1918 Gernsback Chemistry

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CONTAINING A TREATISE ON ELEMENTARY
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Copyright 1918, by Electro IlDportiDg Co., N. Y.
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PRICE LIST OF CHEMICALS FURNISHED WITH

LABORATORY AND THEIR SYMBOLS
Alum AI2(S04)a, (NH4)2 SO.... $0.10
Antimony (powdered) (Sb)...... .10
Anlmonium Aqua (NH,+H 2 0).. .15
Ammonium Carbonate (NH 4)2 CO. 15
Ammonium Chloride (NH4CI) . . . .10
Ammonium Sulphate (NH.), S04 .15
Barium Chloride (BaCI,)........ .10
Boric Acid (HsBO a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Brimstone (Sulphur) (S)........ .10
Calcium Chloride (CaCI,)........ .15
Calcium Oxide (CaO)........... .15
C'alcium Sulphate (CaSO.2H20). .10
Charcoal (Carbon) (C) ..... .10
Chloride of Zinc (ZnCI,) .... .15
Copper Sulphate (CuSO.) ...... .15
Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO.)....... .10
,Ferrous Sulphide (FeS)......... .15
Glycerol (Glycerine) C,H.(OH). .15
Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) ..... .20
Iodine (1) ...... . . . . . .15
Iron Chloride (FeCI.) ..... . . .15
Iron Oxide (Fe20a)............. .10
Lead Acetate Pb (C,HaO,) ..... $0.10

Litmus Paper................... .03
Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO.). .10
Manganese Dioxide (MnO,)..... .10
Mercury (Quicksilver) (Hg) .... .15
Nickel Chloride (NiCI2) . . . . . . . . . .15
Oxalic Acid (H2C20.) . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO.).. .10
Sodium Borate (N'aB0 2 ) .10
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO.) .... .10
Sodium Chloride (NaCI)........ .05
Sodium Nitra1te (NaNO a) .10
Sodium Phosphate (Na2HP'O.) .. .10
Sodium Sulphate (Na2S0.)...... .10
Sodium Sulphite (Na2S0.)
.10
Stannous Chloride (SnCI,)
.15
Sulphate of Nickel (NiSO.) .. . .. .15
Sulphate of Zinc (ZnSO.) . . . .10
Sulphuric Acid (H 2 SO.) . . . . . . . . . .20
Tin (Granulated) (Sn).......... .10
Zinc (Metal) (Zn) .......... .10
Zinc C-arhonate (ZnCO.). ..... .10
PRICE. LIST OF APPARATUS FURNISHED

WITH OUTFIT
One standard washbottle .................................... $0.5.0
One conical glass measure .... ............................. .. .. ..15
One Erlenmeyer Flask ..... ............................. . . . . .30
One glass funnel ................................................. .10
One delivery tube ..............
.10
Six assorted test-tubes ................ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
One test-tube holder
................................. .30
Ten sheets of filter paper. .. . . .. . . ..
.05
One glass dropper ........................................ ~ . . . . . . . .10
One spoon measure ............................. " . . . . . . . . . . . . . .05
One spirit lamp ...........
.15
Glass tubing ................................. '
'.. ~ . ~ .. . .05
Instruction book ................................. ,:. . . . . . . . . . . .25
All Chemicals have to be sent by express, as the postal authorities don't

allow any acids, etc., to be sent by mail.
When ordering, don't forget to add postage for the goods which can be
sen t by mail. Chemicals will go by express collect.
A discount of 10% will be allowed when ordering six chemicals at the
same time.
The manufacturers regret that they cannot fill orders below SOc.
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INSTRUCTION
BOOK
Puh/iJhed hy
THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO.

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NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.
COPYRIGHT BY E. 1.
co.
1918
TABLE oj CONTE-NTS
Page
Divisions of Matter
Symbols and Atomic Weights for a Num-ber of -the Most Common

Elements
Chemical Nomenclature
6, 7, 8
IntroductionLaboratory Operations
Glass Working
9
9
First Aid
Fire Extinguisher Hand Grenades
Experimenter's Aphorisms
10
Weights and MeasuresMetric System

Measures of Weight
Measures of Volume
Measures of Capacity
Measures of Length-Equivalents
English System
Measures of Weight (Avoirdupois)
Troy Weight
Dry Measure
Liquid Measure
Comparison of United States and Metric Systems
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
Per Cent. Solutions
12
Conversion of Measure Expressed in "Parts"
13
One Hundred Chemical Experiments

Formulas for Cleaning Various Substances
Poison
Antidotes
Chemical Substances -
14 to 29
29
30
Their Technical and Common Names
31-32
INSTRUCTION BOOK
COMPILED BY
SIDNEY GERNSBACK
TREATISE ON ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY
DIVISIONS OF MATTER
Chemistry embraces three divisions of m,atter-masses, molecules, and atom.
A mass is any portion of matter perceptible to the senses.
A molecule is the smallest particle of matter into which a body can be divided;
it is the smallest particle that is capable of separate existence.
An atom is the still smaller particle produced by the decomposition of a molecule
by chemical means. I t is the unit of matter of the chemist. A molecule is usually a
compound of two or more atoms of different elements or perhaps the same element.
I t is the uni,t of matter of the physicist.
Elemental molecules are formed of like atoms, compound molecules are formed
of unlike atoms. Matter composed of elemental molecules is called simple. or elementary matter; matter composed of compound molecules is called compound
matter.
Mas is the quantity of matter which a body oontains; VO'lume, the s'Pace it
occupies and Density. its relative quantity of matter under a given volume.
There are also several other properties which belong to all matter, as gravity,
inertia, and divisibility.
Chemical attraction, or chemical affinity, is that force which cau~es elementary
atoms or molecules to unite.
Cohesion is that force which binds two or more bodies together. It is that
force which the particles of a body exert to keep each other together.
Energy is the capacity for performing work; the kinetic energy of a body is the
energy it has in virtue of being in motion; kinetic energy is sometimes called actual
energy; potential energy is energy stored up as that existing in a spring ,or a bent
bow, or a body suspended at a given distance above the earth and acted upon by
gravity.
Force is that which tends to produce or to destroy motion; if a body is at rest,
anything which tends to put it in motion is a force; centrifugal force is that force
by which all bodies m/oving around another body in a curve, tend to fly off from the
axis of their motion; centripetal is that which draws, or im'Pels a body toward some
point as a center.
Friction is tha't force which acts between two bodies at their surface of contact
so as to resist their sliding on each other, and which depends on the force with which
they are pressed together.
.
Gravitation is a force which gives to every particle of matter a tendency toward
every other particle.
EXPERIMENTS IN CHEMISTRY
Strain is the alteration in shape of a body, as the result of stress.
Tenacity is the resistance which a body ,offers to being pulled asunder, and is .
measured by the tensile strength in pounds per square inch of the cross section of
the body.
Atomic weight is the weight of an atom as compared with hydrogen. Hydrogen
com1bines with other elements in the smallest proportion, by weight, of any of the
elem,ents. The weight of oxygen entering into a combination is 15.88 tit11es the
corresponding weight of hydrogen; i. e., if the atomic weight of hydrogen is 1, that
of ,oxygen is 15.88, and if the atomic weight of oxygen is 16, that of hydrogen is
about 1.008.
Valence is that property of an element by virtue of which it can hold in combination a certain number of other atoms. For example, 2 atolns of hydrogen, H,
unite with 1 atom of oxygen, 0, to form 1 molecule of water, H20; 1 atOtTI of hydrogen, H unites with 1 atom of chlorine, CI, to form 1 tTIolecule of hydrochloric acid,
HCl. The valence of an element is the measure of its power to hold other elet11ents
in con1bination, and is stated on the basis ,that the valence of hydrogen is 1. An
element is n10no-, di-, tri, tetra-, etc.-valent according to whether its atoms hold the
atoms of other elements in combination in the proportion of one, two, three, four,
etc. Hydrogen is monovalent and oxygen bivalent because 1 atom of oxygen holds
2 atoms of hydrogen, as represented by the symbol H 2 0. Son1e elet11ents, for instance, copper, have two or n10re different valencies because they unite in different
proportions with certain other elements to form different con1pounds. Thus there
is cuprous chloride, CuCI, and cupric chloride, CUCl2.
Affinity is the attraction that elenlents exert for sonle of the other elelnents. The
measure of affinity is the anlount of heat or other energy developed during a
chemical change.
Sublimation is the change of a solid into a condition of vapor without passing
through the liquid state. Can1phor, ice or snow may be sublin1ated or sublit11ed.
Dissociation n1eans the senaration of a chemical conlDound into its constituent
parts, especially if it has bee~ necessary to subject the ~onlpound to a high temperature.
Buoyancy of liquids. The upper layer of a liquid not only exerts a pressure on
the lower layers, but it also exerts a pressure in an upward direction. rrhis phenOtllenon is called the buoyancy of liquids.
Gas is a body in which the molecules are constantly vibrating to and fro and so
far apart that their dimensions may be neglected. The average mon1entum or energy
of this n10tion represents the temlperature of the gas, and the force with which they
impinge on the walls of the vessel in which they are inclosed shows the pressure of
the gas.
Fluid is a tern1 including both gases and liquids. I t desio-nates a body whose
molecules lllay he displaced by a very slight application of force, this property being
called fluidity. I t is possessed in a much greater degree by gases than by liquids.
Difference Between Liquid and Gas. A liquid has no tendency to occupy any
more space, although it yields readily to change of form; a gas, on the other hand,
will at once expand and occupy any vessel in which it is put, and as a natural consequence, is easily conlpressible.
Combustion is the rapid con1bination of a combustible material with oxygen. To
start it, it is necessary to elevate its temperature or bring it in contact with a burning body.
If it undergoes conlbustion without ignition it is a case of spontaneous combustion, and if it takes place without the appearance of flame or light it is called
slow con1bustion.
Saturated Vapor. A vapor is saturated when it is still in contact with some of its
liquid; vapors in this state are at their greatest density for that temperature. If a
saturated vapor be compressed, without change of temperature, a proportionate
an1.ount of liquefaction will be produced, but if the temperature be allowed to rise
correspondingly to the work done by compression, the vapor becomes superheated.
Wet or Moist Vapor. A vapor which holds in suspension particles of its liquid
is called wet or moist vapor.
Difference Between a Gas and Vapor. When a substance first changes from the
liquid to the gaseous state, or while the pressure, volume and temperature are near
those corresponding to such a change, the substance is lTIOre strictly called a vapor,
4
THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

or said to be' in the vaporous condition. If the substance is in the gaseous state,
but with pressure, volume and temperature C'onditions far removed from those corresponding to the change of state, the substance is more generally called a gas:
There is no sharp line of difference between a vapor and a gas.
Vaporization. A liquid exposed to the atmosphere or a vacuum will give off
vapors until the space above the liquid contains vapor of the maximum density for'
the temperature.
Vapor. A volatile substance above its critical temperature is called a gas, below
it, a. vapor. Gaseous bodies are generally spoken of as vapors when they are near
the point of maximum density, and they are often still further distinguished as
saturated, superheated and wet vapors.
Mixture of Gases. If br,ought together they will mix thoroughly, and the pressure on a vessel containing them will be the sum of the pressure of both.
Specific Heat of Gases. A gas nl.ay be heated while its volume is kept constant
and also while its pressure remains constant. In the former case the pressure in '
creases and in the latter the volume increases. In the former case the heat added is
only use,d to increase the momentum' of the molecules, while in the latter case an
additional amount'of heat is required to do the work of expanding the gas against the
pressure of the atmosph'ere.
Inflammable Bodies are those in which comtbustion starts very easily tby merely
slight con tact with a flame.
Explosive Bodies are those in which a large volume of gas is suddenly evolved,
and instantaneous combustion takes place throughout the entire mass.
Chemical Combination. When the molecules of one or m,ore elementary bodies
break up and form new molecules in a substance whose properties are entirely different from the original substances.
How Composition of a Molecule is Shown. By the symbols of its constituents.
The number of atoms is expressed by inferior figures at the right of the symtbol, and
if we know the atomic weight lof each symlbol we can easily c'lJlculate the, percentage
of t:he composition.
How Chemical Elements Are Expre,ssed. By sym'bols taken from the initial
letters of their Latin, Greek, or English names.
SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS FOR A NUMBER OF THE MOST
COMMON ELEMENTS
ATOMIC
ATOMIC
ELEMENT
SYMBOL
WEIGHT ELEMENT
SYMBOL
WEIGHT
Alum,inum
Al
27.1
RIg
Mercury
200.0
Antimony
Sb
120.2
Nickel
Ni
58.7
Arsenic
As
75.0
Nitrogen
N
14.04
Barium
Ba
137.4
Oxygen
o
16.0
Bismuth
Bi
208.5
Palladium
Pd
106.5
p
Boron
B
11.0
Phosphorus
31.0
Bromine
Br
79.96
Platinum
Pt
194.8
Cadmium
Cd
112.4
Potassium
K
39.15
Calcium
Ca
40.1
Selenium
Se
79.2
Carbon
C
12.0
Silicon
Si
28.4
Chlorine
CI
35.45
Silver
Ag
107.93
Chromium
Cr
52.1
Sodium
Na
23.05
Cobalt
Co
59.0
Strontium
87.6
Sr
Copper
Cu
63.6
Sulphur.
32.06
S
Fluorine
F
19.0
Tellurium
Te
127.6
Gold
Au
197.2
Thallium
204.1
T1
Hydrogen
H
1.008
Thorium
Th
232.5
Iodine
I
126.85
Tin
119.0
Sn
Iron
Fe
55.9
Tungsten
184.0
W
Lead
Pb
206.9
Uranium
U
239.5
Lithium
Li
7.03
V
Vanadium
51.2
Magnesium
Mg
24.36
Zinc
65.4
Zn
Manganese
Mn
55.0
The names of non-metallic elements in the above table' are printed in black face.
The atomic weights given are based on oxygen, 0 = 16.
EXPERIMENTS IN CHEM ST Y
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE*
The names which have been given to the various elementary forn1 of matter
are not ba ed upon any scientific system. The names of some have their origin in
mythology. Other have received names which are indicative of SOlne characteristic
property, while those of ... everal bear reference to some speciar circumstance connected with their disc/overy. I t has been the custom in modern times to distinguish
metals from non-metals by applying to the former names ending with the letters um~
and consequently such metals as are 'of Imore recent discovery all ha e names with
this termination. The common metals, however, which have been knO'wn since
earlier times, such as gold, silver, tin, and copper, keep their old names. The two
elements selenium and tellurium were at the time of their disc/overy thought to be
metals, and they consequently received names with the term1inal urn; these substances strongly resemble ll1etals in many of their physical properties, but in their
chemical relations they are so closely similar to the non-metal sulphur, that they
are by general consent classed among the non-metals; they are examples of those
elem,ents which are distinguished as metalloids. On this account selenium is by some
chemists termed selenion.
In naming chemical compounds, the chemist endeavours that the names employed shall not only serve to identify the substances, but shall as far as possible
indicate their composition. The siimplest chemical compounds are those composed
of only tw,o different elements; such as spoken of as binary compounds, and their
names are made up of the names of the two elements composing them, thusThe compound fOl1med by the chemical union ofHydrogen with sulphur is called hydrogen sulphide.
Sodium with chlorine is called sodium chl'oride.
Copper with oxygen is called copper oxide.
Calcium with fluorine is called calcium fluoride.
Potassium with iodine is called potassium iodide.
It continually happens, however, that the sa'me two eleme-nts combine together
i~ m'ore than one proportion, giving rise to as \many different compounds, in which
case it becomes necessary to so ffi/odify the names that each of the compounds
may be distinguished. This is accomplished by the use of certain terminal letters
or of certain prefixes; for example, the element phosphorus combines with chlorine
in two proportions, fOl1ming two different compounds-in one the molecules contain one atom of phosphorus united to three atoms of chlorine, in the other the
molecules consist of one atom; of phosphorus associated with five of chlorine.
These two compounds may be distinguished in the following ways:1 atom of phosphorus with 3 atoms of chlorine forms phosphorous chloride.
1 atom of phosphorus with 5 atoms of chlorine f.or/ms phosphoric chloride.
or1 atom of phosphorus with 3 atoms of chlorine formis phosphorus trichloride.
1 atom of phosphorus with 5 atoms of chlorine forms phosphorus pentachloride.
The latter method of distinction is the more general, thus1 a tom of sulphur with 2 atoms of oxygen forms sulphur dioxide.
1 atom of sulphur with 3 atomls of oxygen f.orms sulphur trioxide.
1 atom of carbon with 1 atoln of oxygen forms carbon monoxide.
1 atom of carbon with 2 atoms of oxygen forms carbon dioxide.
Occasionally the prefixes sub and proto are employed to denote these differences
of composition, but their use is more limited, and is becoming out of vogue. W/hen
m,ore than two compounds are forlned by the union of the same two elements, the
additional prefixes hypo, under, and per, over, are sometimes used.
In a considerable number of instances the systematic names of familiar compounds give way to the vulgar or common names by which they are known, thusCommon Names
Systematic Names
Amnlonia
-. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . ..
Hydroa-en nitride
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen chloride
Sulphuretted hydr.ogen
Hydrogen sulphide
Water
Hydrogen monoxide
See complete list of the technical and common names of chemical sub tances
a t the end of this book.
i
* Inorganic
Chemistry, N ewth.
6

Binary compounds consisting of elements united with oxygen are called the
oxides of those elements. Certain of these oxides are capable of reacting with
water aiving rise to substances known as acids; such oxides are disting,uished as
acid-~rming oxides, or acidic oxides. They are also som,etimes termed anhydrides.
All the non-metallic elements, except hydrogen, form oxides of this order, and the
acids derived from them as known as the oxy-acids or 'hydroxy-acids.
Certain other oxides also unite with water, but give rise to compounds known
as hydroxides. When such ,oxides, which are all derived from the metallic elements,
are brought into contact with acids, chemical action takes place, and a c,om'pound
termed a salt is formed, together with water. Such oxides are distinguished as saltforming or basic oxides. There are also oxides 'iYhich are neither acidic nor basic.
Tlh'e names of oxy-acids are derived from the name of the particular oxide from which
they are formed, thusCarbon dioxide gives cartbonic acid.
Silicon dioxide gives silicic acid.
When the same element florms two acid-forming oxides, the terminals ic and
ous are applied to the acids to denote respectively the one "rith the greater and the
less proportion of oxygen, th us'
Sulphur trioxide gives sulphuric acid.
Sulphur dioxide aives sulphurous acid.
Nitrogen pentoxide gives nitric acid.
Nitrogen trioxide gives nitrous acid.
When more than two such acids are known, the additional prefixes hypo or per
are nlade use of. Thus persulphuric acid denotes an acid containing the highest quantity of oxygen, while hyponitrous acid stands for an ac.id containing less oxygen
than is present in nitrous acid.
There is a class of binary cOlnpounds formed by the comlbination of a large
number of the elements with sulphur; these are known as sulphides. Certain of these
sulphides are also capa'ble of forming acids which are analogous in their constitution
to oxy-acids, but in which the oxygen atoms are substituted by atoms of sulphur.
T'hese acids are known as thio acids (sonletimes sulpho acids), and the same system
of nomenclature is a,dopted to distinguish these: thus we have thio-arsenious acid,
thio-arsenic acid, denoting respectively the acid with the smaller and the larger proportion of sulphur.
It was at one tim,e believed that all acids contained oxygen, that indeed this
element was essential to an acid. The name oxygen indicates this belief, the word
signifying "the acid-producer." This view is now seen to have been inc,orrect, f.or
many acids are known in which oxygen is not one of the constituents. Thus the
elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, which constitute the so-called
Halogen group 'Of elements, each combines with hydroa-en, giving rise respectively to
hydrofluoric, hyd~ochloric, hydrobromic, and hydriodic acids.
All known acids contain hydrogen as one of their constituents.
As already stated, when chemical action takes place between' an acid and a
base, a salt i formled. The word ba~e is unfortunately' employed by different chemists in ,different senses, so that it is scarcely possible to give a precise definition
of it. Originally, no doubt, the term was employed simply to denote the idea of
foundation, and was applied to the metal or the oxide of the metal entering into the
composition lof a salt; which being the more tangible constituent was thus regarded
as the more important one, or the basis of the salt. At the present day the wor"d
base is use,d in inorganic chemistry chiefly to denote that class of cOln'pounds known
as hydroxides, while the oxides fr'om which these hydroxides are derived are spoken
of as basic oxides. Besides this class, it includes ammonia and a few other compounds which like ammonia are not derived from metallic oxides. The organic
chemist, on the other hand, regards a'nllnonia as the true type of a base; and all
organic conlpounds which can be regarded as "derivatives" of ammonia ate called
bases.
ot only so, but the term is even extended so as to include similar "derivat~ves" of the phosI?horus, arsenic and antimony analogues of ammonia, thus giving
rise to the expressions nitrogen basels, phosphorus bases, etc. Oxy-acids in this way
give rise to oxy-salts, thio-acids to thio-salts, and halogen acids to haloid salts.
The latter salts b~ing binary compounds, their names are given according to the
system already explained, such, for exa'mple, as calcium fluoride sodium chloride
potassium bromide, silver iodide.
"
In the case of the oxy-salts and thio-salts, the names are made up from the
names of the acid and of the metal contained in the base, with the addidon of certain
distinctive suffixes: thus if the acid be one whose name carries the terminal OUS,
its salts will be distinguished by the suffix ite, w,hile the names of the salts derived
from acids whose na'mes end in ic are tern1inated by the letters ate.
Nitrous acid and potassium oxide give potassium nitrite.
Su.1phurous acid and potassium oxide give potassium sulphite.,
Nitric acid and potassium ,oxide give potassium nitrate.
Sulphuric acid and potassium oxide give potassium sulphate.
The formation of a salt by the action of an acid up,on a base is due to the
redistribution of the atoms c'omposing the 'molecules of the two compounds, in
such a manner that some or all of the hydrogen atoms in the acid molecules exchange
places with certain metallic atoms from the molecules of the base. Acids! which contain only one atom of hydrogen 5'0 capable of 'becoming exchanged f.or a metal
are termed mono-basic acids; those with two, three, or four such hydrogen atoms
are distinguished respectively as di-basic, tri-basic, and tetra-basic acids.
If the whole of the d,isplaceable hydrogen in an acid becomes replaced by the
base, the salt formled is known as a normal salt. On the other hand, when, o'nly a
portion of the hydrogen atom\s is displaced by the base, the salt is distinguished as
an acid salt. Thus sulphuric acid contains two atoms of hydrogen in its molecule
(ass,ociated with one of sulphur and four of oxygen); if hoth the hydrogen atoms are
exchanged for potassium, the salt obtained is normal potassium sulphate, and when
only one is so replaced the sale is knO'wn as acid potassium sulphate. By the term
acid salt, therefore, mlUst be understood not a substance having the fatnjiliar properties of an acid, such as a sour taste and the power to redden litmus, but a salt in
which one or more ,of the hydrogen atoms of the original acid are still left in the
l110lect Ie. Son1e chenlists prefer to regard the acids thelllselves as the hydrogen
salts; accordingly they apply to nitric acid, sulphuric acid, nitrous acid, sulphurous
. acid, etc., the nanles hydrogen nitrate, hydrogen sulphate, hydrogen nitrite, hydrogen
sulphite, etc., respectively. I t is quite true that s'ome of the salts of this class do
p.ossess acid qualities and will redden litl11US, but this is due to what may be
regarded as merely the accidental circumstances of the acidic portion of the 'molecule being derived frol11 a strong acid. Many substances belonging to the class of
acid salts are perfectly neutral in their 'behaviour towards litmus, while, on the other
hand, some are strongly alkaline. For exanlple, acid potastsium sulphate is acid to
, test paper, acid calcium carbonate is neutral, while .acid sodium carbonate is alkaline.
A third class 'of salts is formed 'by the association of one or more molecules
of normal E?alt, with one or mlore additional molecules of the base: these are known
as basic salts. Thus, carbonic acid and the base lead hydroxide form such a salt
known a's basic lead carbonate.
----I!J~---
THE' ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

INTRODUCTION
LABORATORY OPERATIONS
When mea uring liquids, always read fro111 the 1 wer 111eniscus (graduation).
If you spill any powder or liquid on the work table, wipe it up as soon as possible.
Do not let it remain on the table for any considerable length of time without wiping
it up.
When mixino- Sulphuric Acid, i\LWAYS REMEMBER that the water must
EVER be added to the acid. The correct way to mix this acid is to pour the water
into a vessel, and add the acid, in small quantities, while keeping the liquid in constant
moverp.ent by stirring.
When pouring a liquid into a test tube, extend the arms as far as possible and
keep the middle of the tube on a level with your eyes.
ever hold the tlllbe close to
your body, with your face over the tube, while p,ouring in a liquid.
Always do exactly as the experiment tells you. If the experiment calls for 5
grams, use 5 grams, otherwise you will not obtain the desired results.
Wash your test tubes and bottles after each experiment. Do not leave them for
any length of time, as they will be much harder to clean.
Concentrated Acid means acid of the indicated specific gravity. Hydrochloric
acid has a specific gravity of 1 :19; Nitric acid has a specific gravity of 1 :42, and Sulphuric acid of 1 :84. Concentrated Am'monia should have a specific gravity of 0.09.
Diluted Acids (and _ 'mmonium Hydroxide):Dilute 1 part of Ammonium Hydroxide with 4 parts of Water.
Dilute 1 pa~t of Hydrochloric Acid with 4 parts of
ater.
Dilute 1 part of Sulphuric Acid with 6 parts ,of Water.
Dilute 1 part of Nitric Acid with 4 parts of Water.
The Metric system is the general unit of weigh ts and Ineasure in chemistry and
all the experiments will call for the Metric weights. Full infonnation about the
Metric system will be found on the following pages.
GLASS WORKING
Cutting Glass Plates. Lay the plate of glass on a perfectly smooth surface, and
measure off the required distance from the edge of the plate. N ow place a ruler on '
the plate in a line with the part to be cut, and with the left hand hold it in place. Take
the glass cutter in the right hand and draw it over the glass (guided by the ruler),
using a little pressure, and until you hear a ,distinct scratching noise. N ow pick up
the glass and with the side having the scratch away from you, press gently outward
with the thumbs and inward with the fingers. This should leave a fairly smooth edge.
Breaking Glass Tubing. Make a sharp scratch on the desired part of the tube
with a triangular file. Make ONE SCRATCIH, do not saw back and forth.
Fire Polishing. After you break a piece of ,glass tubing hold it in the flame of a
Bunsen Burner until the ends of the glass jus1t begin to soften.
Bending Glass Tubing. Use a Hfish-tail" burner, which gives a broad flat flame.
Hold the tube lengthwise in the flame so that the full heat of the burner will be
centered on about two inches of the tube. Roll the tube between the fingers, so that
the heat will be evenly distributed, but do not bend it or a:Uow it to bend, while it is in
the flame. The first indications that the tube is softening will appear when the
flame turns to a yellow color. As soon as the heated portion of the tube is soft
TAKE IT FROM THE FLAME and bend it at the angle which you desire. Do not
put it on anything except the asbestos pad while it is hot. i\l1 {bends should have the
same diameter at the bend as at any other part of the tube.
In fitting a glass tube to a rubber stopper, L WAYS run some water in the hole
and wet the tube before inserting, otherwise the tube might break and cause serious
results. A little oommon sense and care are prime requisites to good results.
FIRST AID
Soothing Burns from Acids
Moisten well a rag or sponge with dilute aqua ammonia and apply to the affected
parts. Then grease the parts with olive oil.
9
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
HAND GREN,ADES
It often happens in a laboratory that some inflammable acid is accidentally spilled
or some chemicals which do not agree be mixed. A very 'bad explosion ,or fire is
usually the outcome of such mistakes.
A sanitary and safe device can be made by the experimenter at the cost. of a
few cen ts which will end chemical fires as quickly as they begin.
I t consists of a mixture of chloride of calcium, twenty parts; sodium chloride
(common salt), five parts, and water, eighty-five parts. Several smaJ1 thin bot~les are
purchased, filled with this mixture and corked.
.
When a fire occurs. one of these grenades should be thrown in such a way that it
will break in or near the fire which will quickly be extinguished.
EXPERIMENTER'S APHORISMS
In the following, we wish to give. to the Experimenter some hints as to the use
of the different ingredient and how to work then1:
.
1. Always hear in m,ind that the exact w.orkin,g of a form'ula requires
ACCURACY, CLEA LI ESS, PATlE ,CE AND SKILL.
.
2. Know whClJt you are about before you start to experiment.
3. THE HISTORY OF FAILURES IS THE HISTORY OF SUCCESS
goes an old adage, and it applies well to the experimenter.
4. Many tim,es impure, wrong, or deteriorated raw materialls, spe.I1 FAILURE
instead of SUCCESS.
5. A great many of the chemicals and ingredients required, cannot be ohtained
from drug stores; 'buy them at a reputable supply house.
6. BEFORE CO DEMNI G A FORMULA, be sure the fault does not lie
with the 'manner of handling it, or the purity of the ingredients.
7. Be sure to mix the materials comprising a certain formula in the proper
sequence.
8. When starting to prepare a mixture especially one containing liquids, ask
yourself: "IS THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY C RRECT, AS INDTCATED BY A
HYDROMETER? IS TIHE TEMPERATURE RIGHT? IS THE QUANTITY
OR WEIGHT RIGHT?
9. Acids and water, when mixed should be manipulated in the proper manner,
i. e., THE ACID SHOULD BE PIOURED I -TO THE WATER, and not vice versa,
as the solution is liable to be forcibly ejected from the containing vessel and into
the mixer's face.
10. For any kind of SYSTEMATIC WORK, a floatino- THERMOMETER and
HYDROMETER, as weN as measurino- o-lasses and scales, should always be provided as GUESSWORK is EXPENSIVE and SOMETIMES FATAL.
11. Put la,bels ,on ALL bottles, boxes and packages with FULL INSCRIPTI 0 N as to their canten ts; it will avoid troubles and mistakes.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

METRIC SYSTEM
In place of the com'plicated English system of weights and measures, chem.ists
now use the very simple and convenient metric system. This system is based on
the meter, which has a length of a,bout 39.37 in. There are three principal uni,ts: the
meter, the liter, and the gram-the units of lenoth, capacity, and weight, respectively.
Multiples of these units are obtained by prefixing to he names of the principal units
the Greek words deka (10), hekto (100), and kilo (1,000); the subm,u'ltiples, or subdivisions, are obtained by prefixing the Latin words deci (1/10), centi (1/100), and
milli (1/1,000). These prefixes form the key to the entire system.
In the following tables, the abbreviations of the principle units of these submultiples ,begin with a smlall letter, while those of the multiples begin with a capital
letter. Chemists commonly use c.c. for cubic centimeter. The equivalents in the
common units in use in the United States are o-iven in connection with these tables.
10

MEASURES OF WEIGHT
10 milligrams
10 ceJ:?tigrams
10 decigrams
10 grams
10 dekagratns
10 hektograms
1 000 kilograms
==
==
==
==
==
==
==
centigram (cg)
1 decigram (dg)
1 gram (g)
1 dekagram (Dg)
1 hektogram (Hg)
1 kilogram (Kg)
1 ton (T)
1 gram == 15.432 grains Troy or .03527 oz. avoirdupois.

1 KNogram == 2.2046 lb. avoirdupois or 2.6792 lb. Troy
1 Metric Ton == 1.1023 Ton of 2,000 lbs.
The gram is the weight of 1 cubic centitneter (c.c.) of pure di tilled water at a
temperature -of 4 C.; the kilogram is the weight of 1 liter (1.) of water; the metric
ton is the weight of 1 cubic n1eter (CU.111.) of water at 4 C.
MEASURES OF VOLUME
1,000 cubic mjllimeters
== cubic centi111eter (c.c.)
1,000 cubic centimeters
== cubic decimleter (cu.dm.)
1,000 cubic decimeters
== cubic meter (cu.m.)
1 C.c. == .061023 cu. inch
1 CU.111. == 35.314 cu. ft. or 1.3079 cu. yd.
MEASURES OF CAPACITY
tnilliliters
==
centiliter (cl)
centiliters
== deciliter (dl)
deciliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
liter (1)
liters
:
== dekaliter (DI)
dekaliters
== hektoliter (HI)
10 hektoliters
== 1 kiloliter (KI)
1 liter == 61.023 cu. in. or 1.0567 liquid qt.- or .9078 dry qt.
The liter i equal in volu111e to 1 cu. dm.
10
10
10
10
10
EQUIVALENTS
MEASURES OF LENGTH
Metric
metre
decimetre
cen timetre
millimetre
U. S.
39.3704
3.9370
0.3937
0.0393
U. S.
yard (3 feet or 36 inches)
foot (12 inches)
.
Measure
inches
inches
inches
inches
Metric
0.9143 metres
30.40 centin1etres
ENGLISH SYSTEM
One United States gallon has a volume of 231 cu. in., and contains 4 qt., or 8 pt.
The English Imperial gallon contains 277.46 cu. in., hence the English gaUon is
equivalent to 1.20032 U. S. gal.
A gallon of pure water at 62 F. weighs 133.37 oz. Or 58,350 gr.; hence, 1 pt. of
pure water at 62 F. weighs 16% oz., or a little over 1 lb. The measure termed a
fluid ounce is a measure of volume, and not of weight, and is equal to 1/16 part of
a pint or approximately the volume of 1 oz. of pure water.
11
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
HAND GREN,ADES
It often happens in a laboratory that some inflammable acid is accidentally spilled
or some chemicals which do no't agree be mixed. A very 'bad explosion lor fire is
usually the ou tcome of such mistakes.
A sanitary and safe device can be made by the experimenter at the cost. of a
few cents which will end chemical fires as quickly as they begin.
It consists of a mixture of chloride of calcium, twenty parts; sodium chloride
(common salt), five parts, and water, eighty-five parts. Several smaU thin bottles are
purchased, filled with this mixture and corked.
.
When a fire occurs. one of these grenades should be thrown in such a way that it
will .break in or near the fire which will quir.kly be extinguished.
EXPERIMENTER'S APHORISMS
In the following, we wish to give. to the Experin1enter some hints as to the use
of the different ingredients and how to work them:
1. Always hear in m.ind that th e exar.t w,orkin.g of a formula requires
ACCURACY, CLEA LI ESS, PATIE ICE AND SKILL.
.
2. Know whaJt you are about before you start to experiment.
3. THE HISTORY OF FAILURES IS THE HISTORY OF SUCCESS
goes an old adage, and it applies well to the experimenter.
4. Many timles impure, wrong, or deteriorated raw materia/Is, spell FAILURE
instead of SUCCESS.
5. A great many of the chemicals and ingredients required, cannot be ohtained
from drug stores; 'buy them at a reputable supply house.
6. BEFORE CONDEMNING A FORMULA, be sure the fault does not lie
with the 'manner of handling it, or the purity of the ingredients.
7. Be sure to mix the materials comprising a certain formula in the proper
sequence.
8. When starting to prepare a mixture especially one containing liquids, ask
yourself: HIS THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY C RRECT, AS INDJ.CATED BY A
HYDROMETER? IS T'HE TEMPERATURE RIGHT? IS THE QUANTITY
OR WEIGHT RIGHT?
9. Acids and water, when mixed should be manipula'ted in the proper manner,
i. e., THE ACID SHOULD BE PIOURED INTO THE WATER, and not vice versa,
as the solution is liable to be forcibly ejected from the containing vessel and into
the mixer's face.
10. For any kind of SYSTEMATIC WORK, a floating THERMOMETER and
HYDROMETER, as weIll as measuring glasses and scales, should always be provided as GUESSWORK is EXPENSIVE and SOMETIMES FATAL.
11. Put IClJbels on ALL bottles, boxes and packages with FULL INSCRIP.TI 0 N as to their contents; it will avoid troubles and mistakes.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

METRIC SYSTEM
In place of the complicated English system of weights and measures, chem.ists
now use the very simple and convenient metric system. This system is based on
the meter, which has a length of a'bout 39.37 in. There are three principal units: the
meter, the liter, and the gr.am-the units of length, capacity, and weight,' respectively.
Multiples of these units are obtained by prefixing to t:he names of the principal units
the Greek w,ords deka (10), hekto (100), and kilo (1,000); the suhmu!ltiples, or subdivisions, are obtained by prefixing the Latin words deci (1/10), centi (1/100), and
milli (1/1,000). These prefixes form the key to the entire system.
In the following tables, the abbreviations of the principle units of these submulti'ples ,begin with a sm,all letter, whiile those of the multiples begin wit1h a capital
letter. Chemists commonly use C.c. for cubic centimeter. The equivalents in the
com'mon units in use in the United States are given in connection with these tables.
10

MEASURES OF WEIGHT
10 n1.illigrams
==
1 centigram (cg)
== 1 decigram Cdg)
10 cef?tigrams
==
==
==
==
==
1 gram (g)
1 dekagram (Dg)
1 hektogram (Hg)
10 hektograms
1 kilogram (Kg)
1 GOO kilograms
1 ton (T)
1 gram == 15.432 grains Troy or .03527 oz. avoirdupois.
1 KNogram == 2.2046 lIb. avoirdupois or 2.6792 lb. Troy
1 Metric Ton == 1.1023 Ton of 2,000 lbs.
The gram is the weight of 1 cubic centirneter (c.c.) of pure di tilled water at a
temperature ,of 4 C.; the kilogram is the weight of 1 liter (1.) of water; the metric
ton is the weight of 1 cubic n1eter (cu.nl.) of water at 4 C.
10 decigrams
10 grams
10 dekagrams
MEASURES OF VOLUME
1,000 cubic mlillimeters
1,000 cubic centimeters
1,000 cubic decimeters
==
==
==
cubic centimeter (c.c.)

cubic decimleter (cu.dm.)
cubic meter (cu.m.)
1 C.c. == .061023 cu. inch

1 CU.ill. == 35.314 cu. ft. or 1.3079 cu. yd.
MEASURES OF CAPACITY
lOIn illiIi te r s
'. . . ==
cen til it er (c I)
10 centiliters
== deciliter (dl)
10 deciliters
== liter (1)
10 liters
== dekaliter (DI)
10 dekaliters
== hektoliter (HI)
10 hektoliters
== 1 kiloliter (KI)
1 liter == 61.023 cu. in. or 1.0567 liquid qt., or .9078 dry qt.
The liter i equal in volun1e to 1 cu. dm.
EQUIVALENTS
MEASURES OF LENGTH
Metric
metre
decimetre
cen timetre
millimetre
U. S.
39.3704
3.9370
0.3937
0.0393
U. S.
yard (3 feet or 36 inches)
foot (12 inches)
.
Measure
inches
inches
inches
inches
Metric
0.9143 metres
30.40 centin1etres
ENGLISH SYSTEM
One United States gallon has a volume of 231 cu. in., and contains 4 qt., or 8 pte
The English Imperial gallon contains 277.46 cu. in., hence the English gaB'on is
equivalent to 1.20032 U. S. gal.
A gallon of pure water at 62 F. weighs 133.37 oz. Or 58,350 gr.; hence, 1 pt. of
pure Wiater at 62 F. weighs 16% oz., or a little over 1 lb. The measure termed a
fluid ounce is a measure of volume, and not of weight, and is equal -to 1/16 part of
a pint or approximately the volume of 1 oz. of pure water.
11
EXPERIMENTS IN. CHEMISTRY

One fluid ounce is equivalent to 29.57 C.c. and contains 455.86 gr. of water at
62 F. One gram is equivalent to 15.43 gr., and 1 oz. avoirdup-ois is equivalent to
28.34 gr.
The unit of dry measure is the bushel which contains 2,150.4 cu. in.
The avoirdupois pound contains 7,000 gr.
MEASURES OF WEIGHT (AVOIRDUPOIS)

grains (gr.)
== 1 ounce (oz.)
437.5
16
100
20
ounces
== 1 pound (lb.)
pounds
== 1 hundredweight (cwt.)
cwt., or 2,000 lb
== 1 ton (T)
T. cwt.
lb.
oz.
gr.
== 20 or 2,000 or 32,000 or 14,000,000
TROY WEIGHT
24 grains (gr.)
20 pennyweights
12 ounces
1 1b.
1 pennyweight (pwt.)
1 ounce (oz.)
1 pound (lb.)
or L40 pwt. or 5.760 gr.
==
==
==
lL,
uL..
DRY MEASURE
2 pints (pt.)
8 quarts
4 pecks
1 quart (qt.)
1 peck (pk.)
1 bushel (bu.)
or 32 qt. or 64 pt.
==
==
1 bu.
==
4 pk.
LIQUID MEASURE
4
gills
1 pint (pt.)
1 quart (qt.)
== 1 gallon (gal.)
== 1 barrel (bbI.)
barrels, o.r 63 gallons
== 1 hogshead (hhd.)
hhd. bbl. gal.
qt.
pt.
gills
1 == 2 or 0.3 or 252 or 504 or 2,016
==
2 pints
4 quarts
31.5 gallons
2
1 cubic foot of water at its maximum density 4 C., weighs 62.425 lb. and 1 gal.
weighs 8.345 lb.
LONG-TON TABLE
'== 1 pound (lb.)
16 ounces
112 pounds
20 cwt., or 2,240 Ibs
==
==
1 hundredweight (cwt.)
1 ton (L.T.)
COMPARISON OF UNITED STATES AND METRIC SYSTEMS

1 C.c. X .0338 == 1 fluid oz.
1 liter X 1.0567 == 1 qt. (liquid)
1 c.C. X .608 == 1 cu. in.
1 liter X .264 == 1 gal.
1 cU.m. X 35.315 == 1 cu. ft.
1 liter X .908 == 1 qt. (dry)
t g. X .0353 == 1 oz.
1 liter X .0353 == 1 cu. in.
1 gal. X 3.785 == 1 liter
1 m. X 39.37 == 1 inch
1 gr. (Troy) X .0648 == 1 gram
1 oz. (Troy) X 31.104 == 1 gram
1 kg. X 2.2046 == 1 lb.
1 oz. (avoirdupois) X 28.35 == 1 gram
1 pk. X 9.08 == 1 liter
1 qt. (liquid) X .946 == 1 liter
12

PER CENT. SOLUTIONS
A table glVl~g the weight in grains (avoirdupois) of any chemical substance
required to make a per cent. solution from 1 per cent. to 50 1?er ce~t. based on t~e
weight 'Of one gallon of water at 40 F. == 8.33888 llbs. (avOIrdupoIs) or one flUId
ounce of water weighing 456.03 grains (avoirdupois).
For each fluid ounce of water take
For a 1 per cent. solution.................... 4.66 Grains
2""
I'
9.38
"
3 "
14.10
4 u
.............
19.00
24.00
5 "
29.10
6 "
34.30
7 u
39.60
8 "
45.09
9 "
10
50.67
15 "
80.48
20 "
114.00
25 u
152.00
30 "
195.44
35 "
245.56
304.02
40 "
45 "
373.10
50 "
"
456.03
It should be noted that the above table applies to 'water; percentage solutions f.or
other liquids would necessarily have to be figured on the weight of the particular
liquid.
Percentage solutions are also sometimes made up from a saturated base.
This method is incorrect unless it is so designated in giving the formula, that is, by
stating in the formula saturated solution base. ~uch percentages are made by
placing in the liquid used, more of the chemical than the liquid will carry in solution;
this resulting solution is filtered to remove the excess chemical and then used as a
base. For example, to make a 10 per cent. solution, 10 per cent. of the base is used
and 90 per cent. of the pure liquid or in other words, 1 ounce of the saturated solution to 9 ounces of the liquid.
I'
.....
CONVERSION OF MEASURE EXPRESSED IN "PARTS"

Sometimes a formula in an experiment is expressed in "parts"; for example, a
formula may read: Use 1 'Part of nitric acid, 2 parts of potassium bichromate and 5
parts 'of water. All that is necessary would be to designate the exact quantity that
the part represents; then, if one grain for solids and one minim for liquids should
be used, the above formula would work out as follows: Nitric acid, 1 minim; potassium bichromate, 2 grains, and water,S minims. Of course, this can be multiplied
to any p1"oportion.
F,or further reference the following table will also be found very useful:
No. of
~
.
.
Grams,
parts
Grains
Minims
or c.C.
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5 5 5
5
10
10
10
10
20
1 scr.
20
20
50
50
50
50
60
1 ,dr.
1 dr.
60
100
dr. 2 scr.
1 dr. 40 min.
100
250
112 oz. 32 grs.
3 112 dr. 40 min.
250500
1 oz. 62 grs.
lh oz. 10 min.
5001,000
2 14 ,oz. 16 grs.
2 oz. 40 min.
1,000'
2,500
5lh ,oz. 94 grs.
5 oz. 1 dr. 40 min.
2,500'
5,000
11 ~ oz. 79 grs.
10 oz. 3 dr. 20 min.
500010,000
1 lb. 6%: oz. 49 grs.
20 oz. 6 dr. 40 m.in.
10;OQOt
13
ONE HUNDRED CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS
The experiments contained in this book were arranged with one idea in mind,
namely, that of enabling one to learn more, while seemingly at play. Chemistry and
its allied arts are of the greatest use in every industry of today. To be conversant in
chemistry is to thoroughly understand the whys and wherefores of Nature's wonderful series ,of chemical reactions shown in plants, minerals, animals and human
beings. All of these can be classed as large complex chemical engines. Chemistry
is a very spectacular and interesting science and many chemical phenomena are most
startling and mystifying to the layman. Chemistry is very often looked upon as a
dangerous profession. But this is. far from being the case. Contrary to an old
belief, a chemical experiment does not neces,saliily result in an explosion. All that
is necessary is a small amount of precaution and cleanliness of all apparatus used
in the various experiments. C'hemistry also plays an important part in the changes
through which the earth, the air and the water continually pa,ss. Now that we have
allowed our minds to dwell upon the proper aspect of chemistry, we will start to
perform the experiments as they fo11o\\r in consecutive order and gain a fundamental
and basic knowledge of all things chemical.
EXPERIMENT NO.1
A Test for Acids
The easiest test for acidity is accomplished ,by using the tblue Litmus Paper and
-placing it one-half way into the solution to be te,sted. The presence of acid is
shown by the Litmus Paper turning red.
EXPERIMENT NO.2
A Test for Alkalies
Proceed the same as in Experiment No.1 with the exception that for this test,
we use the red Litmus Paper, and if it turns blue, the solution can be 'Pronounced as
being alkali.
EXPERIMENT NO.3
To Test for the Presence of Lime
Place one-half measure of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO a) in the large test tube
one-half full of water. Shake ,this mixture well until it is thoroughly dis,solved. Allow
the solution to stand. After a few minutes if it shows a 'white turpidity, there is
a considerable amount of lime contained in the water.
EXPERIMENT NO.4
Showing How Steel May Be Easily Melted
Procure a small steel rod and ,heat 'it until i,t becomes a cherry red, and touch it.
with some Brimstone (Sulphur) (S). You will discover that it im'mediately melts
as though it 'were wax.
EXPERIMENT NO.5
Liquids Which Do Not Mix
Use a small test tube, wherein place a small quantity of Mercury (Mg), then a
small amount of Alcohol, and finally add Kerosene. A dis,tinct line will be noticeable
between each of the l,iquids. They do not comlbine with each other.
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
To Show the Necessity of the Presence of Oxygen to Produce Combustion
Apparatus. A small dish pan, a candle, a match and a clear glass milk bottle.
Directions. Light the ,match and hold underneath the 'bottom of the candle,
heating same slightly and when wax softens, place candle in the absolute center of
dish pan. Hold it there for a few seconds un til the wax at base of candle harcfens
14

and holds it in place. FiU the basin slowly Wlith water to a height of two inches,
measuring by the candle. Hold the milk bottle in your left hand and light ,the candle
. with your right. C'over the lighted candle very quickly, being careful not to create
a breeze that will blow it out. If you have been successful lin .placing the bottle over
the lit candle without extinguishing it, you will find that in a very short while the
flame will gradually ,become dim, and finally go out entirely.
Observation. The flame,
after having consumed all of
the Oxygen in the inverted
bottle. went out. It will also
be not-ed that the water level
on the inside of the bottle
is higher than the level of the
water in the basin.
Conclusion. The water
rose higher in the milk bottle due to the vacuum that
was created when the Oxygen (0) was consumed. Carbon Dioxide was formed by
the combustion and dissolved
in the water.
The flame
died out due to lack of Oxygen.
Oxygen
must
be
present to have a proper and
thorough combustion.
Note.
Carbon Dioxide
is soluble in about one-half
its volume in water.
EXPERIMENT NO.7
Production of Oxygen by Electrolysis
Apparatus. Electric batteries of not less than three volt output, a basin of wate~,
two test tubes, two pieces bare copper wire and Sulphuric Acid (H 2 S0 4 ) .
Directions. Connect battery as shown in diagram, fill test tubes with acidulate~
water, and invert with the free ends of copper wire within the tubes, placing them
in the basin of water containing a 20% solution of Sulphuric Acid (i.e., twenty parts
of Sulphuric Aoid (H2S04) to each one hundred parts of water). Close the circuit
and allow the current to travel through the electrodes in the two tubes.
Observation. I t will be noted that the test tube containing the positive electrode
expels one-half as much water in a given time as the negative electrode in test tube
No.2. The positive pole or the one with the least water expelled contains Oxygen (0).
l
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Production of Hydrogen by Electrolysis
Following the same directions as in the preceding
experiment, No.7, take the
test tube that has the greater
amoun t of air expelled and
containing the negative electrode, and you will find that
this contains Hydrogen (H)
Gas.
When taking these
tubes out of the water, leave
them inverted; that is, with
mouth downward so as to
miniulize the chance of the
gases escaping.
Take the
8t7.5lilor adClt//aleti 11'(1ler
~~~e (cf~c~ndo~~~k i\h~~l?;
piece of white chalk that has.
15
EXPER MENTS IN CHEMISTRY

been moistened, "No.1," likewise mark the tube containing Hydrogen (H) "No.2."
Still holding the test tubes inverted, light a match and allow the flame to burn for
a while. Blowout the flame and plunge the glowing ember into the Oxygen (N o. 1)
tube. It will again burst into flame. Take tube No.2 (containing the Hydrogen),
hold- a 'match to its mouth, and you will immediately have an explosion.
Conclusion for Experiments Nos. 7 and S. There are two parts of Hydrogen
to everyone part of Oxygen, which is the formula of water (H20). Water
qan be disassociated by the action of electricity into its two component parts.
~enerated
Observation. Hydrogen (H) is a violent explosive. Oxygen (0), is a sustainer

~f combustion. Sulphuric Acid (H2S0 4) is placed in the water in order to make it
~n electrolyte, thereby creating a better conductor of electricity than if water alone
were used.
1
EXPERIMENT NO.9
Making Hydrogen Chemically
Apparatus: One Ibottle, zinc filing, basin, glass t-ube, test tube, funnel or thistle
tube, cork and Sulphuric Acid (H2S04).
Pour st/lplJur/c
Clc/d here ....
.
I/ydroge/J gQS
comes otllbere:
~~~=~3~
/)e!lY~r!l
It/be
Woter
ftlled lest
tube . .
./ !Yo!er
zinc
"pieces
Directions: Place a small

quantity of zinc in a pint
milk bottle and cover the
zinc 'iVith water.
Arrange
apparatus as in diagram.
Add sufficient Sulphuric Acid
(H2S04) to cause bubbles to
form on zinc.
Collect the
Hydrogen Gas (H) from
tube under water as shown
in sketch.
Conclusion:
Hydrogen
is an invisible, inodorous and
tasteless gas.
.J
I.
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
Proving Some Other Properties of Hydrogen
Apparatus: A small rubber toy balloon, a sufficient quantity of Hydrogen Gas
(H) to fill it; generate the gas as in Experiment No.9.
Directions:
Inflate the toy balloon with the 'Hydrogen Gas.
Observation: A tendency for the balloon to rise is noted, and it will float in air.
Conclusion: Hydrogen is the lightest gas known.
'herefore, it made the balloon rise.
16
It lis lighter than the air,

EXPERIMENT NO. 11
The Production of Chlorine Gas

Apparatus: Two measures of Manganese Dioxide
(Mn02), a small test tube
three-fourths filled with Hydrochloric Acid (H Cl), glass
tube, 2 connections.
Directions: Shake conten ts.
Connect glass delivery tube from the small
test tube to a larger tube
con taining one ounce of
water as shown in diagram.
Heat the tube over an alcohol flame very gently.
Observation:
Bubbles
are noted going into the large
tube.
These bubbles are
Chlorine Gas for!ming with
the water to make a satura ted
solution of C'hloric Gas.
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Hydrochloric Acid
Apparatus:
Two test
tubes (one containing Chlorine Gas, the other Hydrogen
Gas), a spirit lamp or open
flame.
. . . C/J/orj,ne 90S
Directions:
Combine
Hydrogen Gas and Chlorine
Gas by placing the mouths of
both test tubes together
(see diagram), the mouths
being kept together by encircling with the fingers.
Allow the gases to mix. The
mouths of the tubes are then
quickly brought, in succession, over an open flame.
)-----~
Ll7cir c/e mou!1;
of!Jot!? lubes )fif!J .

.;~~~.:;;"'h.h.;.:~fingers
Conclusion: A slight explosion occurs and fumes of

a compound of Hydrochloric
Acid are formed with the
moisture of the air.
~. ./ hydrogen
17
gas
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
Spontaneous Combustion
A piece of paper moistened with Aqua Ammonia ancL placed into a test tube
-containing Chlorine Gals, will ignite spontaneously (without the add of an open
flame).
EXPERIMENT NO. 14
Another Spontaneous Ignition
In a spoon, melt a small quantity -of Sulphur (S) and while it is in the liquid
state, put a spoon in the tube containing Chlorine Gas. It will burn rapidly.
EXPERIMENT NO. 15
Generating Chlorine Smoke
Take a sheet of filter paper and soak in com,mon Turpentine, then fold. \\Then
this is put in the test tube containing Chlorine Gas, it will burn ilmmediately, producing much smoke. This is another form of spontaneous combustion.
EXPERIMENT NO. 16
Chloride of Mercury
Wit'h the Chlorine Gas as made in Experiment No. 11, fill a test tube. Now heat a
drop of Mercury (Mg) in the measure and when it is hot, pour it into the Chlorine
Gas. I t will burn with a reddish flame, producing Chlonide of Mercury (HgCI2)'
Thi s chemical is poisonous.
EXPERIMENT NO. 17
Bleaching Cloth
Put some differently colored cloths in ,SOlne Imoistened Chlorine Gas (Chloric Gas,
see Exp. No. 11), and in a few moments the color wiU have faded, leaving the material white. The dye has been "bleac1he,d out" by the chemical action of the Chlorine
Gas.
EXPERIMENT NO. 18
A Test for th'e Presence of Carbon Dioxide Gas
Repeat Experiment No.6, and just as the candle goes out, take the bottle which
now c.ontains Carbon Dioxide and pour Lime Water (see Exp. No. 25) into the bottle,
shaking the contents well. Exan1ine the solution and you will note that it contains
white particles, and that it is turbid. The white particles are Calcium Carbonate
(CaCOa) and are insoluble in water, hence ,here we have a good test for the 'presence
of Carbon Dioxide Gas.
EXPERIMENT NO. 19
Preparing Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda) (NaOH)
This is used in the manufacture of soap, bleaching solutions, etc. In a large
test tUlbe one-quarter full of Water (H20), .place one-quarter of a Imeasure -of
Calcium Oxide (CaO) and an equal amount of Sodium C'aflbonate (Na2Coa). Now
boil this solution for five 'minutes and then allow it to cool. Upon cooling, there
will be found a sediment of solid matter, while the clear -soluti,on, -when felt, has a
"soapy feeling." It is well to filter this solution and put aside for future experin1ents,
labeling it "Sodium Hydroxide" ( aOH).
EXPERIMENT NO. 20
Production of Nitrogen Gas (N)
In a test tube place one-fourth measure of Ammonium Sulphate (NH 4)2 SO",
and one-half measure of Sodium Nitrate ( aNO a) and moisten with about six or
seven drops of Water (H20), -whereupon Nitrogen Gas (N) will be produced.
EXPERIMENT NO. 21
Production of Ammonium Chloride (NH 4 CL)
Put five to ten drop,s of Aqua A'mmonia in a test tube and cover same with a
piece of stiff paper. Do likewise with a similar am,ount of Hydrochloric Acid (HCI),
invert and place the test tubes on top of each other. Pull the papers out. White
vapor will appear, the particles of which are Amlm oniun1 Chloride or Sal Ammoniac
(NH"Cl).
18
THE ELECTRO
EXPERIMENT NO. 22
Making Sulphuric Acid (H 2 S0 4 )
Take one-third measure of -Sulphur (S) and one measure of Manganese Dioxide
(Mn02) in a large test tube. Heat this mixture and by means of a delivery tube, the
free end is 'placed in -a saucer or cup containing one ounce of water. (See diagram,
Ex. No.9). After cooling, the resultant liquid will be a solution of Sulphuric Acid
(H2S04). Lalbel and :hold.
EXPERIMENT NO. 23
Boric Acid (HaBO a)
This acid is produced ,by filling the large test tube one-sixth full of water to
which is added twelve drops of Sulphuric Acid (H2S04) and three measures ot
Sodium Borate ( aB02). This rmixture should now be boiled for a few moments
and then allowed to cool. Upon cooling there will be found some flat and glossy
crystals of Boric Acid. Label liquid for future use, "Sulphate of Soda," and retain
B,oric Acid crystals.
EXPERIMENT NO. 24
Testing Boric Acid (HaBO a)
Fill a small test tube ,one-half full of water and dissolve one-half measure of
Boric Acid in this water. Now put a few drops of alcohol and a few ,drops of "the
solution just mia-de (Sulphate of Soda) (Na2S04) into the measure and light it by
means 'of a match. The fact that a green flame results, indicates that it is
B10racic Acid (HaBOa).
EXPERIMENT NO. 25
Making Lime Water
Here Calcium Chloride (CaCI2) is used. Three measures are placed in a half
glass of water and the resulting solution stirred. I t should then be allowed to stand
unti~ the ,powder settles.
N ow pour off the resulting clear solution and mark it
"Lime Water." (Prove by use of te,st for presence of lime; see Ex. No.4.)
EXPERIMENT NO. 26
Violet Iodine Vapor
Put a small quantity of iodine crystals in a test tube and apply very gentle heat,
whereupon it will be noted that a wonderful and mlost beautiful violet gas is given off.
EXPERIMENT NO. 27
Explosive, Using an Iodine Base
.
Put a very small quantity of Iodine Crystals in a dish and cover them with a
few drops of (aqua) Ammonia, and allow saJme to evaporate. In a short while crystals
will form, and they should be broken up into small pieces, while wet; and then allowed to dry on blotting paper.. Touching this with a stick at the end of which is a
bit of cotton will cause it to expl10de violently. We advise handling very carefully.
EXPERIMENT NO. 28
Another Way of Producing Hydrochloric Acid
Put two measures of Sodium Chloride ( aCl) in a test tube. Cover it well with
40% solution ,of Sulphuric Acid (H2S04) and a.I1ow to heat gradually. Hydrochloric acid gas will be given off and should be connected by means of a delivery tube
and 'another test tube one-half full \of water. A saturated solution is the result.
~
EXPERIMENT NO. 29
Calcium (Ca)
Take three teaspoonfuls of Calcium ulphate (CaS04) and add just enough
water so that a pasty cream results. An impression can be made from this by
pressing a 'penny into it, or any figure m'ay be moulded and when it- hardens it
retains the imparted shape.
EXPERIMENT NO. 30
Precipitating Barium Sulphate (BaS0 4 )
Take 10 drops of Water and add two drops of Sulphuric Acid. Now add a few
drops of Barium Chloride (BaCI2) and you will have a white precipitate of Barium
Sulphate.
19
EXPERIMENT NO. 31
Formation of Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
Heat one-half ,measure of Zinc Carbonate (ZnCog) and see that a supply of fres,h
air is constantly passing over the chemlical. Zinc oxide will form in a few minutes.
EXPERIMENT NO. 32
Green Paint
Take one-third measure of Nickel Chloride (N'iCI2) and pour a few drops of
Ammonia on same. A beautiful light green paint is the result.
EXPERIMENT NO. 33
Iron Chloride (FeCI~)
Heat an iron wire until it is red hot and allow sa'me to pass over a te/st tube
from which some hydrochloric acid gas is escaping. Light green crystals of iron
chloride form.
EXPERIMENT NO. 34
Copper Chloride (CuCI 2 )
Into two ounces of distilled \TV ater place three measures of Copper Sulphate
(CUS04). In one ounce of distilled Water make a saturated solution of Carbonate
of Soda (N a2COg). N ow, add the latter to fhe former, until the solution is distinctly
alkaline (test wit1h red lit,mus paper). The blue precipitate should be allowed to
settle, and a,s 111uch of the clear liqui,d should be poured off as is possible. Sufficient
Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) -should now be a1dded so as to just dissolve the prec:ipitate;
which it does readily, with effervescence. Upon allowing the liquid to evaporate,
green crystals of Cupric Chloride will be for111ed. T1his should be labeled and
held for future use.
EXPERIMENT NO. 35
Nickel Nitrate Ni(NO a)2
The Chloride or Sulphate of Nickel should be treated as in the above experiment with Sodium Car/bonate. The precipitate ,sh'Ould be dissolved in diluted Nitric
Acid. Green Nickel Nitrate is thus 'produced and may be crystallized and reta'ined
for other experiments.
EXPERIMENT NO. 36
Hydrogen Sulphide (H 2 S)
Hydrogen Sulphide is known as "Chemists' Food;" however, it is not to be eaten.
It is prepared by putting one measure of Iron Sulphide (FeS) in a test tube and covening same with I%: inches Water. Sulphuri,c Acid should now be poured down the
tube until the gas begins to form. Attach a delivery tube and collect the gas under
water. When the action has stopped, a little more acid should be put in. (Five parts
Water to one part Acid.)
EXPERIMENT NO. 37
Crystallization of Sulphur (S)
Heat some Sul,phur in an eva'porating dish nnt'il it melts, care being taken to
see that the temperature does not become too high. Then allow it. to cool. It will
be noted that as the sl1lp hur cools, small crystals ,shoot out continually.
J
EXPERIMENT NO. 38
Effects of Sulphur Gas
H'eat some Sulphur in a test tube, and note the following: A copper tube will
catch fire when placed in this tube. Nickel powder will burn spontaneously. Any
metal heated a little before 'it is placed in this gas will melt rea'dily.
EXP'ERIMENT NO. 39
Mercury of Tin
Take a small amount of granulated Tin and put a drop of Mercury over it. It
will be found that at once the Tin dissolves and apparently co'mbines with the
Mercury.
EXPERIMENT NO. 40
Carbon (C)
Procure some corn or cane syrup and allow a few drops of Sulphuric A,cid to
fall on same. \Vithin a few seconds steam will be given off and Carbon (C) formed.
20

EXPERIMENT NO. 41
Charcoal
Into a small test tube put a few pieces of wood and heat the test tube. In a.
short time the pieces wiU turn to charcoal and the gases (combustible carbon gases)
given off can be lighted.
. EXPERIMENT NO. 42
Chlorine Smoke
Put two measures of Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) in a test tube, and heat
gently for a minnte. A large quantity of smoke will be given off, until the
Ammonium Chloride is volatilized.
EXPERIMENT NO. 43
Does Your Mouth Contain Acid?
Place a piece of Iblue Litmus Paper in your Imouth, and if it turns red it is a
sure indication that you have an acid n10uth, and it is probably due to decayed teeth
or to a sour stomach.
EXPERIMENT NO. 44
Testing Soil
Dig up some soil and put a piece of blue Litmus Paper three-fourths of its
length in the soil and aUow it to stand for half an hour. If at the end of this time it
has turned partly red, it is an indication that the soil is acid and needs liming.
EXPERIMENT NO. 45
Reduction of Water in Volume
Fill a test tube one-half full of Water, marking the level of same in tube; then
pour in an equal quantity of Alcohol. I t will be noticed that the resulting height
will be less than 'previously, due to the chemical affiliation existent between Alcohol
and Water.
EXPERIMENT NO. 46
Another Way of Boiling Water
Put a few drops of Sulphuric Acid in a test tube and then pour a few drops of
water over this. The water w'ill boil immediately.
Caution: Do not expose any part of your body to mouth of test tube as acid
is spattered out when the water is poured upon it.
EXPERIMENT NO. 47
Discoloration of Flowers by Chemicals
A few drops of Water should be added to some Chlorine Gas. Any flower put
in this mixture will lose its color. The action is one of bleaching. .
EXP'ERIMENT NO. 48
Disappearing Writing
A letter written with the ordinary ink and imm,ersed in a bottle containing
Chlorine Gas, will cause the writing to fade away. This is a :bleaching action.
EXPERIMENT NO. 49
Invisible Ink No.1
Take a lemon and squeeze all the juice out, and write with an ordinary pen.
Upon being heated the writing will become visi'ble.
EXPERIMENT NO. 50
Invisible Ink No.2
Dissolve equal parts of Copper Sulphate (CUS04) and Ammonium Chloride
(NH 4Cl) in water until it becomes light green. F'ollow procedure in Experiment
No. 49. When heated the writing will turn yellow and become legible.
Some other Ink Recipes are given in the formulas below:
MAGIC INK RECIPES
Red Ink.-One drachm Potassium T'hiocyanate to one-half ounce of Water. Reagent-One-'half ounce 10f Ferric Chloride to one ounce of Water. Apply with a mop
or brush and writing will appear red.
21
Blue Ink.-One drachtTI Potassium Ferrocyanide to one ounce of Water. Reagent-Fifty per cent. solution of Ferric Chloride or other ferri.c salts.
Blue Ink.-One drachm Potassium Ferricyanide, otherwise called Red Prussiate
of Potash (note, not Ferrocyanide, which is Yellow Prussiate of Potash), to one
ounce of Water. Reagent-Strong solution of Ferrous Sulphate.
Black Ink.-Tannine (strong solution) for the writing solution. Reagent-Very
strong solution of Ferrous Sulphate.
Glycerine gives the ink more "body."
EXPERIMENT NO. 51
Erasure Ink
Take ordinary starch and dissolve -it in water and then add some iodine (I), and
shake well. Use this as regular ink. I t can be erased when dry and will leave no
trace, by simply rub bing a c.loth over it.
EXPERIMENT NO. 52
Preservation of Flowers
Dissolve t~o large measures of Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) in a glass of

water (H 2 0). If the flowers are 'put in a case containing this solution, they 'may be
kept for quite a while.
EXPERIMENT NO. 53
Discoloring Vegetables Chemically
To deprive all vegeta:bles of their colors, use a solution of Chloride of Lime.
They will lose all vestige of ever having had color.
EXPERIMENT NO. 54
Oxalic Acid
For cleaning a straw hat:
In a tumbler of Water place two spoonfuls of Oxalic Acid and use as a cleanser
on your straw hat. It may be used for renovating rust stains, cleaning copper and
brass, etc.
Caution: This is a poison. Care must be exerted.
EXPERIMENT NO. 55
Tin Plating by Chemical Action
Take two measures of Tartaric Acid (H 2 C4 H 4 Ca) and allow same to be dissolved
in two ounces of Water (H20).
,ow throw in some Tin (Sn) and a new penny
(C) and boil all the water off, whereupon you will find a silver coated penny.
EXPERIMENT NO. 56
Copper Plating
In a small test tube put two measures of Copper Sulphate (CUS04) and fill half
fut.1 of water.
ow put a clean piece of Carbon (C) or Steel (Fe) in the tube and
after a few moment,s it will be copper coated.
EXPERIMENT NO. 57
Electroplating with Battery
In the graduate place a strip of Copper and the article to be plated. Now fill
with the solution as used in Experilment o. 56 and connect to a -battery of three
volts. I t is in1portant to see that the strips of Copper are connected to the positive or
carbon pole of the battery.
The article to be plated is connected to the negative or zinc of the battery. This
process is much faster than the preceding one.
EXPERIMENT NO. 58
Fireproof Mixture
Make the following mixture:
Ammonium Carbonate, 1/6 mea,sure.
Boracic Acid, 1/5 measure.
Ammonium Sulphate, lh Imeasure.
Sodium Borate, 1/10 measure.
and Corn Starch, to make a pasty substance.
Dissolve in a large test tube half full of Water. All articles soaked in this mixture will become fireproof. T'his solution is used extensively to dip the filmy gauze
dresses of 'ballet dancer and the scenery used in theatres.
22
THE ELECTRO IMPORTING" CO., N. Y.

EXPERIMENT NO. 59
Fireproofing Any Kind of Fabric
A very good formula for this purpose is as follows:
Boric Acid, 3 measures.
B,orax, 4 (measures.
Water, 2 ounces.
Paint or soak fa:brics in the solution; then either hCl:ng up to dry or press fabric
with a hot iron.
EXPERIMENT NO. 60
Preparing Explosive Paper
Dissolve some Iodine crystals in aqua Ammonia; the amount makes no difference and for best results the crystals should not "be entirely dissolved. Then pour
the solution in a filter paper to filter. The pre,cipitate should then be put on different
pieces of pa/per and left to dry. When dry the paper will explode if touched;
the thicker the precipitate has been put on the paper the louder the report. A joke
can be played on anyone by placing it, when almost dry, vl'here they will touch it
when it is dry. Don't handle when dry because it will explode very easily. The
explosions will take place very easily. The explosions are harmless to anyone but
they cause heat and for this rea,son care should be taken where they ignite. The
correct proportion can best be found by experi'ment, since it differs with the material.
One part <of Iodine to 5 parts of Ammonia gives good results.
EXPERIMENT NO. 61
Producing Fireworks (Yellow Stars)
A small qauntity of ntin10ny should be thrown into a long tube filled with
Chlorine Gas and held mouth upward, whereupon it will produce a shower of burning yellow stars. This is similar to the method employed in making the 4th of
July Roman Candles.
EXPERIMENT NO. 62
Parchment Paper
Obtain some unsized paper and "make a solution of 1 part Water and two parts
Sulphuric (H2S0 4 ) Acid.
ow dip the paper into this solution for less than one
second and thoroughly wash the pa'per in clean running water. Allow it t,o dry and
then proceed to write w:hat you wi h upon it. It will withstand much more of a
strain than the -ordinary paper.
EXPERIMENT NO. 63
Fresh Egg Test
One may determine the freshness of an egg Iby floating the egg in a solution
of sodium chloride (comlmon table salt)-if the egg readily floats it has a low specific
gravity and that is a sign that it is stale while if the egg sinks rapidly it is fresh.
EXPERIMENT NO. 64
Testing Flour for Bleaching Substances
Obtain one measure of flour as used for 'baking and put in a test tube. Now
pour enough gasoline to fill the tube one-quarter full and after shaking for a
few minutes and the Imixture having been allowed to settle, a yellow solution will
indicate unadulterated flour. If the flour i,s bleached, the solution will be nearly
colorless.
EXPERIMENT NO. 65
Invisible Pictures Made Visible
Use some of the Hydrogen Sulphide Gas (H2S) as generated previously in the
following manner. Paint a picture Imade up with a solution of one-half measure of
Lead Acetate Pb(C 2 H 3 0 2)2 in one ounce of Water and allow it to dry. By passing
the 'Picture tJhrough the gas it immediately becomes visible in a dark brown tone.
23
EXPERIMENT NO. 66
The Trick of the Changing Colors
Get a picture or photograph of a girl and paint her hands and cheeks with
Phenolphthalein Solution (bought at any drug store). Having thus prepared the pictures you are ready for your trick. Put in a glass some Aqua Amlmonia (which
looks like water) and with a 'brush wash the picture 'back and forth with this liquid.
The parts painted with Phenolphthalein will appear red to the amazement of your
audience.
EXPERIMENT NO. 67
Pink Color
Put two ounces of clear Water in a large test tube (a'bout one-half full) and diss'olve one-half measure of sodium carbonate. By a,dding a few drops 'of fresh Phenol'phthalein, the solution will turn pink.
EXPERIMENT NO. 68
Blu'e Dye
Into a test tube half filled wit'h Water place ten to twenty drops of mmonia
and then put in a few pieces of bark obtained from the horse chestnut or birch tree.
As a result of the chemical action a blue dye 'will be formed.
EXPERIMENT NO. 69
Chemical Growths Resembling Foliage
A 10% solution of Sodium Sili'cate (water glass) is put into a glass or beaker,
and crystals of any or all of the following salts are dropped in; Copper Sulfate,
Ferrous Sulfate, Nickel Sulfate, CO'balt Nitrate, which can be purchased at any drug
store. Many other salts will give similar results 'but the various sulfates appear to
be the best.
Shortly after the crystals are placed in the solution they will begin to grow in
fantastic shapes, each of the salts giving a different growth of different color. The,se
growths look 5'0 much like undersea foliage that they have often been called "Submarine Gardens.'"
The rate of growth depends on the strength of the silicate solution; as the
crystaLs are due to a formation of the silicate of the particular salt used. A solution
of the strength mentioned above allows the crystals to grow in a more even manner at a rate which can be watched. The growths, however, will not keep unless
the solution is very weak, and then they grow too slowly.
EXPERIMENT NO. 70
Making a Solid from Two Liquids
Make up a transparent solu/tion of Zinc Sulphate (ZnS04). Fill a glass half full
of Zinc Sulphate solution and another with half glass of strong Ammonia (NH s ).
Pour them together and if the proportion be properly maintained a solid will result.
EXPERIMENT NO. 71
To Make Solids from Liquids
Pour a concentrated solution of Water Glass (sodium silicate) into a glass and
add enough Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) to make the solution aci'd. The solution will
turn into a solid resembling an opal and if the dish is inverted it will not fall out.
Dissolve a lump of alum in water and add enough Ammonia Water so t:hat the
solution smells strongly of it. Shake the mixture and it will turn to a thick transparent jelly.
EXPERIMENT NO. 72
Saturn's Trees
Put one measure of Lead _Acetate into a test tube one-quarter full of Water. This
solution sh'ould be heated gently, and a strip of zinc should be allowed to hang on
the inside for about ten hours, after which period, fern-like formations will be
found.
24

EXPERIMENT NO. 73
All from One Bottle
Fill a one-pint green bottle with a solution made up of Sulphate of Iron (FeS04),
one teaspoonful into a pint of warm Water, and upon dissolving) add seven drops of.
Sulphuric Acid (H2S04). Then procure four wine glasses. In the first glass, put one
measure of Calcium Chloride (C'aCI2) and allow it to dissolve in a few drops of
Water. Leave the second empty. In the third put 1/6 measure of Potassium Perm'ancranate (KMn04) which can be obtained from any drug house. The fourth
should contain one measure of Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCOa) mixe'd with a few
drops of Water (H20).
ow as some of the liquid is poured in the first glass, there
will appear to be milk; in the second, water; in the third, wine; and in the fourth,
champagne.
EXPERIMENT NO. 74
Freezing Solution
Fill a test tube half full of water and place in an ordinary glass. N ow put some
Ice and Sodium Chloride (N aCI) in the outer glass jar. It will be found that upon
taking temperature readings of the water in the test tube that they fall below zeroo C.,
or below 32 F. It is important that the water be kept still.
EXPERIMENT NO. 75
Blue Liquid from Two Colorless Liquids
Take one-quarter measure of Copper ulphate (CUS04) and dissolve same in
a few drops of Water.
ow dilute it until it appears colorless. Put a few drops of
qua Ammonia into this solution and it will turn blue.
EXPERIMENT NO. 76
Green Paint
Take one-half measure of Sodium Carbonate ( a2COa) and dissolve it in a small
test tube one-quarter full .of Water. N ow put an equal amount of Copper Sulphate
(ICUS04) in an equal amount of
ater and boil thi solution. The Sodium Carbonate solution should now !be mixed with the Copper Sulphate solution, whereupon
a beautiful green paint will be had.
EXPERIMENT NO. 77
Transparent Soap
Procure one measure of White Soap, and take about thirty drops of Glycerol.
Put this in a smal.1 tin tray and heat over the flame of a iBunsen burner or an
alcohol lamp for five or ten minutes until all of the Soap has melted and mixed with
the Glycerol. N,ow wait until it cools and it will be found that upon solidification
that the resulting Soap is transparent.
EXPERIMENT NO. 78
Electrolytic Rectifier (to Change A.C. to D.C. Current)
D.C.
In a small test tube put

an Aluminum electrode and
a Lead electrode. Fill this
tube with a saturated solution of Sodium Phosphate.
Connect as per diagram with
A. C. supply of curren t and
a D. C. current will be obtained. As this outfit is so
small it is advisable to connect a 10 W. lamp in series
as shown.
A.C.
/o/Yoll IJU/.6
DC.
A.C.
25
EXPERIMENT NO. 79
Making Sm'elling Salts
Take one measure ,of Calcium Oxi'de (CaO) and one measure of Ammonium
Chloride (NH 4 CI). Now heat the m'ixture over a flame for five minutes. It will
be noticed that a gas is generated which has the property of reviving one who has
fainted. This is Ammonium Gas.
EXPERIMENT NO. 80
Making a Weather Barometer
In a small test tube put one-half ounce of Alcohol and then one measure of
AIUlm. With the approach 'Of bad weather the Alum will cal1se the mixture to appe'ar
turbid, and on clear weather will turn clear.
EXPERIMENT NO. 81
Plaster of Paris
Take two measures of Calcium Chloride (CaCI2) and allow it to dissolve in one
oz. of Water, in a small test tube. Stir constantly with a glass rod so as to insure a
good mixture. N ow add Sulphuric Acid until the solution solidifies. Thus we have
Plaster of Paris.
EXPERIMENT NO. 82
A Good Test for Copper
First take the solution supposed to contain Copper and put it in a shallow
vessel. When the solution is ready, im'merse a pie.ce of Iron or Steel that has been
cleaned of all rust. If the solution contains C,opper the Iron or Steel will be coated
with MetaHic Copper. Should Copper not show in this test pour into the solution a
little Ammonia; if Copper is present a light blue precipitate will form and the
solution will take on a blue col'or.
EXPERIMENT NO. 83
Chemical Colors
An infusion of Logwood Chips and Water will change color when other chemicals are adde,d.
Take three glasses, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, and prepare the'm as follows :-Rinse No. 1
with strong Vinegar; dust No.2 with Powdered Alum; rinse o. 3 with a solution
of Copper Sulfate. The next step is t,o pour the Logwood into each. If the glasses
have been prepared correctly the Logwood in 1 TO. 1 will fade to a pale yellow.
That in No. 2 will become almost black and that in
o. 3 will change to a pale
purple. This is the principal set of changes, but foI.1owing is a list of changes using
not only Logwood but other chemicals also. Som1e of them can Ibe used as stated
a;bove but in the case of Ammonia, for instance, the odor would give it away.
Color changes that are due to chemit;;:al action.
1. Logwood
mmonia and Copper ulfate give a brown.
2. Logwood, Vinegar and Ammonia give a purple.
3. Logwood, Alum and Ammonia cause a red precipitate.
4. Logwood, Vinegar and Copper Sulfate give a brown.
5. Logwood, Amlmonia and Common Salt give a light brown.
6. Logwood, Copper Sulfate, Clom'm/on Salt and Alum, mixed, give a pink.
7. Phenolphthalein and Ammonia give a bright red (test for free Am.monia).
8. Copper Sulfate and Amm'onia o-ive a bright blue (test for Copper Sulfate).
9. Logwood and Hydr,ogen Peroxid o-ive a pale yellow.
10. Logwood and Copper Sulfate and Caustic Soda give a pale blue precipitate.
EXPERIMENT NO. 84
Making a Crystal Basket
Water 'will, espe,cially when boiling, dissolve large quantities of various substances, which when the
ater has cooled, are left behind in the form 'Of most
.beautiful crystals, the shapes of which may vary with the substance employed. One
may take advantage of this fact to nlake very handsome ornaments. It is also known
that boiling Water will take up a much larger quantity of Alum than cold Water.
If we dissolve as much Alum as possible in the former, as the liquid co'Ols, crystals.
of Alum will be ,deposited on any obje,ct p'laced in the fluid. A piece of Coke or
Cinder allowed to stand in a boilino- solution of Alum will become coated with numer,ous glistening crystals as the liquid cools. It will have the appearance of a
naturally formed mineralogical pecitmen.
26

Ornamenta1 baskets, etc., may be formed in this way by covering wire or willow
baskets. The baskets covered wi th wire and then cotton are the most successful
as the surface to !be coated with crystals must be somewhat rough. Take twice as
much Water as will be sufficient to cover the 'basket, boil it in a saucepan and add
as much Alum as will dissolve in the water. A quart of Water will require about 18
ounces of Alum. Strain this through muslin or blotting paper into a large jar apd
hang the basket in the boiling liquid. Stand the jar on one side to cool and keep free
from dust. In a few hours the basket will be com,pletely covered with white crystals
of Alum. Should it be desired to color the crystals, add the requisite dye-stuff
to the Alum solution before straining it. A few drops of cheap dye will serve the
purpose \Nell.
EXPERIMENT NO. 85
Cold Soft Solder
Precipitate some Copper from a Copper Solution, such as Copper Sulfate or
Copper Nitrate by means of Zinc or Iron filings. Into a mortar pour some Mercury
and the Copper Precipitate. Add a few drops of dilute Sulfuric Acid and o-rind
until the Copper has united with the Nlercury. Wash the Amalgam with Water till
bright and clean. Put into a cloth to dry and by means of a twisting motion, like
grapes are strained, squeeze out the exces's of Mercury until the Copper Amalga,m
is just workable~by the fingers. Rub well into the surfaces to be joined and press
together over night. Some of the 1\1 ercury penetrates the surface and some of the
Copoer Crystalizes out, and the compound becomes very hard. Strange t.o say this
compound is silver white. By using more Mercury a pliable metal is obtained that
hardens slowly. If the solder is too hard, grind up with more Mercury. Keep Gold
and Silver] ewelry. etc., out of the way, as Mercury destroys them.
EXPERIMENT NO. 86
Undercooled Water
Obtain a tumblerful of crushed Ice and mix in two or three spoonfuls of ordinary
Table Salt. N ow place a clean test tube about one-!quarter full of pure Water in
this mixture. Do not allow any of the Salt or Ice to get into the test tube. If kept
perfectly quiet, the water in the test tube may be cooled to minus 4 or 5 degrees Centigrade (25 ,degrees) Fa'hrenheit) even as low as minus 10 degrees Centigrade (15
degrees Fahrenheit), without solidifying. If this water in the undercooled state is
stirred, or if a tiny crystal of ice is -added, it immediately freezes and its te,mperature rises to zero degrees Centigrade or (32 degrees Fahrenheit) the freezing point.
EXPERIMENT NO. 87
An Explanation of Solution
Dissolve a spoonful of common Table Salt (Sodium Chloride) in a half glass of
Water.
N ow pour this solution into a small pan or sim/ilar cooking utensil and heat
on the stove until the water is all driven off. Taste what you find remaining in
the 'Pan and satisfy yourself that it is the same Salt that you -originally started with.
Unless the pan is heated very gently and when the salt is nearly dry you wiU find
there will be some violent popping due to the expansion of steam in the crystals
of Salt.
EXPERIMENT NO. 88
Softening Hard Water
If the water in your hOtne is hard, add a spoonful of household atnm\onia to a
basinful of this water before washing in it. Note the ease with whic'h a lather can
be raised with the soap.
EXPERIMENT NO. 89
Making Water from Fire
Take a cold dry glass and invert it over a lighted candle, holding the mouth
just above the flame for a few seconds. Remove glass and examine the inside of
same. You 'will observe that a film of m\oisture has been deposited on the inside of
the cold glass.
.
T'he water was liberated from the flaJme in the f.orm of steam and in order to
m'ake it visilble it was necessary to condense it on some' cold object:
27
EXPERIMENT NO. 90
Making Ammonia in Your Hand
Put one measure of Calcium Oxide and one measure of Am1monium Chloride in
the palm of your right hand and mix with the index finger of your left hand. Smell
the mixture occasionally and notice that Ammonia gas is being generated.
EXPERIMENT NO. 91
Another Way of Making Ammonia
Place two measures of Ammonium Chloride in a test tu'be and add two measures
of Sodium Car1bonate (Na2C03). Heat the mixture gently and notice the smell of
ammonia at the mouth of the test tube.
EXPERIMENT NO. 92
A Study of the Prop'erties of Sulphur
Place two measures of Sulphur into a dry test tube and heat gently over a flame.
1. N ate that it first melts to a dark liquid and then is converted into vapor. The
vapor recondenses in the cool upper part of the test tube.
2. N ow put two measures of Sulphur in a spoon and heat this over the flame.
While the Sulphur is burning smell it cautiously. In o. 1 the Sulphur in the test
tube did not burn because there was an insufficient supply of air. In No.2 the Sulphur did burn, due to the fact that it united with the Oxygen (0) of the air forming
the o-as, Sulphur Dioxide (S02).
Sulphur is odorless; try it by sme1ling. What is usually termed the odor of
Sulphur or Brimstone is the smell of Sulphur Dioxide.
EXPERIMENT NO. 93
Flame Color Test for Zinc
Place a small quantity of Granulated Zinc in the bottom of your measure ~nd
shake small quantities of it into the flame of the alcohol lamp. Note the str'ong
greenish tinged flame which ensues. This flame is characteristic of Zinc and its
compounds.
EXPERIMENT NO. 94
Coins
Heat a copper cent in a gas flame or on a coal fire until it becomes red hot.
Let a few drops of Water fall on the coin and when it cools, take note of the formation of Black Copper Oxide which covers it. Try the above experiment with a silver
ten cent piece and observe that a somewhat lighter coat of Black Oxide is obtained
in this case. Pure silver will not oxidize in air even when heated. The black
coating is Copper Oxide (CuO) and the presence of same proves that the coin is not
pure silver.
EXPERIMENT NO. 95
The Decomposition of Sugar
Sugar is a compound of Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon. When heated the
Hydrogen and Oxygen are given off in the form of Water and the Carbon remains.
Place 4 measures of granulated sugar in a spoon and heat it over an alcohol
laJmp flame for a few moments. The sugar finally melts and turns brown. Water
(H20) is given off in the form of steam and there finally remains a black porous mass,
almost entirely Carbon.
EXPERIMENT NO. 96
To Make Coal-Gas
Heat some coal-dust in a small flask made of hard glass and pr'ovided with a cork
and delivery tube. In a short time a mixture of various vapors will begin to pass off
together with a certain a1mount of smoke. Some of these vapors wi'll condense on
the upper part of the flask and in the delivery tube. These vapors should then be
collected over Water when many of the impurities will be separated, and clear gas
will be obtained. Apply a match cautiou ly and the gas will burn with a bright flame
just as the gas supplied to our homes.
28
THE ELECTRO IMPORTING COo, N. Y.

EXPERIMENT NO. 97
Burning Iron
Take a fine iron wire and dip one end into Flowers of Sulphur. A little of the
Sulphur will probably adhere; if not, it may be made to do 5'0 by first heating the
end of the wire. Now io-nite the Sulphur, and while it is burning pass it quickly
intd a jar of Oxygen. The burning Sulphur heats the Iron wire to redness, and
then the Iron itself c'ommences to burn brilliantly, continuing to do so until either
the metal or the Oxygen is consumed. Upon examining the jar there 'will be found
numerous small particles of a black substance. This is Black Oxide of Iron.
EXPERIMENT NO. 98
Removing Tarnish from Silver by Electricity
To remove tarnish from Silver electrically, make a dilute acid solution, 1 part
chemically pure Sulphuric Acid to 10 parts of Water, and use a Carbon electrode.
Immerse the articles to be cleaned. The tarnish will disappear in a few minutes
without injury to the silver.
In the absence of a battery, suspend the silverware in the solution and bring a
piece of Aluminum in contact with it. This will restore the lustre.
EXPERIMENT NO. 99
Whitening Old and Discolored Marble
To whiten old and discolored marble mantels, hearthstones, vestiibule floors,
basins, table tops and the like, treat in the following manner:
Take some Muriatic Acid, a paint brush and a pair of old gloves. After wiping the
dust off with a wet cloth and allowing the Imarble to thoroughly dry, don your gloves
to protect your hands from possible c'ontact with the acid and pro-ceed to brush the
acid over the marble as you would a paint. You will be obliged to turn your head
and take a breath between strokes so as to avoid inhaling the fumes which arise as
you apply the acid. The marble 'will show astonishing results.
EXPERIMENT NO. 100

Cementing Glass Receptacles, Tubing, etc..
Take about half a pound of finely pulverized Stone and Glass (in equal proportion, i. e., a quarter pound of each), and after thoroughly mixing it with four ounces
of Sulphur subject the compound to a moderate heat until the Sulphur melts. At this
point stir well until the whole is homogeneous, and then pour into a mould until
required for use.
When needed, it should be reheated to 248 degrees F., at which temperature it
melts freely. This cement is a:bsolutely impervious to water, it resists acids and all
atmospheric action, is not affected by boiling water and even at a temperature of 230
degrees it holds firmly and remains hard.
----~----
29
Poisons
POISON - ANrrIDOTES
Antidotes
(a) Acids
Oxalic
Nitric
Hydrochloric
Sulphuric
Carbolic
Muriatic
Nitro-Muriatic
Acetic
Chalk, whiting, or magnesia in water.

Bicarthonate of soda, or carbonate of magnesia,
chalk; in emergency, plaster of the room beaten
up in water.
White of egg well ,beaten up with water. A teaspoonful of mustard flour in a cup of hot water.
Very thick lime water.
Soap and water, lime, magnesia, milk, oil, thick
gruel.
,
Fresh air, artificial respiration, friction.
Lime 'water, castor oil.
White of egg in water. Mustard flour.
Continuous and heavy douches of ice cold water
over head and back.
Mustard plasters on
stomach and soles of feet. Prevent sleep.
Carbonic
Tartaric
Chromic
Prussic
Acetate of Lead
Bichromate -of Potash
Nitrate of Silver
(b) Metallic Salts
Preparations or compounds of
Chromium, Antimony, Copper, Mercury, Zinc
.
Ammonia
Potash
Soda
Sulphate of soda or magnesia.

Magnesia and chalk. Emetics.
Common salt in water, followed immediately by
emetic.
White of egg in water. Teaspoonful of mustard
flour in cup -hot water.
(c) Caustic Alkalines
Vinegar in water. Lem'on JUlce. Oil.

cent drinks. Large doses of milk.
Demul-
(d) Vegetable Poisons

Ivy
Saline laxatives.
Apply weak lead water and laudanum, or lime
water and sweet oil; or bathe freely with spirits
of nitre.
Strong coffee. Douche. Stomach pump.
Stomach pump. Emetics. Coffee. Artificial respiration.
Stomach pump. Emetics. Tannic acid. Stimulants.
Stomach pump or emetics. Ca,stor oil. Warmth.
Stimulants.
to mach pumps or emetics, inhale ammonia.
Douche. Artificial respiration.
tomach pump or emetics; stimulants, tannic acid.
Hot applications to skin; keep patient lying
down.
Alcohol
Belladonna
Digitalis
Mushrooms
Opium, Morphine
Nic-otine
( e) Miscellaneous
Ether, Petroleum, Benzine, Fruit

Essence
Arsenic and all compounds
Chloroform
Coal Gas
Iodine
Phosphorus (matches)
Snake Bite
Plenty of mustard flour in large quantity of hot

water. Cold water douches. Fresh air. Preven t absolutely sleep.
Stomach pump. Teaspoonful mustard flour in
hot water. Teaspoonful dialyzed iron mixed
with same quantity of calcined magnesia every
five minutes for one hour. Then plenty of oil,
or milk.
Stomach pump or en1etic. Solution of carbonate
of soda. Mustard to the heart.
Mustard to the heart. Artificial respiration. Stimulants.
Stomach pump or emetic. Starch.
Emetic. French oil of turpentine. Copper Sulphate. Purgatives.
Cauterization and ligature. Stimulants. Permanganate, liquor potassae, artificial respiration.
Ammonia injection.
30

CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES-THEIR TECHNICAL AND
CO'MMON NAMES
Nearly all the chemicals in common use today have more than one name, and
the purpose of this list is to classify some of the most common ones in use for the
bene'fit of the a,mateurs who sometimes bec'ome confused in the different names.
Chemicals in the two lists opposite each other are the same.
Common Name
Chemical Name
Aqua Fortis
Aqua Regia
Blue Vitriol, Qr Blue Stone
Calomel
Chalk
Creanl of 'fartar
Salt of Tartar
Caustic Potassa (Potash)
Chloroform
Common Salt
Copperas, or Green Vitriol
Corrosive Sublimate
Dry Alum
Epsom Salts
Ethiop's Mineral
Galena
Glauber's Salts
Ir,on Pyrites
Jewelers Putty
Kings Yellow
Laug,hing Gas
Lime
Lunar Caustic
Muriate of Lime
Niter of Saltpeter
Oil of Vitriol .
Realgar
Red Lead
Rust of Iron
Sal-Ammoniac
Slacked Lime
Soda
Spirits of Hartshorn
Spirits of Salt
Stucco 'or Plaster of Pari
Sugar of Lead
Verdigris
Vermilion
Vinegar
Volatile Alkali
Water
White Vitriol
Borax
Brimstone
itric Acid
itric and Hydrochloric Acid
Su'lfate of C,opper
Sub-Chloride of Mercury
Calcium Cat1bonate
Tartarate of Potassium
Carbonate of Potassium
Hydrate Potassium
Chloride of Formyle
Chloride of Sodium
Sulfate of Iron
Bi-Chloride of Mercury
Sulfate AIU'm~num and Potassium
Sulfate of Magnesium
Black Sulfide of Mercury
Sulfi'de of Lead
Sulfate of Sodium
Bi-Sulfide of Iron
Oxide of Tin
The Sulfide of Arsenic
Protoxide of
itrogen
Oxide of Calcium
itrate of Silver
Chloride of Calcium
Nitrate of Potash or Potassium Nitrate
Sulfuric Acid
Bi- ulfide of Arsenic
Lead Oxide
Iron Oxide
Muriate of Anlmonia
Hydrate Calcium
Oxide of Sodium
Ses.quicarbonate of Ammoniunl
Hydrochloric or Muriatic Acid
Sulfate of Lime
cetate of Lead
Acetate of Copper
Sulfide of Mercury
cetic Acid (dilute)
.i\.mmonia
Sub-Oxide ,of Hydrogen
Sulfate of Zinc
Sodium Borate
Sulphur
J.
31
Common Name
Butter of Antimony
Fowler's Solution
Gypsum
Horn Silver
Hartshorn
Hypo
Lime Water
Litharge
Magnesia
Meerschaum
Mosaic Gold
Niter
Niter Cake
Prussian Blue
Prussic Acid
Pyr,o
Quicksilver
Rochelle Sa;lts
Sal Soda
Water Glass
White Lead
Chemical Name
ntimonous Chloride
Potassium Arsenite
Calcium Sulphate
Silver Chloride
i\mm'onia Water
Sodium Hyposulphite
Calcium Hydrate
Lead Oxide
Magnesium Oxide
Magnesium Silicate
Tin Bisulphide
Sodium itrate
Sodium Bisulphate
Ferric-<Ferrocyanide
Hydrocyanic Acid
Pyrogallic Acid
Mercury
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate
Sodium Carbonate (crysta'l)
Sodium Silicate
Lead Carbonate
FORMULAS
FOR CLEANING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
Alabaster. Use strong soap and water.
Black Silk. Brush and wipe it thoroughly; lay on a table with side intended to
show, up; sponge with hot coffee strained through m,usIin; when partly dry, iron.
To Remove Stains or Grease from Oil Paint. Use Bisulfid of Carbon, Spirits of
Turpentine, or if dry and old, use Chloroform", These and tar spots can be softened
with Olive Oil and Lard.
Stains, Iron Rust, or Ink from Vellum or Parchment. Moisten the spot with a
solution of Oxalic Acid. A'bsorb same quickly by blotting paper or cloth.
Rust from Steel. Take half ounce of emery powder with one ,ounce of soap and .
rub well.
Fruit Spots from Cotton. Apply cold soap, then touch the spot with a hair
pencil or feather dipped in Chlorate of Soda, then dip imn1ediately in cold water.
Grease from Silks. Take a lump of Magnesia, rub it wet on the spot, let it dry,
then brush the powder -off.
Iron Rust may be removed from white goods lby sour milk.
Scorch Stains from White Linen. Lay in bright sun.
Mildew. Moisten the spot with clean Water, rub on it a thick coating of Castile
Soap mixed with Chalk Scrapings, rub with end of finger, then wash off.
Oil Marks on Wall Paper. Apply paste of cold water and pipe clay, leave it on
all night and brush off in the :morning.
Paint Spots from Clothing. Saturate with equal parts of Turpentine and Spirits
of Amm-onia.
. To Cleanse House Paper. Rub with a flannel cloth dipped in oatmeal.
Black Cloth. Mix one 'part of Spirits of Ammonia with three parts of warm
water, rub with sponge or -dark cloth, clean with Water, rub with the nap.
Furniture, for Finger Marks. Rub with a soft rag and sweet oil.
Chromos. Go over ligh tly with a damp linen cloth.
Zinc. Rub with a piece of cotton cloth dipped in kerosene; afterward with
a dry cloth.
Hands from Vegetable Stains. Rub with a slice of raw potato or lemon.
Window Glass. Paint can be removed by a strong solution of soda.
To Clean Tinware. Comm,on soda applied with a moistened newspaper and polished with a dry piece will make it look like new.
32
Keep. you Posted on the Latest Scientific Doings
ELECTRICAL EXPERIMENTER
Science and Invention
Edited by H. GERNSBACK
Devoted solely to the interests of the experimenter. Is clean, up-to':'
date and original. The magazine you must have.
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'l.nd apparatus which are already assembled:
Student's chromic plunge battery, compass-galvanometer, solenoid, telephone receiver, electric lamp.
Enough various parts, wire,
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the following apparatus:
Electromagnet,
electric
cannon,
mag net i epictures, dan c i n g
8 P ira I, electric
hammer, galvano met e r, v 0 I tmeter, hook for
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e furnish.
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Shipping weight, 8 lbs.
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$5 00
IMMEDIATE SHIPMENTS

1918 Gernsback Chemistry

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CONTAINING A TREATISE ON ELEMENTARY

Copyright 1918, by Electro IlDportiDg Co., N. Y.

PRICE LIST OF CHEMICALS FURNISHED WITH

Lead Acetate Pb (C,HaO,) ..... $0.10

PRICE. LIST OF APPARATUS FURNISHED

All Chemicals have to be sent by express, as the postal authorities don't

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING COMPANY

NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO.

Symbols and Atomic Weights for a Num-ber of -the Most Common

Fire Extinguisher Hand Grenades

Weights and MeasuresMetric System

Per Cent. Solutions

Conversion of Measure Expressed in "Parts"

One Hundred Chemical Experiments

Their Technical and Common Names

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

THE' ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

1 gram == 15.432 grains Troy or .03527 oz. avoirdupois.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

cubic centimeter (c.c.)

1 C.c. == .061023 cu. inch

EXPERIMENTS IN. CHEMISTRY

MEASURES OF WEIGHT (AVOIRDUPOIS)

COMPARISON OF UNITED STATES AND METRIC SYSTEMS

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

CONVERSION OF MEASURE EXPRESSED IN "PARTS"

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

8t7.5lilor adClt//aleti 11'(1ler

~~~e (cf~c~ndo~~~k i\h~~l?;

piece of white chalk that has.

EXPER MENTS IN CHEMISTRY

Observation. Hydrogen (H) is a violent explosive. Oxygen (0), is a sustainer

Directions: Place a small

Inflate the toy balloon with the 'Hydrogen Gas.

It lis lighter than the air,

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

The Production of Chlorine Gas

Ll7cir c/e mou!1;

of!Jot!? lubes )fif!J .

Conclusion: A slight explosion occurs and fumes of

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

Dissolve t~o large measures of Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) in a glass of

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING" CO., N. Y.

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

In a small test tube put

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING COo, N. Y.

EXPERIMENT NO. 100

Chalk, whiting, or magnesia in water.

(b) Metallic Salts

Sulphate of soda or magnesia.

(c) Caustic Alkalines

Vinegar in water. Lem'on JUlce. Oil.

(d) Vegetable Poisons

Ether, Petroleum, Benzine, Fruit

Plenty of mustard flour in large quantity of hot

THE ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., N. Y.

Keep. you Posted on the Latest Scientific Doings

~~~e (cf~c~ndo~k i\hl?;