Antenna Co-planar Array of X-band frequency 9.

4
GHz for Radar
Yussi Perdana Saputera1, Yuyu Wahyu1, and Mashury Wahab1
Research Centre for Electronics and Telecommunications of
The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (RCET-LIPI),
Sangkuriang road, Building 20, 4th Floor, Indonesia
Yussips@gmail.com

Abstract - In this paper, carried out research on the

development of radar antenna for X-band, with a resonant
frequency of 9.4GHz. Antenna designed using coplanar array,
the module is designed radiating patch of 4, 4 co-planar patch
on the left side of the main and 4 co-planar on the right side of
the main patch. Bandwidth resulting from the simulation is
677.8MHz, at a frequency of 9.0815GHz - 9.7953GHz. In the
realization of Bandwidth is 419MHz. The resulting simulated
VSWR at a frequency of 9.4GHz is 1.0256 and 1.056 for the
realization of results. The resulting gain is 13.38dBi for
simulation, and 14.1dBi for realization.
Index Terms Antenna; Radar; co-planner and Bandwidth

I.

INTRODUCTION

Radar is Electronics and Telecommunication technology

has an important role in the defense, surveillance, observation
and battle a State. Currently, Indonesia with research
institutions (The Indonesian Institute of Sciences - LIPI) has
succeeded in making radar LPI (Low Probability of Intercept)
is installed on warships Indonesia republic, and coastal radar.
Radar antenna is designed using the method of planar arrays
with the rectangular radiating patch 64 patch arrays stacking
horizontal and 4 vertical array patches. It aims to generate
antenna specifications:

With the advancement of science and technology,

research done by maximizing the quality of the radar antenna,
ranging from the dimensions and performance of the radar
antenna. In this paper designed and manufacturing antenna
that has a large gain and wide bandwidth, with increasingly
smaller dimensions. Using methods generated coplanar with
the smaller dimension.
II.

BASIC THEORY

A. Basic Concept of Antenna

The antenna is a part of a wireless telecommunications
system used to transmit or receive radio waves The IEEE
Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas (IEEE Std 1451983). Based on these definitions it can be concluded that the
antenna can function as a receiver and a transmitter which is
the intermediate medium between the guided waves with
wave-free. Guided wave is a wave with a slight loss in the
transmission line, while the vacuum wave is a wave that is
emitted into free space so as to form layers. Guided wave
which flows along the transmission line, waves radiated into
vacuum. Transition region between the guided wave and
wave vacuum can be called antenna [1].
Line Electromagnetic field

Frequency: X band (9.37 9.43GHz)

Microstrip Patch array with gain ~ 30dB.
Dual antenna configuration for transmit and receive.
Bandwidth : > 60MHz
Horizontal Beamwidth: < 1 degree.
Vertical beamwidth: < 20 degree.

Transmission Line

Signal Generators
Guide Wave
Transition area Free space wave
Or Antenna
radiation
Fig. 2. Basic Concept of Antenna [1].

B. Microstrip Antenna
Microstrip antenna is an antenna in the form of a thin board
and capable of working at very high frequencies. In its most
basic form, a microstrip antenna consists of a field (patch)
radiating on one side of the layer (substrate) dielectric which
has a base plane (ground plane) on the other side [2], [3].
Fig. 1. LPI radar antenna made in Indonesia with Radom, in Indonesian
Warship * Document Radar RCET-LIPI.

978-1-4799-7447-4/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE

The length L formulated ass follows:

(6)

For the resonance frequenccy f0 indicated, the effective

length is given as:
(7)

Fig. 3. Microstrip field structure.

C. Microstrip line
F.

Microstrip indentation (Curvved Bend)

Bend
Fig. 4. Transmission line structure.

The formula for calculating the width of the

t microstrip line
is given by the following equation [2], [4].
.

With r is the relative dielectric constant and

a B,

Fig. 5. Curvedd bend Design.

One way to reduce the returrn loss in the curve is to use a

curved bend. Douville and Jam
mes has been doing research to
find the optimal size of the inddentation. They found that the
(1)
optimal size of the indentation is :

(2)

The magnitude of the relative dielectric constant

c
for W/h <
1, expressed by the following equation,
/

(3)

The magnitude of the relative dielectric constant

c
for W/h >
1, expressed by the following equation,
.

(4)

D. Microstrip Antenna Array

The antenna array is an arrangement off several identical
antennas. In a microstrip patch antenna, are
a arranged in an
array is part of the patch. To form the directtivity pattern has a
certain, required field of each element of the
t array interfere
constructively in the desired direction and interfere in
damaging the other direction [5].

E. Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

Here are some of the calculations used
u
to design a
rectangular-shaped microstrip antenna:
Specifies the width of the patch (W) [6]:
(5)

(8)

G. Matching Impedance
Matching impedance a methhod or technique that is used to
unify the two are not the samee impedance, the characteristic
impedance line (Z0) and the loaad impedance (ZL) [4].
Transformer / 4 impedancce matching is a technique by
providing a transmission line with
w impedance ZT between the
two transmission lines that do not match. Transformers
channel length / 4 is equal to [4]:
(9)
With g is the wavelength at
a which the magnitude of the
dielectric material can be calculated by the following
equation [4]:
(10)
With 0 = wavelength in freee space (m),
(11)
H. T-junction
T-junction power divider is a technique commonly used in
the antenna array configuraation. Power divider is one
technique that can support thee transmission line impedance
matching, especially for microsstrip antenna array [5].

Fig. 6. T-Junction for microstrip.

III. ANTENNA DESIGN AND SIMULATION

Antenna design is using materials Duroid 5880, with r 2.2.
Based Calculation using the formula to the optimum value for
W = 8.8 mm and L = 8.9 mm.

Fig. 10. Experimental distance (d) Co-Planar least Optimum.

Based on the results of the experiment by shifting the

distance, the optimum distance obtained with most good
VSWR values at a distance of 0.6 mm. VSWR values
generated 1,002. It can be see figure 11.

A. Design

Fig. 7. Antenna front design.

Fig. 11. Experimental result distance (d) Co-Planar least Optimum.

Fig. 8. Antenna back design.

In addition to the high setting method, co-planar width

used must be optimized for the 9.4GHz frequency. In
research conducted the most optimum width of 2.7 mm.

Fig. 12, Experimental width Co-Planar least Optimum.

B. Simulation Results
From the simulation results obtained return loss at
frequency of 9.4GHz = -37.762dB. By using a microstrip line
curved bend on each side. Curved bend in a microstrip
transmission line can improve the quality, so it will be
matching impedance, resulting VSWR and return loss gets
smaller. Without curved band, at a frequency of 9.4GHz = 35.81dBi.

Fig. 13. Experimental result width Co-Planar least Optimum.

Fig. 9. Simulated return loss results.

In the coplanar method, an important variable in

determining the optimum results, by adjusting the distance (d)
the main radiating patch and co-planar radiation. In this
research, conducted experiments range from: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,
0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1 mm. can be see figure 10.
Fig. 14. Simulation results Gain Antenna.

The simulation results can yield a gain of 13.28 dBi, in

addition to the main patch which resulted in a gain, the coplanar also produces gain, this is due to the stepping field of
radiating patch to the co-planar.

Based on results of fabrication, measurement, and VSWR

values obtained at the frequency of 9.4GHz is 1.056.

Fig. 15. Display radiation from co-planar patch.

Fig. 20. Measurement VSWR.

VSWR and return loss values resulting from measurements

using a network analyzer is not much different from the
VSWR resulting from the simulation.

Fig. 16. Vertical radiation pattern simulation results.

Fig. 21. Measurement return loss.

Fig. 17. Vertical radiation pattern simulation results

The resulting beamwidth of 4 radiating patch compiled

with the co-planar is 17.6 .
IV. REALITATION

Fig. 18. Antenna front view.

Fig. 22. Vertical radiation pattern measurements.

Fig. 19. Antenna back view.

Measurements of the resulting radiation pattern

measurements produce the same wide beamwidth with the
simulation results, with the amount of 3dB beamwidth of 18 ,
and the resulting gain of 14.1dBi. For this measurement, we
use horn antenna with the gain of 12dBi and the reference
gain of 15.22dBi.

The steps for measurement are as follows:

a. The antenna under test (AUT) is used as a receiver
that receives the transmitted signal from the
transmitting antenna. The measured levels at the
spectrum analyzer will be recorded. Ten sample levels
were recorded.
b.

Replace the AUT with a dipole antenna /2 as a

reference antenna with transmitted signal level is the
same as the one in step (a). Record the measured
levels at the spectrum analyzer.

c.

Compare both recorded data with the following

equation:
GAUT(dBi) = PAUT(dBm) Pref(dBm) + reference antenna gain
Where,
GAUT(dBi) = antenna under test gain (dBi)
PAUT(dBm) = received power level at the AUT
Pref (dBm) = received power level at reference antenna.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project was supported by Dr. Mashury Wahab and Dr.
Ir. Yuyu Wahyu, MT. as coordinator of RADAR project on
Research Center for Electronics and Telecommunication Indonesian Institute of Sciences (RCET-LIPI), and was
performed in cooperation with the University of Indonesia for
the use of simulation software. The funding for this research
comes from the internal research funding of the RCET-LIPI.
REFERENCES

[1]
[2]
[3]

[4]
TABEL 1
COMPARISON OF SIMULATED AND MEASURED ANTENNA GAIN.
Measured Gain
14.1 dBi

Simulated Gain
13.28 dBi

[5]
[6]

V. CONCLUSION
Based on the research results of a co-planar array antenna,
antenna radiating material with the addition of a method that
is not powered, the corresponding positions can produce a
wide bandwidth with greater gain. In the design of the radar,
it takes the gain > 30dBi, to get gain > 30dBi, co-planar
antenna design required only 48 patches radiating horizontal
and 4 vertical radiating patch with a total length of 1 meter.
As well as using the combiner as a whole system antenna
combiner.

[7]

[8]

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