water
and crystal form. What other salts of analotaste, solubility
gous composition are isomorphous with it

What is observed when some of the salt
?
is
heated,
first
moderately, then
strongly, in a tube of hard glass ?

Expose the aqueous solution of the salt to the air for several hours (?).
Ammonium
(3) Ferrous
Sulphate.
Fe
(NH ) (SO
4
4)2
6H
-f-
O.
In 100 cc. of dilute sulphuric acid dissolve clean iron wire till no more
hydrogen is given off; neutralize a like quantity of the acid exactly with
ammonia water, and add to it a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid. Filter
the iron solution into that of the
ammonium
salt.
Let the
salt crystallize,
on a funnel provided with a perforated platinum cone, wash and

as
described
under (2). Preserve in a well-stoppered bottle. What
dry
metals can replace the iron in this salt without altering its crystalline
drain
it
form?
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -f 24H 2 O.

(4) Ferric Ammonium Sulphate.
Place 20 grms. of crystallized ferrous sulphate into a porcelain dish
Warm
together with a few cc. of water and 3.5 grms. of oil of vitriol.
on an asbestos plate, adding nitric acid, drop by drop, until no further
dissolve
3
change of color (?) is observed. Evaporate the excess of
HNO
the residue in hot water and add 3.5 grms. of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ; filter, and set
the solution aside for crystallization. Separate the crystals from the mother
liquor,
and wash and dry them
does this
salt
belong
Why
as
under
(2).
To what
class of substances
Reactions.
(5) In a borax bead dissolve a small quantity of an iron compound,
and treat it successively in the oxidizing and reducing flames. What
changes do you observe ?
Use a freshly prepared solution of ferrous

(6) Ferrous Compounds.
sulphate for the following tests: i. To a few drops of it, diluted with
water, add ammonia. Note the color of the precipitate, and the changes
which occur on exposure
portion
(?).
to the air (?).
2.
Add (NH
HC1 ?
4) 2
S to another
3.
In a porce-
Is the resulting precipitate soluble in
lain capsule bring together a little of the ferrous solution
It is better to
with the aid of a
and a drop of
use a perforated platinum cone, and to remove the adhering solution
filter
pump.
54
a potassium ferrocyanide solution. Result ? 4. In a similar

drop of the iron solution with ferricyanide of potassium.
manner
test
In the presence of free acids, oxidizing agents

(7) Ferric compounds.
convert iron compounds from the ferrous into the ferric condition,
i.
Acidify the ferrous sulphate solution with sulphuric acid, warm, and add
cone.
HNO
until
to produce a
it fails
change
in color
the iron
is
then
Dilute a few drops of the yellow liquid with

several cc. of water and add ammonia (?).
3. Test a drop of the ferric
in the ferric state.
2.
solution with potassium ferrocyanide (?).
ferricyanide of potassium (?).
potassium sulphocyanate
5.
6.
(?).
Treat
4.
a.
second drop with
Mix another drop with

Conduct
HS
2
into
a solution of
some of the
ferric
What do you observe? Explain the reaction, and

sulphate solution.
write the equation expressing it.
7. Place a piece of metallic Zn in a
test-tube containing a solution of the ferric salt.
What takes place ?
Under manganese
it was observed
an oxidizing agent. To show
lower form of oxidation, fill a burette
(8) Quantitative estimation of iron.

that the salt potassium permanganate
how
this salt acts
with iron in
its
is
with an aqueous solution of it ; allow it to drop slowly into the solution

The pink color of the permanof a ferrous salt acidulated with
2 SO 4
on
This constirring with a glass rod.
ganate immediately disappears
tinues until the ferrous salt
is
completely oxidized to the
ferric state.
drop of permanganate added in excess will then impart a faint pink color
This indicates that the reaction is ended. Write the
to the liquid.
equation.
may be utilized for determining the quantity of iron in a

may be done, it is first necessary to standardize the
This behavior
That
solution.
FIG. 37-
this
permanganate solution.
Proceed
as
follows: Dissolve about 2
Fill a burette
2 O.
grms. of the permanganate in 1000 cc. of
clean
this
out
.2
of
'with
solution.
piano wire.
Weigh
grm.
Place this into a small flask (Fig. 37) provided with a cork
Cover the iron wire with dilute sulphuric acid.
and valve.*
When
Warm.
the iron
cork, add cold water
manganate
the
until the final
K Mn O
2
required to
consumed, then
is
completely dissolved, remove the

and slowly admit the per-
produce
this effect.
Suppose 30
cc.
"
K Mn O8
2
= .2000 grm. metallic

"
= .00666 "
iron.
then the standard of the permanganate in iron units.
* With a
sharp knife make a longitudinal incision of about
and close one end by means of a glass rod.
tube,
Note the volume of

cc. had been
pink coloration appears.
30
This
is
to the solution,
cm. length, in a rubber
COBALT AND NICKEL.
55
grm. of ferrous ammonium sulphate in 100 cc. distilled

and then introduce the permanganate until the
2
4
Next, dissolve
water, add 5 cc.
final reaction is
observed.
H SO
Calculate the percentage of iron in this salt
and compare the experimental result with the theoretical value.

How much oxygen will each molecule of K Mn. O 8 give up in oxidizing ?
How many molecules of FeO can be changed to Fe 2 O 3 by a molecule of
2
K Mn
2
COBALT.
AND NICKEL.
Co
Ni.
Reactions.
Dissolve a minute quantity of a cobalt compound in a borax bead.

in the oxidizing, then in the reducing flame (?).
2. What is the
i.
Heat
first
behavior of nickel compounds under like conditions? 3.

to a solution of Co(NO 3 ) 2 warm the mixture (?).
alkali
have caustic alkalies on solutions of nickel salts?

tion
cautiously add
the reagent.
ammonia.
more of
What
5.
To
Add
caustic
What
action
the cobalt solu-
After a precipitate (?) has formed, add

Expose the resulting solution
takes place ?
to the air in a shallow dish (?).

6. Treat a nickel solution in an analomanner
To
the
solutions
of Co and Ni, each in a separate
7.
gous
(?).
Filter and wash the precipitated sulphides, and
test-tube, add (NH 4 ) 2 S.
test their solubility in acids (?).
Note the colors of cobalt and nickel
salts, in
the anhydrous state.

Is there any marked difference between
the hydrated as well as in
Co and Ni
in respect to their
chemical deportment?
Point out the differences in the reactions of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni.
How may ferrous compounds be distinguished from ferric ? What conditions are favorable to the conversion of the former into the latter?
The
latter into the
former
By what means may chromic salts be changed into compounds of

chromic acid? How may the reverse change be effected?
Devise a method for separating the elements treated in
this chapter.
i. How much K 2 Cr 2 O T can be obtained theoretically from

Problems.
100 kilos of a chromite containing 58.6 per cent, of Cr 2 O 3 ? 2. 100
grms. of a pyrolusite which was found to contain 4 per cent, of impuri-
56
C and 745 mm., when

ties, will give what volume of O, measured at 20
strongly ignited ? What is the weight of the residue, assuming that onehalf of the impurities was moisture, the other half quartz ?
3. How
3 are required to oxidize 12 grms. of crystallized ferrous
many grms. of
HNO
sulphate
which
.7
What percentage of metallic iron is contained in a salt, of

grm. are exactly oxidized by 17.8 cc. of permanganate solu4.
tion (standard
cc.
= .0056 grm.
Fe)
APPENDIX.
TABLE OF METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES,
MEASURES OF LENGTH.
I
metre
metre
= 1000 millimetres,
= 39.3709 inches.
100 centimetres
10 decimetres
1.09363 yards = 3.2809
feet
MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
i
cubic metre
1000
litres
1,000,000 cubic centimetres
1,000,000,000 cubic
millimetres.
i
litre
= 61.02705 cubic inches = .035317 cubic
foot 3= 1.76077 pints
= .22097 gallon.
MEASURES OF WEIGHT.
I
I
I
= weight of
of water
4 C.
Kilogram = 1000 grams = 100.000 centigrams = 1,000,000 milligrams.
= 35-2739 ounces = 15432.35 grains.
Kilogram = 2.20462
gram
cc.
at
Ibs.
TABLE OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF ELEMENTS.

Aluminium
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
BERKELEY
Return
This book
DEC
LD
is
to desk
DUE on
19*'
21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476
from which borrowed.

the last date stamped below.
C.

1891-Smith+Keller-Experiments Arranged For Students in General Chemistry

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IRLF

PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF

PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY, MICHIGAN MINING

SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED, WITH 37 ILLUSTRATIONS.

BLAKISTON, SON & CO

PRESS or WM F. FELL & Co.,

designed as a guide for beginners in chemistry.

such as the authors have used with

success in the instruction of their classes

with the supervision of an instructor, but rather to

book on the subject can be employed

have been collected from various sources, and no claim

"Inorganic Chemistry," any other

APPARATUS, MANIPULATIONS AND OPERATIONS,

CHLORINE, BROMINE, IODINE, FLUORINE,

VIII. POTASSIUM, SODIUM [AMMONIUM],

XIII. CHROMIUM, MANGANESE, IRON, NICKEL, COBALT,

APPARATUS, MANIPULATIONS AND OPERATIONS.

Dissolve a very minute quantity of manin the oxidizing flame (?).

In the oxidizing flame.

i. Cut various lengths of rods and

Construct a wash-bottle (Fig.

the sharp edges

Soften a sound cork by rolling it under your foot on

tubes in an ordinary fish-tail burner, and round the sharp

Arrange some other form of apparatus for practice.

middle of the scale. The final adjustment

until the needle points to the

EXPERIMENTS IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY.

Always read the lower meniscus.

between weight and volume in the metric system.

any change ? Now add a little

between chemical and mechanical solution.

Heat the cobalt chloride

completely driven off (?).

portion of the cobalt chloride solution, add a solution of soda; boil. 7.

current from two Bunsen

Place a piece of wrought-iron

the effect of removing

original properties of the substances in the above experiments

Then heat the remaining portion in a tube over a gas flame.

The water should be acidapparatus by an electric current.

current from four to six Bunsen cells is required.

hard glass (Fig. 2). Apply the spark test (?).

Through what agencies have the results been obtained in experiments

decomposed into dissimilar substances.

acid, the black

powder obtained by heating

an intimate mixture of powdered sulphur and copper

a beaker, dip the platinum electrodes of a battery (one or two

observe upon the platinum

forming the negative pole ? What changes have the copper

instructor should here develop the idea of element

EXPERIMENTS IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY.

(i) Put several pieces of granulated zinc into a test-tube

Arrange the apparatus shown

should contain about 15 grms. of Zn,

the air in the apparatus has been

displaced (ask for precautions /) collect six

Support combustion? Is it lighter than air?

not the only product of

Pour some of the liquid remaining in

stand several hours.