Kesetimbangan uap cair

(V
(Vapor-Liquid
Li id Equilibrium-VLE)
E ilib i
VLE)

Volatilitas (volatility)
Ukuran kemampuan (mudah atau tidaknya)
suatu zat cair (liquid) untuk berubah
menjadi uap (vapor)
Setiap jenis zat cair memiliki volatilitas
berbeda
Ethanol & air: ethanol lebih volatil (boiling
point: 78 C) dibanding air (bp: 100C)

 Kit
Kita dapat
d
t melakukan
l k k
pemisahan
i h
dengan mengambil keuntungan dari
perbdedaan volatilitas antar
komponen
Komponen yang lebih volatil akan
banyak berada di fase uap, yang
kurang volatil ada di fase cair
Uap (V) dan cairan (L) dapat
dipisahkan

Binary Separation A Single Stage

Initial
Concentrations

Final
Concentrations
V
Vapor

Liquid Feed
A and B

Vapor Product
A and B
Liquid Product
A and B

Liquid

What we need
Bagaimana menghubungkan konsentrasi (fraksi mol)
komponen di fase uap dengan konsentrasi di fase cair
Dilakukan dengan
g
asumsi standard condition dari
sistem yang dikenal dengan vapor-liquid equilibrium
condition (kondisi kesetimbangan uap-cair).
Dengan mengasumsikan vapor-liquid
vapor liquid equilibrium,
equilibrium
dapat diketahui hubungan antara konsentrasi di fase
uap dan cair
Memanfaatkan equilibrium curve (kurva
kesetimbangan).

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium

Thermal Equilibrium there is no net heat

transfer and the temperature of the vapor
and liquid phases are equal.

T L TV

Mechanical Equilibrium the forces

between vapor and liquid are balanced and
the pressure of vapor and liquid phases are
equal.
q

P L PV

Chemical Equilibrium the rates of

vaporization of liquid and the condensation of
vapor
p are equal
q
and the chemical p
potentials
between the vapor and liquid and phases are
equal; thus, the compositions of the vapor
and liquid phases do not change at a given
temperature and pressure.

iL iV ;
i 1,..., C

Two
o Component
Co po
Sys
System
The Binary System
Suppose that we add two components to
a container, seal the container, and
place it in a constant temperature bath.
The system can be represented by a
two-component mixture, a binary
system in the closed container at a
system,
particular temperature and pressure:

Two Component System

The Binary System
Vapor Phase

rA con

Liquid
q
Phase

Pvap, Tvap

rA vap

rB con

rB vap

Pliq, Tliq

Thermal and Mechanical Equilibrium

After a suitable period of time,
time the system will reach
equilibrium, and the temperature and pressure of the
system cease to change. Thus, we have:
1.)

Temperature (Thermal) Equilibrium

Tliq = Tvap

2.)

Pressure (Mechanical) Equilibrium

Pliq = Pvap

Thermal and Mechanical Equilibrium

Vapor Phase

rA con

rA vap

Liquid Phase

Pvap, Tvap

rB con

rB vap

Pliq, Tliq

Tvap = Tliq and Pvap = Pliq

Chemical Equilibrium
Lets assume component A is more
volatile
l til than
th
componentt B.
B
Over a suitable period of time, one
will reach equilibrium in the
distribution between the vapor and
liquid phase of each component...

Phase Equilibrium Overall

Overall
Overall, at equilibrium,
equilibrium one will have more of
component A than B in the vapor phase and
more of B than A in the liquid phase:
Vapor Phase

Pvap, Tvap

rA vap

rA con

rB con

Liquid Phase

rB vap

Pliq, Tliq

Phase Equilibrium Chemical Potentials

At equilibrium, these rates, and, thus the vapor and
liquid concentrations of each component, are
governed by the minimum thermodynamic free
ene g of system
energy
tem the minim
minimum
m Gibb
Gibbs F
Free
ee Ene
Energy.
g
Another way to express this is by the chemical
potentials of each component i in the vapor and liquid
potentials,
phases, or:
(i)liq = (i)vap
We will
ll not b
be d
dealing
l
with
hh
how to d
determine these
h
chemical potentials in this course we will use
equilibrium data and analytical expressions
representing
p
g the equilibrium
q
curve in the design
g of
separation processes.

Vapor-Liquid Phase Equilibrium

Summarizing the definition of equilibrium:

1.)

Temperature (Thermal) Equilibrium

Tliq = Tvap

2.)

Pressure (Mechanical) Equilibrium

Pliq = Pvap

3)
3.)

Eq. (2-1)

Eq. (2-2)

Chemical Equilibrium
(i)liq = (i)vap

Eq. (2-3)

When can we assume equilibrium?

We assume that the vapor-liquid equilibrium system is
well mixed and that there is a great amount of contact
between the vapor and liquid phases this promotes
thermal and mechanical equilibrium between the
vapor and liquid with no mass transfer limitations,
which promotes phase equilibrium.
We assume that the time to reach equilibrium is
almost instantaneous relative to the other times
involved in the system we thus have temperature
and pressure equilibrium, as well phase equilibrium.

Staged Separations Distillation

Separations Distillation

Separations Distillation Design

Equilibrium Summary
We assume thermodynamic equilibrium for a given
temperature and pressure.
This sets the equilibrium relationship between the
components in each phase.
The distribution between phase for each component will
be different, with one component enriched in the vapor
phase and the other in the liquid phase.
The next task is to determine what the equilibrium
relationships are and how to handle them

Data Kesetimbangn

Equilibrium
qu b u Mole-Fraction
o
a o Relationship
a o s p
Binary System

We will start by considering the concentrations of the components in

the vapor and liquid phase for a binary system.

However, it is convenient to use mole fractions, instead of

concentrations,
t ti
since
i
th
the sum off the
th mole
l fractions
f
ti
conveniently
i tl equals
l
one. For a binary system comprised of component A and B, this can
be written as:
and

where

xA
xB
yA
yB

=
=
=
=

mole
mole
mole
mole

xA + xB = 1.0
10

Eq. (2-4)

yA + yB = 1.0

fraction
fraction
fraction
fraction

of
of
of
of

component
component
component
component

A
B
A
B

in
in
in
in

the
the
the
the

liquid phase
liquid phase
gas phase
gas phase

Equilibrium
qu b u Mole-Fraction
o
a o Relationship
a o s p
Binary System
Vapor
p Phase

Pvap, Tvap

yA + yB = 1.0
A

rA con

rA vap

rB con

rB vap

xA + xB = 1.0
10

Liquid Phase

Pliq, Tliq

Equilibrium
qu b u Mole-Fraction
o
a o Relationship
a o s p
Multi-Component System
We can also extend this analysis to
multi-component systems containing an
i number of components:
p

1.0

Eq. (2-4)
i

1.0

Equilibrium Mole-Fraction Relationship

We now have a method to conveniently relate the
concentrations (as mole fractions) in the liquid and vapor
phases we now need a relationships between the mole
fractions in the liquid and vapor phases
We can do this via phase equilibrium relationships which
tie the mole fractions in the liquid together with those
in the vapor.
Phase equilibrium is dependent upon the temperature
and pressure of the system, the mole fractions of the
components, as well as the components of the system.
Where do we get this equilibrium information or how do
we determine it?

Equilibrium Data Where to Find?

Available from many sources including:

Perrys Handbook (all editions)

Literature (see Table 2-3,
2 3 p
p. 14,
14 Wankat)
Industry monographs (often hard to obtain)

Th
Thermodynamic
d
i methods
th d based
b
d upon vapor pressures,
activity coefficients, etc. (such as the methods available
in Aspen).
Actually perform the experiment and determine the
equilibrium data.

Equilibrium Data How to Handle?

Tabular Data

Generate graphical plots

Generate analytical expressions (curve fit)

Graphical

y vs. x (P constant) McCabe-Thiele Pot

T vs. x,y (P constant) Saturated Liquid, Vapor Plot
Enthalpy vs. composition (P constant, T) Ponchon-Savarit Plot

Analytical expressions
Distribution coefficient
Relative volatility
DePriester charts
Curve fit of data

Vapor-Liquid
apo
qu d Equilibrium
qu b u Data
aa
Ethanol-Water, P =1 atm
Data:
From Table 2-1, Wankat, p. 11
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data for Ethanol and Water at 1 atm.
T (o C)
x EtOH
xw
yEtOH
yw
0
10
1,0
0
1,0
1
0
100
0,019
0,981
0,170
0,830
95,5
0,0721
0,9279
0,3891
0,6109
89,0
0,0966
0,9034
0,4375
0,5625
86,7
0 1238
0,1238
0 8762
0,8762
0 4704
0,4704
0 5296
0,5296
85 3
85,3
0,1661
0,8339
0,5089
0,4911
84,1
0,2377
0,7623
0,5445
0,4555
82,7
0,2608
0,7392
0,5580
0,4420
82,3
0,3273
0,6727
0,5826
0,4174
81,5
0,3965
0,6035
0,6122
0,3878
80,7
0,5079
0,4921
0,6564
0,3436
79,8
0,5198
0,4802
0,6599
0,3401
79,7
0,5732
0,4268
0,6841
0,3159
79,3
0,6763
0,3237
0,7385
0,2615
78,74
0,7472
0,2528
0,7815
0,2185
78,41
0,8943
0,1057
0,8943
0,1057
78,15
1,0
0
1,0
0
78,30

Binary
y Separation
p
by
y Phase Creation
A Single Stage

Initial
Concentrations
Liquid Feed
EtOH and Water

Final
Concentrations
V
Vapor

Tvap, Pvap

yEtOH+yW = 1.0
Liquid

Tliq, Pliq

xEtOH+xW = 1.0

Vapor Product
yEtOH and yW
Liquid Product
xEtOH and xW

Lets Assume Equilibrium at

P = 1 atm and T = 82.3 oC
What is the mole fraction of ethanol in the liquid
phase?
What is the mole fraction of ethanol in the vapor
phase?
What is the mole fraction of water in the liquid phase?
What
Wh t is
i th
the mole
l fraction
f
ti
off water
t in
i the
th vapor phase?
h
?

Other Important Information

One can determine from the data alone
what the boiling points are of each pure
component
What are the boiling points of each pure
component from the data?
Which is the more volatile component?

Graphical Plots of Equilibrium Data

L
Lets
t now look
l k att a way to
t plot
l t this
thi
equilibrium data
One usually plots the more volatile
component in this case it is ethanol.
ethanol

y vs.
s x
McCabe-Thiele Plot
Eth
Ethanol-Water
l W t Equilibrium
E ilib i
Data,
D t P = 1 atm
t
yEtOH vs x EtOH
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7

yEtOH

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
xEtOH

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

More Important Points

Note that the more volatile
component ethanol,
component,
ethanol generally has a
higher mole fraction, yEtOH, in the
p p
phase for a g
given liquid
q
p
phase
vapor
mole fraction, xEtOH.
What would this plot look like if one
plotted the less volatile component?

y vs. x
McCabe-Thiele Plot
Pressure is constant.
One normally
y plots
p
the more volatile component.
p
Points on the curve represent two phases in equilibrium.
Any point not on the curve may indicate both liquid and
vapor phase are present, but they are not in equilibrium.
The auxiliary line
line, x = y
y, is often indicated on the
McCabe-Thiele plot. It has no physical meaning other
than to indicate on the plot where x = y for reference. It
is convenient to us as we shall see.

Remember McCabe-Thiele Method

Chapter 2
Equilibrium

y is the mole
fraction of a
component in
the vapor
phase

x is the mole
fraction of a
component in
the liquid
phase

Enthalpy vs. Composition

P
Ponchon-Savarit
h
S
it Plot
Pl t

Lecture 5

36

y vs.
s x
McCabe-Thiele Plot
Eth
Ethanol-Water
l W t Equilibrium
E ilib i
Data,
D t P = 1 atm
t
yEtOH vs x EtOH
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7

yEtOH

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
xEtOH

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Question
Where does the equilibrium curve
intersect x = y and what are the
equilibrium vapor and liquid ethanol
mole fractions at this point?

y vs.
s x
McCabe-Thiele Plot
Eth
Ethanol-Water
l W t Equilibrium
E ilib i
Data,
D t P = 1 atm
t
yEtOH vs x EtOH
1.0

0.89 0.9
0.8
0.7

yEtOH

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
xEtOH

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.89

1.0

Azeotropes
The equilibrium curve is, in general, above the x = y line
when the more volatile component is plotted, in this case
ethanol.
The point where the liquid and vapor mole fractions
touch the x = y line indicates that they are equal this
is termed the azeotropic point or azeotrope.
The initially more volatile component is no longer the
more volatile component at the azeotrope.
For an ethanol-water mixture at P = 1 atm, this point is
xEtOH = yEtOH = 0.8943, which from Table 2-1 occurs at T
= 78.15oC.

y vs.
s x
McCabe-Thiele Plot
Eth
Ethanol-Water
l W t Equilibrium
E ilib i
Data,
D t P = 1 atm
t
yEtOH vs x EtOH
1.0

Azeotrope

0.9
0.8
0.7

yEtOH

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
xEtOH

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Azeotropes The Problem

Azeotropes often present problems in equilibrium vaporliquid phase separations since their presence means that
one will not obtain enrichment between the vapor phase
and the liquid phase above the azeotrope one cannot
obtain separation greater than the azeotropic point for a
given set of conditions.
F
For example,
l thi
this li
limit
it iis 0
0.8943
8943 mole
l ffraction
ti
off ethanol
th
l
for an ethanol-water mixture at P = 1 atm.
If one wished to separate a mixture containing 0.9
09
ethanol liquid mole fraction at 1 atm, one would not
obtain a greater concentration in the vapor phase than in
the liquid phase.

Azeotropes
Circumventing the Problem

Azeotropes are dependent upon pressures and one way to

circumvent this problem is to vary the pressure.

For example,
example under a vacuum (P = 70 mmHg)
mmHg), no azeotrope
exists for the ethanol-water mixture. This is one reason that
vacuum distillation is often done for many separations.

Azetropes are often also very component dependent.

dependent

For example, the addition of a 3rd component to a binary

system, may change or break the azeotrope.

We will discuss how to break the azeotrope later by varying the

pressure and also adding additional components to the system.

Minimum Boiling Point Azeotropes

An azeotrope that occurs at a temperature that is less than

either of the boiling points of the pure components is
termed a minimum boiling point azeotrope.

For example, the azeotrope for ethanol-water is a minimum

boiling azeotrope since it occurs at a temperature (T =
78.15oC) which is less than the boiling point of either
ethanol or water (T =78.30
=78 30oC and 100oC,
C respectively)
see Table 2-1, which indicates this more clearly.

Maximum boiling azeotropes also occur where the

azeotrope
t
occurs att a ttemperature
t
above
b
both
b th the
th b
boiling
ili
points of the pure components well look at these a little
later.

Vapor-Liquid
p
q
Equilibrium
q

Component Effect
One must remember that the equilibrium behavior is
often very different for different systems of components.
The following are examples of binary mixtures of ethanol
and other components.
Comment on the relative ease of separation for each and
identify the azeotrope.
What does it mean when the equilibrium curve drops
below x = y?

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
Component Effect
ff

Question
From the y vs. x plot, what is
temperature at P =1 atm and xEtOH =
0 6?
0.6?

Answer

From the ethanol-water y vs. x plot, what is the temperature

at P =1 atm and xEtOH = 0.6 at equilibrium?

One cannot tell from the p

plot. One must have additional data.

The temperature is different at each point on the equilibrium

curve although without the corresponding temperature data,
one cannot tell directly
y what the temperature
p
is from the plot
p
alone.

One can say that temperature decreases from left to right

g the curve or decreases from bottom to top
p when one
along
plots the more volatile component.

There is another way to plot the data that indicates equilibrium

p
behavior
temperature

T vs x,y
y
Saturated Liquid and Vapor Plot
The T vs x,y plot presents the
temperature equilibrium relationship for
x and y.
Pressure is constant.
One normally plots the more volatile
component.

T vs x,y
Saturated Liquid and Vapor Plot
Temperature-Composition Diagram
for Ethanol-Water, P = 1 atm
100

95
Superheated Vapor Phase

Two Phase

T( C
C)

90

85

80
Subcooled Liquid Phase

75
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

xEtOH or yEtOH

0.8

1.0

What can the T vs. x,y plot tell one?

One now has two equilibrium curves a saturated liquid line and
saturated vapor line.

Any point below the saturated liquid line is a single-phase

single phase
composition of a subcooled liquid no vapor exists.

Any point above the saturated vapor line is a single-phase

composition of a superheated vapor no liquid exists.
exists

Any point between the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines is
a two- phase composition both vapor and liquid exist in
equilibrium.

Thus, one can obtain a lot more information from the T vs. x,y plot
than from the y vs. x

Question
What are the boiling point
t
temperatures
t
off the
th pure components
t
from the T vs. x,y plot?

T vs x,y
Saturated Liquid and Vapor Plot
Temperature-Composition Diagram
for Ethanol-Water, P = 1 atm
100

95
Superheated Vapor Phase

Two Phase

T( C
C)

90

85

80
Subcooled Liquid Phase

75
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

xEtOH or yEtOH

0.8

1.0

Answer
What are the boiling point temperatures of the pure
components, ethanol and water, from the T vs. x,y
plot?
If one has pure ethanol in the system, xEtOH = yEtOH =
1.0; thus, at xEtOH = 1.0, the boiling point of ethanol is
78.3oC at 1 atm from the plot.
If one has p
pure water in the system,
y
, xEtOH = yEtOH = 0.0
or xW = yW = 1.0 ; thus, at xEtOH = 0.0 the boiling point
of water is 100oC at 1 atm from the plot.

Bubble and Dew Point Temperatures

Any point on the saturated liquid line is the point at
which the liquid just begins to boil the first bubble
of vapor is formed. This temperature, for a given
composition and pressure, is the bubble-point
temperature.
Any point on the saturated vapor line is the point at
which the vapor just begins to condense the first
drop of liquid is formed. This temperature, for a
given composition and pressure, is the dew-point
temperature.

T vs x,y
Saturated Liquid and Vapor Plot
Temperature-Composition Diagram
for Ethanol-Water, P = 1 atm
100

95
Superheated Vapor Phase

Two Phase

T( C
C)

90

85

80
Subcooled Liquid Phase

75
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

xEtOH or yEtOH

0.8

1.0

Example
a p using
us g the T vs.
s x,y
,y
Saturated Liquid and Vapor Plot
Assume one is given an ethanol-water mixture with a
concentration of 20% ethanol at P = 1 atm and T =
75oC.
Explain what happens as one heats the system to 80oC
using the T vs. x,y plot.
By convention for a feed, designate the mole fraction as
zEtOH on the diagram at 75oC and indicate heating to
80oC.
What is the phase of this mixture at 75oC and what is
the phase at 80oC?

Saturated
Sa
u a d Liquid
qu d and
a d Vapor
apo Plot
o
Heating, zEtOH = 0.2
Temperature-Composition Diagram
for Ethanol-Water, P = 1 atm
100

95
Superheated Vapor Phase

Two Phase

T( C
C)

90

85

80
Subcooled Liquid Phase

75
0.0

z EtOH

0.2

0.4

0.6

xEtOH or yEtOH

0.8

1.0

Saturated Liquid and Vapor Plot

Heating, zEtOH = 0.2

Starting with zEtOH = 0.2 at T = 75oC, one has a subcooled liquid.

As it is heated, this mixture remains a single-phase liquid until the

saturated liquid line is reached.

Once one reaches the saturated liquid line, the first vapor bubble
appears.

This is known as the Bubble Point Temperature

at which the mixture begins to boil.

What is the Bubble Point Temperature for a mixture containing

mole fraction zEtOH = 0.2? Indicate the isotherm line on the plot.

the temperature

Saturated
Sa
u a d Liquid
qu d and
a d Vapor
apo Plot
o
Bubble Point Temperature
Temperature-Composition Diagram
for Ethanol-Water, P = 1 atm
100

95
Superheated Vapor Phase

Two Phase

T( C
C)

90

85
83

80
Subcooled Liquid Phase

75
0.0

zEtOH

0.2

0.4

0.6

xEtOH or yEtOH

0.8

1.0

Saturated
Sa
u a d Liquid
qu d and
a d Vapor
apo Plot
o
1st Vapor Bubble Composition
What will be the vapor composition of
this first bubble at equilibrium? Indicate
the method of determination on the
plot.
plot
Remember that the temperature of the
vapor and liquid phase are the same at
equilibrium
q

Saturated Liquid
q
and Vapor
p Plot
1st Vapor Bubble Composition
Temperature-Composition Diagram
for Ethanol-Water, P = 1 atm
100

95
Superheated Vapor Phase

Two Phase

T( C
C)

90

85

Isotherm

83

80
Subcooled Liquid Phase

75
0.0

zEtOH

0.2

0.4

yEtOH

0.6

xEtOH or yEtOH

0.8

1.0

Saturated Liquid and Vapor Plot

Heating, zEtOH = 0.2
Assume that the mixture is heated further to T
= 89oC.
What is the phase of the mixture at T = 89oC?
What are the liquid and vapor phase
compositions of the mixture at T = 89oC?
Indicate your method of determination on the
p
plot.

Saturated Liquid and Vapor Plot

Heating, zEtOH = 0.2
Temperature-Composition Diagram
for Ethanol-Water, P = 1 atm
100

95
Superheated Vapor Phase

90

89

Isotherm

T( C
C)

Two Phase

85

80
Subcooled Liquid Phase

75
0.0

x EtOH

z EtOH

0.2

y EtOH

0.4

0.6

xEtOH or yEtOH

0.8

1.0

Saturated Liquid and Vapor Plot

Heating, zEtOH = 0.2
Assume that the mixture is heated further through
g the two p
phase
region.
Once one reaches the saturated vapor line, the last liquid drop
disappears.
This is known as the Dew Point Temperature.
Why Dew Point? because the system is reversible. If one started in
the superheated vapor region and cooled,
cooled this would be the temperature
at which the mixture begins to condense and the first liquid drop would
form.
What is the Dew Point Temperature,
p
, and what will be the liquid
q
composition of the last liquid drop before it disappears?
Indicate your method of determination on the plot.

Saturated
Sa
u a d Liquid
qu d and
a d Vapor
apo Plot
o
Last Liquid Drop Composition
Temperature-Composition Diagram
for Ethanol-Water, P = 1 atm
100

95
94.8

Isotherm

Superheated Vapor Phase

T( C
C)

90
Two Phase

85

80
Subcooled Liquid Phase

75

xEtOH

0.0

zEtOH

0.2

0.4

0.6

xEtOH or yEtOH

0.8

1.0

Additional Problem
Using the equilibrium data for ethanolwater at P =1 atm (Table 2-1 Wankat),
estimate the bubble point temperature and
composition of the 1st vapor bubble formed
for a feed mixture containing zEtOH = 0.508.
Estimate the dew point temperature and
composition of the last liquid drop.
Use only the data table, do not plot.

T vs x,y Azeotrope

The p
point where the saturated liquid
q
line and the saturated vapor
p line touch
is the azeotrope (x = y), which can be read directly from the T vs. x,y plot
at T = 78.15oC.

Compare this to the azeotrope on the y vs. x plot of Figure 2-2, p. 15 in

Wankat.

This is a minimum boiling azeotrope as we previously determined the

azeotrope occurs at a temperature (T = 78.15oC) which is less than the
boiling point of either ethanol or water (T = 78.30 and 100oC, respectively).

One can also see this minimum boiling point behavior more clearly in Figure
2-3, p. 16 in Wankat. The azeotrope is the point where the saturated liquid
line and the saturated vapor line touch.

Note that the equilibrium curves sweep up slightly past the azeotrope
before reaching the boiling point of pure ethanol since this is a minimum
boiling azeotrope.

T vs x,y
Saturated Liquid and Vapor Plot
Temperature-Composition Diagram
for Ethanol-Water, P = 1 atm
100

95
Superheated Vapor Phase

Two Phase

T( C
C)

90

85

Azeotrope
p

80

78.15
Subcooled Liquid Phase

75
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

xEtOH or yEtOH

0.8

1.0

De Priester Chart

DePriester Charts: Low T

71

DePriester Charts: High T

72

DePriester: Low T

73

DePriester Charts: High T

74