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DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
MINERALOGY
BY
PH.D.
"WITH
D.
TWO
HTCnSTDKED
COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY
TO
MY HELPER
MY WIFE
THIS
BOOK
IS
DEDICATED
PREFACE
THE
knowledge of
many
minerals
The
-minerals
The
list
selected
common nor
for
those
The volume
is
It is offered solely as
a complete
a textbook
minative mineralogy are brief , and the familiar key to the determina"
is omitted
tion of species
In place of the latter is a simple guide
to the descriptions of minerals to be found in the
body
of the text.
one
subject.
both the
Naumann and
of the
its
both notations
by employing
its
The
the two
notations side
by
side
from many
VII
sources.
few
illustrations
have
PREFACE
viii
the
Umted
The
statistics
States
They
are
are
in
The author
is
and
engravings m making the plates for Figures n, 33, 71, 90, no, 114, 115,
118, 160, 191, 194, 224, 240,
and
248.
W.
S.
BAYLEY.
CONTENTS
PART
II
PAGE
17
i
PART
II
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
INTRODUCTION THE ELEMENTS
36
IV THE SULPHIDES, TELLURIDES, SELENIDES, ARSENIDES, AND
III
ANTIMONIDES
V THE
68
Il6
134
146
179
195
205
212
236
253
261
293
300
PART
359
408
426
..
441
461
III
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY
XXII GENERAL
XXIH
ix
467
483
CONTENTS
APPENDICES
CHAPTER
I
PAGE
521
527
529
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE
PAGE
...
Sodium
fluosihcate crystals
14
14
21
24
26
27
27
28
Druse of Smithsonite
29
31
11
Etch
12
38
13
Octahedron of diamond
38
42
diamond
38
43
16
43
44
44
19 Sulphur crystals
20 Distorted crystal of sulphur.
47
...
21
Copper
22
23
47
53
crystal
53
57
58
24.
27
28
Realgar crystal
65
66
70
Stibrute crystal
72
Galena crystal
30 Galena crystals
81
29
31
Chalcocite crystal
32
Complex
33
85
chalcocite twin
85
88
35 Sphalerite octahedron
36 Greenockite crystal
37
Pyrrhotite crystal.
82
88
88
91
92
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
xu
PAGE
FIGURE
38
Cinnabar crystals
39
Group
98
of pyrite crystals in
102
102
41
Pyrite crystal
102
42
Group
43
of pyrite crystals
103
103
44 Marcasite crystal
Marcasite crystal with forms as indicated
45
m Fig
no
no
no
no
44
46 Twin of marcasite
47
48 Arsenopynte crystals
49
112
ng
Crystal of pyrargyrite
50
Crystal of proustite
119
51
121
52
Bournonite crystal
Bournonite fourlmg twinned
53
Enargite crystal
123
54
Stephanite crystal
55
Tetrahednte crystal
125
I2 8
56
Chalcopynte crystal
I3I
57
Chalcopynte
121
131
Chalcopynte twin
59 Hopper-shaped cube of halite
60 Group of fluonte crystals from Weardale Co
58
13!
135
139
61
Crystal of fluonte
!4O
62
147
63
140
64 Zmcite crystal
65
66
Hematite
!^
j^
j^
^5
crystals
Corundum
67 Corundum
68 Corundum
crystal
crystal
crystal
159
160
72
73
Group of quartz
Tapenng quartz
crystals
crystal
78
79 Cassitente twinned
80 Rutile crystals
81. Rutile eightluig twinned
ufa
Cassitente crystal
Cassitente crystal
jgo
X5X
74 Quartz crystal
77
159
,162
I0 3
169
^
j$g
172
LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE
82
Rutile twinned
83
84
85 Anatase crystal
86 Anatase crystal
87
88
I77
I77
I7 3
Brookite crystals
Brucite crystal
91
92
Diaspore crystals
93
Mangamte
94
Group
Rock Run
192
Magnetite crystal
100
101
102
Hausmanmte
Calcite crystals
Calcite crystals
109
Calcite
204
207
209
211
214
214
214
.......
112
Calcite
1 16.
203
....
Calcite
115 Thin
203
Calcite
198
no
Artificial
ig5
196
203
in
113
193
Chrysoberyl crystal
Chrysoberyl twinned
107
108
98
Boracite crystal
Calcite crystal
I92
crystals
99
105
106
I9O
. .
mangamte
Borax crystal
104 Colemamte crystals
187
crystal
103.
jg^
Spinel crystal
114
184
. .
!3 2
of prismatic
214
215
215
215
216
trilling.
twin of calcite
216
by polarized fight.
224
224
226
227
227
227
216
224
Aragonite crystal
125.
172
j^
^.
. .
.
-228
229
230
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
X1V
FIGURE
PAGE
.232
126
Malachite crystal
127
128
Azurite crystals
233
Trona
235
129
Gayhissite crystal
235
130
Glauberite crystal
237
131
Thenardite crystal
Thenardite twinned
237
132
133.
134.
crystal
Bante
Bante
237
crystals
239
crystals
240
241
136
Anglesite crystal
243
243
138
Anglesite crystal
243
139.
Gypsum crystals
Gypsum twinned
Gypsum twinned
247
140.
141.
247
248
Epsomite crystal
143. Hanksite crystal
142.
250
252
253
255
Wulfemte
148 Wulfemte
147
255
crystal
257
crystal
257
Wolframite crystal
150. Monazite crystal
149
151
Xenotime -crystals
152
Apatite crystal
153
Apatite crystal
154-
Vanadimte
Amblygomte
265
vanadmite
267
262
Olivemte
159
160
Skorodite crystal
Radiate wavelhte on a rock surface
Samarskite crystals
163
Olivme
27^
286
.
crystals
>
Nephehue
crystal,
3P3
,
3O7
3Og
3IO
,,
297
16^)
Garnet crystals
Garnet crystal
287
165
167
168
2 ^6
162
.272
158
crystal.
crystal
264
267
crystal
156
250
.310
31O
I
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Xv
PAGE
.
Zircon crystals
.......
Zircon twinned
,
170
171
172
173
.317
.
Thorite crystal
Andalusite crystals
3I p
, 2O
Topaz crystals
175 Topaz crystal
176 Topaz crystal
177 Danbunte crystal
174
32
323
,24
325
178
Zoisite crystal
179
1 80
Epidote crystal
^ 2g
328
181
Epidote crystals
Chondrodite crystal
333
182
Datolite crystal
334
183
Staurolite crystal
337
184
337
185
1 86
33-7
340
187
Prehmte
344
1 88.
Axinite crystal
189
Axmite
190
Dioptase crystal
Percussion figure
191
crystal
346
crystal
348
349
Etch figures
195 Muscovite crystal
194
356
196
Beryl crystals
..
Beryl crystals
203
371
373
3 76
207.
Spodumene
crystal.
371
372
360
360
363
366
368
37*
349
356
197
346
347
379
3&>
3^4
210.
394
Ampibole crystals
Kyanite crystals
211 Bladed kyanite crystals
212. Calarmne crystals
213. Orthoclase crystals
in
a micaceous quartz
schist
......
395
30
410
LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS
xvi
PAGE
FIGURE
410
410
4IO
411
411
crossed nicols
219 Section of mirocline viewed between
220 Adulana crystal
4x4
414
221
Albite crystals
419
222
Albite twinned
419
Albite twinned
224 Twinning stnations on cleavage piece of ohgoclasc
225 Albite twins with the crystal axis
223
226
227
228
Diagram
419
420
420
420
420
Potash-oligoclase crystal
422
229
Scapohte crystals
230 Chntonite twinned according; to the mica law
231 Cknochlore crystal
424
427
430
430
236
Pennimte crystal
Pennimte crystal twinned
430
237
Vesuviamte crystals
232
233
234
235
430
430
430
433
436
436
436
240
241
Cordiente crystal
242
Apophylhte crystals
246
Phillipsite
Harmotome
248
crystal
447
448
448
449
450
452
453
,
255
447
Thomsomte
439
444
Heulandite crystal
,
244 Heulandite, var beaumontJte
245 Philhpsite mterpenetration twin
243
247
434
...
453
456
t
4^ 7
457
457
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE
258
xvi
PAGE
Analcite crystal
259 Ilmemte
crystal
4 9
463
4 g4
Titanite crystal
Titanite crystal
4^4
454
468
265
266
Simple blowpipes
Bellows for use with blowpipe
Candle flame showing three mantles
Reducing flame
267
Oxidizing flame
261
262
263
264
268. Props
and position
4 gg
47o
4y Z
4^ r
of charcoal
4 ^5
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
PART
CHAPTER
THE COMPOSITION AND
Definition of Mineral.
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
mineral
is
definite inorganic,
chem-
compound
amorphous,
colloidal condition.
gels,
or solid
colloids.
The most
since
is its
chemical composition,
upon
Chemical
Substances
may be
classed as elements
and
Illustrations:
the oxides
as derivatives of
The
atoms
mineral,
bructte,
/OH
Mg/
X)H
is
H(OH)
H(OH)
by one atom
of
Mg
is
Cuprite
Cu/
The salts of carbonic acid (H2 COs) are the carbonates, those of sulphuric acid (HaSO*) the sulphates, those of orthophosphoric acid
(HsP04) the phosphates, those of orthoarsemc acid (HsAsO^ the arsenates, those of orthoantimomc acid (HaSbO-i) the antimonates and those
of the silicic acids, the silicates
(H3 Sb03 )
There
a few arsenites
are, in addition,
and antimonous
acids
The
silicic
The
(HiSiaOs)
as normal
be regarded
may
way
2H2SO*- H2
H2 S 2
3(HO)4Si-4H20=H
Faydite
is
m the same
H20, thus:
Fe2 Si04,
wollastonite,
metasihcic acid
CaSiOs, and
ortkoctase,
KAlSisOs-
the hypothetical acids AIO(OH) and FeO(OH), both of which exist as minerals,
the first under the name dtaspore and the second under the name
goethite.
Spinel
is
the
yO A10
.(MgAfeO*),
\0-A10
mon
salts of
mineral magnetite
is
ferrate
very com-
or FesO*,
In
X>-FeO
this
compound
state.
the iron
is
There are other minerals that differ from those of the classes above
mentioned in containing more or less water of crystallization These
are usually separated from those
which there is no water of
lization
of
hydrous
crystal-
salts
may
or NasAlFe,
is
examples
Further, a large number of minerals are apparently isomorphous
These are homogeneous mixtures
mixtures of several compounds
of
two or more
substances
that
crystallize
sym-
that
consequently,
may crystallize together Their
physical properties are continuous functions of their chemical comOther minerals are apparently solid solutions in one anpositions.
and,
metry,
Among
these are
silicates.
by
different
compounds
The mineral
to be studied
gravities.
When
the solution
is
off into
may be
with
it.
The composition
ordinary methods
In analysis the compound is broken into its constituent parts and
these are weighed, or it is decomposed and its constituents are trans-
is
built
or
compounds
decomposed by heat into lime
if its components are trans(CaO) and
the
known compounds CaSCU and KaCOj, the process is
formed into
If the mineral caicite
is
(CaCOs)
analysis
all
ing
the properties of
caicite,
the process
The
Analytical Methods.
is
analytical
synthesis.
of
in
mineralogy are
a very subordinate degree, and (3) microchemical methods, performed on the stage of a compound microscope.
Blowpipe and microchemical analyses are made use of principally
for the identification of minerals
By their aid the nature of the atoms
a compound may easily be learned, but the proportions in which
to
The methods
Wet
methods
Analysis.
difficulty.
accurate ones
They
are identical
manuals of quantitative
discussion here
follows.
is
They
analysis,
and
no detailed
by Prof Tschermak as
therefore require
is
mg
An
it
to con-
The
As
it is
very small
it
may"
660- 734= 89
Thus:
Total
100 14
The usual methods of analysis are, however, more indirect than this,
the components of the substance to be analyzed being first transformed
into known compounds and then weighed
For instance, common salt
known by
is
of the
pure
salt
silver nitrate
silver chloride
is
all
is
m the 345 mg
determined to be 840
mg
After drying,
of salt
its
weight
chloride
all
the
salt,
also
any excess of silver nitrate that was added to precipitate the chlorine
it
is
NaCl
AgNOs - AgCl
salt
The
filtrate is
reagent
+ NaN03
filtrate
precipitate
a solution containing sodium salts of nitric and hydrosome free acid of each kind. Sulphuric acid is
now added and the whole solution is evaporated to dryness. The free
acids are driven off by the heat and the sodium salts are transformed
tion, leaving
mg
of
AgCl contain
207.8
mg
and
135 7
of chlorine,
Hence 345
mg
343.5 mg.
mg
of salt yield
Cl,
Na
of
In mineralogical works it is
to write the percentage composition in terms of the
more common
oxides of the elements, partly because the old analyses are recorded in
this way and partly because certain relations between the mineral
Mg=2835
Fe= 34
0=14 25
0=5698
MgO=47 2 5
FeO= 43
per cent,
per cent,
or as
per cent,
per cent,
C02=S2
per cent,
per cent,
24 per cent,
of
Formulas.
of the
number
number
of elementary
atoms
stance.
The
enough
fact that
many
several distinct
of nitrogen
The
values 14
known
are
is
16
as atoms
its
in a greater
amount than
is
represented
14
14
NO
16
14
N2
NO
14
24
14
32
N2
N02
40
5
for
can exist only in quantities that weigh 14, 28, 42 times as much
as the smallest quantity of hydrogen present in any compound, i e
in quantities of 16, 32, 48, etc , times the weight
the single atom, and
,
plied
by
28
16
14
28
16
48
some multiple
be in one of these
ratios,
numbers
of
80
atoms lepresented
atomic weights,
by analysis must
and consequently they furnish the data from
of the
28
32
Au and
14
In
35 13 or -i-I.
tjj
may be deduced
is,
The combining
ratio of single
however, 196 7
35
5,
or
-2Z
oo
is
V i-
only one-third
is
taken as 16
of
hydrogen
is
more accurately
008,
when
that of oxygen
We
gold and
1967:1065
(le,
our conclusion
If
355X3)
is
and the
correct,
is
this ratio
assumed as
est quotient is
the
other
quotients
indicate
number
the
of
latter.
Illustrations,
Gold Chloride
Au
Cl
Atomic Weights
Result of Analysis
=
*
64 87 per cent
196 7
35 5
35 13
Ratios
Quotients
=
-
3298
9896
=
=
Tin Chloride
Sn
45 26 per cent
Cl
54 74
The formula
SnCU
25,
or, if
FeO=
analysis
recorded
From
and
may yield:
384
*
4 04
542
002=52.24,
43
by the method described.
formula
is
009,
=
=
Fe=.34, 0=5703,
easily obtained
117 4
35 5
Magnesium carbonate on
MgO=47
186=1.000,
.34-5588= .006= .006,
or,
MgCOs,
if
we
neglect
the small
10
0)2=5224-4389=1
we have*
figures
19
= 1,
or
>
MgO
MgCOs,
which
C02,
by methods like
made more difficult by the
is
the
same as
written in a different
these,
but in
way
many
cases
impossibility of deciding
of
in different specimens of
same proportion
of several substances
known
i atom
not as
For
in the
the mineral
bonates are
is
CaMg(COs)2
which calcium and magnesium are present in the ratio of one atom
each to two parts of the acid group COa. Very often, and perhaps in
may
Each one
as
of these
compounds properly
requires
a separate formula,
etc
two carbonates.
For
substance which
is
compound is
when
calcium
carbonate
is
first,
(Ca Mg)COs,
when
carbonate
(Mg Ca)COs
pnagnesmm
predominates
as
defimteness
is
usually written
excess,
or
If still greater
(Ca2
Mgi)COs
signifies
that the
11
the
portion
usually occupied by
an
composed
of
an anhydrous
for
is
by the
tion,
loss of
crystals
Water
pound
in
it
CaS04
of crystallization
which
it exists
may
com-
by continued
containing water
different
is
not at
of crystallization
are
Because
its
elements
12
by
Bructte
(Mg(OH) 2 ) and
malachite
MgO+H2 O
and
+H
is not only more difficult to separate from its comwater of crystallization, but when the combination
broken the chemical character of the original substance is radically
Combined water
bination than
is
is
may be seen from the reactions above indicated. Morewater is given off suddenly, at a certain minimum
combined
over,
not gradually as in the case of water of crystaland
temperature,
changed, as
lization.
may be
Principles Underlying Blowpipe Analysis. The principal pheare the basis of blowpipe work are the simple ones known
nomena that
For
used
and solution
and
The
tubes
13
may be
tested
Some
These
and characteristic
may be tested in
color
of the blowpipe
and from
They
whose nature
is
suspected
the basis of
The principle at
of a substance
microchemical methods
all
is
by exposure to the
the objective of a
microscope
and the crystals formed during the evaporation are investigated Or,
after a solution of the assay is obtained there is added a small
it
air
evaporated
quantity
of
microscope.
By
resulting precipitate
their shapes
and
is
14
FIG
FIG
Sodium
Fluosilicate Crystals
Magnified 72 diam
(After Rosenbusch
(After Rosenbusch
15
produced is determined, and in this way the nature of the conhave obtained from the mineral particles is discovered
stituents they
large
number
each of which
is
generally useful one is hydrofluosihcic acid (H 2 SiF b ). If small fragments of albite and of orthoclase are placed on separate glass slips, such
as are used for mounting microscopic objects, and each is treated with
a drop of this reagent and then allowed to remain in contact with the
a few minutes until the solutions begin to evaporate, those
portions of the solutions remaining will be discovered to be filled with
air lor
crystals
fluosihcate
The
and the
albite, consequently,
compound
of
2).
The former
potassium
is
potassium salt
a sodium compound and the orthoclase a
this or of
Synthesis.
The products
minerals because
In
many
instances
these artificial minerals are identical in every sense with natural minerals
Consequently, they may often serve as material for study, when the
quantity of the natural mineral obtainable is too small for the purpose
Classification of Minerals. Classification is the grouping of
objects or phenomena in such a manner as will bring together those
that
a're
many
respects
and
will separate
is
to
group them,
16
first,
accordance
\\ith their
These
minerals possessing the same general morphological features
smaller groups may contain only a single mineral or they may contain
If the basis of the subgroupmg
a large number of closely allied ones
members of subgroups
one
member
are
more
than
usually isomorphous compounds
containing
Thus the subdivisions of the great chemical groups are single minerals
and small or large isomorphous groups of minerals, arranged in the
is
manner
is
their
In certain
outlined above
specific
may be
mining students
it is
cases
desirable
more
upon the
of
interest
may
CHAPTER
II
Origin of Minerals.
compounds,
existing
When
of elements or
though
rocks
it is
secondary
The Formation
of
Primary Minerals
great variety of
precipita-
Emanations of gases are common in volgases escaping from volcanic vents are mainly
The
water vapor, hydrochloric acid, sulphur dioxide, sulphuretted hydrogen, ammonia salts and carbon dioxide, besides small quantities of other
gases and the vapors of various metallic compounds
of these with one another or with the oxygen of the
other substances
in the
may
By
air,
the reactions
sulphur, salam-
many
other
ferric chlo-
compounds may be
produced
The production
by sublimation
known as pneumatolysis
known as sublimation
is
up between
Their separation
Minerals formed
surfaces of rocks or
17
18
Thus
are produced are often quite simple.
dioxide
the reaction between sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphur
yields
=
sulphur (2H2S+S02 3S+2H20), as does also the reaction between the
=
gas and the oxygen of the atmosphere (HjS+O H2O+S)
hot
of
action
the
Ferric chloride may be produced by
hydrochloric
first
named
acid
iron-bearing material deep within the earth's inbeing volatile at high temperatures escapes to the air
upon some
terior
This
Here
as a gas
it
may
carbonic acid
gas
By
the action
volatile
upon
(Fe203+2C02=2FeCOa+0)
are very complicated
common
is
ion
it
may
saturated
of its temperature or of the pressure under which it exists, or the addition to the solution of a substance containing an ion already in the
solution. Of course, the addition of a substance which will react with
compound
insoluble
it
will also
cause
precipitation
The
common
(The
Halite (NaCl), at
35 68
0037
250
in the cold
on
minerals
00025
015
WATFR
by weight)
Strontiamte
002
(SrCO,) in
the cold
Magnetite (F
00555
t
e() 4 )
00035
FORMATION OF MINERALS
19
(When
treated 30 to 32 da\s)
Galena (PbS)
Stibmte (Sb 2 S 3 )
5 01
Pynte (FeS 2 )
179
Sphalerite (ZnS)
Chalcop>nte CCuFeS 2
Bouraomte f(Pb Cu)SbS 3 )
075
Arsenopynte (FeAsSj
1669
99
025
H2 0),
which
is
silicate
may
ensue
when
solution at 200
One
part gypsum
(CaSO 4 2H2 0)
solution
in 200 parts
NaCl
pure \\ater
Pyt lie (FeSo) loses 10 6 per cent of its mass upon boiling for a long time
Under the same circumstances galena loses 2 3
with a solution of Na 2 S
per cent
One
surface
commonest
carbon dioxide
This
which it is dissolved
in dissolving carbonates, so that water
water
Its dissolving
than
solvent
more
a
pure
powerful
usually
cates
is
of the
is
and
power
water on
silicates is
(CaCOs)
is
as follows
CaC03+H20+C02 =CaIfc(C03)2.
20
Carbonated water
is
more
When
and the
under pressure
effective as a solvent
CCb
The
CARBONATED
WATER
(The results are given
Calcite
(CaC0
Dolomite (CaMg(CO s ) 2 ) at 18
Magnesite (MgCOs), at 5
in parts
by weight)
Sidente (FcCO,) at 18
Witherite (BaCOj) at 10
13
Strontiamte (SrCOi), at 10
10 o
at 10
3 ),
328
Apatite
INFLUENCE
OF
533
536
211
Magnetite (Fe 3
TEMPERATURE AND
(The
atmos at 19
32
56
75
90
Precipitation
3)
IN CARBONATED
13
4 under
atmos
845 parts
105
62 o
035
82 o
659
100 o
821
WATER
29 3
730
4 620
5 120
3
Temp
579 parts
821
018
2111
307 to
4)
(Ca(F CIXPCX).)
fi
CARBONATFD WATLR
IN
Ohgoclase
(NaAlSi3 8 + CaAl(SiO) 4 )
Hornblende (complex silicate)
Serpent] ne (KUMgsSi'Oo)
12
treated 7 weeks)
(When
Adulana (KAlSiaOs)
7 2
170
400
ooo
Rain
is
an active agent
it
posing others and forming soluble compounds from those that would
otherwise be practically insoluble Moreover, it transports the dissolved
materials from one portion of the crust to some other
portion, where,
may be precipitated The rain water
that penetrates the earth's crust, dissolving and
precipitating in its
FORMATION OF MINERALS
21
ore bodies
Springs are the openings at which underMuch of the water flowing
the meteoric water which has circulated through the
Deposits of Springs.
ground
from springs
crust
and
is
is
Where
material
may
In
its
it
be dropped in consequence of
(i)
some
evaporation of the
it
of this
\\ater,
or (2) the escape of carbon dioxide, or (3) the oxidation of some of its
constituents through the action of the air, or (4) the cooling of the water
in the case of warm or hot springs
The
may
over which the spring water passes, or as layers in the bottom of the
spring and the stream issuing from it
Among the commonest minerals
thus deposited are calcite (CaCOs), aragomte (CaCOs), siderite (FeCOs)
sulphur
ensues
C02 from the water, gypsum in conseand sulphur through oxidation. If the
_
j,
(compare
18)
When
curs
rocks
may
or,
fill
an
FIG 3
Le Neue Foster
(a)
Decomposed rock
($)
Galena
(6)
Quartz crystals
(d)
Sidente
may
22
Some important
ores
among them
Among
may be mentioned
is
collected.
Of
the world and the beds deposited by the evaporation of ocean water
will be formed in nearly the same succession everywhere
In the case
of enclosed bodies of
Many
water
in
may
differ,
assump-
combined
in
the
manner indicated
the
FORMATION OF MINERALS
column on the
left
The
23
a few
WATER OF THE
LAKE
(Parts in 1000 of Water)
NaCl
KCI
II
27 3726
8 1163
in
118 628
5921
1339
MgCL
3 3625
6115
14 908
CaS0 4
3229
9004
858
2437
3 0855
MgS0
Na S0
9 321
5 363
RbCl2
0190
MgBr2
0547
0034
0081
Ca (P0 ) 2
0156
0021
CaC0
FeC0
0434
0019
0780
OOII
0149
0024
35 0433
12 9427
Si0 2
II
149 078
Water
of
Analyst,
III
tr
to 640
Schmidt
Analyst,
O D
Alien
FE\\
LAKE WATERS
is
due to
24
the escape of the lava to the surface or to the cracking of the crust
its passage to the surface the hot water carrying dissolved salts penetrates all the cracks and cavities in the rocks through which it passes
In
in its ascent
and deposits
types of deposits
with which
it
comes
substances which
FIG. 4
its
Or, its
in
it is
carrying or
by
The white
is
The vein
fairly
filling is
chalcedonj
The
Since in
many
cases
may be
tiny
gradually widened and the material on both
sides of it be replaced
by new material, thus producing a vein which
is sometimes difficult to
distinguish from a vein made in other
ways
(Fig 4)
This process
metamorphism
and bodies
It is
is
known
as metasomatism, which
an important means
of producing
is
one kind of
pseudomorphs
of mineral matter
sufficiently rich in metallic contents to
constitute ore-bodies
FORMATION OF MINERALS
25
compounds
slo\\,
solidify
and
as constitute
compounds
some
of its con-
Upon
and main
lavas
If the cooling has been rapid, some of the material
as definite minerals \\hile the remainder solidifies as a
such
of the
ma\ separate
homogeneous
Sometimes the minerals thus formed
are bounded by crystal planes, but usually their growth has been so
interfered with that it is only by their optical properties that they can
be recognized as crystalline substances
The nature of the minerals
glass, as in the case of
most lavas
In some cases the minerals separating from a magma tend to segresome limited portion of its mass and thus produce an accumulagate
tion that may be of economic value, le, the magma dijfa entities
Magnetite (FesGO, ilmenite ((Fe Ti) 2 3 ), pynte (FeS 2 ) and a few other
minerals are sometimes segregated in this way in very large masses
Metamorphic Minerals Many minerals are characteristic of rocks
that are in contact with others that were once molten
They were
formed by the gases and hot waters given off from the magmas before they
The hot solutions with their charges of gas and salts penetrated
cooled
the pores of the surrounding rock and deposited in them some of their
material
They reacted with some of the rock's components, producing
new compounds, and extracted others, leaving pores into which new
In some cases the entire body
supplies of gas and water might enter
of the surrounding rock has been replaced by new material for some
distance from the contact
Beyond this belt of most profound meta-
belts in
is less
crushing
greatly facilitates
26
crushed rock dissolves, reactions are set up and new compounds may
The new minerals produced are more stable than the
be formed
and have in general a greater density and consequently
ones
original
crustaceans, like
Mollusca, like the oyster, clam, etc
the lobster or crab, the microscopic animals and plants known as proof organisms
FIG 5
Diorite
tozoans and algae and many other animals and vegetables abstract
mineral matter from the water in which they live and build up for themselves hard parts
These hard parts, usually in the form of external
shells,
Plants and animals upon decaying yield organic acids which may attack minerals
already existing and thus give nse to solutions which may deposit pynte (FeSa),
hmomte (a hydrated iron oxide) or some other metallic compound This process,
however,
is
FORMATION OF MINERALS
\\ay
27
\\ ill
will
FIG 6
Vein in
Griffith Mine,
Two
Periods of Vein
Deposition
gn
ff
= wall rock
= comb quartz
Balance^of vein-filling
p
is
= sphalerite
= pynte
chalcopynte
= galena
15
10
It
Mont
\Z
13
SH-
(After W.H
Weed)
Vein Forming Original Ore-Body, Butte,
7
Fault breccia, (2) ore, (3) altered granite, (4) first-class ore, (5) crushed quartz and
bormte, (6) fault clay, (7) solid pyrite and bormte, (8) crushed quartz and pynte, (9) solid
white quartz, 6 inches,
enargite ore with bormte, (10) banded white quartz and bormte, (n)
(12) solid bormte, (13) solid pynte with bormte and quartz blotches, (14) bormte, (15) granite.
FIG
(i)
28
of salt
Those
of rock
may
may
be straight-walled or branch-
quartz (Si02)
that are so frequently seen cutting
various siliceous rocks
When the
veins aie
by meteoric water
have a comb-structure
filled
they often
solution,
long
be
filled
It its
com-
may
position
the layers
may match
on opposite
may be
(Fig 7)
Veins
filled
by magmatic water
by which
it
was produced
more homo-
are frequently
geneous.
fissures.
FORMATION OF MINERALS
29
In
be dissolved
may
may
fill
body
well represented by
impregnation
such
as
those
the Black Hills
in
ores,
When
is
bv
of this kind is
some
known
as
an
up
FIG 9
The rains wash the disintegrated substance into streams In its course
downward to lakes or the ocean, the heavier fragments, such as metallic
may
particles,
settle
while the
lighter
portions
These
minother
and
materials, consisting of gold, magnetite, garnet, pyrite
bed
m
the
stream
loose
a
erals of
deposit
specific gravity, form
parts
may
accumulate
in the
stream bottoms
high
which
The
is
known
as a placer.
and other
silicates,
is
may
may accumulate
lighter portions
Gold
as sand
gravel, sand,
many
silt,
etc
30
Alteration of Minerals.
subject to change
or completely, and transport their material to a distant place, there
or in some new
depositing it either in the form it originally possessed
substance
form
On the other hand, the mineral
may be decomposed
into several
compounds some
of
which
may
be carried
off,
while others
This is
part metasomatism
occupying the place of the original one
The atmosphere may also act as a decomposer of minerals Through
the agency of its oxygen it may cause their oxidation, or it may cause
them to break up into several oxidized compounds Through the agency
of its moisture, it may dissolve some of these secondary substances or
formed
in
by a
known
solution of
takes
chloride
some f
by solutions of alkaline carbonates breaks up into a magnesium silicate
and calcium carbonate. Dilute solutions of various salts are constantly
circulating through the earth's crust and are there effecting transformations in the minerals with which they come in contact
On, or
near, the surface the transformations are taking place more rapidly
loses
than elsewhere because here the solutions are aided in their decomposing action by the gases of the atmosphere
The effect of the air in causing alteration
ing of malachite
((CuOH^COs)
air are
coated
in such
by
stance
crystallizes as a single
FORMATION OP MINERALS
31
ment takes
place
(Fig
this
manner the
10)
resulting
replace-
mass
is
a network of
pseudomorphs
Alteration
Pseudomorphs
Pseudomorphs.
of this class
may
some or
all
of the constituents of
Paramorphs.
Pseudomorphs
composed of the material of the
pseudomorphed substance without
addition
any
or
component
subtraction
of
known
as
are
FIG 10
paramorphs.
it
Paramorphism
in the case of
It results
into
new
is
possible only
dimorphous bodies.
process
(After Tschermak
was com-
posed.
Illustrations
Calcite (hexagonal CaCOs) after aragomte (orthorhombic CaCOs), orthorhombic sulphur after the monoclinic variety.
Partial Pseudomorphs. The great majority of pseudomorphs
retain a portion, but not all, of the material of the original mineral
They may be formed by the addition of material to the original body,
by the loss of material from it, or by the replacement of a portion of
its
material
by new
material
Pseudomorphs
resulting
from the
not common.
32
They
of a
are caused
by
more
of the constituents
compound
Native copper after cupnte (Cu20)
Illustration
The
number of partial pseudomorphs are formed by the subsome of the components of the original mineral by a new
greater
stitution of
material
Illustrations
(FeCOs)
may
4 FeC0 3
Cerussite
3 (OH) 6
(CaSO4 2H2 0)
after halite
(NaCl)
would be
left
a mold of
itself
constructed of bante
now, a solution
If,
of calcium carbonate should penetrate the cavity and fill it with a deposit
of calcite (CaCOs), the mass of calcite would have the shape of a crystal
of sulphur.
Pseudomorphs
of
this
pseudomorphs
Weathering.The term
weathering
is
applied to the
sum
of all the
these traces
exhibited
action of
ture or cleavage,
FORMATION OF MINERALS
33
of the vein
Here a reaction
ensue between the soluble salts and the
undecomposed portion of
the vein with the result that metallic compounds
may be
may
precipitated,
vein-filling
may
reach
downward
indefinite distances
Since
ore of
Some
is
34
ment
by the following
reac-
The
first
may
be the oxidation
(a)
(b)
(c)
(2)
These
ZnS+40=ZnS04,
PbS+40=PbS04 (anglesite);
FeS 2 +70+H20=H2 S04+FeS0 4
may react
(a)
(b)
(gypsum)
CaS04 2H2 0,
CaS04
(gypsum)
(cerussite)
(3)
Some
of the sulphates
altered sulphides
may
and carbonates
carried
down
(a)
(J)
(sidente)
(galena)
FeCOs
S02
(galena)
The PbS
replacing the
(smithsonite)
ZnC03
mixture of PbS, ZnS and FeS 2 increases the percentage of this compound
in the vein and thus enriches it.
= ZnS
ZnS
FeS04 +S02
(sphalerite)
FeC03 +S02
FORMATION OF MINERALS
The
also
35
If the
enrich
it
The
ZnS
is
will
with zinc
(cerussite)
PbCOa and
is
(limomte) Fe2(OH) 2
is
carried
it is
downward.
also
leached from
PART
II
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
CHAPTER
III
OF
The
majority are familiar with but 300 or 400, relying for the identification of
the remainder upon the descriptions of them recorded in mmeralogical
treatises
Mineral Names.
in the termination "ite
The names
"
This
is
Collections of the
common
by
the mineralogist
first
who
Dana
illustrate
37
some of these
iron,
because
it
con-
tains this
The names
of a few minerals
This
may
that
it
For example, the minGermans and by most Englishby the French The Germans follow
(Mg
Fe)sSi04
is
called
ohmne by
the
the
German
ELEMENTS
The elements that occur in nature are few in number, and these,
with rare exceptions, do not occur in great abundance
They may be
the
carbon
into
the
following groups
group, the sulphur
separated
silver group, and the platinum-iron
these
comprise only a single mineral, while others
group
six
or
seven
Only a portion of these are described
comprise
group,
Some
of
is
dia-
Diamond
Graphite
Diamond
(C)
in irregular
usually found in distinct crystals or
In some
robin's
a
to
head
a
from
size
egg
pin's
masses, varying
"-are
but
found
are
individual
exceedingly rare
cases large
they
pieces
The diamond
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
38
The
known
as the
mm
of smaller
In composition the diamond is pure carbon, but it is a form of carbon that is not
ignited
Etch Figures on
Cubic Face of Diamond
FIG
ii
(After Tscher-
Crystal
At
when
of
mak)
opaque
varieties,
Its crystallization
little
is
ash
isometric
(hextetra-
appear to be tetra-
hexoctahedral symmetry
(Fig
n).
and the
Some-
spheres (Fig
mon
plane (Fig
13),
The
This
is
an important
FIG 12
Crystal of Diamond with
Rounded Edges and Faces (Krantz )
makes use
of
it
any
are
FIG 13
Octahedron of
Diamond
Twinned
aboutO(m)
so-called white stones
blue
or nearly so
Gray, brown, green, yellow,
and red tinted stones are also known, and,
diamonds
is
adamantine, and
INTRODUCTIONTHE ELEMENTS
39
stones
handsome play
Three
varieties of the
the trade
Gem
distinct
names
in
These are
are
tinguishing between
Syntheses
them
diamonds
Small
have
been
made by
fusing in an
immersed
hydrogen under a pressure of 3,100 atmospheres
third method, which resulted in the production of tiny octahedrons,
consisted in melting graphite in olivine, or in a mixture of silicates
"
blue ground," with
having the composition of the South African
of iron wire
the addition of a
Occurrence
little
metallic aluminium or
and Origin
Diamonds
magnesium
clay,
sand
discovered in meteorites
The manner of origin of diamonds has been a subject of contromany years The most popular theory ascribes the diamonds
m the rock magmas
igneous rocks to the solution of organic matter
versy for
in
Another theory
crystallization of the carbon upon cooling
the
of
magma. The
regards the carbon as an original constituent
to have been
believed
are
diamonds in sand, sandstone, granite, etc ,
and the
in river channels
transported from their original sources and deposited
or on beaches.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
40
Localities
are the
meen
district, British
and
in the
Tula-
Columbia
states
A stone
1916
the United States is that
only diamond field of prominence
which has recently been exploited near Murfreesboro in Arkansas, where
quality
The
stones
and
"
quartzites
"
ground
1914 over 2,000 diamonds had been found, mostly small stones weighing
One, however,
The rough unsorted stones
weighed 8 carats and another 7^ carats
Columbia occur
in the
far
use
In former times the mines of India and Borneo were very productive, the famous Golconda district m India for a long period furnishing
most
of the
The
gems
to
commerce
mil,
Ji/JjJkMIiJWTS
41
have been practically the only producers of gem material in the world
It is estimated that the quantity of uncut diamonds
yielded by the
mines near Kimberly alone have amounted in value to the enormous
The
known
as
"
in quantities
amounting to between
and
is
it is
ob-
formed
monds
water
is
mud
thus
is
carried off
by the water
Uses
carat
is
price of small stones depends upon their color, brilliancy and size
a perfectly white, brilliant, cut stone weighing one carat, being valued
The
all
the
being
The
chief centers of
in the
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
42
off
of the
On
bottom
or four bands of facets running horizontally around the stone (see Fig 14)
The
"rose" has a
of 24 or
more
flat
facets
less
to sa\e as
much ma-
Grona
Back, or Pavilion
common than
Step or Trap
Rose
formerly (com-
Diamonds
also
are
employed
as cutting tools
Small
and
Crown
Side View
Pavilion, or Base
Brilliant
FIG 14
"
Principal
cuts
"
of
Diamonds
polishing
diamonds and
may
Some Famous Diamonds The largest diamond ever found the Cullinan was picked up at the Premier Mine (Fig 15) in the Transvaal in
January, 1905, and was presented to King Edward of England as a birthday gift in 1908 (Figs 16 and 17 ) It weighed about 3,025 carats (about
The next largest was found in June, 1893, at the Jagersi 37 pounds)
It is known as the Excelsior
fontem mine
It weighed in its natural
state 971 carats and was 3 inches long in its greatest dimension
It was
valued at $2,000,000
It is said to have been
presented by the Presi-
stone
Kohmoor,
now
It is
FIG
15,
pIG
X 6,
in
South Africa
(Natural size
43
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
FIG 17
the Cullman
Diamond
Orlov, 193 carats, the property of Russia, the Regent or Pitt diamond
the Green diamond of Dresden,
weighing 48 carats, and the Blue
The
cutting and 125 .iftcnvard
Victoria diamond from one of the
Kimberly mines -weighed 457 carats
It has been cut to a
\\hen found
at $1,000,000
FIG
18
ural size
(Kindness of TiJJany
enormous proportions
(Nat-
& Co
of the
mond
(Fig
York
is
1 8)
double
brilliant
of
When it is remembered
$100,000
that a five-carat stone is large, the
The mineral
is
45
doubt
i 3859
These possess a rhomboderoga, New York, gave a c=i
hedral symmetry
All crystals are tabular and nearly all are so distorted
that the measurements of their interfacial angles cannot be
depended
for
accuracy
They apparently contain the planes R(ioTi),
OP(IOOO), COP2(II20), and 2P2(lI2l)
Graphite is black and earth} or lustrous, according as it is impure
or pure
It is easily clea\ able parallel to the basal
plane and the cleavlaminae
are flexible
It is very soft, its hardness being only 1-2,
age
upon
its
density about
25
Its luster
is
is
metallic
is
opaque
conductor of electricity
infusible and noncombustible even at moderately high
Like diamond, however, it may be burned under cerIt is a
nitric acid,
worm-like processes Those \\hich do not act thus are called graphititc
is of both types
Natural graphite
all
Syntheses
by
several
been formed
gests that it may have
that the material in limestone and quartz-schist
ways
may
It is
thought
represent carbo-
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
46
naceous material that was deposited with the sediments and which has
The material
since been carbonized by heat and pressure
peg-
matite
may
magma
rock,
i
On the
deposited mainly in cracks traversing metamorphic rocks
other hand, graphite, in some instances, appears to be a direct separation from a molten
magma
The
graphite
is
at several
places
George,
New York
United States
is
Graphite, near
Lake
The
purified mineral
is
Production
The quantity of crude graphite mined
the United
States during 1912 amounted to 2,445 tons > valued at $207,033, besides
which there were manufactured 6,448 tons, valued at $830,193. The
47
SULPHUR GROUP
Sulphur
known
The two
is
crystalline
best
known forms
The former
which are
class)
upon standing,
proven
Sulphur (S)
Sulphur occurs in nature as a lemon-colored powder, as spherical or
globular masses, as stalactites and in crystals
Chemically it is pure sulphur, or a mixture of sulphur and clay,
FIG 20
FIG 19
FIG
19
in
ooi
FIG 20
It
P,
on
(c)
(s),
(Forms same as
in Fig. 19
tellu-
Crystals of sulphur are usually well formed combinations of orthorhombic bipyramids and domes, with or without basal terminations.
8108
9005
The
principal
forms observed
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
48
The
luster
Its hardnebs
is
only
5-2,
and
area = i 9579,
j8a 0377, 7 = 2
2452
in color
is
It is insoluble in
water and
and chlo-
acids,
but
is
roform
There are few minerals that are apt to be mistaken for sulphur.
all of them it may be distinguished by its bnttleness and by the
fact that it melts readily and burns with a nonlummous blue flame
Crystals with the form of the mineral are produced by
Syntheses
the evaporation of solutions of sulphur in carbon bisulphide, and also
by sublimation from the fumes of ore roasters
Occurrence and Origin
Sulphur occurs most abundantly m regions
of active or extinct \olcanoes, and in beds associated with limestone
From
result
matter.
in the
form
of
powder as the
La
Calcasieu Parish,
where
it
is
at
49
Lake Charles
in
It occurs also
is
abundantly in the
associated with
gypsum
igniting
which flowed
tillation
The
from which
it is
La
is
at present
from the
New
mines have been opened near Thermopolis in Wyoming, in Brazona County, Texas, and at Sulphur Springs, Ne\ada. The total
amount of the mineral mined in 1912 was 303,472 tons, valued at $5,256,422
most
ARSENIC GROUP
arsenic group comprehends metallic arsenic, antimony, bismuth
(according to some mineralogists), tellurium, besides compounds
The
and
They
all crystallize
in the
rhombo-
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
50
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic
is
It usually occurs
They
massive or in
usually contain
some antimony, and traces of iron, silver, bismuth, and other metals
The crystals are cubical in habit, with an axial ratio of i i 4025
The principal forms observed are oR(oooi), R(ioTi), JR(ioT4),
|R(oil2) and
^(0332) Twins are rare, with -|R(oil2) the
.
twinning plane
Arsenic is lead-gray or tin-white on fresh fractures, and dull gray or
nearly black on surfaces that have been exposed for some time to the
atmosphere
density 5 6-5 7
It is
an
electrical
conductor
surfaces
may
easily
From
these,
distinguished
by
its
volatilizes completely
flame blue and giving rise to dense white fumes of As20s, which coat the
charcoal
The fumes of arsenic possess a very disagreeable and oppressive odor, while those of
antimony have no
distinct odor
300
Zmeov
Uses
Arsenic is used only in the forms of its compounds
The
native metal occurs too sparingly to be of commercial importance.
of the arsenic
compounds used
by smelting
in
51
arsenical copper
Antimony (Sb)
Antimony
is
arsenic,
which
respects
though rhombohedral
Most antimony
crystals are
it
resembles in
many
known
other metals
Its crystals are
ratio of
c=i
parallel to
oP(oooi)
Antimony
On
Its fumes,
made by the
by hydrogen
at a high
temperature
Occurrence and Localities
lead-antimony alloy in the smelting of lead ores and the refining of pig
lead
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
52
and
zinc
no commercial
In 1913
importance Most of the metal is
about
Bolivia
and
Ibs
the United States produced 185,000
606,000 Ibs
obtained in the refining of lead
color
Before the blowpipe it fuses, colors the flame green, coats the charcoal
with a white sublimate bordered by led, and yields white fumes
THE METALS
The metallic elements occur as minerals
tity,
most
compounds
Iron, the
most common
from
their
com-
merce,
state
native,
and some
alloys of gold
is
also
and mer-
Platinum and iron are separated from the other metals and,
together with the rare alloys of platinum with indium and osmium, are
The reason for this is
placed in a distinct group which is dimorphous
isometric
(rhombohedral)
Indium, thus, is dimorphous, hence platinum which
forms crystals with it and is, therefore, isomorphous with it, must also
be regarded as dimorphous The various platinum metals thus comIron is placed in the same group because
pnse an isodimorphous group
it is
divisible into
53
the beginning of this paragraph and the other consists of the rare metals,
The
metal
tin,
which
is
tetragonal
it is
extremely rare
it will
GOLD GROUP
This group embraces the native metals, copper, siker, gold, goldamalgam (Au Hg), siher-amalgam (Ag Hg), mercury, and leal All
crystallize in the isometric system (hexoctahedral class), and all form
twins, with 0(in) the twinning plane
Copper, silver and gold are
the most important
Copper (Cu)
Most
its
of the copper of
sulphides
found native
in
flakes,
commerce
is
groups of crystals
and
in
large
its crystals
*
The principal forms
observed
rr.i
-,
>v
are oo O oo (100),
/
FIG
2i.
^^
20
&
Copper Crystal
*
,
M Q *^
1
2 io' (h).
twinned
parallel
to
Groups of crys-
very common
These possess the arborescent forms so frequently
tals
are
seen
in
specimens
from
FIG. 22.
axes.
Cbpper
is
Its hardness is
only
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
54
and
its
thin plates
and
1083
is
it
The metal
It
fuses at
is
tricity
Its
most
is
its
solubility in nitric
acid with the evolution of brownish red fumes of nitrous oxide gas
Copper may easily be distinguished from all other substances except
gold
and a few
alloys
by
its
malleability
and
color
It
is
distinguished
that resemble
same time
its
Syntheses
metal in
copper
it
silicate
Occurrence
The principal modes of occurrence of the metal are, (i)
as fine particles disseminated through sandstones and slates, (2) as solid
masses filling the spaces between the pebbles and boulders making up
known
many veins
of copper ores
The copper
Native copper
is
found
in Cornwall,
England, in Nassau,
of conglomerate of which
found abundantly
it
constitutes from
also in sandstone
and
i to 3 per
cent, though it is
in the amygdaloidal cavities
which groups
in
many
of bright copper
55
and patches
The
ing
particles of rock
methods or by
The
Uses
mixed with
by smelting
electrolysis
many
that
all of
its
been for
and
bell
The
its
amounted to 1,126,was obtained from its carThe quantity obtained from the native metal is
bonates and sulphides
unknown The contribution of the United States to this total was
about 621,000 tons, valued at about $206,382,500, of which 115,000 tons
was native copper from the Lake Superior region The largest single
mass ever found in the Lake Superior region weighed 420 tons
Production
ooo tons
in 1912,
this
Silver (Ag)
Silver is usually
that
it is difficult
Pure
silver is
ing
upon
it is
its associations.
Ideally
developed
ooOoo(ioo),
silver
006(110),
crystals
are
rare
They
0(in)
The majority
show
and other
usually
various tetrahexahedrons
of
them by
by
flattening or
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
56
when
its
and
Its fracture is
and
and
of heat
electricity
Its
density
is
is
II is soft
hackly
an excellent conductor
about 10
its
5,
varying slightly
impurities
fuses
It
at
960
It is readily soluble in nitric acid forming a solution from which
a white curdy precipitate of silver chloride is thrown down on the
This precipitate is easily distinguished from
addition of any chloride
by
its insolubility in
hot water
made by
acid
placers
In general,
its
is
silver is
origin
59)
Localities
to mention
The
localities in
which
many
fine crys-
many
places
The
Colorado
On Keweenaw
present the silver is recovered from the copper in the refining process
At Cobalt the mineral occurs
well defined veins one inch to one foot
of slightly inclined
57
pre-Cambnan
The
producing
the world.
Extraction and Refining
Silver is obtained from
placers in small
quantity by the methods made use of in obtaining gold (see p 6i\
i e , by hydraulic
When it occurs in quartz veins or complex
mining
FIG. 23
silver
and
as free milling
Weight 37
The
a refining process.
methods.
Ibs.
Mine Cobalt
(Photo by
silver is freed
Dimensions
32X14X1
C W. Knight )
by electrolytic
ses
Silver is used in the arts to a very large extent
Jewelry,
ornaments, tableware and other domestic utensils, chemical apparatus
and parts of many physical instruments are made of it It is used also
and the
of the
coinage of
The
and of
frac-
United
States are nine-tenths silver and one-tenth copper, the latter metal being
added to give hardness English corns contain i2| parts silver to one
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
58
ooo oz
valued at
Canada was more than 30,243,000 oz
where
the ore is
from
this
of
all
came
Cobalt,
$17,672,000 and nearly
production
of
native silver
Gold (Au)
taining
it
it
is
its
jn appreciable quantities
are little
presence can be
Although present
rocks con-
many
scales
vem-
quartz
crystals
are battered
pressure.
slight
,_,,,-
Skele-
ton crystals
ning plane
As found in nature, gold
often contains traces of iron
ties of
of silver
up
to
16
known simply
it
larger
When
as gold
said to
is
be argentiferous
and bismuth
is
called clectru
,:
Palladium, rhodium
gold are alloys of the last-named metal roth the rare metals
The
59
common bismath
from pinkish
ooi
mm
Gold is soft, malleable and ductile Its luster is, of course, metallic
and its streak, yellow When pure its density is 1943, its hardness
between 2 and 3, and its fusing point 1062
The metal is insoluble in
most acids, but it is readily dissolved in a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids (aqua regia)
phere
-which
It
is
not acted upon by water or the atmosit from the other substances
resembles in appearance
Crystals of gold
Syntheses
tion of AuCls in
amyl alcohol,
same compound with formaldehyde
Occurrence
Native gold is tound in the quartz of veins cutting
through granite and schistose rocks, or in the gravels and sands of rivers
whose channels cut through these, and in the sands of beaches bordering
gold-producing districts
It
is
pounds and
The gold in quartz veins occurs as grains and scales scattered through
quartz irregularly, often in such small particles as to be invisible to the
Pyrite
crystals in cavities in the quartz
On surfaces exposed to the
is nearly always associated with the gold.
weather the pyrite rusts out and stains the quartz, leaving
it
cavernous
or cellular
of the world's supply of gold has come from placers. These
are accumulations of sand or gravel in the beds of old river courses
Most
The sands
of
Many
gold
ones draining the same regions and, consequently, their beds contain
more gold This was originally brought down from the mountains or
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
60
grains,
gold, however,
merely
rolled
from which
along the bottoms, dropping here and there into depressions
in
volume
the gold
As the streams contracted
it could not be removed
grains were covered by detritus, or perhaps a lava stream flowing along
These buried river channels with
the old river channel buried them
their stores of sands, gravels
With
the
The
the zones of
many veins of gold-bearing sulphides and
the
iron
enrichment
At
the
surface
sulphides are oxidized
secondary
into sulphates, leaving part of the gold
the metallic state and dissolvdized zones of
is
carried
downward and
precipitated
been obtained
also
mountains
portions of the
Rocky Mountains
m Alaska, at Porcupine,
points
The
rising in the
Victoria
mountains of
The
lately attracted
New
valleys of 'the
much
Yukon and
attention,
and
other rivers
in the past
Alaska have
sands off
is
61
The sands
States
have
of
for
South Atlantic
eastern United
The
for gold
California, in
metal
several times at a profit and the mining continues to the present day
Small quantities of gold have also been obtained from streams in Maine,
New
and
foreign
particles
are carried
currents
away by
of water
and
the gold settles down with other heavy minerals to the bottom of the
shallow pans used in hand washing, or into compartments prepared for
it
when the
in troughs
ward
collected
left
by shaking
The
dissolves
quicksilver
it
with mercury
is finally
driven off
behind
or, quicksilver,
many
It
is
\\hich
afterit
sands are dredged, and the sand thus raised is treated by similar methods
Sands containing as low as 15 cents' worth of metal per cubic yard can
f a\
orable conditions
Where
driven off
by
with mercury
When
trated,
roasted
is
and forms an
alloy
heat
the gold is disseminated through sulphides, these are concenfreed from the gangue material by washing and then
is
collected
by amalgamation,
or
is
dissolved
by
medium
most
States
important countries of the world The gold coins of the United
contain
Britain
of
Great
Those
in
contain 900 parts gold
916 66
1,000.
parts, the remaining parts consisting of copper
and
silver
The
total
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
62
gold coinage of the United States mints from the time of their organiThe
zation to the end of the year 1912 amounted to $2,765,900,000
value to $360,coined in the world's mints in 1912 amounted
gold
671,382,
in arts
and
industries to $174,100,000
Jewelers estimate the fineness of gold in carats, 24-carat gold being pure
and 6 parts
Eighteen-carat gold is gold containing 18 parts of pure gold
is
The
added to
of some less valuable metal, usually copper
copper
color
a
it
darker
The
increase the hardness of the metal and to give
gold used most in jewelry is 14 or 12 carats fine
The total value of the gold product of the United
Production
Of this the following states and
States during 1912 was $93,451,000
territories were the largest producers
Alaska
$17,198,000
California
20,008,000
Colorado
18,741,000
Of the
Nevada
South Dakota
Utah
$13,576,000
7,823,000
4,312,000
at $23,019,633,
and
136,100
The
of the gold
$211,850,600
United States
Mexico
$24,450,000
93,45 1,500
India
11,055,700
Australasia
54,509,400
Canada
12,648,800
Russia
22,199,000
Japan
Lead
4,467,000
in thin plates
It usually contains
ganese and lead ores and also in a few placers
small quantities of silver and antimony
The native metal ha } the
same properties as the commercial metal Its hardness 13 i 5 and
1
density
The metal
is
obtained
Mercury
from which
it
ift
63
same properties
it
crystallizes in octahedrons
13 6
ha\mg a
cubic cleavage
Its density is
Amalgam
(Ag Hg)
is
is
white and opaque and gives a distinct silver streak when rubbed on
Its hardness is about 3 and its density 13 9
When heated
copper
in the closed tube
it
yields
a sublimate
of
On
PLATINUM-IRON GROUP
The
The
may
latter
of economic importance.
Platinum
(Pt)
Au
Pt
85 50
80
Fe
6 75
Ir
i
05
^Rh
i
oo
Pd
60
Cu
i
40
IrOs
Sand
Total
10
2 95
101 15
Though
and
distorted.
gold, those of platinum are frequently
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
64
The
color of platinum
is
little
Syntheses
mas
Occurrence
Platinum
by
found
is
and
beaches
and
It is present also in
the largest known weighing about iSf kilos
basic
in
certain
small quantity
igneous rocks, like pendotite
very
all
auriferous placer districts and
It occurs
Localities
nearly
sands of
many
rivers,
Lapland, the Rhine, the rivers of British Columbia, and of the Pacific
It is more abundant in the Natoos Mountains in Borneo, on
States
in
old river in
chromite (p 200)
It
is
The
native metal
is
Its presence
placers
is
due to the
by atmospheric agencies
The metal is separated from the sand
with which it is mixed by washing and hand picking
The metallic
powder is then refined by chemical methods
Extraction and Refimng
On
Uses
rosion of
account of
its
infusibihty
and
its
power to
age
is
for coinis
in the
More than
process
made
at present
as
manufactured by
this
Most
is
65
obtained from
314,751 oz
of
The
The output
mines
1912 was
about 300,000 oz
and of the United States 721 oz (equiv-
pIG
35
(Field Columbian
Museum
Weight 265
for the
are isometric
at
Iron (Fe) occurs in small grains and large masses in the basalt
in
Greenother
a
few
at
and
points
Greenland,
Ovifak, Disko Island,
of iron are found in the sands of some
land, and alloys consisting mainly
The native metal always
rivers in New Zealand, Oregon and elsewhere
of iron, however, is
occurrence
common
most
The
contains some nickel
When
it is aUoyed with Ni
also
bodies
these
In
meteorites
(Fig 25)
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
66
Iridium
(Ir
Their hardness
and
its
FIG
26
is
6 to
fusing point
is
7,
and density 22
The mineral
is
isometric
between 2i5o-225o.
About 2,390 oz
1912, but
of the
all of it
Allopalladium (Pd)
valued at $213,397
is
It
is
found
Harz
67
Osmiridium (Os
flattened grams
steel-gray
with
KNOs
Their hardness
and
osmium o\ide
is
6 to 7 and density 19 to 21
When
heated
KOH,
by
They
The
world's product of
two sources
The metal
is
CHAPTER
IV
THE
of elements acting
sulphides are combinations of the metals, or
with sulphur
They may all be regarded as derivatives of
like bases,
The
of the
hydrogen by some
compounds of
and the selemdes of EkSe
With the same group are also placed the arsenides and the antimonides, derivatives of HsAs and HsSb, because arsenic and antimony
EfeTe,
The
and antimonides
of the metals
(a)
The monosulphides,
H3 As, H3 Sb
(&)
The
2
etc
disulphides, etc
H3 Sb)
water or hydrochloric acid, the solution formed will stain the silver a
dark brown or black color (AgsS), which will not rub off
The sulphides
yield the sulphur reaction
foil, the sulphates only when charcoal or some other reducing agent is
added to the mixture before fusing Moreover, the sulphides yield
first
aid
of
69
the
sulphides
The selemdes are recognized by the strong odor evolved \\hen heated
before the blowpipe
Selenates and selemtes give their odor only after
reduction with Na2COs
The tellundes, \\hen wanned with concentrated HoSO-t, dissolve and
yield a carmine solution from which water precipitates a black gray
powder of tellurium
All substances containing arsenic and antimony yield dense white
in the oxidizing flame
The fumes of
The corresponding
(AS203)
compounds
of sulphur
with
Realgar (As 2 S2 )
Realgar occurs as a bright red incrustation on other substances,
crystals implanted on other
It is usually associated with the bright yellow orpunent
minerals
as
(P 7i)
by two
H2 S
in
H2 S
As=S
yielding
H2 S
As=S,
is
replaced
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
70
habit
They
c
=i 44
monoclmic (prismatic class) with an
faces
are
The characteristic prismatic
i
5'
973 and /3=66
5b
oo
P
conwith
These
(oio)
(b)
(w)ooP(uo) and (J)ooP2(2io)
The terminations are (r) \? 00(012) or
stitute the prismatic zone
axial ratio a
are
(q)
Pob (on)
orthodome
(a) (Toi),
and one
27
more
The crystals
of several
or
striated vertically
= 105
parallel
to
oo
P 5b
Realgar Crystal
(c),
Poo,
in
(b)
on
oP, ooi
(q)
and P,
and
(/)
oo
P5
It
is
and
fre-
is
Its density is 3 56
yellow tinge
oio
(fc)ooPoo
sectile, soft
27
(See Fig
pyramids
34'
The mineral
FIG
(0 oP(ooi), the
splinters
it
is
often
translucent
In thin
or
trans-
red
and
Its
yellow tints, but in masses it is opaque
indices of refraction are not known with accuracy, but its double re-
fraction
is
strong
030)
It
is
a nonconductor of
electricity
When
When
clouds of arsenic fumes and the odor of burning sulphur (SOs)
heated in a closed tube it melts, volatilizes and yields a transparent
red sublimate in the cold parts of the tube
and its reaction for sulphur distinguish realgar
other minerals but cinnalar, the sulphide of mercury (p 9#)
from
It
all
may
specific
charcoal
On
arsenolite (As20s)
Syntheses
Realgar is often produced in the flues of furnaces
which ores containing sulphur and arsenic are roasted
Crystals have
also been produced by heating to 150 a mixture of AsS with an excess
of sulphur in a solution of bicarbonate of soda sealed
a glass tube
71
orpiment
deposited as a powder
by
it is
a product
and
sul-
phur vapors.
Uses
The
An artificial realgar
commercial importance
"
the manufacture of white-fire "
and
is
employed in tanning
Orpiment (As 2 S3 )
Orpiment, though more abundant than realgar, is not a common
It is usually found
foliated or columnar masses with a.
mineral
Its
name
aun-
of arsenic, corresponding
vertically striated,
and
is
resinous
on other surfaces
is
hardness
is
is i
When
It,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
72
The chemical
of red
Synthesis
Orpiment is produced in large plcochroic crystals by
treatment of arsenic acid with 2 S under high prcssuie
Orpiment occurs in the same
Occurrence, Localities and Origin
NY
is
also
product
Stibmte
is
mony
in
tals,
is
radiating
groups of
crystals
and
fibrous masses
Chemically, stibmte
is
traces of silver
FIG
28
Stibmte Crys(w)
OOP So, oio (ft), 2P2^
tal
121 00
M p no
and P,
Crystals of
,,
ca ^ ec^
99 2 6
habit
and gold
stibmte are often very comnh-
11,
axial ratio
acicular
The most important forms m the prismatic zone are oo P(no) and oo P 56 (oio). The
acutely terminated by P(iu), ^4(431) and 6P2(36i),
iii(.p)
73
"all,
The
cleavage of stibmte
is
The mineral
is
soft
oo
P 06
(H=2) and
(oio),
slightly
is about 4 5
Its color is
lead-gray and its streak
In very thin splinters it is translucent in red or
yellow
In these the indices of refraction for yellow light have been
tints
determined to be, 0^=4303 and 7=3 194
Surfaces that are exposed
to the air are often coated with a black or an iridescent tarnish
The
sectile
little
Its density
darker
It is a nonconductor of
electricity
Stibmte fuses very easily, thin splinters being melted even in the
When heated on charcoal the mineral yields antiflame of a candle
by the test for sulphur From the other sulphides it is distinguished by its cleavage and the fumes it yields when heated on char-
sulphides
coal
differs
a cubic cleavage
Stibnite is produced by heating to 200, a mixture of
Syntheses
sulphur and antimony with water under pressure, and by the reaction of
H2S on antimony oxide heated to redness
The mineral
is
found as crystals
quartz veins cutting crystalline rocks, and in metalliferous veins associated with lead and zinc ores, with cinnabar (HgS) and barite (BaSO-i)
The finest crystals, some of them 20 inches in length, come from mines
The mineral
in the Province of lyo, on the Island of Shikoku/Japan
in
York Co
New
the
Rocky Mountain
States
In Arkansas stibmte
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
74
The
locomotive and car journals, and with other substances it enters into
The
the composition of other alloys used for a variety of purposes
double tartrate of antimony and potassium is the well known tartar
emetic.
Production
is
an antimony chromate.
mined in the world can-
stibnite
Bismuthinite (Bi 2 S 3 )
985.
in color
and
an
electrical
and
It
conductor
In the open tube the mineral yields S02 and a white sublimate
which melts into drops that are brown while hot, but change to opaque
On charcoal it yields a coating of yellow 81203 which
yellow when cold
changes to a bright red Bils when moistened with potassium iodide
The mineral
which upon
?5
coal
Syntheses
BioSs
by
cooling a solution of
\vith quartz,
at
Gold
Hill,
garnet, etc
N C and
Haddam, Conn
Rowan County,
in granite at
in a vein containing
benl,
TETRADYMITE GROUP
This group comprises a series of tellundes and selemdes of bismuth
that have not been satisfactorily differentiated because of the lack of
accurate analyses
by rhombohedrons
(R(ioTi)
|R(oil2),
(oP(oooi)). Interpenetration fourlings are common with
The mineral is, however, more frequently found
the twinning plane
It possesses a
Its color is lead-gray
in foliated and granular masses.
Its hardness
perfect cleavage parallel to the base
electncal
conductor
a
is
It
about
good
density
74
occurrences
County,
the
are Zsubkau,
Hungary,
Va,
5-2 and
Its best
in
its
known
Davidson
and at
near Highland, Mont
and at Bradshaw City in Arizona It occurs in
near Dahlonega,
Montgomery Mine
Whitehall,
is
Ga
quartz veins associated with gold in the gold sands of some streams
The other members of the group appear to be completely isomorphous
color from tin-white through gray to
with tetradymite. They vary
black.
Molybdenite (MoS)
This mineral, which is the sulphide of the rare metal molybdenum,
does not occur in large quantity, but it is so widely distributed that it
It occurs principally in black scales scatseems to be quite abundant
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
76
The
is
4 7.
black
In very
Otherwise
it is
thm flakes
opaque
Its density
the mineral
It
is
and
in the
open tube
it
deposits a
Molybdenite is decomposed
pale yellow crystalline sublimate of MoOs
by nitric acid with the production of a gray powder (MoOs)
By
from
all
and
softness molybdenite
From
is
easily distinguished
this it is distinguished
by
its
Moreover, a characteristic test foi all molybdenum compounds is the dark blue coating produced on porcelain when
the pulverized substance is moistened with concentrated sulphuric
acid
until almost
dry
to molybdenite, the mineral must first be powdered and then oxidized by roasting in the air for a few minutes or by boiling to dryness
HNOs
Syntheses
Arendal,
It is
Norway,
Renfrew Co
thought to be of pneumatolytic
origin.
77
Uses
The mineral is the principal ore of the metal molybdenum,
the salts of which are important chemicals employed
principally in
analytical work, especially in the detection and estimation of phosphoric
The mol^bdate of ammonia (NH^MoO^ the principal salt
acid
employed in analytical processes, is easily obtained by roasting a mixture of sand and molybdenite and treating the oxidized product with
ammonia Other molybdenum salts are used for giving a green color
The metal
to porcelain
used
is
in
an alloy (ferro-mol}bdenum)
for
The value
of the imports
replaced
by metals
of
are
compounds
H2 S, H2 Se, H2Te,
Among
ores
The groups
The
The
The
The
The
The
Dyskrasite Group
Galena Group
Chalcocite Group.
Blende Group
Millerite
Group
Cinnabar Group.
DYSKRASITE GROtJP
This group includes a number of arsenides and antimonides, some
of which apparently contain an excess of the metal above that necesand HsSb. Although their comsary to satisfy the formulas HsAs
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
78
not understood, they are generally regarded as basic comfew of them are well crystallized, but their composition is
pounds
doubtful, because of the difficulty of obtaining pure material for analSome of them are probably mixtures The members of the
yses
position
is
group,
all
(CuoAs),
algodomte (CueAs), domeykite (CuaAs), horsfordite (Cu^Sb) and dyskrasOther minerals are known which may properly be placed
ite (AgaSb)
here,
is
doubtful
Domeykite (CuaAs)
in botryoidal
known only
is
that need
and dyskrasite
in disseminated particles
crystals
and
It
may
It becomes
form algodomte It is tin-white or steel-gray and opaque
dull and covered with a yellow or brown iridescent tarnish when exIt is the
Its hardness is 3-4 and density about 73
posed to the air
most
Lake
is
5775
and
streak,
but
its
6718,
Twinning
is
frequent,
silver-white color
bUck
is
GALENA GROUP
The
RQ
compounds
S)),
jalpaitc
79
((Ag Cu) 2 S) and eukante ((Ag Cu) 2 Se), and (B) galena (PbS\ altaite
Of these onh two are of importance,
(PbTe), and dausttalite (PbSe)
viz, galena, and argentite
unimportant ores
Hessite
and
of gold
Argentite (AgoS)
its occurrence, is an
Argentite, though not very widespread
It is found in masses, as
important ore of silver
coatings, and in crys-
tals or arborescent
groups of crystals
Argentite contains 87 i per cent silver and 12 9 per cent sulphur when
It is usually, however, impure through the admixture of small
pure
quantities of Fe, Pb, Cu, etc
density
It is sectile,
73
is
a conductor
of electricity
silver corn
Crystals of argentite
hot
silver
may
HfcS,
many
silver-mining districts
In Nevada
it
is
an important ore at
is found also near
It
Port Arthur on the north shore of Lake Superior, in Ontario, and assoThe ores of
ciated with native silver in the copper mines of Michigan
Mexico, Chile, Bolivia and Peru are composed largely of this mineral.
Much of the silver produced in this country is obtained
Production
from argentite, though by no means so great a quantity as is obtained
from other
sources*
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
80
The minerals
They
are
warm HNOs,
HC1
throws
down white
silver chloride
magmatic
solutions
They occur
81
Localities
later (p
Nagyag,
at Kalgoorhe,
siderable,
The
Australia
but since
it is
of gold
and
silver
is
it is
im-
them
Galena (PbS)
Galena, the most important ore of lead, occurs in great lead-gray
crystalline masses, in large and small crystals, in coarse and fine granukr
Much galena contains
aggregates, and in other less common forms
m which
silver,
cf
it
of this
metal
ties
in
case
apparently
present in
some
is
ranked as a
silver ore
This
an isomorphous mixture
cases as
silver
though
very
with the
crystals
common
The
octahedral
habit
are
mQm
FlG
\\ith
by
good conductor of
On
Its luster is
-Galena ays-
'
its
lead-gray
color, its perfect cleavage parallel to the cubic faces
29
Its streak
an^ Q,
ni
,?
(o)
meis
grayish black.
It is
electricity
of metallic lead,
by
its
and
The
mineral
is
soluble in
all
HNOs
with
minerals but
more
difficult
From this mineral it is easily distinguished by
the
antinot
it
does
that
fact
the
and
yield
by
fusibility, by its cleavage,
charcoal
on
mony fumes when heated
Unite
its
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
82
(cerussite)
with
HgS
NEUCl and
at a red heat
FIG 30
Galena Crystals (<*>OQ(IOO) and O(in)) partly covered by Manasitc,
from the Joplm District, Mo
(After U 6 T Smith and C I bitbentlial )
T
solution of
8o-9o
HkS
Veins of galena containing
Origin
was probably deposited by groundwater that dissolved the sulphide from the surrounding sedimentary
rocks
Galena is also in some cases a metamorphic product
Occurrence
The
It is
found
and
in stalactites
83
characteristic of
water
deposits
It occurs also as pseudomorphs after
pyromorphite the lead phosThe form that occurs in veins is often silver bearing, while that
phate
in limestone is usually free from silver
in the
Austin's
Mines
Wythe Co
in
Va
and
at
many
mined
other places
It is
at various points in
in the
m
in
driven
lead
off,
and
silver
The processes employed in refining the impure lead vary with the
nature of the impurities
Uses
Galena is employed to some extent in glazing common
stoneware
lead
It
is
As has
alrercly
been stated,
ore of silver
pigments
The metal
lead finds
many
it is
and other
Its
most common
is
for piping
Production
tries
The
Its
alloys,
by the
different coun-
in 1912
was
duced by
about 415,395
st of this
was obtained
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
84
of silver
may
worth of
this
and
specific gravity
about 8
They
and
lead
by
galena
CHALCOCITE GROUP
The
sulphides, selemdes
and
habit,
are isomorphous
are chalcoc^te
The
best
class) often
with an hexagonal
of the group
known members
(Cu2S) and stromeyente (Cu AgJgS, but only the firstAlthough these minerals are orthorhombic, never-
common
named
is
theless
Cu2S
is
known
which form
it
is
tals
of
It is
copper
common
many veins
ores,
The
85
their
forms oP(ooi),
predominant
series of
prisms of the
as
crystals
P(in),
chydomes
Many cf the crystals are elongated parallel to #, and
others are so developed as to possess an
hexagonal habit (Fig 31)
Twins are common according to several laws When the
is
twinning plane
|P
is
iioAiib=6o
The cleavage
of chalcocite
25'
fracture is conchoidal
is indistinct, its
5 7.
FIG 31
FIG 31
FIG 32
oio
FIG 32
Planes
is nearly black, but exposed surfaces are often tarnished blue or green,
probably through the production of thin films of other sulphides like
The mineral is an excelcovellite (CuS), chalcopynte (FeCuSa), etc
phurous fumes
When mixed with Na2COs and heated a copper globule
The
is
sul-
produced.
a solution
cupnte (CusO),
presence of siliaous solutions
(P 44i)
pseudomorph
it
may give
rise to
known
as
Aomnfe.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
86
It occurs at the
erals are
Canton Mine
mines in Tennessee
common
Chalcocite
is
recognized
by
its
and
color
Massive
crystallization
Syntheses
more
a long time
common product of the alteration of other copper compounds in the zone of secondary
Occurrence Localities and Origin
,
One
of copper minerals
of
The mineral
is
It is therefore present at
the best
known
most
occurrences
localities
is
Butte,
Mont
Fine crystals of chalcocite occur in veins and beds at Redruth and
at other places
Cornwall, England, at Bristol
in
Bohemia The massive variety
at Joachunthal
places
it
occurs
is
Connecticut, and
known at many
It is
Extraction
Lake Superior
of Copper
Chalcocite
rarely
occurs
alone
in
large
In ores
it is
gray
is
Its
nitric acid
silver
and
opaque and metallic Its color and streak are dark steelhardness is 2 5-3 and density about 62
It is soluble
in Chile,
Kupferberg, Silesia,
in a few mines
and
87
BLENDE GROUP
The blende group of minerals comprises a series of compounds whose
In the blendes
general formula like that of the galena group is RQ
stands for Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni and Fe and
for S, Se and Te
The blendes
color
or
are
than galena
ail
constitute an isodimorphous
group of a dozen
crystallizing in the tetrahedral division of the regular
(hextetrahedral class), and in hemimorphic holohedral forms of
They
more members
system
the hexagonal system (dmexagonal-pyramidal class)
The group may
be divided into two subgroups known respectively as the sphalerite
group
is
the mineral sphalerite. This, like the other less well known members,
crystallizes in the hemihedral division of the regular system with various
Sphalerite (ZnS)
Sphalerite, one of the very important zinc ores and one of the most
interesting minerals from a crystallographic standpoint, occurs in amorphous and crystalline masses and in handsome crystals and crystal groups
is
a distinct variety
Franklin Furnace,
Jophn,
of
Two
analyses of
Mo
American
Zn
Cd
32 22
67 46
66 69
tr
32 93
them
is regarded as
are
as follows
sphalerites
Fe
Total
42
99 68
100 04
Its
-Q3.
~(3 21 )
and
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
88
hedrons and
In
tristetrahedrons
common
are quite
(Fig
addition,
Twins are
34)
The cleavage
compact mass
times be split
of sphalerite
is
perfect pardlel to
Its fracture
is
conchoidal
When
From a
may some-
ooO(no)
good dodecahedron
is
FIG
FIG 33
FIG 35
34
o (101) and
Tetrahedral Crystal of Sphalerite Bounded by oo
FIG 33
O (in
and ill), Illustrating the Fact that Its Octahedral Faces Fall into Two Groups
FIG 34
Sphalerite Crystal
FIG 35
is
0,
no
(<*),
and-f
-,
311 (m)
0(ni)
The hardness
lumps of
rosin.
density about 4
and
oo
yellow light
is 2
Its luster
is
369.
Sphalerite
and by
89
Syntheses
Sphalerite crystals have been made by the action of
zinc chloride \ apor at a high
temperature
They are also often
produced in the flues of furnaces in which ores containing zinc and sul-
upon
The material in the veins is often crystallized Here it is assowith chalcopynte (CuFeS2), fluonte (CaF2 ), bante (BaSCX),
sidente (FeCOs), and silver ores
When in veins it is in some cases the
result of ascending hot waters and in other cases the
product of downgalena
ciated
Much
is
Localities
for galena.
tana
the ore
openmg
into a condenser.
where
it
is
distils
The
oxide
is
safely caught.
chemical methods
Uses of Zinc
sheets
It
is
such as brass,
Zinc
is
Argentiferous zinc
is
tity of silver.
showing the quantity of sphalerite produced in the zinc-producing countries are not available The total
Production
amount
The
of metallic
figures
zmc produced
was 1,070,045
tons,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
90
Alabandite
(MnS)
occurs, however,
Its streak is
and density
is
dark green
39
It
is
It is
not an
opaque and
electrical
brittle
conductor
It
usually
an iron-gray color
Its
hardness
When
is 3-4
heated on
charcoal in the reducing flame it changes to the brown oude of manIt is soluble ui dilute HC1
ganese and finally melts to a brown slag
EkS
at
Kapnik, Hungary,
United States at Tombstone, Arizona, and on Snake River, Summit Co
Colorado
the sphal-
The
46
It
a nonconductor of
(seep 92)
by
its
WURTZITE DIVISION
The
(ZnS),
Wurtzite (ZnS)
other.
is
91
Its
2P(022l) A2P(022I) = 52 2J
The mineral is brownish black to brownish yellow and its streak
is brown
Its hardness is between 3 and 4 and its sp
gr is about 4
f
It
erties
silver ores
near
Greenockite (CdS)
In
8109
an
have
Its crystals
general
The
36)
ratio
planes (Fig
is
axial
like
many more
ioTiAoiTi =
and small The
angle
39 58
Crystals are rare
mineral usually occurs as a coating on other
minerals,
color
Its
especially sphalerite
honey to orange-yellow,
yellow, and its luster glassy or resinous
transparent or
TII
is
translucent and
Its
index
of
j j
It
is brittle
w=2
refraction
it
FIG 36
tal
F?
When
688
becomes carmine,
color on cooling.
Greenockite Crys-
OOP,
x
i_
but
is
streak orange-
its
^>
o001
p> Iol2
aP,
ioT<^(w),
IOI
and
(c)
(l) ls
JL^
(The form
often pres-
HC1, yielding H2 S
a mixture of CdO, BaS,
Crystals have been obtained by melting
and CaF2, and by heating cadmium in an atmosphere of EfeS to near
in
fusing point
The
on sphalerite
mineral
is
prenmte
common
Fnedensville, Pennsylvania,
furnace product
Greenockite
and as coatings
Missouri and Arkansas, and at
at Bishoptown, Scotland,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
92
of
tially
It is
is
Good
crystals of
localities are
Fe
Co
Schneeberg, Saxony
39 10
tr
Brewster,
37 98
6r 77
61 84
NY
Sudbury, Ontario
Gap Mine, Penn.
The few
38 91
Ni
25
4 66
56 39
55 82
38 59
crystals of pyrrhotite
5 59
Total
100 87
100 07
99 96
100 oo
habit with a
it
has not been established that they are hemimorphic, although the almost universal presence of FeS in
FIG 37 -Pyrrhotite Crystal
oP, oooi (c), P, ion (s);
4 P, 4041
I0lo (m)
(), and
COP,
crystals
of wurtzite
would
Phous
_,
The
.
f
The
When
cleavage of pyrrhotite is not always equally distinct
it is parallel to ooP2(ii2o)
There is also often a parting
Its fracture is uneven
The mineral is brittle.
parallel to the base
It is opaque, and has a metallic luster
Its color varies between bronzemarked
93
Its hardness is
yellow and copper-red, and its streak is grayish black
a little less than 4 and its density about 4 5
All specimens are magnetic
but the magnetism varies greatly in intensity,
being at a maximum in
The mineral
is
a good conductor of
electricity.
From
the
many
sulphides
its
more or
may
less closely
easily
resembling pyrrhotite
be distinguished by
its color
magnetism
Syntheses
Crystals may be obtained by heating iron wire or
or
to redness in an atmosphere of dry HoS and by
FeCk
Fes04,
dry
heating
2S
Fe
a solution
where
it is
rock
It
may
N Y
and
at
Its
Gap Mine,
Lancaster
Co Penn
,
in Ontario,
where the
complex.
Pyrrhotite
siderite
is
pyrite, to
limomte and to
(FeC03 )
off the
Pyrrhotite is crushed and roasted to drive
is then placed in a furnace and
It
of
the
sulphur
greater portion
The nickel, copper and some of the
smelted with coke and quartz
of the fused sulphides, collect as a matte in the
with
some
iron, together
Extraction
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
94
The matte
is
it is
it
and the remaining nickel and copper are separated by patented or secret
methods
The mineral is sometimes worked for the sulphur it conUses
tains
this
metal used in
is
all of
at Sudbury, Ontario
The metal
nickel has
come
few years
its
German
ture of alloys
silver is
an alloy of
nickel, copper
and zinc
The
Ni and
Cu
from pyrrhotite, but the mines have been closed down within the past
It is, however, produced as a by-product in the
refining
of copper ores to the amount of about 325 tons
annually, This is worth
it
few years.
p, 400).
MILLERITE GROUP
This group comprises sulphides, arsenides and antimonides of nickel.
millmte (NiS),mccohte (NiAs), ante (Ni(Sb As))
certainty.
95
Mfflerite (NiS)
Millerite
is
by
easily recognized
most frequently
its
brass-yellow color
It occurs
woven together
like
wads
Pure millente contains 35 3 per cent sulphur and 64.6 per cent nickel
a little Co and Fe.
The mineral
It
is elastic
Its hardness
is
9886
is
Its streak
greenish black.
is
It is
5.
an
The mineral
in
On
charcoal with
NaaCOs
it
NY
Wis it occurs in
Nowhere does it occur in
at Milwaukee,
stone,
an ore.
Niccolite (NiAs)
Niccolite usually occurs massive, though crystals are
of
in a
few
known
It is
localities
Pb and Bi
which are
rare, are
pyramids P(ioTi)
and ^(5057)
The mineral
pale copper-red
is
less
well
developed
and opaque
It has
The
angle
a brownish
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
96
The surfaces
Its hardness is about 5 and its density 7 6
The minspecimens are tarnished with a grayish coating
eral is a good conductor of electricity
In the open tube mccohte yields arsenic fumes and often traces of
black streak.
of nearly all
862
On
charcoal with
HNOs
It dissolves in
solution, thus
Na2COs
mccohte from
Occurrence
and
The apple-green
ammonia
and
nickel
breit-
and
all
schists
distinguish
it
antimony
principally in
Niccohte occurs
veins
in
crystalline
in
metamorphosed
and cobalt sulphides and arsenides
The
posited
is
is
commerce being
ness
It usually occurs
aggregates and
in dense masses
ores containing
Ni
at Sarrabus,
is
m Sardinia,
at Cobalt,
by
its
Ont and
Covelhte (CuS)
Covellite, or indigo copper, is the cupric sulphide, chalcocite being
the corresponding cuprous salt
It is called indigo copper because of
the deep blue color of its fresh fracture. It is often mixed with other
it
known
It is
It
an unimportant
theoretical
66 44 per cent
Cu
97
and
silver
common.
c-i
usually tabular
is
42'.
In
They
and JP(ioT4)
frequently dull
The blowpipe
these exceptions
is
a good
electrical
The treatment
Syntheses
and EkS
by
in a closed tube at
its
color
fact
8o-9o
for
and by
two days
It is
and Origin The mineral is comparatively rare
abundant in Chile and Bolivia and at Butte, Mont and is found in
It usually occurs as
crystals on the lava of Vesuvius and elsewhere
an alteration product of other copper-sulphur compounds, especially in
Localities
CINNABAR GROUP
This group comprises sulphides, selenides and tellundes of mercury
The group is dimorphous, with its members crystallizing in henuhedrons
of the isometric system (hextetrahedral class)
and
in tetartohedrons
The isometric
hexagonal system (trigonal trapezohedral class)
as cinnabar
form
the
and
as
metacmnabante
hexagonal
HgS is known
to these are known the rare
addition
In
is important
the
latter
Only
of the
compounds
(HgTe),
onofnte
all of
coloradcnte
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
98
Cinnabar (HgS)
the only compound of mercury that occurs in sufficient
Nearly all of the mercury,
quantity to constitute an important ore
it
The mineral occurs
from
or quicksilver, in the world is obtained
Cinnabar
is
and
its
great weight.
it contains 13 8 per cent S
and 86
per cent Hg
the
admixture
Massive cinnabar is, however, usually impure through
of clay, iron oxides or bituminous substances
Occasionally the quanTheoretically,
is
is
inflam-
mable.
Though cinnabar
is
in small
fied
zohedral class)
tals are
rhombohedral or prismatic
habit
Their
axial
ratio
is
Planes
belonging to
more than 100 distinct forms have
i
The
teristics.
prismatic crystals,
this country, are often bounded
1453
by ooR,
(rolo)
and
R, (4045)
Their cleavage is
Others, however, are very complicated
perfect parallel to oo R(ioTo).
The mineral is slightly sectile It is transparent, translucent or
(Fig
38)
opaque,
streak
Its
is
is
scarlet
2-2 5 and
its
is
The indices
circularly polarizing
co= 2 854,
==3 201
When
is
likely to
be
99
From
realgar
it is
by
distinguished
its
From
its
great density
all
sulphur
and
its
greater hardness
HbS
and On gin
Cinnabar is usually found in
veins cutting serpentine, limestones, slates, shales and \anous schists
It is associated \Mth gold, various sulphides, especially pynte and marOccurrence
casite
(FeS 2 )
Localities
calcite
It
is
number
of places in
Bohemia,
Nevada, and at
Hungary, Serbia, Austria, Spam,
ether localities m Europe Asia and South America
The principal deposits of economic importance are at Almaden
California, Texas,
Bakhmut
Esmeralda, Humboldt,
dozen places
is
The Spanish mines, near the city of Cordova, have been worked
Much of the ore is an impregnation of
for many hundreds of years
sandstone and quartzite the mineral sometimes comprising as much
as 20 per cent of the rock mined
The metallurgy of cinnabar
Extraction
is
exceedingly simple
It
the mercury
is
collected
Uses of Metal
portant one
finds
in the extraction of
many
gold and
silver
by
Its
most im-
the amalgamation
process
is
is
Mercury
It
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
100
the
making
of mirrors, of barometers,
Some
instruments
all
of
The
which
To
at $190,907
$863,034, and Texas and Nevada 4,540 flasks valued
tons
of
ore
mined
I39>347
produce these quantities of metal California
Ibs
The California ore yielded
and Texas and Nevada 16,346 tons
Metacmnabarite (HgS)
is
It
is
is brittle,
some
of the
mines in
in other countries
It is
exceedingly rare.
diselemdes, ditellundes, diarsemdes and diantifrom the corresponding monocompounds m that they
contain double the quantity of S, Se, Te and Sb
They are divisible
into two groups, one of which comprises sulphides, arsenides and antidisulphides,
monides
differ
monides of
iron,
the tellundes
and selemdes
of gold
and
silver,
GLANZ GROUP
The glanz group
Its
members are
and
is
an excellent
characterized
brilliant luster.
by
illustration of
an isodimorphous group.
of the group
In composition
the minerals belonging to the group are sulphides, arsenides or antimomdes of the iron-platinum group of metals, with the general formula
RQ2
in
which
position of the
/S
Fe/
and
<As=As\
S
y>Fe.
It
is
some
of the cobalt
and
nickel arsenides
101
and that
members
of the
Orthorhombic
FeSg
Pynte
Hauente
Marcasite
MnS2
FeAsS
Arsenopyrite
FeAs2
CobalMe
CoAsS
Lolhngite
Glaucodot
Gersdor/tte
(Ni Fe)AsS
(Ni Fe)(As Sb S) 2
Wolfachite
Korymte
Ullmamte
NiSbS
CoAs2
NiAs2
PtAs2
Smdtite
Ckloanthite
Sperryhte
Safflonte
Rammdsbergite
The
division
(dyakisdodecahedral
it
class)
210,
group
of
is
is
in the parallel
the
isometric
so frequently seen
heimhedral
system.
The
on the mineral
situations
brilliant luster
It is easily recognized
and
its
hardness,
by
its
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
102
FTC 39
Group
of Pyrite Crystals in
cobalt, thallium
oo (100)
and
/20oo\
I
(210)
FIG 40
FIG 40
The
IK, 4 i
o=0,
and
210
FIG 41
metal
Sometimes arsenic
is
oo
02, 210
20,
Fe=44
and 0,
in
8=5408, As=o
(e)
24,
Co=i
(a)
Analysis of
gave
75,
Ni=o
18,
Cu=oos, =100
50.
42
Hintze records 86
very large
FIG
of forms that
Group
of
103
Pynte Crystals
in
^-^
the pyntoid
\\hich
(After
is
Bmtfaett
From
(210) are the most common of these, though the octahedron and the
dodecahedron are not rare Four distinct types of crystals may be
recognized, viz those with the cubic (Fig 39),
The
cubic
0(ni)
The cleavage
plane
its
fracture
Its
brittle
about
5.
of
pynte
conchoidal.
hardness
Its
is
luster is
is
imperfect and
The mineral is
6-6 5 and density
very
brilliant
and
electricity
Its color
and
is
FIG 43
Pynte InterpeneTwo PyntrationTwin
toids
about
O in
is
strongly thermo-electric.
hence
it
strikes fire,
is
a good conductor of
its
that
The
Treated with
some time
for
is
The mineral
The
no copper
Syntheses
of
but in vein-masses
it
may
embedded
crystals.
The
mineral
is
lunonite
and
it is
characteristic of
Localities
few of
its
mines of
all
known
as the
"
"
gossan
pyrite deposits
but very
crystals are
in
Pynte
is
found
many
different places
105
Rowe, Mass
in Louise
Co Va
,
in great deposits at
in St
and
in
the Rio
Carolina
Tmto mines
Pauldmg Co
Much
Ga
in
X Y
of the massive
it
contains
Uses
acid
ing are carried to condensers \\here they are oxidized by fineh divided
The residue, which consists
platinum or by the oxides of nitrogen
largely of Fe20s, is sometimes smelted for iron or made into paint
This residue also contains the gold and other \aluable metals that may
have been
The
facturing processes
artificial fertilizer
The
greater portion of
it
is
many manu-
consumed in the
industry
Production
Mass
in
\alued at $1,334,259
Virginia
is
by
producer
In
260,000 tons of pynte m the shape of low grade sulphide copper ores
from Ducktown, Tenn and zinc sulphide concentrates from the Mississippi Valley and elsewhere for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
,
The
total
aunferous pynte has also been mined in the southern states and the
Rocky Mountain region for the gold it contains This metal is separated from the pyrite partly by crushing and amalgamation and partly
by smelting or by leaching processes. In the former case the gold
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
106
Cobaltite (CoAsS)
Cobaltite
is
The compositions
Co
and that
of crystals
of a massive variety
As
Co
Siegen
45 31
Nordmark
44 77
The
19 35
20 23
crystallization of cobaltite
number
The
33 71
29 17
4 72
is
Ni
Fe
i
Total
100 oo
63
i
68
100 57
fracture
oo
oo (100) ,
0(i 1 1 ) and
(210)
oo (100)
Its
cleavage of cobalt is fairly good parallel to oo
The color
is uneven, its hardness is 5 5 and its density about 6 2
and
steel-
It
is
Localities
some
It is associated with
crystals occur at
is
silver
compounds
and copper ores
of nickel
and other
Large, hand-
107
Uses
Cobaltite is said to be used b\ jewelers in India in the production of a blue enamel on gold ornaments
It is employed also in the
manufacture of blue and green pigments and in the manufacture of com-
pounds used
Smalt
\\ith a
is
made
mixture of
molybdenum
for the
manufacture
Most
Production
of the cobalt of
It
is
commerce
is
handled by the
\ anous cobalt
ver>
little is
The mines
of cobaltite
and hence
at Cobalt, however,
few years and these have gone into the manufacture of the oxide, of
uhich about 515 tons -\\ere produced in 1912, ha\mg a \alue of
$317,165
Smaltite (CoAs>)
Smaltite
is
It is
found in crystals
and masses
is 71 88 per cent As and 28 12 per cent
usually contains also S, Ni, Fe and frequently traces of
Pb Since it is isomorphous \uth the arsenide of nickel
Co, though
Bi,
it
Cu and
Moreover,
chloanthite (NiAs2), mixed crystals of the t\\o are common
mixsharply defined crystals have been found to consist of mechanical
tures of several
compounds
black streak
Its cleavage
It
is
is
5-6 and
and a
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
108
The mineral
by its
color
the lack of
it
and a
is fairly
It
is
soluble in
HNOs,
yielding
As2Os
distinguished from most other minerals
precipitate of
easily
It is especially
As
in the case of
its
tics
Chloantfaite (NiAso) resembles smaltite in most of its characterisThe two minerals grade into each other through isomorphous
mixtures
known
are
Those mixtures
in
called chloanthite
The pure
in
is
excess
NiAs predominates
chloanthite molecule
is
Ni= 28
arc
per cent,
As =7 1 9 per cent
The two minerals can be distinguished when unmixed with one
another by the blowpipe reactions for Co and Ni
In mixed ciysUis
the predominance of one or the other arsenides can be determined only
by quantitative
analysis
Chloanthite containing
much
where
it
a mica-slate
The mode
it is
of occurrence of chloanthite
and the
localities at
which
Spenyhte (PtAs2 )
It is referred to here because it is the
Sperryhte is extremely rare
only platinum compound occurring as a mineral
Chemically, it is
43 S3 P er cent As and 56 47 per cent Pt, but it contains also small
quan-
tities of
Sb,
Pd and Fe
0(no) and
They
several pyntoids
cubical
The mineral
ness
is
is opaque and
and
6-7
density 10 6
tin-white,
and
its
streak black
Its hard-
glass tube
it
109
it
foil it
and aqua
It is
shnvh soluble
in
HC1
concentrated
regia
pletely
nickel mine,
and as
The
Macon Co Ga
,
MARCASITE
Dl\ ISIOX
Three members of the marcasite group are important, all are interesting from the fact that they are so alike in their cr\stalhzation that a
description of the forms belonging to any one of them might serve as a
The
group
is
approximately a
'
c=
crystallization of the
class),
1:12
Marcasite (FeS 2 )
Marcasite, the dimorph of pynte, resembles this mineral so closely
that in massive specimens it is difficult to distinguish between the two
are nearly alike in hardness, in color and in chemical properties
Its density is less
color than pynte
is a little lighter
(about 4 9), and it possesses a greater tendency to tarnish on exposed
They
Marcasite
surfaces
is
more
susceptible to altera-
tion than
is
is
not the
their crystallization
very different
Marcasite is orthorhombic (rhombic bipyramidal
class),
with the
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
110
Its
2342
FIG 45
FIG 44
Marcasite Crystal with
FIG 44
(/)
013
PM
FIG 45
and P,
and JPS5
(T)
in
101
(e)
(s)
andP
<56
FIG 47
FIG 46
FIG 46
FIG 47
Twin
of Marcasite
In
about
oo
P(iio)
Fourling Twinned about
no
and then
i To
many
columnar in habit, forming radiating groups with globular, remform and stalactitic shapes
Concretions are also common
The basal
ular or
plane
The
is
P oo (on)
is
uneven
Ill
chalcopyrite,
ite,
after
it
indicates that, under suitable conditions, it alters also to these comThe mineral is in most cases a direct result of precipitation
pounds
of
in rocks in
als
as a source of sulphur
Localities
Crystalline
near Carlsbad
Bohemia
marcasite occurs
that
it is
mined
and
Valley, where
Galena,
111
it
sometimes forms
stalactites
The
stalactites
from
and
crystallized marcasite
Arsenopyrite (FeAsS)
Arsenopyrite, or mispickel,
It is
general appearance
for arsenopynte
is
following.
As
45 62
Specimen from Hohenstein, Saxony
France
Mte
from
45 78
Chalanches,
Specimen
S
19 76
ig 56
proportions,
As 46 per
is
cent,
S 19
per cent,
replaced in part
by
Fe
Total
34 64
34 64
100 02
99 98
m the following
Fe 34 3 per cent
cobalt, nickel or
In
many
manganese.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
112
The
is
are a combination of oo
matic habit.
the
same
and
repetition
The
with
as
in
angle
no/\i"io=
13'
horizontally,
the planes
oo
are
and
ooP(no)
stri-
often
are
stri-
is
marcasite,
often met
is
The brachydomes
FIG
(on),
rare
68
P(no)
P 06
parallel to
Its
ooP(no)
hardness
is
5-6
AsS
and then a black mirror of arsenic On charcoal it gives the usual
Cobaltiferous varieties react for
reactions for sulphur and arsenic
cobalt with borax. The mineral yields sparks when struck wilh. steel
and emits an arsenic smell It dissolves m nitric acid with the separation of sulphur
Arsenopynte
by
is
the absence of
and arsenides
Co
Synthesis
Crystals of the mineral are produced by heating in a
closed tube at 300 precipitated FeAsS in a solution of NaHCO*
Occurrence
Arsenopynte crystals are often found disseminated
veins
The
mineral
Blue Hill
Maine, at Chatham in Connecticut, and at St. Francois,
Beauce Co, Quebec
Massive arsenopynte is found near Kecscville
Essex
N Y
and
at Re\\ald,
Flo\d Co
113
FeAsS = FeS+As
place
The
Uses of Arsenic
though
its
The metal
compounds
find
little
many
The
this is
gold,
its
compounds
Lollingite (FeAso)
isomorphous
is not
is
its
mineral
common
Most specimens
The pure
is grayish black
It readily fuses to a mag5-5 5 and density about 72
It is soluble in
netic globule, at the same time evolving arsenic fumes
Its
hardness
is
HN03
It usually occurs in veins associated with other sulphides
and
arsen-
It is
Co., Colo
At the last-named
and
and
trillings,
barite.
SYLVANITE GROUP
all of
sylvanite group includes at least three distinct minerals,
is
The
which are ditellurides of gold or silver.
isodunorphous.
group
The pure gold tellunde is known only in monochmc crystals, but the
The
silver
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
114
Monoclmic prismatic
Orthorhombic bipyramidal
Calavente
AuTeo
(Ag Au)Te2
Krennente
Syhamte
in
Calaverite
(AuTe2 )
Te=5727, Au=4i
37,
'
is i
6313
and density 9 04
charcoal before the blowpipe the mineral fuses easily to a yellow
globule of gold, yielding at the same tune the fumes of tellurium oxide.
age
On
treated with
The solution
treated with
HC1
chloride
Calaverite
tellurium
is
It is distinguished
from
fetzite (p
80),
by
by the
test for
its crystallization
and the fact that it gives a yellow globule when roasted on charcoal,
and from sylvamte by the small amount of silver it contains, its higher
It is distinguished
specific gravity, its color and its lack of cleavage
from krennente by its crystallization
Occurrence
The
mentioned
81)
Co
Cal
It is believed to
115
in Boulder
Co
is
an isomorphous
It is
about
Analyses
follow
Te=62
Te=59
Te=58
Au=24 45
Au=26 36
Au=29 35
91
Theoretical for AgTe + \uTe
I
II
III
I
16
78
39
86
Ag=n
74
Total=ioo oo
"
ico oo
k *
100 oo
II
Ag=i3
Ag = i3
Colo
an
axial ratio
brilliant metallic
Its hardness is
luster
between
and
and
its
densiU
Its
P ob
9-8 3
Moreover,
it
possesses a per-
(oio)
silver precipitate
produced by adding
HC1
to its solution
m HNOs
It is best distinguished
always large
cleavage and
is
its
from fetzite
its
and by the yellow metallic globule produced when the
It is distinguishable from krennente by
roasted on charcoal
crystallization,
mineral
its
is
crystallization
Boulder
tities
Co
Colo
Nagyag
Bay, Ontano
by hot vapors
Uses
Creek and
It is
in
Like calavente
mined with
it TV as
deposited
calaverite as a gold
Boulder Co Colo.
,
Hills,
by magmatic
and
water, or
CHAPTER V
THE SULPHO-SALTS AND SULPHO-FERRITES
THE
arsenic acid,
sulpho-salts are salts of acids analogous to
This
is
loss of
HaO,
The
sufficient
116
them are
of
SULPHO-SALTB
AND SULPHO-FERRITES
117
ORTHO SULPHO-SALTS
The ortho
salts are
is
Boitrnomte
Orthorhombic
Pyrargynte AgsSbSa
Hexagonal
Proustite
Hexagonal
AgsAsSs
PYRARGYRITE GROUP
Pyrargynte (AgsSbSs)
Pyrargyrite, or dark ruby silver, is an important silver ore, especially
and the \\estern United States. The name ruby silver
in Mexico, Chile
is
given to
it
The mineral
it
also forms
Sb
Andreasberg, Harz
17 65
Mexico
17 74
22 36
22 39
17 95
18 58
Zacatecas,
Freiberg,
The
Saxony
As
Total
99 77
100 44
60 04
60 63
27
2 62
Ag
59 73
99 78
and hemunorphic
8038
They are
The species is very rich
The most prominent
than 150 having been reported
(ditngonal pyramidal
of these are
ooP2(ii2o),
scalenohedrons
R3 (2i3i)
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
118
The
face oPfooi)
The
ture
is
Its frac-
to
R(ioTi)
cleavage of pyrargynte is distinct parallel
The mineral is apparently opaque and
conchoidal or une\ en
color
is
but
is
its
trans-
in transmitted
purplish red
For lithium
streak
Its
light
03=3084,
conductor
light
is
=2881
It is
not an
electrical
easily
and
When heated
ghes a reddish sublimate
sodium carbonate on charcoal it is reduced to a
/
^
P\ra^g\nte with
1 1 20
(a)
I
g^bule
acid,
of
silver, \vhich,
yields
silver
when
chloride
dissolved in nitric
when
The mineral dis-
precipitate
and a white
strong solution of
KOH
From
this solution
HC1
precipitates orange
The
and streak
color
mony.
Pyrargynte occurs as a pseudomorph after native
other
hand
it is
silver.
On
the
times to silver
Syntheses
Microscopic crystals ha\e been made by heating in a
porcelain tube, metallic silver and antimony chlorides in a current of
IfeS, and by the action of the same gas at a red heat on a mixture of
metallic silver
It is
most common
The
AND SULPHO-FERRITES
SULPHO-SALTS
mining
districts
m Colorado,
119
The mineral
Uses
an important ore of
is
Mexico and
silver in
in
with other sulphurbearing ores of sil\er, the metal being extracted from the mixture by
the processes referred to under argentite,
It is usually associated
Proustite (AgsAsSs)
Proustite, or light ruby siher,
differs
It
is
It
m place of antimony
in containing arsenic
is
an ore
of
silver
As
Mexico
19 52
14 98
Chanarcillo, Chile
19 64
13 85
is
Sb
i
Total
Ag
65 39
65 06
41
rhombohedral
The forms
compound
99 89
99 96
present on
R(ioTi)
The
tite
= 7i 12'.
angle io7i Alici
cleavage, fracture and haidness of prousThe
are the
same as
ness
is
for
light
and
scarlet
FlG
So-Crystal of
JJJHJ
(j/)
Jj
by reflected
Under the
Its luster is
adamantine.
It is
a nonconductor of electncity
=2
slight
sublimate
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
120
In
its
it
resembles
pyrargyrite except that it gi\es reactions for arsenic \\here this mineral
reacts for antimony, and yields onh sulphur \\hen dissohed in
HNOa
From
solution in
its
KOH a yellow
precipitate of As^Ss
is
thrown do\\n
employed
Freiberg and
Handsome
crystals
Wolfach
Uses
and at Chanarcillo
and with other ores of silver
in Chile
Ruby
localities
district, Colorado, at
it is
alteration
of
in
proustite
occur at
Baden, at Markirchen
more particular!}
and in all other
mined as an ore of
quite abundant,
Poorman
same
yields the
and
in Alsace
in the
it
In
lode in Idaho,
many
it is
silver
Bournonite ((Pb
Cu2 )3(SbS3 ) 2 )
S
I-
19 3 6
n. 19 78
may
be
Sb
23
57
23 80
Felsobinya, Hungary
sition of the
Sb=24
AXD 3ULPHOFERRITES
SULPHO-SALTS
with a
c= 9380
They
8969
121
mon
ductor of electricity
In the closed tube bournomte decrepitates and yields a dark red subIn the open tube, and on charcoal, it gives reactions for Sb, S,
limate
Pb and Cu
When
it
decomposes, producing a
FIG 51
FIG 51
FIG s-
on
FIG 52
(c],
b=
=c
P oo
55
P,
101
(0),
\P 112
no
(m)
Form
u)
and P
x,
in)
(oio;
and a *=
oc
P 55
same as
in
100)
blue solution of copper nitrate that turns to an intense azure blue when
In this solution is a residue of sulphur
an excess of ammonia is added
and a white precipitate that contains lead and antimon\
Bournomte is distinguished from most other minerals by its reactions
From other sulphantunonites it is
for both antimony and sulphur.
its
hardness
and
color,
density.
distinguished by
On long exposure to the atmosphere bournomte alters to the carbonates of lead (cerussitej and copper (malachite and azunte)
Synthesis
Crystals of bournomte have been obtained by the action
.
of gaseous
HkS on the
temperatures
Occurrence
The
chlorides
at
in
Pnbram,
Good
crystals are
Bohemia,
found
in the
in
at Felsobanya,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
122
Co
Ark
in
Ontario.
2H3AsS3-H2 S=H4As2 S5
of arsenic may be regarded as derived in
thought of as
more molecules
as minerals.
Among
the more
derivatives of sulpharsemous
common
and sulphantimonous
acids,
H4As2Ss
reddish brown.
HC1
easily fusible
They
are soluble in
crystals of
They
are decomposed
by HNOs,
and
in the
antimony mines
in Sevier
Co Arkansas
,
and sulphantimomtes.
former groups
is
is
wrought as a copper
ore.
SULPHO-SALTS
AND SULPHO-FERRITES
123
Enargite
Enargite, though a rare mineral,
it
is
so
specimens, however, contain an admixture of the isomorphous antimony compound, jamaiimte^ and consequently sho\v the presence of
antimony.
As
31 44
17 91
The mineral
class),
oo
with
Fe
Zn
Ins
.33
10
ii
crystallizes in the
usually prismatic,
oo
76
crystals with
and
an
Total
100 32
axial ratio
8694
8308
Their habit
is
The
the
vertically.
fied,
Cu
48 67
Sb
i
It
is
a poor
Its hardness
is
i2o(A)andoP,oor(c).
electrical conductor.
blowpipe
When
roasted on charcoal
gives the reactions for S and As, and the roasted residue when
moistened with HC1 imparts to the flame the azure-blue color charit
is
easily
recognized
by
its crystallization
and blowpipe
reactions
is associated with other copper ores in veins
water
at intermediate depths and in a few replaceby magmatiC
Occuiience.
filled
ment
Enargite
deposits
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
124
United States, at Butte, Montana in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado and m the Tmtic District, Utah
At the Butte smelter it
It is smelted as an ore of copper
Uses
and
in the
and placed
in
compounds
\\hich there
is
a greater
present than is
Thus, the
necessary to replace all the hydrogen of the ortho acids
The mineral stephcopper orthosulpharsenate, enargite, is CusAsSU
anite is AgsSbS* and the pure silver polybasite AggSbSe
percentage of
atoms
elements
the basic
Ag
etc),
(metals,
The
of this requirement, the two minerals are described as basic
exact relations of the atoms to one another in the molecules are
not known
is
Stephamte
Polybasite
Tetrahednte
T&nnantite
Orthorhombic
AgoSbS*
(Ag Cu^SbSc
(R")4Sb2 S7
Monoclimc
(R'^AsoS?
Isometric
Isometric
of silver in
AsandCu
Sb
Ag
16 28
15 22
15 22
68 50
68 65
Theoretical
. .
Total
100 oo
tr
99 89
an
.6851.
The
crystals
are highly modified, 125 forms having been identified upon them.
have usually the habit of hexagonal prisms, their predominant
They
planes
AND SULPHO-FERRITES
SULPHO-SALTS
ooP(no) and oop
being
06(010), terminated
125
2Poc (021) at one or the other end of the c aus (Fig 54)
common, with oo P(no) and oP(ooi) the t\\ inning planes
is
Its hard-
black
ness
parallel to oo
ture,
and
06 (oio)
On
is
<*?,
reducing
flame
,,
metallic
silver.
and
easy fusibility,
"
21
its crystallization,
is
and
its
W-
HC1.
The mineral
Localities
(P)>
is easily
Stephamte
S3 2
W,
by
its
Sb and S
Polybasite
name
the
follow
As
17 46
56
H-
17 7i
39
HI.
15 43
IV.
16 37
3 88
Sb
.
Ag
59 22
10.64
SS-I7
68 39
5 is
6793
Cu
15 65
*S ii
$ 13
607
Pb
Fe
Ins
-
42
05
.76
...
Drumlummon Mine,
Marysville, Montana.
Mexico
Total
99 89
99 85
100 09
100.18
DESCRIPTIVE MIXERALOGY
126
The
phous,
crystallization of the
is
Pearceite,
c= 1.7309
7309
habit.
6199
=9
5796
=90'
common, with
is
9'
commonly tabular or
The prominent forms
Contact twinning
55 (20!).
crystals are
hexagonal
2P
=i
Polybasite,
The
oo
P(no)
the twinning
plane,
in
Very
they are steel-gray to iron-black in color
and cherry-red Their streaks are black
lucsnt
and
their
Their cleavage is
Their hardness
fracture uneven
is 2-3,
easily fusible
They
They
guished
by
their crystallization
ment
by the
all
From
Pearceite
relative
Localities
Lode, Nevada
TETRAHEDRITE GROUP
The name tetrahedrite is given to a mixture of basic sulphantimonites and sulpharsenites crystallizing together in isometric forms with
a distinct tetrahedral habit (hextetrahedral dass)
The isomorphism
so complete that all gradations between the various members of the
The arsenic-bearing member of the
group are frequently met with
series is known as tennantite and the corresponding
antimony member as
is
letrakednte
The
The
latter
is
the more
common
some idea
of the
SULPHO-SALTS
Cu
As
Sb
AND
35 85
27 60 25 87 tr
23 51 17 21 7 67 42 oo
I
II
44 27 60
III. 24
IV
24 89 30 18
21 67 24 72
I
II
tr
Zn
Fe
66 5 15
8 28
49
2
27 41
4 27
32 80
5 85
33 53
56
Pb
Hg
Ag
2
Total
30
99 43
55
31 14 54
127
07
So
99 71
100 57
99 36
5 57
16 23
98 51
Xewbur>port, Mass
Cajabamba, Peru
HI
Star City,
IV
Poracs, Hungary.
Arizona.
St'LPHO-FERRITES
Xev
Upon examination
sometimes Co and Ni
When R
R"
is
Cu
Analyses of tennantite yield analogous results that may be represented by the formula CusAs2Sr which demands 26 6 per cent S, 20 76
per cent
some kind
solely of isomorph'jus
it is
containing As
place of Sb as tennantite, although several authors
confine the use of the latter term to arsenical tetrahedrites containing a
and plumbiferous
varieties of tetrahedrite
Some
and
zinc in the
more
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
128
common
The
varieties
(I)
are
Sb
tr
28 85
II
19 03
III
29 10
ii
44
Cu
Bi
As
24 48
26 61
19
Fe
i
45 39
51 62
13 07
Ag
Total
IQo 15
99 21
i 95
6 51
37 52
Co
Pb
"
3*
04
20
101 07
I
II
Cornwall, England.
Cremenz, Switzerland
Ill
The
crystals of
(211),
(332)
together with
Some
The
total
number
FIG 55
tal
(d)
have
is
m
L j
^
Tetrahednte Cryso
"
occurs also
with -,
no
The mineral
about 90.
in 6
dense
and earthy
granular,'
J
been identified
111
o,
masses.
The
is
uneven
color.
The chemical
vary with the constituents present. All give tests for sulphur and for
either antimony or arsenic, and all show the presence of
copper in a
borax bead. The reactions of other metals that may be present
may
The
lownmtie and
chalcocite
From
arseno$yritey
these the tetrahedrites are
SULPHO-SALTS
best distinguished
by
AND SULPHO-FERRITES
129
blowpipe reac-
tions
Tetrahednte appears to
suffer alteration
quite readily, since pseudo-
morphs
of several carbonates
are well
known
and sulphides
Syntheszs
Crystals of the tetrahedrites have been made by passing
the vapors of the chlorides of the metals and the chlorides of arsenic or
antimony and EfeS through red-hot porcelain tubes They have also
Roman
coins that
They occur
The
Columbia and
in
monial variety
Freiberg in
Saxony, at Skutterud
in
common
in the
as
is
the anti-
Cornish Mines, at
Quebec
The
Uses.
mineral
is
silver or of
same way as
THE SULPHO-FERRITES
Only two sulpho-femtes are sufficiently important to merit descripBoth of these are copper compounds and both are used as
ores of this metal, one chalcopyrite being one of the most important
tion here
The
which
worked
first
may be
the second
is
is
a basic salt of
130
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
Bormte, known also as horseflesh ore because of its peculiar purplishIn Montana and in Chile it conis found usually massive
stitutes an important ore of copper
red color,
Bornite
is
Conn
Cu
Conn
Bristol,
25 54
The
25 39
crystallization of
combinations of
oo
O oo
bormte
(ico), oo
is
63 24
62 78
Fe
n
n
Ins
20
28
Total
99 98
30
99 75
On
about 5
plish
It is a
black
good conductor
of electricity
and
is
its
easily recognized
by
its
purplish
brown
color
on fresh fractures
purple tarnish.
On
and
chal-
uncommon
Roman copper
Syntheses
warm
springs in
eral deposited
produced
AND SULPHO-FERRITES
SULPHO-SALTS
its
origin
is
131
action.
Bristol,
Uses
Conn
it
of the
Canadian
Bornite
pounds as an ore
is
of this
Chalcopynte (CuFeS2)
From an economic
of the sulpho-salts, as
FIG 57
FIG 56
FIG. 56
FEG 57
FIG 58
known.
(p),
-P,
2? x>
201
(3).
Pz
IP
,
The form ^
212 (x)
P(zio) and
x approaches P *s
(xoi
to pyrite in appearance
in
FIG 58
it is
and
often
crystallized.
known
From
its similarity
as copper pyrites.
a copper
HFeS2
The
some instances
silver
crystallization of chalcopynte
The
It also contains in
is
class).
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
132
The
and
3p
2
56 and 57)
P oo
(100),
oo
P(no), 2?
approximately
(772),
due to the
oscillation of oo
and
oo
(201),
supposed to be
(Fig 57)
parallel to
The
In addition to
ff
is
P
-(in),
density about
is
uneven.
which
float
ammonia
The addition of
and at the same
From
it,
chalcopyrite
is distinguished
azurite,
cndosed
in
a glass tube.
also been
coins.
made by the
It
is
action
also a fairly
is
altered
and
in others is original
It is also
it
is
133
rocks, schists
and
a contact deposit
and
pyrite.
It is the principal
copper ore
Tinto
district in Spain, of
French Creek Mines, Chester Co., Penn., near Finksburg, Md., and at
Extraction
mineral
concentrated
is
by mechanical methods.
The
This
is
"
it
from
sulphur.
which
finally refined
by
electrical processes.
Much
which
may be recov-
processes.
by the smelting
Production.
Of
Ib.,
United
and Mexico,
is
CHAPTER VI
THE CHLORIDES BROMIDES IODIDES \ND FLUORIDES
THE
hydrochloric (HC1), h>drobromic (HBr), hydnodic (HI) and hydroOf these some are
fluoric (HF) acids
Only a few are of importance
simple chlorides, others are simple fluorides, others are double chlorides
or fluorides (i e cryolite, AlFa^NaF), and others are double hydroxides
THE CHLORIDES
The simple chlorides crystallize in the isometric system, but in different classes in this system. They comprise salts of the alkalies, K, Na
and NKi, and
viz.: sylmte,
of silver
Halite
Halite, or
common
native chlorides
crystals,
Pure
of importance,
salt, is
It is
and
(Had)
the best
colorless,
in granular and
halite consists of 39
of the
compact masses
4 per cent Cl and 60 6 per cent
Na
The
NaCl
CaCl
MgCl
01
oo
97 35
II.
90 3
98 88
tr
Germany.
III,
II
Stassfurt,
CaS04
...
tr
Na2 S04
2
43
oo
Mg2 S04
Clay
30
23
.79
H2
2 oo
70
33
Vic, France
III. Petit
The
Anse, La.
crystallization of halite
is
135
"
what are
called
"
(Fig 59). The mineral occurs also in coarse, granular aggregates, in lamellar and fibrous masses and in stalactites
hopper crystals
oo (100)
choidal
many
is
of colloidal sodium.
and
translucent
colorless
Its
diathermous and
The mineral
luster
its
saline
\itreous.
is
taste
is
well
Its streak is
known.
a nonconductor of
is
is plastic
It
is
electricity.
prG
59
HcpperShaped Cube of
its plasticity
Halite
The chlorine
hant blue.
The mineral
The
solubility
of halite is
and
its
solution yields
silver nitrate.
The
Syntheses.
crystallization
by sublimation
off
sponding
salts
is
when
me
varying temperatures
(Ojanp pp. 22, 23.)
Below are given figures* showing the composition of the salts in the
water of the ocean, of GF -at Salt Lake, and of the Syracuse, N. Y. and
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
136
Michigan
artificial
brines (produced
by
buned rock
salt)
77 07
7 86
II.
79 57
10 oo
III
95 97
90
IV. 91 95
3 19
I
II
30
CaS04 MgS04
4 63
6 25
69
2
K2 S04
3 89
3 60
5 29
58
54
2 39
48
Atlantic Ocean
Wiefine
where
crystals
Germany,
liczka, Poland, Hall, Tyrol,
are found, the Valley of Cardova, Spain, in Cheshire, England and in
At Petit Anse in Louisiana, in the vicinity
the Punjab region of India
Y and in the lower peninsula of Michigan thick beds
of Syracuse,
The
Localities
Much
of the
before
it is
The
sufficiently
best
potassium and magnesium. Although the halite is in far greater quantity than the other salts, nevertheless, the deposit owes most of its value
to the latter, especially the potassium salts (comp. pp. 137, 142)
Uses. Besides its use in curing meat and fish, salt is employed in
Production
Most
tained directly from rock salt layers by mining or by a process of solution, in which water is forced down into the buned deposit and then to
ft.
thick.
137
The salt production of the United States for 1912 amounted to 33,Of this quantity
324,000 barrels of 280 Ib each, valued at $9,402,772
7,091,000 barrels were rock salt
The imports
1,000,000 barrels
barrels.
Sylvite (KC1)
Sylvite
is
phates.
hardness
and n
for
When
is
sodium
light
99
= i 4903
Its melting
temperatuie
is
738
sodium by viewing
it
react similarly.
by
the reaction with the bead saturated with copper oxide, and from one
another by the color imparted to the blowpipe flame.
Synthesis
Sylvite crystals have been made
to those employed in syntheses of halite crystals
by methods analogous
Occurrence
Sylvite occurs associated with halite, but in distinct
beds, at Stassfurt, Germany, and at Kalusz, Galicia. It has also been
found, together with the sodium compound, incrusting the lavas of
Vesuvius.
Sylvite Is an important source of potassium salts, large quanof which are used in the manufacture of fertilizers,
Uses.
tities
CERARGYRITE GROUP
The
silver.
The exhagonal
course, is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
138
Cerargyrite (AgCl)
ore
It is usually
Cerargynte, or horn silver, is an important silver
mixture
the
associated with other silver compounds,
being mined and
It is usually recog-
silver,
stituents,
are rare
Crystals
(hexoctahedral class), with a cubical habit,
oo 0(no), 0(in),
20(221)
predominant forms being oo O oo (100),
with
occur
sometimes
Twins
and 202(211)
0(in) the twinning face
The mineral is sometimes found massive, embedded among other min-
their
erals,
but
The
or yellow, sometimes
brown
On
colorless.
exposure to light
It is transparent to translucent
electricity
and
its
Like halite
streak
it is
it
is
turns violet-
white
It is a
diathermous
for
and
is finally
reduced to metallic
silver,
which,
when rubbed by a
knife
by the
it
yields
on charcoal
Occurrence
The
Chile,
Good
139
Poorman
Mine.
Extraction
metal
may
When
be extracted
estimated.
As has been
stated,
it is
be safely
usually wrought with other silver
ores,
THE FLUORIDES
The fluorides are salts of hydrofluoric acid. There are several
known to occur as minerals, but only two, the fluoride of calcium and
FIG 60
(Foote
(CaF2 )
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
140
some
quantities,
and
SiCfe,
CaF2
Si02
I
94 72
The
Ky gave
CaC03
,
22
MgO
68
82
The
FIG 61
FIG 62
oo
and
inter-
principal
FIG 62
FIG 6 1
0(ui),
A sample of
O oo
O oo (100),
oo
02(210) and 462(421) (Fig 61), but some crysmany as 58 forms having been identified upon
The
cleavage of fluorite
is
perfect parallel to
uneven or conchoidal,
its
0(in).
hardness
The mineral
is
4 and
its
mdts
at 1387. Its color is some shade of yellow, white, red, green, blue or purple, its luster vitreous, and its streak
is white
Many specimens are transparent, some are only translucent.
It
The
of
is
141
heated on charcoal
treated with sulphuric acid yields hydrofluoric acid gas which etches
The same effect is produced when the powdered mineral is fused
glass.
its volume of acid potassium sulphate (HKSO*) in a
walls of the tube near the mixture become etched as
tube
The
glass
acted
upon by a sand blast.
though
CaF2 with an alkaline carbonate and a little HC1 in a closed tube at 250.
Occurrence, Localities and Origin. The mineral occurs in beds, in
veins, often as the gangue of metallic ores and as crystals on the wails
of cavities in certain rocks.
by
pneumatolytic processes
its place in the rocks is often
that pseudomorph it.
minerals
occupied by calcite, quartz or other
a
as
flux in smelting iron and
The mineral is used extensively
Uses
The
of hydrofluoric acid, which, in turn, is employed in etching glass
for
vases
the
and
are
material
as
varieties
colored
employed
brighter
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
142
amethyst, etc
is
A portion is ground
and screening
The
Production
valued at $71,616
of molecules of potassium or
is
limited
composition
may
(KMgCls
6H2 0)
It occurs
2
distinct crys38 3 per cent Cl and 39 o per cent
tals but more frequently in massive granular aggregates
Its crystallization is orthorhombic (bipyramidal class), but the habit
of its crystals
is
is
.5891
3759.
Carnallite
is colorless
143
is
sodium
When
tion.
off
much
water, which
It melts in its
is
own water
is
easily recognized
by its
The mineral
dissolves
K and Cl
and the
Synthesis
tion of MgCl2
and KC1
Occurrence and Origin
cipitated
by
Localities
It
Kalusz, in Galicia
is
salts that
Carnalhte
Uses.
and other
is
used as a
Stassfurt,
Germany, at
in Persia
fertilizer
salts.
Cryolite (NasAlFe)
^=.9662 i i 3882.
ooP(no), oP(ooi), Pco(oTo),
is
are
re-
is
translucent to transparent
Because of
its
low index of
snow.
refraction, massive specimens suggest masses of wet
The
re-
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
144
fractive index
/3
for
sodium
light is i
It
364
is
a nonconductor of
electricity.
is
is evolved
hydrofluoric acid, and -ft hen fused on charcoal fluorine
color
the
heated
and
reaction
residue treated with Co(NOs)2
gives
it yields
The
forAl
By
the aid of
its reactions
is
all
other minerals.
the electrolytic production of aluminium, and is employed in the manufacture of white porcelain-like glass, and in the process of enameling
THE OXYCHLORIDES
The oxychlorides are combinations of hydroxides and chlorides
Some of them are " double salts " in the sense in which this word is
explained
above.
Cu(OH)Cl with
Atacamite
the hydroxide
is
Cu(OH) 2
or
Ncu
Cu(OH) 2
Atacamite (Cu(OH)Cl-Cu(OH) 2 )
Atacamite is especially abundant in South America
The mineral
usually found in crystalline, fibrous or granular aggregates of a bright
green color
Analyses of specimens from Australia and from Atacama, Chile, yield.
is
145
Austraha
Atacama, Chile.
The formula
CuO and
The
with a
lequires 16 6 per cent Cl, 14.9 per cent Cu, 55 8 per cent
12 7 per cent EkO.
prisms
The
fracture
Its
3 76.
0= 1.861,7=1
is
transparent to transIt is
a nonconductor
a=i
831,
880
In the closed tube atacamite gives off much water with an acid reacIn the oxidizing flame it fuses and
tion, and yields a gray sublimate
tinges the flame azure blue (reaction for copper chloride).
It
is
easily
along the west side of the Andes Mountains in Chile and Bolivia. It
occurs also in South Australia, in India, at Ambriz, on the west coast of
and
Atacamite changes
is
found most
and the
sili-
cate, chrysocolla.
CHAPTER
VII
THE OXIDES
THE oxides (except water) and the hydroxides may be regarded as
derivatives of water, the hydrogen being replaced wholly or in part
by a metal. When only part of the hydrogen is replaced an hydroxide
when all of the hydrogen is replaced an oxide results Thus,
sodium hydroxide, NaHO, may be looked upon as HgO, in which Na has
in which both
replaced one atom of H, and sodium oxide, Na20, as KfeO
Ferric oxide and
hydrogen atoms have been replaced by this element
results,
ferric
H-0 H
H O
H, Fe
Fe,
feme
YFe
oxide,
2
The
H O
H-0/
Fe(OH) 3
minerals
sesqui-
oxides, dioxides
THE MONOXIDES
Ice
The
(H2 O)
Its crystallization is
146
OXIDES
hollow prisms
147
It is trans-
Its
large masses when it appears bluish.
parent and colorless except
fracture is conchoidal
It possesses no distinct cleavage
Its fusing
FlG. 63
point
is
(After
COPPER OXIDES
Its composition
when pure
is
In
is
Its pre-
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
148
is
By
and
brilliant luster
The
finally green.
It is
almost vitreous
a poor conductor
of electricity,
green
flame becomes a brilliant azure blue. On charcoal the mineral first
fuses and then is reduced to a globule of metallic copper. It dissolves in
strong hydrochloric acid, forming a solution which, when cooled and
(Cu2 Cl2 ).
nabar and
proitsttte.
copper ores,
from which
it
processes*
It
is
OXIDES
149
In
is
It
Point,
Cuprite
is
copper.
angles
a and 7
are both
When it occurs in thin scales its color is yellowish brown or iron gray.
When massive or pulverulent it is dull black. Its streak is black, changing to green
It
is
when
rubbed.
a nonconductor of
The
electricity.
its failure
to give
They have
also
CuCk by water
vapor
Occurrence, Localities and Origin.
The mineral
ated with other ores of copper, from which it has been formed, in part
at least, by decomposition. It is mined with these as jmt ore. Thin
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
150
Zincite
(ZnO)
It is
Zincite is the only oxide of the zinc group of elements known
massive forms associated
It usually occurs
found in
crystals
rarely
From
study of
known
and
hexagonal
hemimorphic
artificial crystals it is
is
Zincite Crystal
Fro. 64
with
oop,
p, roll
0001
iolo
(p)
and
(m).
The
principal
ooP2(ii2o),
oP,
(Fig. 64)
Its fracture
cleavage of ^incite is perfect parallel to oP(oooi)
conchoidal, its hardness 4-4 5 and density about 5 8
Although color-
The
is
is
The streak
yellow, due most probably to the manganese present in it
Its indices of refraction are
of the red varieties is orange- yellow.
about
When
The
mineral
is
a conductor of
electricity.
blackens, but
it
resumes
its original
bead
common
variety of zmcite
on cooling
With the borax
Heated on charcoal it coats the
color
heated again with the oxidizing flame of the blowpipe, turns green
mineral dissolves in acids
When
and
The
Syntheses
of
OXIDES
and
151
at Franklin Furnace,
Sussex Co ,
layers in marble, that are bent into troughs
filled
The
Uses
Most
The
ore,
which
is
used in
consists of a mixture of
and separated
produced in the United States during 1912 about 69,760 tons were
made from zmcite and the ores associated with it. This had an esti-
mated value
of $9,626,991.
THE SESQUIOXIDES
The sesquioxides (R20s) include a few compounds of the nonmetals
that are comparatively rare and a group of metallic compounds that
includes two minerals of great economic importance. One of these,
hematite (FeaOa),
is
Isometric
Arsenohte
Senarmoutote
As20s
Sb20s
Claudetite
Valenttmte
All the minerals of the group are comparatively rare. The isometric
forms occur in well developed octahedrons and in crusts covering other
minerals
They are also found in earthy masses. It is probable that at
high temperatures the isometric forms pass over into the monodinic
modifications, as some of the latter have been abserved to consist of
are distinctly
aggregates of tiny octahedrons. Crystals of daudetite
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
152
All four minerals occur as weathered products of compounds containThey give the usual blowpipe reactions for As or Sb
ing As or Sb
and
Senarmonite (SbgOs)
n=2 087
tropic,
is
Its density is
It
5 2
and
is
its
gray or white
hardness=2
It is soluble in hot
When
heated
it
HC1 but
is
only very
is
monochmc
prismatic, with a
c=
4040
H= 2.5
The
mineral
is
Valentinite (Sb2Os)
an
is
electrical
nonconductor
Its density
is
5 77
a nonconductor of
and hardness
2 5-3.
It
is
insoluble in
HC1
electricity
CORUNDUM GROUP
t
The
crystallizing in the
OXIDES
153
Hematite (Fe20a)
Hematite
element
The
FIG* 65
it
is
is
c=i
1.3658,
(*),
have been
The
identified
and sometimes
Its fracture is
conchoidd or
earthy. Its crystals are black, glistening and opaque, except in very
These are red and transparent or translucent. Earthy
small splinters
varieties are red.
The
streak of
all varieties is
red.
The hardness of the crystallised hematite is 5.5-6.5 aad its density
about 5.2. It is a good conductor of electricity. Its refractive indices
are: 60=3.22,
6=2.94
The mineral
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
154
The
crystalline
of hematite to
consists of grains
Columnar
is
or fibrous,
which
distinct
with a glistening,
When the
said to be micaceous
when
in fibrous masses
The
The
color
botryoidal, stalactic
is
usually
and various
present in
it
from
oolitic ere
now composed
entirely of hematite
Martite is a pseudomorph of hematite after magnetite.
Hematite is distinguished from all other minerals by its red
and
its
magnetism
Syntheses
on
powder
after roasting
by the action
of steam
by heating
ferric
nearly
ponds, and
small grams
the rocks around volcanic vents
The
is often deposited on the sides of clefts in rocks near
crystallized variety
varieties are
OXIDES
155
paint such as is used on freight cars, and the ponder of some of the massive forms is used as a polishing ponder
The statistics
Superior region
QUANTITY
Hematite
.....
Minnesota
34j43i,oo
.....
Michigan
Alabama
New York
United States is
comes from the Lake
(IN
in the
by
11,191,000
.
Total
34,431,000
11,191,000
3,814,000
749,ooo
4,563,000
106,327
1,110,000
1,216,327
Wisconsin
860,000
Tennessee.
246,000
171,000
417,000
51,345,782
3,804,365
55,150,147
Total in
The
860,000
Corundum
Corundum is the hardest mineral known, with the exception of diamond In consequence of its great hardness an impure variety is used
as an abrading agent under the name of emery. It is also one of the
most valuable of the gem minerals It occurs as crystals and in granular
masses
plane
edges
The
zontally, and the basal plane by lines radiating from the center
All corundum crystals are characterized by a parting parallel to the
o the mineral
is
conchoidal or uneven.
Its density is
about 4 and
its
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
156
It
possesses a vitreous to adamantine luster
Its color varies
is uncolored
streak
or
translucent
Its
transparent
from white, through gray to vanous shades of red, yellow, or blue
hardness 9
The mineral
is
The blue
mineral
Three
a nonconductor of electricity.
w=i
varieties of
7690,
=i
Its refractive
The
indices for
7598.
in the arts:
Sapphire,
The sapphires
are divided
FIG 68
FIG 67
FIG 66
FIG 66
Corundum
Fee. 67
Corundum
FIG. 68
Corundum
Crystal
2243
a blue
by the
Form
(n)
a, v
and
(r),
and
oPs, 1120
(u)
(a),
c as in previous figures
2R, 0221
Also
(c)
P2
($)
tints.
ground
Powdered corundum when heated for a long time with a few drops of
cobalt nitrate solution assumes a blue color
The mineral gives no
definite reaction with the
beads
It
is
infusible
and
insoluble.
It is
OXIDES
most
(p
Syntheses
many
its hardness
The mineral alters to
and platy aluminous silicates
Corundum crystals have been produced
easily recognized
196) and to
157
by
spinel
fibrous
artificially in
gem
little
melting AfaOs
of 2250
in
commerce
electric arc
an
electric
furnace.
Corundum usually occupies veins in crysembedded in basic intrusive rocks and in granular
limestone
The
rounded crystals
in the sands of
Upper Burma
where
and is
only southern mines that have produced gem material are at Franklin
these not any great quantity of stones of
,
From one of
is blue, but opaque.
these mines, also, came the finest specimen cf green sapphire (Oriental
emerald) ever found
Corundum in commercial quantities occurs on the coast of Malabar,
one of them
It weighs 312 Ib
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
158
Emery is
It is
mined
in the
N C
Macon
Co.,
The amount
Production.
of sapphire
Most
talline rocks
Most
of $6,652
known
of the
is
alundum reached
THE DIOXIDES
THE KONMETALLIC DIOXIDES
There are but few dioxides of the nonmetals that occur as minerals,
and only one of these, quartz, is abundant
SILICA
GROUP
a Qmrtz,
j8
Tridymite,
rhombic bipyramidal,
140.
Isometric above
OXIDES
159
but
Some
all
of these properties
may be
explained
It is very abundant,
FIG 69
FIG
70.
FEG 69
R, loir
FIG 70
by same Forms
m Fig
forms
Often
it
(r),
R,
as
69
At other times
it
it
appears
constitutes great
massive deposits
Pure quartz
consists of
46 7 per cent
Si
and
Mass-
ive varieties often contain, in addition, some opal (Si(OH)4), and traces
of iron, calcite (CaCOs), clay, and other impurities
metry
When
formed above
this
temperature
its
sym-
is
_
cipal forms observed are
+R(ioii),
-R(om),
2P2
oo
R(ioio),
(1121),
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
160
(Fig 74)
Although these
hedrons
Etch Figures on
FIG 71
ferences
in
72
Group
series of steep
Two
Symmetry
(After Penfidd
FIG
and a
since
he geometrical
Mineral Company
Rhombohedral Faces
(Foote
forms of the first four are not distinguishable from the corresponding
hemihedral ones, the crystals possess a rhombohedral symmetry (Fig.
69).
The
=
angle ioTiA"iioi 85
46'
OXIDES
161
-R
+R
and the
faces are equslly de\
eloped so that they
to
to
the hexagonal pyramid P (Fig
belong
appear
Their true
yoA)
Often the
character, ho\\ever,
produced on the
is
clearly
+R
and the
-R
respect to the edges of the faces (Fig 71) On the other hand,
faces are very much enlarged at the
crystals some of the
of
FIG 74
Tapenng Quartz
r, z,
FIG 74
commonly pnsmatic
FIG 73
FIG 73
\ Combination
Crystal with Rhombohedral Symmetry
B Cross-section near Top.
and
on many
expense of
/,
sin
),
on A, and
r,
1121
(r),
),
R, oiTi
r,
(s),
510*1 (*)
onB
torted that
it is
difficult
position of
the vertical
(Fig- 73)-
The habits of the crystals vary with the crystallization of the quartz.
On
crystals of the
and
phase the
The
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
162
habit
zohedrons
in habit
The
may be
present on
them
Such
and prismatic
small
2
(1121) faces on
all
74) are
and +R. By
always striated parallel to the edge between this plane
R This is a
the
from
can always be distinguished
their aid the
from
cut
since
matter of some practical importance
quartz crystals
plates
possess the power of rotating a ray of polarized light. The plates cut
+R
C
FIG 75
is
known
D
One
fall
a combination of
Supplementary Twins
and B
in
of
Quartz
*>
P2(ii2o)
This
is
is
revolved 60
to each individual
form
s.
from some
crystals turn the ray to the right; those cut from others turn
to the left
Crystals that produce plates of the first kind are known
as right-handed crystals, those that produce plates of the second kind as
it
when the
_
(1121) faces are in the upper right-hand corner of the oo
+R
OXIDES
In either case, when
left-handed
is
p2
-2
between
(1121)
and the
oo
163
(5i5i)
is
present
it
occurs
R face beneath +R
The twinning
is
exhibited
striations
oo
by
dull areas of
Other twinning laws have also been observed in quartz, but their
discussion as well as the more complete discussion of the mineral's
In the most common of
crystallization must be left for larger treatises
these other laws the individuals are thinned about
See Fig
P2(ii22).
The
76
fracture of quartz
ness is 7
and density
65
is
conchoidal
Its hard-
opaque ^
FlG
76
Quart!
j ofr
some xwmned about
and
p 2 (n22)
pale shade in colored varieties. The mineral is pyroelectric and circularly polarizing as described above
on.
The
It
is
streak
an
IT-
is colorless in
pure
varieties,
electric insulator at
ordinary temperatures
Its refractive
HF and
It
is
also soluble in
varieties pass into tndymite, and at 1470 the tndymite passes over into
Gradual fusion occurs just below 1470.
cristobahte.
The varieties of quartz have received many different names depend-
The
are:
principal crystallized varieties
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
164
Rock
crystal,
distinct crystals
It includes the
bles
Smoky
opaque.
mourning jewelry
M^lky quartz is the white, translucent or opaque variety such as so
"
commonly forms the gangue m mineral veins and the material of quartz
Sag&mte
is
Aventurine
mineral
The puncipal
present in
it is
Carnehan
is
the
and not to
name given
p 159)
to a clear red or
brown chalcedony
Plasma
differs
being translucent
Heliotrope, or lloodstone,
is
stones
Agate is a chalcedony, or a mixture of quartz and chalcedony vaneThe commonest agates have the colors arranged in
gated in color
"
"
fortification agate
in which the
bands, but there are others, like
,
colors are irregularly distributed, and still others in which the variation
"
"
in color is due to visible inclusions, as in
The different
moss-agates
differ in porosity.
This property is taken
The agate is
advantage of to intensify the contrast in their colors
soaked in oil, or in some other substance, and is then treated with chemicals that act upon the material absorbed by it
Those bands which
OXIDES
165
On) %
is
in
a very evenly banded agate in which there is a marked conCameos are onyxes in one band of which figures are
trast in colors
cut,
leaving another
It
pure flint
Sandstone
They
are gener-
Syntheses
Crystallized quartz has been made in a number of ways,
both from superheated aqueous solutions and from molten magmas
Crystals have been produced by the action of water containing ammonium fluoride upon powdered glass and upon amorphous Si02, and
by heating water in a dosed glass tube to high temperatures The
separation of crystals from molten magmas is facilitated by the addition
of small quantities of a fluoride or of tungsten compounds.
many crystalline rocks such as granite, gneiss, etc., and as the almost sole
component of certain sandstones It constitutes the greater portion of
most sands and the material of many veins. It also occurs as pseudomorphs after shells and other organic bodies embedded in rocks, having
replaced the original substance of which these bodies were composed.
It is also one of the decomposition products of many silicates. It may
Localities
Quartz
is
so widely spread in
found in good
at Pans,
crystals in Scotland,
Me.;
in Alexander
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
166
Co
C and in the Pike's Peak region of Colorado The handsomest
amethysts come from Ceylon, Persia, Brazil, Nova Scotia and the
Rose quartz occurs in large quantity
country around Lake Superior
at Hebron, Pans, Albany and Georgetown, Me
Fine agates and carnehans are brought from Arabia, India and Brazil.
,
are abundant in the gravels of Agate Bay and of other bays and
on
coves
the north shore of Lake Superior
Chalcedony is abundant in the rocks of Iceland and the Faroe Islands,
in those on the northwest side of Lake Supenor, and in the gravels of
They
East
Agatized, or sihcified, wood of great beauty exists in enormous quanIt is also found in
tity in an old petrified forest near Cornzo, Ariz
the Yellowstone Park, near Florissant, Colo , and in other places in the
This wood has had all of its organic matter replaced molecule for molecule by quartz in such a manner that its original structure
Far West.
Smoky
less extensively
m the construc-
and
used as gems, and agate, prase, chrysoprase and rose quartz as ornamental stones
Milky quartz, ground to coarse powder, is employed in the manufacture of sandpaper. Its most extensive use, however, is in the manufacture of glass and pottery
Earthenware, porcelain and some other
varieties of potter's ware are vitrified mixtures of clay and ground
"
melting together soda, potash, lime or lead oxide and ground quartz or
A pure quartz glass
quartz sand, and coloring with some metallic salt
is now being made for chemical uses by
melting pure quartz sand
In the
Quartz is sometimes used as a flux in smelting operations
form of sandstone,
it is
employed
it is used as a
building stone,
in various building operations
The
by
their names.
Production
Many
Vein quartz
is
OXIDES
in the manufacture of
wood
It
is
filler,
167
also used in
$191,685
The
is
in the
form of sand, of
Gem
smoky
and lead
(Ti02) because of the similarity in the crystallization of the three minThe three, therefore, are placed in the same group, in which
erals
all
about
it
Although
rutile
and anatase
crystallize in the
same system,
their axial
ratios are different, as are also their crystal habits and their physical
few of these differences are indicated below:
properties.
Rutde
Anatase
a:c=i:
.6439;
-1:1.7771;
= 2.6158;
$= 2.9029.
^=2.5618; ^=2.4886.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
168
Of the
made
tliree
may
be
are
members
of a single
group
RUTILE GROUP
The
(Ti02 )
Pohamte (Mn02)
Plattnente (PbOa)
Cassiterite
brown
=i
=i
=i
=i
The
6726
6439
'
6647
'
6764
(Sn0 2 )
class),
worked ore
of tin
It occurs as
aggregates, and as ghstemng black crystals associated with other minerals in veins
The
Sn=78.6 per cent; 0=2i 4 per cent. The mineral nearly always consome iron oxide and often oxides of tantalum, of zinc or of arsenic
The presence of iron and tantalum is so general that most crystals of
tains
may
1
An isomorphous mixture of the rutile and cassitente molecules has recently
been described from Greifenstem, Austria, but its existence has not yet been con-
firmed
P oo
OXIDES
169
When
(101)
helmet
By
The angle in
produced
A * ^*
58
19'
FIG 77
Cassitente Crystal with P,
FIG. 77.
FIG
78.
The
s,
cleavage of cassitente
P(III)
Its fracture
By
FIG 78
of
is
and
FIG 79
and
its
(s)
no (m),
and P
101
fc)
321
(=).
reflected light,
brilliant,
P,
is
uneven
brown by
streak is white,
is
(101),
o=ooPoo,ioo A=*VisorTwin.
Their
are nearly transparent, though the ordinary varieties are opaque
The mineral is a nonconhardness is about 6 5 and density about 7
ductor of electricity
= 1 9965,
6=2.0931.
characteristics
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
170
or massive.
structure
Wood
tin is a botryoidal or
and composed
of radiating fibers
The
in
tin
It may be reduced
only slightly acted upon by acids
even
when mixed
with
to a metallic globule of tin only
difficulty,
on
heated
charcoal.
with sodium carbonate and
With
intensely
borax it yields slight reactions for iron, manganese or other impurities
Cassitente
is
When
When rubbed by
is
easily
detected.
The mineral
resemble
is
most
easily distinguished
Syntheses
and
its
inertness
when
and by the
upon lime
and Production
The
many
The
district, including
the
islands of the
Malay
61,712 tons were made from the Straits ore, 25,312 tons from the ore
produced in Bolivia and 16,800 tons from Banka ore. Of the total
OXIDES
171
quantity of tin produced about 78 per cent is said to come from stream
tin and 22 per cent from ore obtained from veins. The
quantity
obtained from ore mined in the United States in
included 61 tons
igu
Texas,
The average
This is concentrated to a 60 per
per cent
cent ore before being smelted
The production during 1912 was 130
tons of stream tin from Buck Creek, Alaska
This was valued at
composition of the ore
is 2
Enaction
The
tin is extracted
refined
The metal
tin is
employed principally
for coating
Copper
is also
bronze, bell metal, babbitt metal, gun metal, britanma, pewter and soft
solder
Its alloy, or amalgam, with mercury is used in coating mirrors.
Tin oside is an imthe arts
Several of its compounds also find uses
The chlorides are used extenportant constituent of certain enamels
"
bronze
sively in dyeing calicoes, and the bisulphide constitutes
"
"
for
bronzing plaster,
powder or mosaic gold," a powder employed
Pure
rutile consists of
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
172
Rutile
is
is
of
is
cassiterite
perfectly isomorphous with
The pnncipal
with
P oo
(Fig 81
This twinning
or
repeated, producing elbow-shaped groups (Fig 82),
FIG
o P,
So.
no (m),
p3
oo
p oo
100
FIG 81
tition
The
is
Rutile Eightling
Rutile
oo
3?
often
yoi
(e),
P, 111(5),
FIG 82
Twinned about P
Twinned about P
twinning plane
P oo
is
further repe-
FIG 81
FIG 82
(a),
by
(301")
(Fig 84)
oo (101)
oo
(101)
Elbow Twin
In another
The
angle
common law
in A iTx
56
acicular in habit.
the
52^'
Their
The
cleavage of rutile
so parallel to oo
The
mineral
brown by
Many
P oo
is
is
P(no) and
less
(100)
leflected light
OXIDES
The
173
The
blood-red
6 to 6 5 and
its
streak
is
density about
ordinary temperatures
o>= 2 6030, =2 8894.
Rutile
infusible
is
pale
and microcosmic
and
Its
brown
42
It is
refractive
insoluble.
The hardness
an
electric
indices
of the mineral
is
nonconductor at
borax
The most
fusing
FIG 83.
FIG 83
FIG 84
an excess
of hydrochloric acid
heating for some
Upon
This
color.
Some
may be
much
obtained upon
is
Elbow Twin
(301)
o
ioi
(101)
Forms
P2, 210
(A),
(e)
harder.
in
FIG 84
and P
tin
is
it
varieties of rutile
for titanium
By the
reaction between
and sphene.
red-
hot porcelain tube, crystals of rutile are formed. Twins are produced
by submitting precipitated titanic acid in a mass of molten sodium tungstate to a temperature of 1000 for several weeks.
Rutile is often found as crystals embedded
Occurrence and Origin
the quartz or feldspar of granite and other igneous
in limestone and
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
174
"
fleches d'amour," and as grains in the
forming the ornamental stone
When
sand
primary it is probably always a
regions
gold-bearing
either
of
crystallizing from a molten magma
magmatic processes,
product
or being the result of pneumatolysis.
Handsome
Localities
Norway,
land
Mass
in Tyrol,
and
at St
at Graves
Nelson Co
Mt
in Georgia,
at
Magnet Cove,
in Arkansas,
and
second type
principal source of the mineral in the United States
of occurrence in the same locality is a dike-like rock, nelsomte, composed
of ilmemte
and
apatite, in
is
in places
almost
Recently the use of titamferous electrodes in arc lights, and the use of
titanium for filaments in incandescent lamps ha\e been proposed Some
of the salts of titanium are used as dyes
of the ferro-titamum
made
titamferous magnetite
Production
The only rutile
and others
mined
in the
is
as
mordants
Most
manufactured from
and its lack of water The mineral is extremely rare, being found in
measurable crystals only at Platten in Bohemia
It occurs in pseudoafter
at
a
number
of
other
morphs
manganite
points
Europe and at a
few points elsewhere, but in most cases it has not been
dearly distin-
OXIDES
175
The
poliamte
is colloidal (a gel)
(PbO 2 )
Plattnerite
is
it
occurs in prismatic
:
6764
They are
is i
Pyrolusite
often the result of the alteration of the hydroxide, manPyrolusite
or
of
pohamte. The few measurable crystals that have been
gamte,
is
is
Pyroiusite
MnO
CaO
BaO
79 46
17 48
18
38
SiOa
18
Limomte
.31
HgO
Total
99 93
94
streak black
It is a fairly
good conductor of
electricity.
The
of water
obtained
when they
by
its
physical properties,
Pyrolusite is
and from
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
176
-Pyrolusite
is
manganiferous
lusite is
tities of
of pyro-
mined in the Leadville district, Colorado, and large quanmanganiferous iron ores are obtained in the Lake Superior
region
Uses
which
it is
wheels.
It is extremely hard
and tough
are
imparted to glass
by the ferruginous impurities m the sands from which the glass is made
They are also used m giving black, brown and violet colors to pottery
and some of their salts are valuable mordants Pyrolusite, finally, is the
principal
compound by the
duced.
Production
of
manganese
Carolina and
also
The United
ores,
brick
ui 1912
tion
These were
utilized
Nearly
all
of this
mainly as ores of
The product
is
known
as brookite
Anatase and
OXIDES
177
rutile are
is
empirical composition,
Crystals of anatase are usually sharp pyramidal with the form P(in)
predominating (Fig 85), blunt pyramidal with |P(ii3) or $P(ii7)
Twins are
predominating (Fig 86), or tabular parallel to oP(ooi)
common in some localities, with P oo (101) the twinning plane. The
in A iTi
angle
82
aBS
The mineral is
91'
colorless
and transparent,
brown
FIG 86
Anatase Crystal with P in (p)
Anatase Crystal with fP, 113 (s), P, in (p), IP, 117
FIG 85
FIG 86
oo
P oo
P GO
101
fr);
o (*),
(t)
P and oP and
its
fracture
Its hardness
is
It is
a nonconductor of electricity.
Its
w=
2 5618, e= 2 4886
indices of refraction for yellow light are
Brooktte crystals are usually tabular parallel to oo P 60 (too)
and
in AiTi
==:
64
17'.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
178
Its color
opaque, translucent or transparent
red, to black (arkansite)
Its clea\age is imperfect parallel to
brownish yellow
may be
Brookite
Poo
(101),
and
its
fracture
4,
uneven or conchoidal
Upon
heating
its
Its hardness
is
a= 2
5832,
#= 2
5856,
Upon
Syntheses
FIG
Brookite Crystals with coP, no (w), JP, 112 (z) and PsT, 122
combination m and e is characteristic for \rkanbitc
(e)
The
deposited
Localities
Gothard,
in
many
less
common than
CHAPTER VIE
*
THE HYDROXIDES
THE
The group
replaced.
salts containing
A few of the
Diaspore, for
/0-H
Al<
be looked upon
may
as derivatives of water,
opal
it
as readily as
water of crystallization
hydroxides
is
instance,
may
an hydroxide
of
aluminium A10-OH, or
salts, at least,
the chemical
(seep 195)
The
doubtful
From
made
the analyses
it
is
somewhat
appears to be a combination of
amorphous silica and water, or, perhaps, a mixture of silica in some form
and a hydroxide of silicon The percentage of water present is variable.
In some specimens
colloid, in
in
an earthy
When
ever,
it is
of SiCfe.
and
it is
The mineral
as 13 per cent
is,
is
play of color in
gel
condition.
and the
gem
opal
green, prasopd,
is
The
of opal
as high
from the
it is
It is probably
5 5-6 $
yellow light,
and
n= 1.4401,
its
density about
It is
2.1
a nonconductor of
179
electricity.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
180
opal,
colors,
Fire opal, a precious opal in which the colors are quite brilliant
shades of red and yellow,
Girasol,
of
colors,
hot springs.
Tnpolite and infusorial earth are pulverulent forms of silica in which
Tripoli is a light porous siliceous
opal is an important constituent
the leaching of calcareous material
from
resulted
have
to
rock, supposed
from a
siliceous limestone
When
Syntheses
several years
solution of
silicic
Occurrence
It also
stones
occurs
and
slates,
siliceous spicules
tion
acid in water.
The mineral
where
and
It also results
it is
shells of
calcite
from limestones
m New
York,
New
North Carolina,
HYDROXIDES
Georgia and Florida, and
Calaveras Co California
common
and
in
fire
181
in
The
Uses
Opahzed
manner as to retain its woody structure, is often cut and polished for use
as an ornamental stone
Infusorial earth, a white earthy deposit of
microscopic shells consisting largely of opal material, possesses manv
It is employed in the manufacture of soluble glass,
uses
polishing
"
powders, cements, etc and as the body," which, saturated with nitroglycerine, composes dynamite, Tripoli, a mixture of quartz and opal,
,
used as a wood
is
manufacture of
filler,
in
making
stones.
paint, as
an abrasive and
in the
The
Apache
kirk,
filter
Co., Ariz
Md
the infusorial earth beds at Pope's Creek and DunNapa Co Cal at Virginia City, Nev
various places in
of
Production
The total
at $125,446.
Brucite
TluTcame from
California
and
(Mg(OH) 2)
and manganese
MgO
F^O3
67.64
82
MnO
63
H2O
3
92
Total
I0
OI
the broad development of the basal plane oP(oooi). The other forms
The angle
present are R(ioli), -^(0441) and -fRCoiTj) (Fig. 88)
roll A 7ioi = 97
38'.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
182
The
that
conductor of electricity
for red light are
==
* 579
559
tube
In the closed
brucite, like other hyThe mineral is infusiwater
droxides, yields
When
ble
FIG
88
with
Brucite Crystal
heating, it
oR, ocoi (<0, R,
After
intensely heated, it glows
When moistened
reacts alkaline
micas
by
turns
It is distinguished
talc
it
The
Brucite resembles
from
its solubility in
acids
Gypsum
its
hardness and
is
it
Synthesis
chloride with
magnesium
an
KOH
igneous rocks
It occurs crystallized in one of the Shetland Islands, at
Localities
at Woods Mine, Texas,
the Tilly Foster Iron Mine, Brewster,
Perm , and at Fritz Island, near Reading, in the same State
N Y
Gibbsite (A1(OH) 3 )
Gibbsite, or hydrargillite, is utilized to some extent as an ore of aluIt occurs as crystals, in granular masses, in stalactites and in
minium
Its theoretical
H2
monodmic with a
Their habit
is
tabular,
1=1.709
918 and
iron,
=85
HYDROXIDES
two most prominent forms are
plates have hexagonal outlines
to the base
Twinning
is
so
Poo ( I00 )
183
ancj aop( IIO
Thus the
luster is pearly
It is
and
gray
a nonconductor of
= 15347, 7=15577
specific gravity 2
electricity.
35
a =8
When
structure
It differs
it
is
distin-
from umelhte
guished principally by
(p. 287),
which it also sometimes resembles, in the absence of phosphorus.
Syntheses
Crystals of gibbsite have been made b\ heating on a
ammonia
evaporates, and
hjdroxide from a
warm
all
also
ofCO2
The
Occurrence
It is
found in
It is prob-
in South America
mond, Mass
at
and Africa. In the United States it occurs at RichUnion Vale, Dutchess Co N Y., and mixed with
,
Limomte
184
Fte 89
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
Era 90
Botiyoidal
Lunomte
(After
WH
Weed )
HYDROXIDES
limomte as
colloidal goethite
(FeO
OH
>
185
The
upon temperature
principal impurities are clay,
sand, phosphates, silica, manganese compounds and organic matter
The great variety of these is thought to be due to the lact that the
EfeO, depending
absorbing compounds
from their solution, so that the mineral is in reaht> a mixture of colloidal iron h\ dro\ide and \ anous compounds which differ in different
occurrences
The
Limomte
specimens
varnished
is
is
brown on a
and
electricity
The
fibrous forms,
ocherous, the
compact,
brown or
the stdactitic
and other
form.
Occurrence and Origin. Limonite is the usual result of the decomConsequently, it is often found
position of other iron-bearing minerals
in pseudomorphs. In almost all cases 'ahere large beds of the ore occur
the material has been deposited from ferriferous water nch in organic
"
One of the commonest types of occurrence is gossan."
substances
In the production of this type of ore, those portions of veins carrying
ferruginous minerals are oxidized under the influence of oxygen-bearing
waters, forming a layer composed largely of limonite which covers the
upper portion of the veins and hides the original vein matter Gossan
ores denved from chalcopynte and pynte are common in all regions in
which these minerals occur Another type of limonitic ore comprises
In such
those found in clays derived from limestones by weathering
deposits the ore occurs as nodules and in pockets in the day.
Ores of
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
186
this type are
tains
in the valleys within the Appalachian Mounswamps and lakes into which ferruginous
common
Bog
The
solutions drain
iron
The
The
localities
in the
is oxi-
hematite
is
an important ore
The earthy
of this metal
The
Production
little
Alabama
\arieties are
"
749,242 tons
398,833 tons
171,130 tons
Virginia
Tennessee
The
had a value
of $148,300
hmomte,
is
probably a colloid
At any
unknown
in crystals
Until recently it possessed but little
It is now, however, of considerable, importance as it is the prinvalue
cipal source of the aluminium on the market
rate
it is
The mineral
is
mula Al20(OH)4
apparently an hydroxide of aluminium with the forwhich 26 i per cent is water and
2H20
or Al2 0s
and diaspore
it
may
gibbsite
(p
A12 O3
62 46
Fe2
Si02
Ti02
81
4 72
23
H2 O
31 o^
HYDROXIDES
1ST
is
yellow, gra>
FEG. 91
is
light streak.
i
and 3
infusible
Its
is
translucent to
densitx is
In the closed'tube
it
55
It is
yields
Ala.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
188
ville,
Ga
in Saline
m Wilkinson Co
Ga
The
Preparation
washed
ore
It is then, in
$3,000,000.
Bauxite (or more properly the mixture of bauxite and gibbsite) is practically the only commercial ore of aluminium which, on
account of its lightness and its freedom from tarnish on exposure, has
Uses
employed
and
where
light
weight
is
desired
and
in the
mission of electricity
The mineral
is
form of
It
is
em-
manufacture
It
is
also
manufacture of
salts, in
This
is
Psilomelane
Psilomelane
of
manganese
is
in various proportions
is
glistening.
HYDROXIDES
manganese. In the closed tube
with evolution of chlorine
it
189
yields water.
It is soluble in
HC1
its
In
all
cases
it is
probably a product
of weathering
It is found in large quantity at
Locahties
Elgersburg in Thuringia;
at Ilfeld, Harz, and at various places in Saxony. In the United States
it occurs with pyrolusite and other ores of
manganese at Brandon, Vt ;
in the James River Valley, and the Blue Ridge region of Virginia; in
northeastern Tennessee; at Cartersville, Georgia, at Batesville, Arkansas, and in a stretch of country about forty miles southeast of San
Francisco, California.
ore of manganese
At many
of these points
it
Wad
Wad
is
soft, earthy,
flaky
and porous
It
masses, which,
also occurs in fairly compact layers and coats the surfaces of cracks,
often forming branching stains, known as dendntes
car-
silicates
Wad is easily distinguished from all other soft black minerals, except
pyrolusite^
by
its
content of water.
It occurs in
Localities
most
of the localities at
DIASPORE GROUP
diaspore group comprises the hydroxides of aluminium, iron
and manganese, possessing the general formula R'"O(OH). They are
the hydrogens in BfeO is replaced
regarded as hydroxides in which one of
/7/
O
thus:
H, diaspore These
H, water, A10
0,
by the group
The
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
190
three
acids
among others the three important ore minerals magnetite, chromite and
Of the three members of the diaspore group the manganese
frankhnite
and iron compounds are valuable ores All are orthorhombic, in the
rhombic bipyramidal
class.
Diaspore (AIO(OH))
Diaspore is found in colorless or light colored crystals, in foliated
masses and in stalactitic forms
Its
composition
Fro 92
is
Diaspore Crystals
210
PS5,
(A),
on
(e),
oo
P So oio
,
?2, 212
(fi)
(s),
oo
,
Pj
AbOs and
130
ooPl, 120
(s)
GO
,
8095
H2
Fe2 0s
14 84
3 12
53
(m),
150 (),
usually,
Si02
i
no
P,
P<j,
(/),
15 per cent
some
iron
Total
100 44
ooP(no),
pyramids
tically
The
oo
(Fig. 92)
cleavage of diaspore is very distinct parallel to the brachypmacoid. Its fracture is conchoidal and the mineral is very brittle,
Its hardness is about 6 5 and density 3 4
The luster of the mineral is
on
the
where
it is pearly.
Its color
vitreous, except
cleavage surface,
HYDROXIDES
varies widely, though the tint
is
always
191
light
colorless
electricity
=1
722, 7
a=
1702, j8=i
750
In the closed tube diaspore decrepitates and gives off water at a high
It is infusible and insoluble in acids.
When moistened
temperature
with a solution of cobalt nitrate and heated it turns blue, as do all other
colorless
aluminium compounds
Synthesis
Crystal plates of diaspore have been made by heating at
a temperature of less than 500, an excess of amorphous AfeQs in sodium
At a higher temperature corundum
hydroxide, enclosed in a steel tube
resulted.
Occurrence
Diaspore occurs as crystals implanted on corundum
and other minerals, and on the walls of rocks in which corundum is
It is probably in most cases a decomposition product of other
found
aluminium compounds
In Ekaterinburg, Russia,
Localities
At Schemnitz, Hungary,
it
is
occurs in veins
it
It is
United States
Penn
Manganite (MnO(OH))
Manganite usually occurs
crystals and in stalactites.
in
Mn
MnO
some
iron,
An
Mn2O3
88 51
The
8441
Fe2
23
MgO
i
51
CaO
H2O
Total
62
9 80
100 67
,5448
The
all
an axial ratio a
columnar with a
series
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
192
of pnsms,
oo
P^io) and
oo
lateral
P a (100)
terminated by oP(ooi) or by
pinacoids oo P 06 (oio) and 8
Cruthe domes P 06 (on), P 06 (101), and pyramids (Figs 93 and 94)
ciform and contact twins, with the twinning plane P oo (on), are not
uncommon
(Fig
The
bundles
Cleavage
The
fracture
and
Mangamte
Crystal
with
ooP,
its
less perfectly
is
and the
iTo=8o 20'
angle no
well defined parallel to oo
and
is brilliant,
FIG 93
is
The
95)
vertically striated
developed parallel to
The
uneven
almost metallic
streak reddish
P 06
(oio)
ooP(no)
It
and
3.
The mineral
colors the
is
borax bead
FIG 94
Group
of Prismatic
Mangamte
by
its
lization.
By
loss of
Synthesis.
Upon
and
damn
chloride
manganese compounds
HYDROXIDES
have been obtained
193
\\hile
it
was changed
process.
tals
occurs at the
it
it is
=cP3,i2o./;andP3 31315)
manganese compounds.
Uses
As mined
most im-
Goethite (FeO(OH))
blackish
brown
and from
Fe2 0s
Maryland
86 32
Lostwithiel
89 55
Mn2 Q3
H 2O
SiCb
10 So
16
crystals,
Analyses
10 07
Total
88
too oo
28
100 06
H2O or
fracture
uneven
Its
2 5
Its streak
is
brownish yellow.
It
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
194
The chemical
same as those
of
in the closed
tube
hematite, except that it yields
By this reaction it is easily distinguished from the fibrous varieties of
hematite, as it is also by its streak
Needles of goethite are produced by heating freshly
at 100
precipitated iron hydroxide for a long time
is
Goethite
Occurrence and Localities
usually associated with other
Synthesis
by
It is
weathering.
Clifton,
it is produced
found near Siegen in Nassau, near Bristol and
England, and in
at Lostwithiel
large, fine crystals
and other
places in Cornwall
Uses
Goethite is used as an ore of iron, but in the trade
with limomte as brown hematite
it is
classed
CHAPTER DC
THE
MAXG \XITES
MOST
acids
known
as the spmels
(Compare p 189
That there is a manganese acid corresponding to the metaacids of AI,
Fe and Cr is indicated by the fact that in some of the spinels manganese
replaces some of the fernc iron, as, for example, in frankhmte. This
suggests that this mineral is an isomorphous mixture of a metafernte
and a salt of the corresponding manganese acid (HMnCb) This may
be regarded as derived from the hydroxide, MnfOH)s, by abstraction
of H2 O, thus- H3 Mn03-H2CMHMnO.>. But there are other manNormal manganous acid is MnfOH)^, or H4Mn(>4 If
ganous acids
from this one molecule of water be abstracted, there remains H2^InOs,
The manganous salt of the normal acid,
the metamanganous acid
the
as
occurs
hausmannite, and the corresponding
mineral,
Mn2MnQi,
)
MnMnOs,
SPINEL GROUP
yMg,
Cr O-Ov
||
Ov
Fe
Fe3 O4 as
,
>Fe;
II
clromite, FeCx&O*, as
frankhmte, as
(Fe
||
)>Fe,
and
Cr-O-CK
Fe-O-(X
(Fe Mn)-O-<X
y>(Zn-Mn
Mn)-0-CK
195
Fe).
Chemical compounds of
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
196
type are
fairly
The
spinels
crystallize
in
some
ooQoo
etc
FIG 96
Spinel
of
addition on
Twin
of the
known
Ceylomte (pleonaste)
96).
spinels is as follows.
Mg((Al Fe)02 ) 2
(Mg Fe)((Al Fe-Cr)02) 2
Fe(A102 ) 2
Zn(A102 ) 2
(Zn Fe Mn)((Al Fe)0 2 ) 2
(Zn Fe Mg) ((Al Fe)O2 ) 2
Fe(Fe02 ) 2
CJdorspinel
Picotite
Hercynite
Gahmte
Dysluite
Krwttomte
Magnetite
Jacobsite
Mg(Fe0 2 ) 2
(Fe ZnMn)((Fe Mn)O2 ) 2
(Mn Mg)((Fe Mn)0 2 ) 2
Chromite
(Fe
Magnesiofernte
Frankhmte
Spinel
Ordinary spinel
is
often
Mg(A102 ) 2
(Mg Fe)(A102 ) 2
Spinel
is
Mg)(Cr Fe)02 ) 2
(Mg(AlO 2) 2 )
when
pure, con-
MgO
AfeOa
Usually, however, there are present
admixtures of the other isomorphs so that
analyses often indicate Fe, Al and Cr
The
mineral
usually
occurs
in
isolated
The forms
simple crystals, rarely in groups
observed on them are 0(m), ooO(no) and
303(311), and rarely
oo
oo (100)
(Fig 97)
FlG
spinel is colorless or
of pink or red, brown or blue, and
is usually transparent or
translucent, though
some shade
opaque
97
Spinel
Crystal
an
J^'Q
^r)"
3I1
Its streak is
white
3'
It possesses
a glassy
ness
is
color
197
and a conchoidal fracture, but no distinct cleavage Its hard8 and its density 3 5-3 6
Its refractive indices
\ary with the
n for yellow light is i 7150 for red spinel and i 7201 for the blue
variety.
The mineral
is easily
Spinel
tallization
by
its
is infusible
is
unattacked by
acids
and hardness
It is distinguished
its
The
best
known
varieties are:
Precious spinel, which is the pure magnesian aluminate. It is transparent and colorless or some light shade of red, blue or green. The
Its
bright red variety is known as ruby spinel and is used as a gem
color is believed to be
The
Common
spinel differs
It is
doubly
loose in
etc.
that
it is
translucent.
Both these
and crystalline
metamorphosed limestones
schists.
Spinel has been described as an alteration product of corunIt is also a primary component of igneous rocks and
garnet
dum and
a product of metamorphism in rocks nch in magnesium
Uses
Only the transparent ruby spinels have found a
are employed as gems
Ceylonite, or pleonaste,
is
,
is
use.
These
and
A12O3
62 09
FeO
MgO
17 56
15 61
CraOs
2 62
Fe^ MnO
2 10
tr
CaO
16
SiOa
55
Total
100 69
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
198
Picotite, or
chrome
is
spinel,
and
Density =4
Magnetite (Fe(FeO 2 ) 2 )
Magnetite, the ferrous fernte, the empirical formula of which
FesO-i, is a heavy, black, magnetic mineral which is utilized as one
the ores of iron
is
of
beth Mine,
Mn or Ti
Mt
Fe2 O3
FeO
65 26
30 20
Hope,
Si02
Ti02
38
A12
09
Eliza-
analyzed as follows
55
MgO
CaO
10
68
Other
73
Total
99 99
and
quently
striated
parallel
to
the
edge between
(Fig 98)
Magnetite
black
ture,
but no
distinct
cleavage
Its hardness
is
(llo)
and
with
wo
(l3CI )
f*
and in
polar magnetism
The mineral is infusible before the blowpipe Its powder dissolves
slowly in HC1, and the solution reacts for ferrous and ferric iron
is easily recognized by its
color, magnetism, and hardness
mineral weathers to lunomte and hematite and occasionally to
Magnetite
The
199
solutions,
Occurrence end
many
of hematite
It occurs also
as
little
West
The magnetite
Extraction
is
it
its
general appearance.
It is
an
Hill,
Franklin Furnace,
Fe203
66 58
J.,
specimen from
contained,
MnO
ZnO
9 96
so 77
MgO
34
CaO
SiOa
HsO
Total
-43
-7 2
-7 1
99-5*
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
200
It is only
for magnetite
very
slightly
charcoal
it
becomes magnetic
in the
on
oxidizing
of manganese
Its
gives the bluish green bead characteristic
on
charcoal
and
heated
with
fine powder mixed
Na2COa
yields the white
flame
it
coating of zinc oxide which turns green when moistened with Co(N03)2
solution and again heated
Franklinite is distinguished from most minerals by its color and crys-
reactions for
Sterling Hill, N
Its
J where
,
action of
is
spiegeleisen,
which
is
was
Chromite (Fe(CrO2)2)
Chromite, or chrome-iron, is the principal ore of chromium. It
resembles magnetite and frankhnite in appearance
It occurs in isolated crystals, in granular aggregates,
a ferrous
and
in structureless masses.
salt of
201
Cr2
A12
Fe2
12 32
56 96
3 81
FeO
MgO
MnO
Total
12 73
14 02
16
100 oo
common
It
It
has a conchoidal
is
usually nonmagnetic, but some specimens sho\\ slight magnetism because of the admixture of the isomorphous magnetite molecule
Its hardness is 5 5
and
density 4 5 to 4 8
its
The mineral
is infusible
If its
When
fused
with
Chromite
tite
by
is easily
distinguished from all other minerals but ptcoand its reaction for chromium. It is distin-
its crystallization
by
its inferior
hardness and
its
higher specific
gravity.
Synthesis
made by
the
magma
in the
Tehama
is
known
many points
Ranges
on the
in the
It
in 1914,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
202
The mineral
Metallurgy
centrated, or,
Or the ore
is
and the
produced by reduction of
is
It is
metal
is
if
its
oxide
by
metallic
aluminium or by
Chromite
jjses
is
crude ore, mixed with coal-tar, kaolin, bauxite, or some other ingredient,
is molded into bricks and burned, after which the bricks are used as
worth $499,818.
Chiysoberyl
Chrysoberyl is a beryllium alummate, the composition of which is
It may be written Be02(A10)2.
Alanalogous to that of the spinels
though theoretically it should contain 19 8 per cent BeO and 80 2 per
cent
AkOa, analyses
magnesium
also of
iron and
The
mineral
differs
from
oo
(oio),
P 06
(on),
oo
on
crystals
are
P(in),
orthorhombic
:
5823
ooP
The crystals
3? 06
The
06(100),
(031) the
101)
Sim-
feather-like.
indistinct parallel to
uneven or conchoidal.
by
reflected light.
distinctly red
by
It
P 06
transmitted light.
It is strongly pleochroic
m orange,
The mineral
tints.
density of about 3 6
is brittle,
203
by transmitted
light,
by
It is insoluble in acids
Chrysoberyl
is
characterized
FIG 99
FIG 99
FIG 100
ness
P GO
in
FIG 101
100 (a),
(o)
and P
oo
oo
P 55
,
on
So
oio
(b),
oo
most
P7, 120
(s),
(i).
(031)
1 01
It
its crystallization
FIG ioo
FIG
by
5 (031)
ance, but
is easily
Synthesis.
and
Chrysoberyl
is
crystalline schists
of these rocks
from the
magma
Localities.
Its best
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
204
(MnMnOs)
Braunite
The
latter
ci
twinning
HC1
yielding chlorine
It occurs in veins with manganese and other ores in Piedmont, Italy,
and at Pajsberg and various other places
Sweden, where its origin
for
It is soluble in
manganese
is
secondary
Hausmannite
i
1573 and
They
(MngMnO^
crystallizes like
braumte, but a
<:=
habit
though much
niAi7i=6o
FIG
102
P oo
Hausmannite.
(c)
(B)
oP(ooi)
Hausmannite
is
brownish black
and density 4
Its
8.
streak
is
chestnut
brown
same as
those of braumte
CHAPTER X
THE NITRATES AND BORATES
THE OTTBATES
THE
surfaces or
36 5 per cent
massi\ e forms
m incrustations on
mineral
N2Os and
Na20
bohedrous R(ioTi)
the mineral
is
under
is
2, its
and
its
=13369
Soda
yellow.
fies.
It
niter deflagrates
When
when heated on
it
charcoal
attracts moisture
205
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
206
Humboldt Co
New
Nevada,
San Bernardino Co
Mexico
Most
of
it
Niter
(KNO 3 )
habit
is
hexagonal
c=
Their
7011
5910 i
The principal forms observed on them are oo P(i 10),
b
At 126 it
aragonite which is the orthorhombic dimorph of calcite
Its cleavage is perfect
passes over into an hexagonal (trigonal) form
Its fracture is uneven, its hardness 2 and denparallel to Poo (on)
Its medium refractive index for yellow light, /3=i 5056
Niter deflagrates more violently than soda niter and detonates with
It colors the blowpipe
combustible substances
It fuses at aboat 335
sity 2 i
It
flaine violet
is
soluble in water
by
Co
soils in
Ky
India, where
it is
in
dry
produced
and
of the Mississippi
Valley
Production
THE BORAXES
The
boric acids in
metaacid
is
207
H2O=HBO2, and
the tetraacid
H3BO3
O=H
here
ammonia.
(H"a2B4O 7
Borax
roH2 O)
lakes
in
deserts.
It
The composition
Na20, 36 6
a
c=i 0995
-5^ 2 9
and
0=73
25'
They
The
co
planes occurring
principal
P 55
(100),
-2P(22i)
parallel
to
oo
on them
(Fig. 103).
Their cleavage
are
and
FlG I03
with
Borax Crystal
P,
no
(m),
P5o,iQo (<*),<?&,
IO
(6) '
IZI (a)
^
"*
I
f)
I !
2p 221
'
'
Jj
is perfect
The
angle
noAiTo=93.
white, grayish or bluish color and a white streak.
or earthy; is translucent or opaque; has
resinous
It is brittle, vitreous,
a
of
of
a hardness
1.69-1.72, and a sweetish alkaline taste.
density
2-2.5,
On exposure to the air the mineral loses water and tends to become white
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
208
its color in
0= i
Its
medium
4686
Occurrence
The
principal
salt lakes in
as a deposit from
The
surfaces of alkaline marshes overlying buried borax deposits
to dryness of ancient
original beds were deposited by the evaporation
deposits
and the
salt lakes,
by
capillarity.
manufacture of colored
antiseptic
glazes, in
Some
and a preservative
glass, as
an
ments.
especially in California,
the water of borax lakes,
colemanite.
Colemanite (Ca2B 6 On
sH2 O)
The formula
it
contains a httle
MgO
and
6203=5070; 0*0=27.31,
MgO=
10,
SiCfe.
crystal
from Death
209
The
no A 110=72
to
0=69
is
The
43',
Their fracture
oP(ooi)
is
uneven
and
The
less
angle
4'
Colemanite
is colorless,
It
milky white, yellowish white or gray
transparent or translucent, has a vitreous or adamantine luster, a
hardness of 4 to 4 5 and a specific
is
gravity of 2 4
and
same time
exfoliates,
fuses, at the
partially
coloring
It is
\1/
solution
FIG 104
no(m), 3? 5, 301
*P
by the flame
P,
It is distin-
test
In
00
insoluboracite
by
its
inferior
lization
Syntheses
been prepared
saturated solution of
Colemanite has
by
NaCl
treating
at 70.
ulexite
interstratified
manite
is
County, and at other points in the same State, and in western Nevada,
A snow-white, chalky variety (priceite) has been
near Death Valley
found hi Curry County, Oregon, and a compact nodular variety (pandermite) at the Sea of
Preparation
Marmora, and
Colemanite
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
210
The crude
of borax
into a white
acid
The
Production
and boric acid during the same year were valued at $i 1,200
The production of the United States m boron acid compounds is
refined borax
about half that of the entire world, with Chile producing nearly
all
the rest
Boracite
Boracite
of which
Its
is
dimorphous
orthorhombic
to
its
acid as follows.
in
its
isometric dimorph
SHsBOs
two molecules
and
in
The forms
up
9)
The mineral
water, so that
ooOoo(icx>),--(iIi)
tetrahedrons
8(0-Cl=i
analysis
(Fig.
105).
-(in),
ooO(no),
may be distinguished by
tive
form being
brilliant
and those
211
The mineral
Boracite
is also
Its streak is
parallel to
its
yellow, or green
is indistinct
cleavage
0(m) and
The mineral
is
density 3
brittle
its
fracture
is
conchoidal
Its hardness
=i
667
Boracite fuses
light,
found massive
is
easily before
the
is
and
for yellow
blowpipe
Some massive
pink reaction for magnesium
forms yield water in the closed tube, in consequence of weathering
The
mineral
is
soluble
FIG
105
Cr>stal
/iz;,
-\
,
,
Boracite
with
=cO=c,
O,
(0)
no
and
id),
~
f
ll
inHCl
Boracite is distinguished from other boron salts by its crystallization,
lack of cleavage and its much greater hardness
The massive varieties which resemble fine-grained white marble can be distinguished
its
coloration, hardness
Syntheses.
and a little
and MgCk
and
in carnallite at Stassfurt,
United States
Boraute is utilized in Europe as a source of
Uses and Prodwhon
boron compounds. Turkey produces annually about 12,000 tons,
CHAPTER XI
THE CARBONATES
carbonates constitute an important, though not a very large,
though one of them, calcite, is among the most com-
THE
group
of minerals,
mon of all
minerals
(EkCOs)
Those
which
all
The normal
salts include
both anhydrous
salts
and
salts
combined
The basic salts yield water at a high temperature only, the hydrous ones at a low temperature
The carbonates are all transparent or translucent, and all are poor
conductors of electricity, Most of them are practically nonconductors
effervesce in hot acids
ANHYDROUS CARBONATES
NORMAL CARBONATES
The anhydrous normal carbonates comprise the most important
Most of them are included in a
ditrigonal scalenohedral class of the hexagonal system and in the holohedral division (rhombic bipyramidal class) of the orthorhombic sys-
tem.
known
exists in three
to occur as minerals
CALCITE-ARAGONITE GROUP
The
been
subjected to
form,
calcite,
970,
form
At
all
temperatures below
CARBONATES
213
Arag-
into
an hexagonal form
division
CALCITE DIVISION
The
more
\aneties of these
distinct
Six of the
the six
common members
Calcite
CaCOs
Magnesite
MgCOs
Siderite
FeCOs
Khodochrosite
MnCOs
Smit\somte
ZnCOs
ratios are:
c=i
=1
=i
=i
=i
8543
8095
8191
.8259
8062
There
is
MgCa(COs)2
bohedral class).
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
214
Calcite
(CaCO 3 )
is
usually
FIG 106
FIG 108
FIG 109
FEG. 107
FIG. 106.
FIG, 107
FIG 108
FIG 109
|R, oiTa
m,
Calcite with
R,
r, v,
(p)
R, joTo (m)
Prismatic
and R, loli
and
m and e
2131
calate
(e)
(r)
8
,
Nail-head Spar
Type
3251
Dog-tooth Spar
(y)
it
As
Theoretically, calcite contains 56 per cent CaO and 44 per cent COg,
but practically the mineral contains also small quantities of
Mg, Fe,
CARBONATES
in such a
lows
manner
215
by
the
flat
rhombohedrons,
(Fig 107), and (3) dog-tooth spar, containing the same scalenohedrons as on the first
the
with the
flat
pnsm
rhombohedron
oo
FIG
no
Pnsmatic Crystals
Terminated by
of Calcite
|R(oil2)
Scalenohedrons and
bohedrons
Some
land,
Rhom
from Cumber-
England
The
FIG 112
FIG in.
FIG
FIG 112
at
Calcite
an angle
in
of about 52^
(Fig. 112)
and
(3)
oP
(oooi)
R (ion) about
(0112)-
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
216
FIG 113
FIG 113
FIG 114
Calcite with m, v
Artificial
Twin
FIG. 114
and
e,
of Calcite, with
JR
shattered
hedrons
is
shade
of
red,
green,
or black
gray,
even brown
blue, yellow, or
The mineral
is
very strongly
The
principal vaneties of
spar,
the
are:
trans-
ments
Thin Section of Marble Viewed by
Polarized Light. The dark bars are poly-
FIG 115
Satin spar, a
fine, fibrous
Magnified 5
occurnng
masses.
when broken
the cleavage
CARBOXATES
Stalactites, cylinders or
caves
They
are formed
Mexican
onyx,
217
banded
on the
crystalline
floors of caves
calcite,
often
beneath the
transparent.
or roots of grass.
Chalk, a fine-grained,
pulverulent mass of
calcite
occurring in
large beds
In the closed tube calcite often decrepitates
Before the blowpipe it
is infusible
It colors the flame reddish yellow and after heating reacts
alkaline toward moistened litmus paper
The mineral dissolves with
CO2 in cold hydrochloric acid Its dissociation tempera-
evolution of
l
is
The
all
other minerals
In massive forms
it
solution
Aragomte was thought to become violet-colored
few minutes while calcite remained unchanged, but recent work
Co(NOs)2
in a
allowing a solution
in dilute carbonic acid to evaporate slowly in contact with the
to 100
If evaporated at from 80
air at ordinary temperatures
of
CaCOs
rhombic aragonite will form, Calcite is also formed by heating aragonite to 400-470
Occurrence and Origin. The mineral is widely distributed in beds,
in veins and as loose deposits on the bottoms of springs, lakes and nvers.
Its principal methods of origin are precipitation from solutions, the
weathering of calcareous minerals, and secretion by organisms.
Calcite is the most important of all pseudomorphmg agencies. It
forms pseudomorphs after many different minerals and the hard parts
of animals
Localities.
The
dissociation temperature of
a carbonate
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
218
and Egremont,
weenaw
Guanajuato, Mexico,
of Cornwall, England,
Point,
Mich
the
zinc
of
regions
Lockport,
Illinois,
Hot
Park
It occurs also
on account of
its
along the
it is
employed in optical
Limestone
operations.
The
Production
1912 was
is also
used as a
calcite rock
concrete, $5,634,000,
in road
fertilizer
marketed
in the
It
and for other uses, $2,400,000 Moreover, the value of the Portland
cement manufactured during the year amounted to $67,017,000, the
quantity of lime made to $13,970,000, the value of the hydrated
lime to $1,830,000, and of sand-lime brick to $1,170,884
The quantity
of limestone required for these manufactures is not known, but it was
very great.
Magnesite
(MgCO 3 )
Magnesite
is
Its cleavage
completely isomorphous with calcite
Its hardness is about 4 and the density 3
It varies in color
Its dissociation
o
is
445
is
i.
from white
temperature
Magnesite behaves
blowpipe
It effervesces
with Co(NQs)2
by
It is
by the
CARBONATES
Magnesite crystals
Synthesis
in a solution of
XajCOa
at 160
in
may
210
be obtained by heating
MgSO
a closed tube
and at
ities
fron* solutions of
The mineral
Bolton, Mass
magnesium
Magnesite
is
by Xa^COs
,
salts
found abundantly
many foreign localBare Hills, near Baltimore, Md and in
is
employed very
The
largely in the
manufacture of
magnesite bricks used for lining converters in steel works, in the lining
of kilns, etc ,
the manufacture of paper from wood pulp, and in mak-
artificial
$105,120.
Most
is
imported
(FeCO 3 )
Siderite
It is
FeO (48 2 per cent Fe) and 37 9 per cent COj- Manganese,
and magnesium are also often present in it.
Crystals are more common than those of magnesite. They frequently contain the basal plane and the steep rhombohedrons 8R(o8Si)
and
|R(oiT2) are common The faces
sRfesi). R(ioli) and
of the rhombohedron are frequently curved. Compare (Fig 125.)
per cent
calcite
The
brown
Its streak
is
white
translucent.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
220
siderite decrepitates,
by
it
effervesces briskly
in hot ones
Siderite is distinguished
its
reaction
for iron
into limonite
by heating a
solu-
In some cases
In others
it is
N Y
The
Ohio, and in clay beds along the Patapsco River, in Maryland
The
massive or nodular ore from clay banks is known as ironsto? e
impure bedded sidente interstratified with the coal shales is known
as black-band ore
Production.
Only 10,346 tons of sidente were produced in the United
States during 1912, all of it coming from the bedded deposits in Ohio
This was valued at $20,000
Rhodochrosite
(MnCO 3 )
MnO and 38 3
The mineral is usually impure through the addiper cent CQs is rare
tion of the carbonates of iron, calcium,
magnesium or zinc
The most prominent forms on
and
its
When
CARBONATES
heated
ature
The
CCb
begins to lose
it
is
632
mineral
at about 320":
221
but
its
dissociation temper-
is infusible,
it
it
yields
It dissoh es in
hot hydro-
chloric acid
From
fe\v
all of these,
by
rhodonite
its
reaction for
its
its
of course, the
a closed tube
Occurrence and Origin
with ores of
silver, lead,
is
Localities.
The mineral
is
at
N
,
at the
at Butte City,
it is
Occa-
fZnCO3 )
Smithsonite
is
rarely well
crystallized.
It
appears as druses, botryoidal and stalactitic masses, as granular aggregates and as a fnable earth.
SmithIn ZnCOs there are 64 8 per cent ZnO and 35 2 per cent CCte
somte usually contains iron and manganese carbonates, often small
and sometimes traces
quantities of calcium and magnesium carbonates
A specimen from Marion, Arkansas, gave:
of cadmium
ZnO
64 12
CdO FeO
.63
.14
CaO
.38
CuO
tr.
CCfe
34-68
CdS
Sift>
25
06
Total
100 26
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
222
about 4
its
4.
The
sionally transparent
its
Its hardness is 5
and
its
When
brown
density
white and
heated to 300
for
one hour
it
loses all of
C02
When
green on cooling
The above
it is colored green.
reactions for zinc, together with the effervescence of the
all
other
compounds.
Smithsomte forms pseudomorphs after sphalerite and calcite and is
pseudomorphed by quartz, hmomte, calamine and goethite
Synthesis
Microscopic crystals of smithsomte may be produced by
precipitating
where
it is
mine
(p 396)
veins of zinc ores and
cala-
common
It is especially
Penn
at
Dubuque, Iowa,
in
districts of
in
CARBONATES
mined alone for smelting It is
calamine and other zinc ores, and
223
no\v
all
are worked
material in 1912
gem
ARACOX1TE DIVISION
This division of the carbonates includes the orthorhombic (rhombic
bipyramidal) dimorphs of the members of the calcite group which,
together, form a well characterized isodimorphous group. The carbon-
ate of calcium
is
carbonates are
common
Aragomte
CaCOs Sp
Stronfaamte
SrCOs
Witkente
BaCOa
PbCOs
Cerussite
Gr. = 2 936 a
=3
=4
325
ac 6
574
706
c=
6228
7204
==
6090
7266
5949
6102
=
=
7232
Aragonite (CaCOs)
Aragomte occurs
Sometimes
it
is in
distinct crystals, but more frequently it is in oolitic globular and reniform masses, in divergent bundles of fibers or of needle-like forms, in
stalactites
and
in crusts.
In composition aragonite
is like calcite.
Some
common.
is
often ooP(iio).
By
repetition this
The
cleavage of aragonite
indistinct parallel to oo P(no).
2 93
is distinct parallel
and
p 06 (oio) and
and density about
to oo
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
224
a=SI j^oo,
7=1
6857
is
At 400
it
'"
ui
\
FIG 117
FIG 116
FIG 116
FIG 117
no
(m),
Trilling
oo
P So oio
,
(6)
Twinned about
and
co
P So on
,
P (no)
A
FIG
1 18
Trilling
of
<*>P
(no)
guished by
(A)
Cross-section
and
its
density
Solutions of CaCOs in dilute HaCOs form crystals of
Synthesis
In general,
aragomte when evaporated at a temperature of about 90
hot solutions of the carbonate deposit aragomte, while cold solutions
deposit calcite
If
It
is
also deposited
CARBONATES
225
columns
Mo
Strontianite
(SrCO 3 )
Strontianite
a= i
5199,
7=1
668
When
Its dissociation
temperature
is
"SS
Aragomte, witherite (BaCOs) and strontianite are so similar in appearance and in general properties that they can be distinguished from
They
are
all sol-
a hot solution of a strontium salt by ammonium carbonate, and by coolin a molten mixture of NaCl and KC1
ing a solution of SrCOs
Occurrence,
and as an
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
226
Strontiamte
Localities
is
common
the most
of all strontian
pounds
It
comforms
finely
Uses
hydroxide
nitrate
the manufacture of
red
medicine
used
little
"
fire
salts
the
The
arts
and the
used
imported
Witherite
(BaC0 3 )
The
119)
angle
noAiTo62
46',
is
bonate,
FIG 119
wuhcriic Twinned
about COP (no), thus Im.tating Hexagonal Combina-
is
much
its
3 to 4
ture
density being
Its
s ==I740
llght
77 7 pei
refractive
i ls
43
Its hardness
mdc\
foi
(hbboaation
yellow
tenii
mu-
Jg
color
Witherite
is
and the
by
its crys-
xnagma composed
Locahfoes
States,
but
it
color
of
it
Witherite
is
not a very
common
in
Northum-
CARBONATES
known
Its best
The
It
is
227
locality in the
is
(PbC0 3 )
FIG
FIG 120
P,
FIG 121
20
oP, ooi
(p),
oo
( r ),
P^, 130
PbO=835j but
FIG 122
cop
no
(w),
2 Poo,
021
(i),
in
ooPoo
100
Pw,on
(0),
(fc),
(c)
FIG 121
Cerussite
FIG 122
Cerussite
*>
P(no)
Poo
(100)
twinned
in
and
such a
way
120),
P 08
(oio)
The
common
The
angle
is
iioAiio=62
46'.
its
surface is frequently
Its luster
discolored by dark decomposition products
is
Its
its
hardness
and
or vitreous
density =6.5
3-3 5
is
adamantine
Its refractive
2 0763,
indices for yellow light are a = i 8037,
0780
with effervescence
nitric
acid
is
dissolved
mineral
The
by
and
7=2
it
it
and by
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
228
Cerussite
is
It
is
well char-
high specific gravity, its reaction for lead, and is distinguished from the sulphate (anglesite) by effervescence with hot acids
Syntheses
Crystals have been obtained by heating lead formate with
acterized
by
its
ammonium
FIG 123
Radiate Groups
of Cerussite
(After
latter
by the
BoHlwell)
It is,
ginia,
and occasionally
In the West
mines
it
m Utah
Uses,
It is
in the lead
and
at the Flagstaff
and other
CARBONATES
229
Dolomite (MgCa(CO 3 ) 2 )
Dolomite is apparently isomorphous with calcite but the etch
figures on rhombohedral -faces prove it to belong m the trigonal
rhombohedral
and in
It occurs as crystals
class
all
When
the ratio between the two carbonates reaches 5435 per cent
CaCOs 45 65 per cent MgCOs, which is equal to the ratio between
the molecular weights of the two substances, or in other words when the
in the compound in the ratio of one molecule
position of dolomite
is
The
called dolomite
(MgCa(COs)2)
is
30 4 per cent
com-
calculated
R3 (2i3i)
The
planes are often curved,
twinning planes
with
surfaces
concave
The
(Fig 125)
frequently
=
loli
A7ioi
angle
73
.
rro.
The
to
of
cleavage
The mineral
is
i.
ni
perfect
parallel
-j.
dolomite
brittle
is
Its
hardness
FIG 124
is
40^ T
oooi
3 5-4
transparent
=i
Its
refractive indices
The important
5026
^
Dolomite
,
crystal with
is
4R
y^ and Op'
(c)
translucent or
w= 16817,
and magne'San
limestones
Dolomifoc limestone, including much hydraulic limestone
Many dolomites are intermixed with the carbonates of iron, manganese, cobalt or zinc and these are known as ferriferous dolomite, etc
Dolomite behaves
tube
It,
acid, except
when very
finely
if
all,
m cold hydrochloric
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
230
The
It
is
It is distinguished
from magnetite by
its
of calcite
Its crystals are present at
Localities
Roxbury,
FIG 125.
in
Vermont, Hoboken,
Group
many
places,
among them
Piedmont, Guanajuato,
in
Mexico,
Mo
Flat
Rhombohedrons with
Curved Faces
C. It
Joplin, Mo , and Stony Pouil,
as
beds
limestone
of
dolomitic
very widely spread
Dolomite is used for many of the purposes served by calcite,
Uses
Station,
and Putnam, N.
is also
much
indeed,
contains a
is
a ferruginous dolomite.
It
is
an
=3
5-4,
and
its
density
granular masses,
=2
98
Ankente
is
It also occurs
In the
CARBONATES
closed tube
netic
it
231
It
it
becomes mag-
minerals
CALCIUM-BARIUM CARBONATES
Carbonates of the general composition CaBa(COs)2 occur (i) as a
mixed crystals isomorphous with caicite under the name hart-
series of
(2) as
calctte,
known
Barytocaicite,
b . c~ 7717
i
CaBa(COs)2
is
6255 and
=73
3 665
is
transparent or translucent
ments
fuse
BASIC CARBONATES
The
The composition
of the
former
may be
CuOHv
represented by the formula
;>C03,
and that
of the latter
by
CuOH/
CuOHv
Cu==(COs)2.
to
CuOH/
though their value for this purpose is not great at the present time
They may easily be distinguished from all other minerals by their
distinctive colors,
and by
by the
The
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
232
= 2-2
Its hardness
and
its specific
is
gravity
about 3
m detail
Malachite ((CuOH) 2 CO 3 )
Malachite usually occurs in fibrous, radiate, stalactitic, granular
or earthy, green masses, or as small drusy crystals covering other copper
compounds The mineral contains, when pure, 19 9 per cent CO2,
CuO and
71 9 per cent
per cent
KbO
Well defined crystals are usually very small monoclmic prisms (monoclmic prismatic class), with an a\ial ratio 8809 i
4012 and
#=6i
50'
are
ooPo>(oio),
ooPoo(ioo),
arc
Contact twins
oP(ooi)
Crystal
no
ioo
(a),
cot
(c)
its
with
?,
and
oP,
Twinned
The
126)
massive
ooPw, and
(w),
common,
plane (Fig
and
with
126 -Malachite
FIG
ooP(no),
specimens
Crystals are translucent
massive pieces aic opaque.
Translucent
in yellowish
green tmts
oP(ooi)
Its refractive index, /3, for yellow light ==i 88
density about 3 9
Malachite turns black and fuses befoic the blowpipe and tinges the
flame green
difficultly soluble
taining
C02
It is
it yields a
copper globule. It is
water conpure water, but is easily dissolved
soluble with effervescence in HCl and its solution
it
turns black
and
loses its
When
Boiled
COa
Malachite, on account of its characteristic color, may be easily distinguished from all other minerals but some varieties of turquoise and
may be
dis-
natural crystals
carbonate
and Origin
Malachite is a frequent decomposition
of
other
copper minerals, being formed rapidly in moist places.
product
Occurrence
CARBONATES
233
It occurs
composed
Localities
it
France,
States it
Penn
and at
,
the
district,
Humming
Utah.
Uses
In addition to
its
Production
As malachite
is
is
not
known
The amount
produced in the United States during 1912 for ornamental purposes was
valued at $1,085
This, however, included also a mixture of malachite
and
azurite.
Azurite
Azurite
is
also as veins
(Cu(CuOH)2(CO 3 ) 3 )
FIG 127
&
no
Its
The
36',
They
monochmc
c= 8501 :
are usually highly modified, 58 or
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
234
more
The predominant
POO(IOI), ooP(no), -2P(22i) and oopoo(ioo).
1*0=80 40'
127 ) The angle no
mineral is dark blue, vitreous, and translucent or transparent,
Its streak is light
and is pleochroic in shades of blue It is brittle
(Fig
The
to
Synthesis
ments of
by
allowing frag-
for a year or
more
The mineral
Occurrence
It is
CuNOj
to malachite
Localities
Azunte occurs
at the
Mammoth
and at many
From
bright
Uses
Azurite
is
colors
mined with other copper minerals as an ore of copan ornamental stone (see mal-
per
achite).
HYDROUS CARBONATES
The hydrous carbonates are salts containing water of crystallizaThey are carbonates of sodium or of this metal with calcium or
magnesium Some of them occur in abundance in the waters of salt or
bitter lakes, but very few are known to occur m any large quantity in
tion
solid
form
Among
Soda or natron
Trona
Na2COa xoBfeO
monochmc
HNas (C0s)2
monoclmic
monoclimc
orthorhombic
aEfeO
Gayliissite
NagCa(C03)2 sEfeO
Hydromagnestie
Mg^OH^COaVsBfeO
either
CARBONATES
Natron occurs only
in solution
235
mud on
the borders
of lakes
places.
matic
class),
with the
monochnic (pns-
is
crystallization
axial
ratio,
8426
^
V
7
*
\
->
29494 and 18=76 31' Its crystals are usually
bounded by oP(ooi), ooP 66(100), -P(m) and FIG 128 Trona Ciystal with oP, ooi (c),
+P(Tn) (Fig 128) Fibrous and massive forms
p * I0
) and
are common
The mineral has a
It
paraUel to oo P 60 (100)
and has a colorless streak
2 5-3,
taste
is
(fl
>
perfect cleavage
+P
gray or yellowish
'
(o)
a hardness of
Gaylussite (Na2Ca(COs)2
5H2 0)
also occurs
as crystals in the
in
Nevada
Its
and
oo
0=78
oo
crystals
b
are monochnic
c=i 4897
are usually
They
27'
P(no), P
4442
bounded by
and
oo
P 66
(100).
They
P ob (on) and
FIG
29
-Gaylussite
no
]i el
ucent
it
decrepitates
is
very
P(iio).
Their cleavage
is
perfect
ooP(no)
I ts
(r).
It
tube
oo
^ ^^
para
(e)and JP,Ti2
to
^^ ^
hardness
brittle
is
When
2-3
heated
It loses its
the
closed
water at 100
In the flame
it
CHAPTER
XII
THE SULPHATES
THE
known
of salt lakes
These
a hydrated group
In addition, there are several minerals that are
sulphates mixed with chlorides or carbonates
All the sulphates that are soluble in water give the test for sulphuric
When heated with soda on charcoal they are reduced to sulphides
acid
placed on a silver
silver
of
dark
brown or black
The
sulphates
nonconductors of
when pure
are
all
all
electricity
ANHYDROUS SULPHATES
NORMAL SULPHATES
The anhydrous normal sulphates ha\c the general formula R/2S04
R"S04 The most common ones are sulphates of the alkaline earths
and lead
They belong in a single group which is orthorhombic The
few less common ones are sulphates of the alkalies or of the alkalies
or
and
alkaline earths
Glaubente
may be
NaaS04 CaSO/t, which requires 511 per cent Na2S04 and 48.9 per cent
CaS04 The mineral contains 22 3 per cent Na20, 20 i per cent CaO
and 57 6 per cent SOs
It nearly always occurs in monochmc crystals (prismatic class),
with an axial ratio i 2209 i i 0270 and #=67 49'. The most frequent combination is oP(ooi),
P(ni), ooP(no), ooP 06(100),
The
3P3(3iT) and +P(u7), with oP(ooi) prominent (Fig 130)
The angle noAiTo =96 58'.
cleavage is perfect parallel to oP(ooi)
.
236
SULPHATES
237
soluble
28
is
It is partly
brittle
The
slight saltiness
mens
It is
red color of
many
speci-
Before the blowpipe the mineral decrepiwhitens and fuses easily to a white
tates,
yellow
is
soluble
HC1 and
Glaubente Crys-
a large
in
In a small quantity of
quantity of water
water it is partially dissolved with loss of
no
(m),
and
P,
oo
P oo
in
100
(a)
(s)
Glaubente
is
at Villa Rubia,
salt
water
It
is
found
Europe, and
Arizona and at Borax Lake, California
in
FIG
(o),
ooi
lake
They
Thenarditc
131
with
oo
P,
IPS,
no
(w),
106
(0
Crystal
P,
nT
and oP,
(c)
deposits
are
Its
ha\e an
crystals
axial
ratio
5976:
2524
by ooP(uo), oP(ooi),
and ooPw(ioo) (Fig
and
Its
salty taste
specific
white or reddish
gravity
Twins are
131)
P 60(106),
P(iiT),
is
68
i
Its
470
inter-
It
is
It occurs in exten-
Valley, Ari-
FIG
132
Thenardite
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
238
BARITE GROUP
The bante group includes the sulphates of the alkaline earths and
They are all light colored minerals with a nonmetallic luster
all
crystallize in the orthorhombic system (bipyramidal class),
They
and all have a hardness of about 4 The minerals comprising this group,
lead
ratios, are
Anhydnte CaSO* a
Bante
BaS04
Celestite
SrS(>4
Angleute
PbSQi
c= 8932
=8152
=
=
'
7790
7852
0008
3136
2800
2894
Anhydrite (CaSO 4 )
drite, is
water
It
moistened
is
it
When
It is
When
m fibrous,
is
per cent
CaO
Its crystals are usually
oo
P 60(100),
oo
Anhydrite fuses quite easily before the blowpipe and colors the flame
reddish yellow
It is very slightly soluble in water but is completely
dissolved in strong sulphuric acid
It cleaves parallel to the three pmacoids yielding rectangular fragments. Its hardness is 3-3 5 and denIts luster is vitreous
massive pieces and its color
sity about 2 93
ments
it is
it is
opaque
In small
frag-
Its refractive
SULPHATES
239
by slowly evaporating a
Occurrence
cis
The mineral
Localities
Germany,
Andreasberg,
m Harz,
Europe
Croix Rivers
found at the
salt
mines of Stassfurt,
Bex, in Switzerland,
Bleiberg,
N Y
At Lockport,
St
is
Hail, in Tyrol,
in
Scotia
it
it
the
occurs as
Avon and
gypsum
Finely granular forms of the mineral are used for ornamental
Uses
(BaSO 4 )
The
is
also
It is
mineral
(galena)
P 66
(101),
P(ni) and
oo
the direction of
elongated
the a axis, and are bounded
as the
tabular crystals (Fig 134) FlG I33 Bante Crystals with oop, J10 (m),
iPoo, 102 (d), PoS,oii (0) and oP, ooi (c)
Complex crystals are also
abundant They are often
beautifully
Its
The
noAiio^T 80
22?'
is
hardness
angle
is
about 3 and
its
and
oo
P(no)
The
density about 4 5
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
240
mineral
It
is
is
transparent
a= i
7= i
6491
Before the blowpipe bante decrepitates and fuses, at the same time
coloring the flame yel6369,
lowish green
The
fused
Jt 1S
The mineral
FIG 134 -Bante Crystals with m, d, o and c as m
distinguished
Also coPoo, zoo (a), P,
60 and
Fig 133
P2, 122
(y)
to
m"
barite
is
from the
the color
it
when
in
Co,,
N C
enough
pieces large
Lake
N Y
veins at
many
lachians and
New Mexico
warrant polishing
different places,
N Y
more
is
Massive barite
found on the bank of
Appa-
Preparation
Much
The rough
washed, hand picked, crushed, ground and treated with
sulphuric acid. The acid dissolves most of the impurities and leaves
the powdered mineral white
United States
material
is
is
The white
is
employed
m refining sugar.
The
mineral
is
also
SULPHATES
The
241
forms, are
salts, exclusive of
witherite.
Celestite (SrSO*)
Celestite occurs in tabular prismatic crystals, in fibrous
The
it
Though usually
owes its name
theoretical composition of
white,
the mineral
is
it
and some-
often possesses a
Many
FIG. 135
oo
oio
(&),
oo p,
no
P oo on
,
(w),
(0)
(r),
The
often pale blue and sometimes light red, but pure specimens are
= i 6220,
white or colorless. Its refractive indices for yellow light are:
is
7=1
6237
Before the blowpipe celestite reacts like barite except that it tinges
This crimson color may be obtained more disthe flame crimson
a
little
powder of the mineral on charcoal in the reductinctly by fusing
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
242
the resulting mass in a small quantity of hydrochloric acid, then adding some alcohol and igniting the mixture
Crystals of celestite are produced in ways analogous
Syntheses
and
gypsum, as at Bex, Switzerland, associated with sulphur, as at Girgenti, Italy, and in crystals and grams scattered through limestone,
Va or
as at Strontian Island, Lake Erie, and in Mineral Co
It is also sometimes found
as crystals lining geodes in the same rock
In some instances it was deposited by
as a gangue in mineral veins
,
number
and
refining sugar.
Anglesite (PbSOt)
Anglesite occurs principally as crystals associated with galena and
other ores of lead, but is found also massne, and in granular, stalactitic
The
PbO and
26 4
demands
73 6 per cent
S03
less
common than
in
isomctnc in habit
bante and
The
celestite
other macrodomes, P oo
addition, on the tabular crystals (Figs
no A iTo=76
<*>P(iio),
ij6, 137,
138),
The
angle
i6J'
Its fracture
transparent,
and
is
adamantine or residuous
may
may
i
be
be
8937.
it
SULPHATES
The
243
m HN03
mineral dissolves
with
dif-
ficulty
The
mineral
characterized
is
by
its
FIG 136
FIG
136
FIG 137
w P, no
JP, 112
FIG
137
cio
with
Crystal
\nglcsitc
(bj,
and the
oo
on
/;/,
(o),
ooPw,
(m),
(/)
P,
100
(a),
in
It is distinguished
oP, ooi
(c),
(y)
Also
oopoo,
from
(.erussrte
by the reaction
for
it
changes to cerus-
site
Localities
shire
It
is
found in Derby-
and Cumberland,
in
England,
FIG
m,
138
y, c
137
Anglesite Crystal
and d as
Also iP
63
in Figs
,
with
136 and
144 (x)
Penn
BASIC SULPHATES
Although several basic sulphates are known as minerals, only two
are of importance
One, brochantite, is a copper compound found, with
other copper minerals, in the oxidized portions of ore veins, and the
other, alumte,
is
This min-
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
244
eral is
=K
The
S03
37 18
38 34
P20f,
tr
58
K2
Na2
xo 46
H2 0+ H2 012 90
33
09
of a crystalline
Si0 2
Total
22
too 10
Alunite
is
It is
white, pink, gray or red, and has a white streak
and has a vitreous or nearly pearly luster.
transparent or translucent
and
it
choidal
<o=i 572
Before the blowpipe the mineral decrepitates, but is infusible
In
it yields water and at a
high temperature sulphurous and
all its
in
&2S04
The
When
mineral
its
is
characterized
by
its
color
SULPHATES
245
made by heating an excess of aluminium sulphate with alum and water at 230
The mineral occurs m seams or veins in
Occurrence anl Ongm
Crystals have been
Synthesis
It is thought to
acid lavas
in
some instances by
the action of sulphurous vapors upon the rock forming the vein walls,
in other instances by direct precipitation from ascending
magmatic
waters,
and
in others
The
Localities
by
New
at Bulla Delah,
Tolfa, Italy,
South Wales,
are at
on Milo, Grecian
Nev
Nev and Tres
sulphuric acid.
solution is drawn
The mixture
calcined mineral,
crystallization
off
10 A
no =75
mineral
green.
is
It
28'
Cleavage
emerald-green
is
is
i ;
-.7739
perfect parallel to
to blackish green
and
its
oopas
its
(oio).
streak
is
The
light
luster is vitreous,
Its hardness is
except on cleavage planes where it is slightly pearly
tube
it
In
the
closed
decomposes, yielding
3 5-4 and density 3 85
water and, at a high temperature, sulphuric acid. It gives the usual
Arizona,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
246
HYDROUS SULPHATES
The hydrous sulphates comprise a numbei of sulphates combined
with water
Among them are the normal salts miralnhte or glauber
(Na2S04 loEfeO), gypsum (CaSQi 2H/)), the epwmilc and inclan//
tertte groups
(R S04 7H 2 0), chakanttnte (CuS04 sEbO), md the
alum group (R'A1(S0 4 )2 i2H2 0), kiesente (MgSOi H2 O), polyhalite
Several
(K2MgCa2(S(X)4 H20), and a number of basic compounds
salt
of
them are
into
of considerable
economic importance,
They
are separated
to
water of
salt
is
soluble in water
taste
When
it
loses water
ever, thenardite
(Na2S04) deposits
Germany, and at other places where ocean water has been evapIt is believed to have resulted from the partial desiccation of
orated.
it
may
industry
When
it
crust*
SULPHATES
247
conditions
Theoretically,
it
H2
CaSCXt
Dillon, Kans
Alabaster, Mich
The
i
78 40
19 96
20 96
78 51
crystals are
Si0 2 A1 2
12
05
08
monoclmic (prismatic
02'
56
with a
class),
oo
P OD
FIG
140
Crystals with
and
oo
55
(100)
b as in Fig
oio
99 71
^=.6895
P,
(ft),
oo
P(iio),
(100)
by +P(iiT), -P(iii), |P
is
(/)
and
Form
Twin
Swallow-tail
+P
P 56
in
139
the
faces are curved, producing a lens-shaped body
very common, giving rise to two types of twinned crystals
of these oo
ii
FIG 140
common
99 96
The prism
(oio)
FIG 139
Gypsum
Total
57
im-
They
FIG 139
common
CaC03 MgC03
35
is
Often
Twinning is
In the most
Forms
oo (103),
bounded
When
the side
and
OP65
(100)
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
248
+P(Tn) and
oo P 66
parallel to
is
white,
colorless
141)
(oio)
less
(100)
and transpar-
ent when
blue
or
hardness
The
=2
32
pearly on
oo P ob (oio) and on other surfaces
Massive varieties are often
vitreous
FIG
141
Gypsum Twinned
luster of
dull
The
low
light are,
about ^*~J
crystals
is
a= 1.5205, 0= 1.5226,
S 29
The
and colored
variety.
Gypsiie
is
Syntheses
Crystals of gypsum separate from aqueous solutions of
CaSO* at ordinary temperatures, and also from solutions saturated
with
Some
Gypsum forms immense beds interstratiwith limestone, clay and salt deposits where it has been precipitated
by the evaporation of salt lakes Its crystals occur around volcanic
vents, where they are produced by the action of sulphuric acid on calOccurrence and Origin
fied
SULPHATES
careous rocks.
They are
limestone, wherever
249
also
and
is
found in
this rock
New
Mexico
in the
form of
hills of
wind-blown sand
N Y
Ohio, and in
Wayne Co
New
Mexico
and
finishing plasters,
certain kinds of
factories,
and as a white-
The quantity
gypsum mined
of
in the
United States
valued at $623,500 were sold ground, and 1,731,674 tons, valued at $5,The output of New York was valued at $1,241,940,409, were calcined
at
and of Ohio at $812,400
of
Iowa
that
$845,600
500,
After the United States the next largest producer is France with a
product in 1910 of 1,760,900 tons, valued at $2,942,600 and Canada with
group
into
is,
two
therefore,
divisions, of
group
'
'
53 and
both systems.
ft
approximating 75
salts is
known
to crys-
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
250
are monoclimc
Other
salts
systems
secondary products formed by decomposition of other minerals.
(MgSO 4 7H 2 0)
Epsomite
The
H2
The mineral forms white or colorless bi142-EpsomitcCryscrystals, with an
sphenoidalj orthorhombic
.
OQ P
1 10 (m)
tal with
-,,
i
axial ratio a b c= 9901
Their
S79
p
and -r, in (s)
The angle no A 1^0=89
habit is tetragonal
Ho
26'
'
occurring on syn-
P
thetic crystals are combinations of
(Fig
142)
POO(IOI)
The
gravity
0=i
170
4554 and
7= i
0-2
light are
and specific
a 143 25,
48
colorless, soluble
minerals by
taste
Synthesis
MgSO*
of bitter lakes,
and as
crystals
among
the deposits
SULPHATES
251
Melantente,
01 copperas (FeSO 4
7H2 0), is usually
fibrous,
or
stalactitic
pulverulent masses associated with pynte or other sul-
crystals,
class),
are rare
The
It is soluble in water,
taste.
ALUM GROUP
The alum group includes a large number of isomorphous compounds
with the general formula R'A1(S04)2 laHsO
The group crystallizes
in the isometric system (dyakisdodecahedral class), but all of its mem-
Two
(2Na2
group are
leadhillile
KCI)
Kainite
Kaimte is found only in beds associated with halite and other deposits
It is rarely crystallized
from saline waters
Crystals are monoclmic
5863 and =85 6'. They
(prismatic class), with a b c=i 2186 : i
possess a pyramidal habit with oP(ooi) and dbP(ni)(iiT) predom.
inating
The
When
it
yields water
by
guished from
that it yields the test for sulphur, and colors the flame blue when
powder is mixed with CuO and heated before the blowpipe
this reaction,
its
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
252
Synthesis
MgCb
of
Occurrence
and
of
It also
The mineral
Uses.
is utilized
as a source of potassium
m the manu-
in
tals
is i
The com-
006
bounded by oP(oooi),
ooP(ioTo), P(ioTi) (Fig. 143) and 2P(202i),
or |p(4o4s)
Their cleavage is imperfect
monest crystals are
FIG
tal
^M ^
yellow
gravity
w=i
=256
4807 and
It
=i
soluble
is
4614
Thc mmeml
o p (oool)
Its
hardness
water.
It occurs at
-2 and
Its refractive
fe
wh te
j
its
Qr
specific
indices are
LeadhUlite
crystals
tals are
monoclmic (prismatic
occurs
principally
is
7515
class),
11:2
The
2261.
j9=8932'.
The
as
cryshabit.
principal
of
PbS04
Scotland,
in Arizona.
CHAPTER
XIII
THE CHROMATES
The only chromate
normal chromic
of importance,
HkCrO*
acid,
among
minerals,
is
known, but they are basic salts and are rare All are lead compounds
The normal salt, PbCrO*, is known as crocoite Chromic acid is un-
known, as it spontaneously breaks down into CrOa and water when set
free from its salts
Its best known compound is potassium chromate,
Crocoite
Crocoite
is
chromate with
well characterized
(prismatic
9603
and
003=31
It is a lead
per cent.
monoclmic
with
class)
hyacinth-red color
its
by
Its crystallization is
(PbCr0 4 )
33'-
Its crystals,
prismatic or columnar
Their preto ooP(no)
are
dominant
144).
parallel
1
to
A no=86
10
cleavage
ooP(uo)
19'
is
distinct
The angle
The mineral
FIG
Crocoite
and
is
is
orange-yellow
tile
bright hyacinth-red,
Its streak is
translucent
The
mineral
is sec-
144
>P,
no
(m),
and iPSb,oi2
(w)
it
index
decrepitates,
On
253
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
254
The mineral
With minocosmic
salt
it
chromium
lecogmzed by
is easily
its color
and the
mium
Crystals, like those of crocoite, have been obtained by
Synthesis
heating on the water bath a solution of lead nitrate in nitric acid and
it
a product of pneumatolysis
Locahhes
Hungary,
Co
Arizona,
Mn)W04, and
tungstates arc ideditc, CaWQi, and wolfthe most prominent molybdate is wulfenite,
PbMoO*
All tungsten compounds give a blue bead with salt of phosphorus in
the reducing flame
When fused with NagCOa, dissolved in water
and hydrochlonc acid, and treated with metallic zinc (see pp 482, and
test),
changes to brown
The molybdates
give with the salt of phosphorus bead in the oxidisa yellow-green color while hot, changing to colorless when cold.
In the reducing flame the color is clear green.
ing flc,me
SCHEELITE GROUP
The
group comprises a
of Ca,
scheelite
Cu and Pb
Scheelite
The formula of scheelite demands 80 6 per cent WO.?, and 194 per
cent CaO, but the mineral usually contains a little molybdenum in
It nearly always contains also a little Fe.
place of some of the tungsten
255
On
5268
combinations is
P(m),P co
The
angle
(101),
no A In = 79
(313)
and
|
are
its crystals
^lj(i 3 i)
|P oo
and P
common, both
(102)
is
Twinning
SSi'
(Fig 145),
FIG 145
FIG 145
FIG 146
SdiceliLc
FIG 146
CryoUl with P,
1>
and
in
\pj t
oo
101
e as in Fig 145
(e)
Also
I ,
(c),
w= i
the
mineral
fuses
to
semitransparent
tin
on
Scheehte
is
closely resemble,
by
its
higher specific
its
massive forms
effer-
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
256
vescence with
HC1
From
softness and
from bante by greater hardness and higher specific gravity
Crystals of scheehte have been made by adding a soluSyntheses
tion of sodium tungstate to a hot acid solution of CaCk, and by fusing
They have
it is
quartz
also
by
distinguished
its
with CaCl2
Scheehte is found
Occurrence and Origin
gold-quartz veins
acid
veins
and in
igneous rocks, where it is associated with
cutting
cassiterite, topaz, fluorite, molybdenite, wolframite and many other
metallic compounds,
limestone intruded
by
granite
It is
probably
all
in altered
cases a deposit
It occurs at Zinnwald,
Fells,
Atoha
District,
Uses of Tungsten
the manufacture
Tungsten is used puncipally
It is
and targets for Ronlgen rays
Production
Scheehte has been mined in small quantity
Idaho,
Alaska, California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico, Us a source of
tungsten, but most of this element has heretofore been produced from
other compounds, mainly wolframite
scheehte concentrates were produced
it is
crystals,
5606
mineral
The
is
hardness
is
It
75-3 and
is
its
w =2 2685,
and melts to a
line globule.
salt
in
translucent and
sp. gr
=2
7.87-8.23.
182
lustrous crystal-
blue
when
cold,
is
it
257
The mineral
colorless
Wulfenite
Wulfemte
is
(PbMoO 4 )
Its formula
mineral
Wulfemte
class)
is
The
which, in
tals
thin
some
m pyramidal
and prismatic
hemunorphism Their
Fro 147
FIG 147
FIG
FIG 148
ratio is
tals are
'
c=i
choidal
5777
oP(ooi), P(ni),
The
<*>
148
in
(M)
mineral
100
(c),
(a)
and
^P
o 12
is
is brittle
(0)
P,
101
(e),
(s)
cleavage, parallel to P,
The
(320), fP(ii3)
gravity about 6 8
crysaxial
its
crys-
22'.
very smooth, and the fracture is conIts hardness is about 3 and specific
and
its
color
Its
orange-yellow, olive-green, gray, brown, bright red or colorless
For red light, o>= 2 402, e= 2 304
streak is white and it is transparent
With
Before the blowpipe wulfenite decrepitates and fuses readily
With soda on
phosphorus it gives the molybdenum beads
is evapmineral
the
charcoal it yields a lead globule. When
powdered
with
this
On
formed
is
orated with HC1 molybdic oxide
moistening
salt of
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
258
and
in the
the
Mammoth
Mine,
at
many
mined annually
very small
is
WOLFRAMITE GROUP
Wolframite ((Fe
Wolframite
is
MnJWO*)
name given the isomorphous mixtme of the mantungstates that occur neaily puu* in some vanctics
the
The
the
is
is more common
commonest member of
is
in
Mn02.
4 7 per cent of
MnW04
Analyses of specimens of hubnente
(IV) follow
(I),
and ferbente
II
III
Ellsworth,
Nye Co
Nev
Cabarrus Co
members
of
W0 3
FeO
7488
7486
7579
56
2387
.14
1345
1980
".2
75 47
24 33
MnO CaO
5.35
Other
16
Total
122
9961
10055
.32
tr
101.26
tr
tr
99.80
Ferbente
c= 8229
The
8463
8300
8678
=8315
8651
Wolframite
Ilubmtite
P .56
frcimite
+2P oo
and
iioAiio
79
Twins are
the
P 2 (2io), P oo
(oio), oo
- 2?2(i2i)
angle
0=89
0=89
0=89
and
(on),
= 78
foi
-]P 66 (To2),
38'
38'
- JP 66
(102),
oP(ooi),
-P(in),
The
51', for
wol
29'
P 66
(100)
oo
38'
of the
following
hubnente 79
common, with
fairly
more
for ferbente
23',
01
259
twinning
plane
Cleavage is perfect
oo P 03 (oio)
to
The minerals also
parallel
occur
lamellar and granular masses
Hubnente
is
translucent, wolframite
lucent only on
,
and/
black
thin
and ferbente
streak
yellow to
in hubnente and brown or
opaque.
brownish black
The
is
..
brown
yellowish
* '
edges,
in
is
-Wolframite Crys-
^'49
tal with
oopj,
5-5
5,
is
buttle, has
specific gravity of
the blowpipe
it
a hardness ot
is
oopoo
P> IIX
no m),
100(0),
~~
Wolframite
(/)
P, 011 (/),
W>
of wolframite between
oop,
2 io
>
luster
magnetic
Before
Fused with
soda and niter on platinum it gives the bluish green manganate. The
phosphorus bead is reddish yellow when hot and a paler tint
salt of
when
cold.
the mineral
is
m specific gravity,
probably pneumatolytic.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
260
Localities
Wolframite
found
m all
cially at
Freiberg,
chinsk, in Siberia,
various points in New South Wales, Australia
In the United States it occurs at Monroe,
Motte, Missouri,
Conn
it
near
Mine La
impregnates a
sandy dolomite, and at Hill City in the same State in quartz veins,
sometimes containing cassitente, in Boulder Co
Colorado, in veins
,
granite (ferbente), neai Butte, Montana, in quaitz veins carrying silver ores (hubnente), and the quartz-cassitcnte veins near Nome
in Alaska,
and
New
is
Mexico and
more properly
hubnente
Uses
scheehte
Production
WOs
The
60
$86,000 worth of tungsten-beaimg ores and $143,800 worth of tungsten metal and ferro-tungsten. The world's production of tungsten ore
in 1912
was
9,115 tons.
CHAPTER XIV
THE PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES AND VANADATES
THE
phosphates are
salts of
phosphoric acid,
HsPO^
the arsenates
the
the
The
2PHs)
are detected
The
Mg3 P2
gas
is
by the
with
H2
recognized
or
by
its
arsenates, phosphates
normal
salts, (b)
(c)
acid salts
character
all
are
includes phosphates of yttrium, the alkalies, beryllium, cerium, magnesium, iron and manganese and a group of isomorphous phosphates,
arsenates and vanadates -the apatite group in which a haloid radicle
of the acids
Apatite, the prinreplaces one of the hydrogen atoms
is an important source of phosphoric acid
the
of
member
group,
cipal
261
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
262
Triphylite
of
in
(Li(Mn Fe)PO 4 )
Littuophilite
P2
with an axial
not well
and
ratio approximating 4348
5265
ooFoo
bounded
are
(oio),
by
usually rough prisms
They
developed
The minerals usually
oP(ooi), ooP(no), ooP2(i2o) and 2Po6 (021)
occur massive, or in irregular, rounded crystals, with two very dis-
class),
tinct cleavages
Fe,
Mn
is
Mn
and Li
inHCl
The two
compounds by
their
Mn
Beryllonite
Beryllomte
and
places
is
263
(NaBeP0 4 )
Its composition
is
BeO and
55 9
orthorhombic (bipyramidal
class),
with an axial
540
They are short pyramidal or tabular in habit,
often exhibiting a pseudohexagonal symmetry. Most crystals are
highly modified with oP(ooi), oo P 60 (100), oo P 66 (oio), P 66 (101)
and 2P?(i2i), the principal forms
Twins are common, with oo P(no)
ratio
5724
hardness
a=i
slowly soluble in HC1, and gives the phosphorus reaction with mag-
nesium
It is distinguished from most other colorless transparent minerals
the
reaction for phosphorus, from other colorless phosphates by its
by
crystallization and the sodium flame test
The
is
best
known occurrence
it is
of beryllo-
found in the
debris of a pegmatite dike associated with apatite (p 266), beryl (p. 359),
and other common constituents of pegmatites It originally existed
implanted on the walls of cavities in the pegmatite and was apparently
is
it is
found
m commercial quantities
only
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
264
The mineral is a phosphate of the metals cerium, lanthanum, praseodidymium and neodidymium in most cases combined with the silicate of
Its composition may be represented by the formula
thorium
*((Cc
in
La Di)P04 )+^(ThSi04 ),
from a trace to
not constant in
com-
It is probable that in
pound
Since this is
silicate
and oxides
20'
76
c=
'
i
9255 and 0=
the
with
pinacoids oo P 56 (100),
Crystals are usually prismatic
Monazite
monochnic with a
is
9693
POO(IOI) and
ooP(no), the two domes
and
+P(nT)
They are
+P66(ioY) and the pyramids -P(in)
often flattened parallel to the orthopmacoid
ooPob(oio), the prism
(Fig
The
150)
angle
10 A
iTo= 86
34'
dish,
ent or translucent
Monazite Ciys- 4
7-5 3, varying with the proportion of thorium
POO, ioo (a),
nt
The refra ctive indices for yellow
FIG. 150
tal
with
00 P.
oo
00
?2,
P S, oxo
(*),
110
(0Z),
oo
(,),
-Poo,
ioi (w),
iol
and P,
(x)
difficultly
The
+Pco,
nI
()
in
soluble
hSht are
pipe
it
a=I
mineral
7938,
is
7-
845 2.
infusible
H2S04
HC1 and HNOs
Most specimens
are strongly
radioactive
Crystals of monazite have not been prepared, but cryscerium phosphate similar to those of monazite have been made
by heating to redness a mixture of cerium phosphate and cerium chloride
Synthesis
tals of
and
among
cer-
the
other components
In this form it is a separation from the granitic
When
the
magma
granites are broken down to sand by weathering
the monazite
is
freed
and because
in stream channels
Localities
is fairly
it is
265
The
The
many
m sufficient
Idaho
ties in
of commercial importance
Preparation
which
it is
Monazitg
is
Monazite
is
Formerly
it
was
the nitrate of thorium in this country and the amount made was
sufficient to meet the domestic demand.
Consequently, large quan-
not
tities
since then
Xenotime (YPO 4 )
Xenotime, though essentially an yttrium phosphate, usually contains
erbium and in some cases cerium.
It occurs in tetragonal crystals
and
rolled grains
6177 an d
ratio is i
in A ill
Its
^e
axid
angle
=*
Its crystals
55 30'
are octahedral or prismatic and
cleavage
n/
\
ooP(no)
is
perfect parallel
72
is
Its streak is
w=i
to
The mineraliv
brown,
onT
W" P
v
II3C
^ ^P
00
no
45
e=i8i,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
266
Xenotime
is infusible,
and with
insoluble in acids
It
molten microcosmic salt
cleavage and inferior hardness
in
is
difficulty soluble
by
its
of sulphates
variety of xenotime containing a small percentage
known as hussakite
is
The mineral
of streams
APATITE GROUP
apatite group consists of a number of phosphates, arsenates and
vanadates in which fluorine or chlorine takes the place of the hydroxyl
The
in basic
compounds
Thus, fluorapatite
is
Ca4(CaF)(P04)s and
chlor-
c=i 7346
c**i: 7346+
Fluorapatite
Ca4(CaF)(PC>4)3
Chlorapatite
Ca^CaClXPCWs
Pb4(PbCl)(P04)3
a.c=i
PyromorpTtite
Pb4 (PbCl)(As04 )3
Mimetite
Vanadmite
Pb4(PbCl)(V04)s
e-i
7293
:
a:c-i:
7315
7122
distinct
compounds with
Fluorapatite
Chlorapatite
267
Apatite
may
is
and transparent, but in most cases it is translucent or opaque and white, green, bluish, brown or red
Its streak is
colorless or amethystine
FIG 153
FIG 152.
FIG
152
FIG 153
%, r
and
nil
c as in Fig
(5),
P2, 1122
(r),
oP, oooi
(c),
JP,
152
(B)
white and
The
Apatite fuses with difficulty, tinging the flame reddish yellow
the
and
fluorine
at
When
at
melts
variety
1530
1650
chlorapatite
moistened with H2S04 all varieties color the flame pale bluish green,
due to the phosphoric acid
Specimens containing chlorine give the
brilliant blue color to the flame
when
it
dissolves in
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
268
it closely resembles
Apatite is much softer than beryl (p 359)> which
It is distinguished from calcite by lack of effervescence
in appearance
with acids and from other compounds by the phosphorus reaction
The
names are
masses
apatite^ crystals or granular
Manganapatite, in which manganese partly replaces the
nary apatite^ This is dark bluish green
Ordinary
Known
Ca
of ordi-
also as phosphorite
It is
The composition
structure
following analysis of
CaO
50 08
P2
38 84
C0 2
65
of typical deposits
is
represented
by the
Fe2
96
Al2 0s
3 07
MgO Insol
30
49
Undet
2 46
H2
2
Moist
96
07
a mixture of various phosphates, both hydrous and anand a number of other compounds It is rather a rock
than a mineral, as it has no definite composition
Syntheses
Crystals of fluorapatite have been made by fusing
Guano
is
hydrous, calcite
In
many
masses as to be worthy
269
areas.
Localities
to mention
its
of apatite
manufacture of
The
fertilizers
is
in the
is
treated
The latter is drawn off and mixed with additional highbeing formed
rock
and
the
mixture is known as concentrated phosphate Supergrade
phosphates are manufactured in large quantities in the United States
in
Europe
latter use the best grades of apatite or rock phosphate are required,
and
consequently the best grades of rock produced in the United States are
exported and thus lost to American farmers
Production
The
follows*
United States
Tunis
Christmas Island
159459
tons, valued at
2,024,036
France
1,169,400
Algeria
Belgium
Other countries
316,703
Tennessee
South Carolina
Other States
759455
280,000
statistics are:
524,700
49 200
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
270
The
was 3,020,905
total production
common
and
faces,
Their cleavage
in globular, granular
is
Pyromorphite
and
is
white
6=2 0494
When
mate
to the &o
The mineral
It is brittle,
Some
The mineral
P(no)
also occurs
fibrous masses
translucent
is parallel
Its
o>=2 0614,
distinctly thermo-electric.
is
When
heated
heated on charcoal
cooling
and
yields
it
a coating which
white (PbCk), at a greater distance from it. When fused with Na2COs
on charcoal a globule of lead results The mineral also gives the Cl and
The mineral
reactions
action
when
is
soluble in
recognized by
heated on charcoal
Pyromorphite
Synthesis.
is
its
HNOa
by
with PbCk.
Localities
It is found in all lead-producing regions,
especially in
the upper portions of veins
It occurs
particularly good specimens
at Pribram, Bohemia, at Ems,
Nassau, in Cornwall, Devon, Derby-
271
=2
1286
The formula
over,
when heated
it
coats
them
tals
It is found at Phoenix ville, Pennsylvania,
Cornwall, England,
at Johanngeorgenstadt, in Germany, at Nerchinsk, Siberia, at LangIt is, however, not
ban, in Sweden, and at a number of other places
as common as the corresponding phosphorus compound
Uses
It is
lead.
Vanadmite
erals
is
all
the
vanadium min-
theoretical
205=19 4 per
composition
cent and
Cl=2
of crevices in rocks
is
as follows
It
is
implanted
one of the
axial ratio i
.7122 (Fig
154).
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
272
(Fig
I S5)
pyromorphite
Vanadmite
is brittle,
Its
or opaque
refractive
indices
for
yellow
light
are
^=2354,
=2
299
It fuses easily on charIn the closed tube vanadimte decrepitates
on
is
reduced
coal to a black lustrous mass which
being further heated
A
white
a
lead
sublimate of PbCk
in the reducing flame to
globule of
The
mineral, moreover,
FIG 155
FIG 154
FIG. 154
FIG 155
for chlorine with copper
<x>p,
P, icTi (#),
(c),
and
by heat-
chloric acid.
will turn
If to the solution
The
brown
The
little
mineral
is
soluble
hydrogen peroxide
is
hydro-
added
it
it
to
turn blue, green and lavender in succession, in consequence of the reduction of the vanadium compounds
Vanadimte
color,
is easily
It is distinguished
its crystallization
Occurrence
rocks
Localities
Wanlockhead,
273
in
is
WAGNERITE GROUP
This group,
group
fluoride radical
nente
(Mg(MgF)PO4 ), and
Wagnerite occurs
tnphte (Fe
in massive forms
P 55
have an
Its hardness
It
is
is
5 5
and density
569,
=i
570,
and
(100)
((Fe
is
Mn)F)P04
in large
and
5059 \vith
3 09
vitreous, translucent
a=i
indices are
The mineral
green
Mn)
bnttle
oo
P(no)
=71 53'
Its crystals
They
Its fracture is
7 = 1 582
It fuses to
are
uneven
pink or
Its refractive
a greenish gray
and gives the usual reactions for fluorine and phosphoric acid It
is soluble in HC1 and HNOa, and heated with HgSOi it yields hydroIt occurs in good crystals near Werfen, Austria, and in
fluoric acid
glass
Triplite
is
The mineral
is
cleavages perpendicular to
ture
Its hardness is 4-5 5
resinous.
is
translucent to opaque,
gra}' or
is i
660
H2S04
It is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
274
and
Branchville, Connecticut
Helsingfors, Finland,
In
Stoneham, Maine,
occurrences
all of its
it
appears to
be pneumatolytic
The
than
sufficient to replace
HsP04
closed tube
The
portance, and hbethemte, a copper compound which occurs in comparais mined with
tively small quantities with other copper ores, and
them
Ohvenite
is
hbethemte
Amblygonite (Li(Al(F
OH))PO 4 )
cent,
105 3
per cent from which deducting 5 3 per cent (0= sF), leaves 100
Nearly
and a part of the Li
always a portion of the F is replaced by
OH
AlsOs
PesOs
MnO
MgO
LiaO
NaaO
HO
3370
12
09
31
988
14
595
0-P
229*10131-96
Total
100 45
The
The
fracture
3 03,
uneven
Its color is
It is brittle,
'
yellow
on oP where
it
is
pearly.
Its
275
streak
with H2S04
When
finely
it
tinges
powdered
it
green
readily
in
minerals,
From spodumene
phorus
reaction
others
especially
in
appearance
spodumene
(p
many
378),
FIG 156
it is
and
easy fusibility
by
Occurrence
Amblygomte
Amblygoiute
Crystal with
100
oo
its
]P,
no
ooPoo,
oP, ooi
(a),
no
(A/),
(c),
oP',
w'P's, 120
ioi (K)
/P/J5,
and 2'P oo , 02 1 (e)
found in granite
and in pegmatite veins associated with other
lithium compounds, tourmaline, cassitente and
is
(m)
(=),
in
Norway,
in
Saxony, at Arendal,
California,
The mineral
is
It is used in the
manufacture of
LiCOa, which is employed as a medicine, in making mineral waters, in
photography and in pyrotechnics
South Dakota and in California to the extent
It has been mined
compounds
Dufrenite QfeaCOHJsPO*)
Dufreiute, or kraunte, is a basic iron phosphate containing 62 per
It may be
cent FegOs, 27 5 per cent P20s and 10 5 per cent water
atom of HsP04 has been
regarded as a normal phosphate in which one
replaced by the Fe(OH)2 group and two by the group Fe(OH), thus
It forms small orthorhombic crystals with a cubic habit that are rare
Their axial ratio is .3734 i .4262. It usually occurs massive, in
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
276
The
on exposure
and brown
and is strongly
to yellow
it
translucent to opaque,
is
Its hardness is
pleochroic
about 3 3
water and whitens
specific gravity
It
yields
HC1 and in
It is recognized
dilute
by
It is sol-
H2 S04
its
color
in
it
of water, phos-
an isomorphous mixture of the two comThere is also frepounds Mg(A10H) 2 (P04)2 and Fe(AlOH) 2 (POi) 2
Lazulite
is
essentially
quently present
When
it
little
calcium
of
the two
the
proportion
molecules present is as 2
i the com=
becomes
FeO
position
77, MgO
= 85, A12 3 = 32 6, P2 5 = 4S 4 and
.
H2 0= S 8
The
idal
mineral occurs
that
crystals
m blue pyram-
are
monoclimc
9750
6483 and
157
Lazulite Crystals
nl
with
-P, in
(p)
H-P,
ioi
(/)
is
twinned about
oo
(e)
and P
oo (100)
with
65
oP
P(lli) and
P 56
0=89
are
14'
+P(nT),
(ioi)(Flg 157-4)
It is
found
The
is
color
about
3 i
light are
a= i
277
7 =i 639
In the closed tube lazuhte swells, whitens and yields water
When
heated in the blowpipe flame it whitens, falls to pieces and colors the
The white powder moistened with Co(NOs)2 and
flame bluish green
reheated regains its blue color. When moistened with HgSC^ and
heated in the blowpipe flame it imparts to it a green blue color
It is
infusible and is unacted upon by acids
Lazulite, when massive, closely resembles in appearance massive
forms of some varieties of sodahte, hauymte and lazunte (p 333)
The
latter, however, are soluble in HC1.
Moreover, none of them contains
phosphorus
The mineral
Occurrence
slates
and
is
original
Good crystals occur at Kneglach, in Styna, at Horrsand in the United States at Crowder's Mountain,
North Carolina, and on Graves Mountain m Georgia,
Localities
joberg, in Sweden,
OLIVENITE GROUP
The
zinc
which
R"
approximating 95
erals,
ohvemte,
libethemte,
Cu(CuOH)P04
Ohvenite occurs
m fibrous,
globular, lamellar,
A 1 10= 86
10
26'.
to
Ohvenite
158
Crystal with oo Poo,
zoo
(a),
oo p,
no
(m), oo
P oo
P 55
101 ()
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
278
about
light are
ydlow
i 83.
Fibrous
known
as wood-copper
Ohvemte fuses easily (2) to a mass that appears crystalline on cooling
It is soluble in acids
It gives the usual reactions for EkO, Cu, and As
and
in
ammonia
compounds in some copper ores
It occurs in the Tmtic district,
secondary in all cases
many copper veins in Europe and in South America
ongin is
Utah, and in
7019 and
no A 110=87
The mineral
bnttle
is
40'
Its fracture
is
indistinctly conchoidal
Its
It is translucent
dark ohve-green and its streak a lighter shade
color
Its hardness =4 and sp gr
or transparent and has a resinous luster
is
=37.
When
743
and blackens It is
Cu and P, and is solfrom ohvemte by the
yields water
uble
it
It is distinguished
reaction for phosphorus
It occurs at many of the localities for ohvemte, where, like this mineral, it is
Eerderite
(CaBe(OH'F)P04 )
from Stoneham
BeO
CuO
(III),
P2
and Pans
(IV),
H2
.
Ins.
.
5 59
100
ioo
3 70
44
The
a
mineral
is
$=.6301
pyramidal or short prismatic, elongated in the direction of a
:
99 67
ioo 51
is
a= i
279
is
about
612, y= i 621
diminishing, as the amount of hydroxyl in-
3,
592, /3=
Before the blowpipe herderite first phosphoresces with an orangeyellow light, then fuses to a white enamel, colors the flame red and yields
fluorine
with magnesium
nbbon
It is
Herderite occurs
Occurrence^ Origin and Uses
pegmatite dikes
at Stoneham, Hebron, and other places in Maine, and at the tin mines of
Ehrenfriedersdorf, Saxony, in all of these places it is apparently of
The
pneumatolytic origin
extent as a
gem
material from
Maine
is
used to a small
stone
ACID PHOSPHATES
minerals that are thought to belong to this class, but the composition
Most of them appear to be hydrated
of many of them is very obscure
is
P2
34 13
3
5
Virginia, gave
Fe2
2I
CuO
9
H2
Total
20 I2
99 96
Most
They
A12
36
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
280
as usually found is apparently an amorphous or cryptranslucent or opaque material with a wa\y lustei and a
The mineral
tocrystalline,
The
It
7=
1.65
ginia crystals are: a=i.6i,
In the closed tube the mineral decrepitates, yields water
and turns
The mineral
copper chloride
but
it
volcanic rocks
decomposed
and in grains disseminated through them, in stalactites, globular
It is probably an alteration product of other commasses and crusts
pounds
Localities
Turquoise is found in narrow veins and irregular masses
in the brecciated portions of acid volcanic rocks and the surrounding clay
slates, near Nish&pur, in Persia, in the Megara Valley, Sinai, and near
Samarkand, in Turkestan
In
all
Within
late years
tains, near
all
Santa Fe,
New
Mexico, where
it
in the Cenllo
Moun-
Uses
of the
gem material
The only use
American mineral
of turquoise is as a
is
gem
favorite
method
stone
it is
Though much
of as fine color as
281
matrix
This weighed
produced in the United States during 1911 was $44,751
In several previous years the production reached
about 4,363 pounds
about $150,000, but in 1912 it was valued at only $10,140
is R"3 (R'"04 ) 2 8H 2
in which R"
Zn and Mg, and R'"=P or As Although some members
=Fe, Co
Ni,
made
All are
ft
monochmc
The group
about 74
Bob^ente,
Hornes^te,
is
is little
as follows
Symplestte,
Only
8H2
Nm(As04 ) 2 8H2
Cabrente, (Ni Mg) 3 (As04 ) 2 8H2 O
Kottigite, Zn 3 (As04 ) 2 8H2
ErytMte, Co 3 (As04 ) 2
Annabcrgde,
Vivianite
tinct crystals
an
have been
8H2 O)
is
value.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
282
P20s and 28
7 per cent
Viviamte
BkO
crystals are
monoclmic (prismatic
class),
7015,
usually with a
and
56 (100),
oo
=75 34'
P ob (oio),
The angle
oP3(3io), P&O(IOI), P(III) and oP(ooi)
58' The mineral also occurs in stellate groups, in glob-
ooP(no),
uoAi"io=7i
ular, fibrous
Its cleavage
thin splinters
is
and
oo
perfect parallel to
The
sectile.
fresh,
pure mineral
is
compounds
It is flexible in
(oio)
colorless
less oxidized
Its streak is
It has a vitreous to pearly luster
a blue or green color
or
on
brown
white or bluish, changing to indigo-blue
exposure to the air
in
tints
Its hardness
blue
and
is
Its pleochroism
pale yellow
strong
is i
are
a=i
2 6.
7-1
yellow light
6360
magnetic globule.
The
by
mineral
is easily
recognized by
and
its softness,
is
soluble in
HC1
Synthesis
Crystals have been made by heating iron phosphate with
a great excess of sodium phosphate for eight days
Occurrence and Origin. Vivianite occurs in veins of copper, tin and
gold ores; disseminated through peat, clay, and limomtc, coating the
walls of clefts in feldspars
and
rocks,
It is
abundant
in
elsewhere.
8H2 0)
of its beauty
ores, it deserves to
be described
and 24
and calcium
i
The
per cent
mineral
H20
is
283
is
some
is
5,
iron, nickel
7037
mono-
7356
'
bounded by
which vivianite
ooP 03(010),
is
ooP(no),
Erythrite occurs
Its crystals are usually
found
The
It is
cleavage of erythnte is perfect parallel to oo P ob (oio)
transparent or translucent, has a gray, crimson or peach-red color,
Its hardness varies between i
and a white or pink streak
5 and 2 5
and
its
vitreous
density is 295
on other faces
Its
It
luster
is
is
flexible
pearly on oo
and
sectile.
Poo
Its
(oio)
and
refractive
i 6263, 0= i 6614,
indices for yellow light are a
i 6986
In the closed tube ery thrite turns blue and yields water at a low tem-
7=
by
and as
Station,
Tt occurs as scales
crystals at
and
Modum, Norway.
at Cobalt, Ontario.
crusts and stains m globular and earthy masses, and in fibrous crystals,
the axial ratios of which are not known.
The mineral is apple-green in color, and is translucent or opaque.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
284
Its streak
is
and sp
=3
gr
its
light green
hardness,
5-2 5
Before the blowpipe it melts to a gray globule and gives the arsenic
In the
In the closed glass tube it blackens and yields water
mineral
dissolves
The
beads it gives the usual reactions for Ni
easily
odor
in acids
Variscite
Vanscite
gem
Cobalt, Ontario,
(A1P0 4
Dauphme,
and mines
in
2H2 0)
is
material.
Lucm,
P2
A12
44 73
Fe2
V2
Cr03
06
32 40
18
H2
Total
22 68
32
100 37
dimorphous
The
other, lucinite,
is
associ-
ated with vanscite, near Lucm, Utah. It, however, occurs in crystals
that are octahedral in habit, rather than tabular, and that have an
axial ratio of
8729
9788
is
very
much
like variscite
The
co
P 66
warm
concentrated
H2 S04
P(no) and
is
P 56
8944
P oo
.1:1
(012),
0919
and
in a
Nearly
all
oo
P 60
(too)
to
oo
twinning plane
285
and colors the flame deep bluish green It )ields water in the closed
tube, and with the loss of its water, it changes color from green to
The same change in color takes place gradually at temperlavender
When heated with Co(N03)2, it turns blue
atures between iio-i6o
and when fused with magnesium ribbon it gives the test for phosphorus
It
mineral
is
salt.
The
Nevada, and
Montgomery County, Arkansas The colloidal vanety
occurs as concretions in slates at Brandberg, near Leoben, Austria
The mixture of vanscite and rock is cut, and employed as
Uses
"
"
and
utahlite
under the names
sets in necklaces, belt pins, etc
"
amatrice," but because of the softness of the vanscite it cannot be
,
all
is
used
>
Skorodite
It occurs in globular
Skorodite is more common than viviamte
and earthy masses, as incrustations, and in crystals of a green or brown
color
The
Fe203=346
per cent,
Asa03=49 8 P er
cent
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
286
As2 O 5
Fe2 O3
46 48
33 2 9
H2 O
I5
SiO 2
SO3
4 35
84
Total
100 46
8658
= 65
Their cleavage
20'
is
imperfect, parallel to
It
has a vitreous
ooP(no)
The mineral
is brittle
luster,
Skorodite
159
Crysta wit
oo
100 (a)
and P
(d)
On
bluish.
oo
co
P 2,
20
(p) '
The
Its
hardness
colloidal
is
charcoal
it
by
its
streak
and reaction
Loelling,
trict,
It
occurs
fine
crystals
at
New
Nerchinsk, Siberia; at
in the Tmtic dis-
York,
in Yellowstone Park.
of places
Its
members
287
H O)
2
crystals
5573
4057
OH
of the
is
black in color
FIG
and
fusible
1 60
insoluble
It is brittle
and
translucent,
m-
m acids
and
Its hardness is 3 5
its
density 2.41.
H2SO4.
acid
Wavellite
and
its
is
distinguished
from
turquoise,
resembles,
Occurrence
flame,
which
by
it
sometimes
its inferior
hardness
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
288
Localities
filling
is
probably
cases
all
is
Zbirow, in Bohemia, at Mmas Geraes, Brazil, at Magnet Cove, Arkansas, and in the slate quarries in York County, Penn.
5H 2 O)
Pharmacosiderite
is
ooQoo(ioo) and
masses
(in)
It
is
also
oo
Its hardness
= 25
and sp gr
=3
It is sectile
and pyroelectnc
Its
=i
refractive
mde\,
676
Pharmacosiderite reacts like skorodite before the blowpipe and with
reagents
The mineral occurs
SchemmU, Hungai}
and
in the
URANITE GROUP
The uramtes are a group of phosphates, arsenates and vanadates
the form of the radical uranyl (UOs) which is
containing uranium
bivalent
The members of the group are either tetragonal, or ortho-
the
The
entire
group so far as
its
identified is as
follows.
Awlumte
Uranospwite
Torb&rmte
Zeunente
Uranocirate
Camohte
8H2
Orthorhombic
Orthorhombic
Tetragonal
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
is
289
an
(CaCUCbMPO^ 8H2 O)
Autunite
habit,
The
is
cent
H2O
p875
an
axial
approach those
Pa
of torbermte.
P 06
its specific
gravity about 3
2.
= i 553,0=1 S7S>7=i577
The mineral
Autunite occurs
and with
It is recognized
acids,
by
its
It has
in gneiss at Baltimore,
Md
(CuCUOs^CPO^ -8H2 0)
replaced
by As
forms being oP(ooi) and POD (101). Less prominent are ooPoo (100),
Their cleavage is perfect parallel to oP
sPoo(2oi) and ooP(no)
The
cleavage lamellae
brittle
may be
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
290
The
mineral
is
It is strongly pleo-
closed tube
copper
The
The
mineral
mineral
properties
Occurrence.
is
is
soluble in
HN03
easily recognized
Torbermte
is
by
its
color
It occurs in Cornwall,
Carnotite ((Ca
KsXTTC^MVO^ xHaO)
'
tially as follows
UOs
54 oo
18 05
CaO
i
86
BaO
i
86
K2
at 105
H2
3 16
5 4^
above 105
21
taken with the aid of carnotite have been published, which are almost
as clear as those taken with pitchblende
The complete analysis of a
specimen from the Copper Prince Claim, Montrose Co Colo , gave:
,
291
The
mineral has been found only in tiny crystalline grams, so that its
It is bright yellow in
physical properties are not well known
color, and
is completely soluble in HNOs
If to the nitric acid solution
hydro-
Or
if
the solution
passed H2S, a
the mineral be moistened by a
drop of
it is
If
garnet color will develop
concentrated HC1, a rich brown color
will result
The addition of a drop
or two of water will change the color to light green or make it
disappear
Occurrence
Carnotite occurs as a yellow crystalline powder, some
depths and
is
Mauch Chunk,
Pisgah,
Australia
The mineral
Uses.
and
from
Hill,
Mt
South
is
This metal is used to some extent in making steel alloys and in the
Its compounds are used in
manufacture of iridescent glazes and glass
put.
certain chemical determinations, as medicines, in photography, as porcelain paint, and as a dye in calico printing. The uses of vanadium have
The
diseases
tite will
is
beyond question Without doubt in the near future carnobecome the principal source of radium in the world Practically
is
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
292
Production
From Colorado
of
radium
of
in 1911
and from
Some
of this, however,
was vanadmite
and
In
1914 the selling price of 4,294 tons of carnotite ore containing 87 tons
At the present time nothing is paid for the
of UsOg was $103 per ton
One ton
of ore containing
The imports
radium
though
ore,
of
this is its
per cent of
UaOg
carries 2
566 milligrams of
were valued
191*2
at $14,357-
number
constitute
minerals.
Both
is
crystallize in the
monoclimc system
common
*
ratio .6236
allel
to
oo
except on
flexible
oo
P&
13'.
The mineral
ob (oio)
is
It is translucent or
(oio)
where
opaque
it is slightly
and density
pearly
2 7
7=1 5937
Before the blowpipe pharmacohte swells up and melts to a white
enamel. The mineral gives the usual reactions for As, EfeO and Ca
It
in
occurs
the
zone
of
weathered
arsenical
ores
of
usually
Fe, Ag and Co,
and elsewhere.
CHAPTER XV
THE COLUMBATES, TANTALATES \ND URANATES
THE rare metah, columbium and tantalum, exist in a few silicates,
but their principal occurrences are as columbates and tantalates which
are salts of columbium and tantalum acids, analogous to the various
acids of sulphur
The commonest compounds are salts of the metaacids EfeQteOo and H2Ta20e, the relations of which, to the normal acids,
tte,
YCb04
but
it is
rare
in EfeSQi
solution remains
The uranates are salts of uramc acid, HsUtX. The only mineral
known that may be a uranate is urarnn/Ue and the composition of this
9
is
doubtful.
which
is principally
composed almost
manganotantal^te
a mixture
When
of tantalates
the tantalite
is
exclusively of the
erals
many
faces,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
294
bite=79 17'
Both minerals are usually opaque, black and lustrous, and occasionare translucent and
ally iridescent, though, in some instances, they
broun
Their streak
parallel to
oo
is
60 (100),
Their cleavage
is distinct
present
both
infusible
exhibit
weak
When
(f),
(,),
are
radioactivity
is de-
columbite
(a).
They
before the
Some specimens
blowpipe
FIG
tantalum mole-
cules
oP2, 210
|P 55, I03
USbdllC
1C
The mm-
decom-
When
results
The
Tantalite
is
microcosmic
salt
and manganese
green
The two
(p. 434),
minerals
may
easily
From
295
found
mela, in Finland,
Greenland
it
is
Maine, at Acworth, in New Hampshire, at Haddam, in Connecticut, at Amelia Court House, Virginia, with samarskite in the mica
mines in Mitchell County, North Carolina, m the Black Hills, South
ham,
of other points in
the Far
West
Tantahte
is
localities for
m Coosa
commercial uses
Yancy
County, Alabama
Tantalum, however,
is
its
compounds have no
employed
in the
manufacture
market
is
very limited
Y2 (Ca
Fe
is
approximately
U02)3(Nb2
7 )3
and
Including SiO*,
f Including
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
296
The
first of
from the presence of over SL\ per cent of water, the three may constitute
members of an isomorphous series with the third representing the nearly
pure columbate (sanurskite), the first a compound in which the tantalate
molecule is in excess (yttrotantahte), and the second an intermediate
contains both the tantalum and
compound which
columbmm
molecules,
Pitch-black
Variety
Ta2
fi
CbaOs
W0
SnO2
Zr02
U0
U0
Weathered
Variety
27 03
28 ii
19 34
27 77
26 16
27 56
08
5 51
2 25
95
2 29
09
2 60
4 02
4 22
3 64
3 60
54
80
49
82
3 10*
6 20
Th02
Ce2
(La,Di) 2
Er2 0s
3 19
4i
12
44
10 71
6 41
10 70
5 96
5 64
8 77
8 72
8 90
FeO
32
35
MnO
78
75
05
72
07
80
27
33
17
I3
Fe2
ZnO
PbO
CaO
9 82
39 f
77
07
61
MgO
(Na,Li) 2
H 0..
2
24
i
58
?
17
30
3 94
99 75
6 12
fO
>
its
1330.
They, however, more
flattened grams embedded in rocks
i
oo
P 56
(100),
oo
P 66
(oio)
common
The
angle
noAiTo
and
for yttrotantahte 56
and P
and
axial
5411
in
65 (101)
(Fig
are
*>P2(i2o),
for samarskite
an
for yttrotantahte,
but fairly
5178,
297
162)
Less prominent
57
14'
50'
The
brown
softer (5-5 5)
Its
its
Yttrotantahte
specific gravity
is
is
little
5 5~5 9,
opaque or translucent
The reactions of the minerals vary with
their composition
They always yield the
fed
w^
p55
'
OI
JW>
120
Poo,ioi(e),
3P3> 231
blue solution test for tantalum or columbium, and most specimens react
The reaction for uranium is an emerald green
Mn, Fe, Ti and
for
They
their crystals.
are,
related substances.
Urardnite
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
298
different
its
character
is
almost
II
21
54
ThO2
64 72
6 93
6 oo
46 13
30 63
Norway gave
U02
U03
I.
(II),
PbO Fe2 O3
28
4 34
9 04
25
H2 O
Pie
22
67
Und.
14
37
74
17
4 42
CaO
Insol
Alkalies, SiOs
H2 U04,
part,
U^dr
thus
helium in nearly
or
U3
Radium
S , in
is
in
all
Pitchblende
little
due probably
Urammte
to partial alteration
crystallizes in the isometric system in octahedrons,
combinations of 0(ui),
oo
0(no), and oo
oo (100)
and
is
uneven or conchoidal
and
and sulphuric
acids,
with
299
Urammte
tantahte,
is
by lack
it is
Urammte
differences in
by the
It is especially characterized
and
also distinguished
reac-
pitch-black luster
occurs in pegmatites and in
by
its
It is found
copper and other ores
the ore veins in Saxony, Bohemia, and in pegmatites near Moss, Arendal
and other points in Norway
silver, lead,
B ranchville,
in
It is
North Carolina, and at Barnnger Hill, Llano County, Texas
also found m large quantity near Central City, Gilpin County, Colorado,
where it is associated with gold, galena, tetrahednte, chaicopynte and
in small
quantity in Colo-
Austria,
it is
mined as a source
of
radium
(See also
292.)
CHAPTER XVI
THE SILICATES
THE
The
commonest
are known uncombmed
make
minerals and those that occur in largest quantity
They
up the
of
most
the
rocks
of
earth's
the
forming
igneous
crust,
greater portion
and a large portion of vein fillings In number, the silicates exceed all
with bases
silicates
include the
other mineral compounds, but because of their stability they are of very
few are used as the sources of valuable
economic importance
little
substances, and
pounds
Although the
salts of
the
silicic
of
them
The
addition
water, the principal product is the acid referred to above, but
to this there is probably formed also the compound HaSiO* or Si(OH)4,
is the ortho acid
Some silicates are salts of these acids. Others
are salts of the acids containing a larger proportion of silicon
In most
cases, however, these acids may be regarded as belonging to a series in
which
which the members are related to one another m the same manner as
are normal sulphuric, common sulphuric and pyrosulphuric acids.
Normal sxilphuric acid is HeSOe By abstraction of aKkO the compound
300
SILICATES
as being derived from normal
straction of water, thus:
silicic
301
acid Si(OH)4 or
Orthosilicic acid is
Metasihcic acid
H4Si04
is
-I^Oor H2 SiOs,
Diorthosilicic acid is
2H4Si04
Dimetasilicic acid
21*28103- EfeO or
is
Tnmetasilicic acid
is
31128103
IfeO or
EfeO or
The compounds containing more than one silicon atom in the molecule
The salts of metasilicic acid are metaare known as polysilicates
sihcates
Many
made
to discover the
and
chemical structure
several proposals
have been
The
silicates
are so very
anomalies in their composition to solid solutions, to absorption phenomena, and to the isomorphous mixing of compounds, some of which do
not
exist
independently
silicates,
acid portions
and anorthite
Thus, albite
is
as an orthosihcate, CaAl2(Si04)2
are completely isomorphous, and for this reason it is thought that they
must be salts of the same acid If we assume an aluminosilicic acid of
acid
exist
and
their
be written (NaSi) AlSi2Og, and anorminerals thus become salts of the same
may
The two
among many
tion that they are salts of complex silicic and of aluminosilicic acids
than on the assumption that they are salts of simpler acids, as is now the
But, since it has been impossible to isolate the acids and study
them we are not certain as to their character It is, therefore, believed
best to represent most silicates as salts of the simplest acids possible,
case
by
analyses
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
302
As
in,the case of salts of other acids there are silicates that contain
compound
is
In other
cases a high temperature is necessary to drive off water, and the compound breaks up into simpler ones In these instances the water is
The compound
said to be combined
is
usually basic
In the descriptions of the silicates the order in which the minerals are
discussed is that of increasing acidity, i e , increasing proportion of the
Si02 group present
the molecule
not
is
fol-
The members
Nearly
all
all
are elec-
trical insulators
The members
Mg,
Fe,
of the olivine
Mn and Zn
They
R"=Mg,
(R"aSi0 4 )
Fe,
Mn, Zn
silicates of
the metals
ing in the holohedral division of the orthorhombic system (rhombic biThe most common member is the magnesium-iron
pyramidal class)
Fe)2Si04, ohmne, or thrysot Ic, from which the group
The members with the simplest composition are for-
compound (Mg
gets
its
name.
The
(Mg2Si04), fayahte (FeaSiO^ and tephrotte (Mn2 SiOj.)
others are isomorphous mixtures of these, with the exception of three
rare minerals, of which one, monttcelhte, is a calcium magnesium silicate,
another, tttanohwne, contains Ti in place of a part of the Si, and the
st&rite
some Zn2Si04
from molten magmas
by
crystallization
Most
of
Crystals of all the members of the group are prismatic and all have
nearly the same habit
They are often flattened parallel to one of the
The axial ratios of the compinacoids, oo P 56 (oio) or oo P 55 (100)
moner members
are as follows
Forstente a
c= 4666
Ohvine
Tephroite
Fayahte
=
=
=
4658
5868
5865
4600
5939
4584
5793
2'
57'
2 4'
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
Crystals of olivine are usually combinations of some or
oo P 06
oo P 56 (100),
forms(oio),
oP(ooi),
ooP(no),
Po6
2Po6(o2l),
(Oil),
all
303
of the following
ooP2(i2o),
Poo(lOl),
163)
are usually
more tabular than those of olivine,
(Fig.
but
cleavage
of
all
P 66 (oio),
oo P oo (100)
is
distinct parallel
to oo
less
to
in olivine,
allel
distinct parallel
FIG
and par-
to oP(ooi) in fayahte
57
Crystals
with
Mn2 Si04
Mg2 Si04
MgO
MnO
Olivine
163
Fe2 Si04
70 25
FeO
70 6
SiO 2
42 9
29 4
29 75
All natural crystals, however, contain some of all the metals indicated
and, in addition, many specimens contain also a determmable quantity
of
CaO and
Forsterite, Olivine
The composition
of the forsterite
FeO
tion of
A12
42
II
III
From masses
enclosed
in it
is
known
hya^derite
Sp Gr
Si02
Total
42 30
3 261
41 19
100 45
IOO OO
40 39
99 81
3.294
37 17
99 39
Vesuvian lava
IV Grams from
as
Canada
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
304
Mn,
and Ti
Forsterite, olivme and fayalite are usually yellow or green in color
and have a vitreous luster. Forsterite is sometimes white and ohvine
often brown. All three minerals become brown or black on exposure
to the air
or yellow
minerals
it is
uneven
Hardness
Forsterite
Olivme.
Fayalite
Sp Gr
a.
6-7
3 21-3 33
6 5-7
3 27-3 37
65
4 00-4 14
ft
6319
6519
6862
6674
7053
8236
8642
8736
6698
Before the blowpipe most olivines and forsterites whiten but are inand 1450,
Their fusion temperatures are between 1300
fusible
iron
those poor
The minerals are characterized
by
their color
and
solubility
acids.
Both fayalite and ohvine alter on exposure to the air, the former
changing to an opaque mixture of Fe20s and Si02, or to the fibrous
mineral anthophylhte ((Mg-Fe)SiOs), and ohvine to a mixture of
and fibrous or scaly gray or green serpentine (BUMgaS^Oo).
In other cases, under metamorphic conditions, the alteration is to a
red lamellar mineral (iddingsite) which may be a form of serpentine,
iron oxides
have
also
common
The members of the ohvine series have been produced
Syntheses
by fusing together the proper constituents in the presence of magnesium
and other chlorides They are, moreover, present in many furnace
slags where they have been made in the process of ore smelting.
Occurrence
Ohvine occurs as an original constituent of basic igneous
rocks and as a metamorphic product m dolomitic limestones
It is
found also in the form of rounded grains in some meteoric irons. Fayalite
occurs in acid igneous rocks, especially where affected
by pneumatolytic
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
and
action,
of igneous rocks
Members
Local^t^es
305
of the olivine
group occur
volcanoes
of
New
rock masses
Fayalite
known
pure ohvme
At the
C.
constitute great
as dunite
is
Mourne Mountains,
Ireland
Mass
and in the
Mt Somma
is
Tephroite
(Mn2 Si0 4)
(I),
and red
(II), varieties
silicate it
nearly
from Sterling
Hill
gave
MnO
FeO
52 3*
II 47 62
The
mineral
Its
52
7 73
23
14 03
is
gray,
ZnO
Loss
SiOs
Total
fc>
5 93
28
30 55
99 93
S4
4 77
35
3* 73
99
CaO
*
brown or
rose-colored
translucent
tals
MgO
hardness
is
about 6 and
its
and transparent or
It is rarely
density
408
found
uble in
HC1
Syntheses
its
crys-
It is strongly
silica
27
Its inter-
and
is sol-
It is distinguishable
difficult
fusibility
and
its
HC1
Crystals of the mineral have been made by fusing toMn02 in the proportion of i : 2, and by long-continued
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
306
heating of
dioxide
Localities
Franklin,
troostite
ganese
It is
minerals
and
and
magnetite,
in
at
in
Wermland,
Sweden
Uses
The mineral
is
It
is
R"=Zn,
separated
N. J
and
Mn
and
troostite
New Jersey
in
crystals
Willemite
Troostite
c= i
=i
o 6698
0.6698
Mn) 2 SiO4 )
m simple crys-
tals
The
= 72 96,
but nearly
from Franklin, N J
Dark red troostite from Franklin, N J
White
troostite
The
Si02
ZnO
26 90
72 91
27 86
71 51
27 20
65 82
27 14
64 38
6 97
6 30
FeO
Total
35
100 16
37
23
99 74
100 22
24
99,00"
more
MnO
simple, with
The
164).
crystals of
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
-JR(oiT2),
present, though
The
sionally found
willemite
parallel
and
ooP2(ii2o),
The cleavage
59'
of
distinct parallel to
is
to
angle
R3 (2i3i)
and
-^(0332)
ion A 1101 = 63
307
less
perfect
parallel
to
R(ioTi) and
cR(oooi)
Willemite
is colorless,
yellow, brown
brown
or blue
Troostite is green,
colored varieties of both minerals are
yellow,
The
or gray
translucent
Their hardness
vitreous in luster
is
between
The
5 and 6 and density between 3 9 and 4 3
refractive indices of willemite for yellow light
w=i
are
e=i 7118
6931,
on
charcoal,
and
made by
the
action of
FIG 164
have been'
gaseous hydrofluo-
Willemite Ciys-
and
(c),
tity
acid
America
Mine near
Socorro,
New
cerussite,
magmatic
Both
willemite
and
processes.
The
this.
is:
SiO= 54
71,
14-
Total- 100
17.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
308
many
tions of forms
and
Perhaps
|R(oil2) are
cleavage
The
is
indistinct parallel to oo
angle loTi
Phenacite
A^IOI = 63
colorless or
is
P(ioTo)
24'
white or some
It is trans-
parent or translucent
Its hardness
is
5,
FIG
^ ^^j
^^ ^^^
tion
Small crystals have been made by the fusion of a mixand beryllium oxide and borax, and by melting together
beryllium nitrate, silica and ammonium nitrate
Phenacite occurs at the Emerald Mines near EkaterinLocalities.
Syntheses
ture of Si02
at
Reckmgen,
in
Switzerland,
Durango, Mexico, near Pike's Peak, at Topaz Butte,
and at Mount Aratero, in Colorado, and at Greenwood,
Maine. In
in
all
is
gem
GARNET GROUP
(R"3R"'2 (Si04) 8)
R"=Ca, Mg,
Fe,
Mn
R'"=Al, Fe, Cr
The garnet group comprises a large number of isomorphous comThe members nearly all
pounds, some of which are very common
occur in distinct crystals that are combinations of isometric holohedrons
(hexoctahedral class)
Many
different
garnets and analyses show that they possess very different compositions
With the exception of a few rare varieties, they can all, however, be
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
mixtures of them
The
six molecules
309
of the garnets
Grossulante or Hessomte
Pyrope
MnaAk (8104)3
4)3
3
Sp gr
=3 4-3 6
=37-38
Spessattite
==41-43
Almandite
=4
1-4.3
Andradite or Melamte
=3
8-4 i
Uvarovite
=34
Ia
SiOs
A12O3
40 01
22 69
Ib
42 01
17 76
IIa
44 78
25
FcfcOs
40 92
22 45
20 75
Illb
36 34
IVa
12 63
20 51
43 34
IVb
36 15
37 61
22 70
33 83
Va
35 45
Via
VIb
8 ii
5 46
13
MnO
TiCfe
4 57
20
04
46
49
42 95
44 20
44
47
3 61
29 15
100 17
96
21 84
99 70
100 oo
12
100 31
100 oo
24
i
25
30 72
29 27
100 oo
54
31 63
99 58
29 27
5 68
100 39
100 oo
33 06
32 80
49
22 oo
Total
100 oo
100 oo
17 85
3i 49
tr
CaO
37 30
35 01
38 23
36 93
MgO
29 82
36 30
35 09
26 36
FeO
5 06
lib
Vc
40
Ilia
Vb
Cr2
100 48
36
tr,
21 56
101 89
Ilia
Illb
IVa
Va
Va
Also,
HaO.35.
ft
The
Bissersk, Urals
oo
crystals of garnet are usually simple combinations of
all
0(no)
(Fig. 166);
which
is
indistinct
is
parallel to oo
0(no).
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
310
FIG 166
in polarized light
(Natural
Garnet Crystal.
size
Form
FIG 168.
FIG 167
FIG 167
FIG 168
as in Fig
231
explained
ooQ (no)
it
no
167
(d)
oo
02, 210
(<?)
and 308
as
to
'
(s)
upon
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
The
monest
311
garnets vary in color according to their composition, the comcolor being reddish brovin
Their luster is Mtreous, their
black glass, -which in the case of the varieties rich in iron is magnetic
U\ arovite, however, is almost infusible Some garnets are unattacked
by
Garnets,
when
decomposed
Massive
ilarly crystallizing substances by their color and hardness
It is
garnet may resemble tcsuuant'e, spkene, zircon or tzunnaine
distinguished from zircon
or entirely changed to epidote, muscovite, chlorite, serpentine, and occasionally to other substances
Grossularite, Essomte, Hessonite, or
Cinnamon Garnet
occurs
in quartz ve;ns
The
mineral
is
cinnamon-brown
Much
Its hardness
is
about 7 and
The
is,
n= i
its
is
density 3 4-3 6
It is fairly easily
7438
Good
Pyrope
is
greater than 7
and
its
density 3 7
Its hardness
is
little
between
in this country is in
of Ganado, Ariz
100
miles
west
about
line,
wind-blown sand
where it is found lying loose
C
Rhodolite is a pale rose-red or purple variety from Macon Co.,
It consists of
of almandite.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
312
of violet
is
The
7 or a little greater,
is i
yellow light
and
density 3 77-4 27
In the blowpipe flame
8105
its
it
It
at
Its best
in
Almandite is deep
monest of all garnets
red,
It
is
manufactured
The min-
into abrasives
about
posed by HC1
it
magnetic mass
It is found in granites
and
gneisses and
Its best
schists
known
and
8100
its refrac-
It is slightly
decom-
and
also in various
in ore veins
Andradite, or meknite,
is
NY
at Avondale,
Pa and on the
,
brown-
contains titanium
It occurs
alkaline igneous rocks, in serpentine,
in crystalline schists and in iron ores
The most titamferous varieties
are known as schorlomtte
The hardness of andradite is about 7 and its
N H
and thomsomte
Common
(TiCfe),
nephdme
(p 314),
(p 455)
garnet
is
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
andradite molecules
and
in
some
It occurs in
313
many metamorphosed
igneous rocks
slates
Uvarovite is emerald-green
It is rare, occurring
only with chromite
in serpentine at Bissersk and Kyschtim in the Urals and in the chromite
mines at Texas, Penn , and New Idria, Cal
Its hardness is about 7
and density
3 42
is i
It is
8384
bead
Garnet crystals have been produced by fusing 9 parts of
and
i part of augite (p
The fusion results in a
374)
nephelme
in
of
mass
which
and
melamte crystals are
nephelme,
spinel
crystalline
embedded
The members of the garnet group are widely spread in
Occurrence
nature
They occur in schists, slates and other regionally metamorphosed rocks, in granite, rhyohte and other igneous rocks, and as conSyntheses
The
gems
The production for abrasive purposes was 4,182 short tons, val$860
ued at $137,800 All of this was produced in the mountain regions of
New York, New Hampshire and North Carolina The rock is crushed
and the garnet separated by hand
The
crushed material
is
picking, screening, or
by
jigging
NEPHELINE GROUP
The nephelme group
com-
one of
Si02, thus
The
other two
members
kdhopkOOe (KAlSiQ*).
and
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
314
The members
of the
crystallize in the
group
nephelme
is
morpmc
Nephelme
Although approximately a potash-soda silicate, nearly all specimens
of nephelme contain more or less CaO and nearly all contain small
To avoid the
All contain an excess of SiCte
quantities of water
solution with
necessity of assuming the existence of this SiCb
the
variable
that
been
it
has
composition of
(Na K)AlSi04,
suggested
the mineral may be explained by regarding it as a solid solution of
Si02
A12 03
CaO
33 28
I 44 08
II 43 74
34 48
When
found in
tr
19
16 oo
tr
16 62
crystals, the
KaO
H2
4 76
4 55
15
MgO Na2
57
8389
mineral
The
is
86
Total
100 03
100 25
simple combinations
forms are ooP(ioTo),
oop2(ii2o), oP(oooi),
Their cleavage
toooP(ioIo) and oP(oooi)
(Fig 169)
Nephelme
FIG i6 9 --NepheUneCrys-
is glassy,
is
2P2(lI2l)
imperfect parallel
This
with oP, oooi (c), *^ a* occurs ln rocks is known as eleohte
p, iolo (), P, loir variety may be gray, pink, brown, yellowish or
(p) andoop 2 1120 (a)
The streak is
The
white
greenish
tal
oo
always
conchoidal or uneven;
For yellow light, co= 1.5424, = i 5375.
is
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
315
The mineral
is
tion, gelatinization
Syntheses
SiO2 and
hydroxide.
Occurrence
The mineral
occurs principally as an original constitmany igneous rocks, both plutomc and volcanic, and also as
on
walls of cavities in them
crystals
Locates Crystals occur near Eberbach, in Baden, in the inclu-
uent of
older lavas of
Rome,
in southern
Norway, and
Europe
field, Maine, Red Hill, N H
Mont and at other places
Cancrinite
following analyses:
Si0 2
I 37 01
II.
36 29
AkOs Fe2
26 42
30 12
Cancrinite
is
CaO Na2
19
18 36
.4 27
19 56
7
tr.
K2O C02
18
7 27
6 96
EfeO
Total
3 12
99 37
100 36
98
forms bounded by
ooP(ioTo),
is i
4410
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
316
The mineral
white or some
It is colorless,
usually found without crystal planes
or
bluish
as
Its
such
yellow
rose,
gray
light shade,
streak is \vmte,
Its cleavage
to oo
P2
For red
is
1 1 20)
light*
is
and
it is
translucent
Before the blowpipe the mineral loses its color, swells and fuses to a
In the closed glass tube it loses CCb and water,
colorless blebby glass
Na2COs
is
weak
When
alkaline reaction
Cancrimte
is easily
distinguished
by
its
and
NaOH
Occurrence
domorphs
Localities
Cancrimte
is
localities in
syenite at Litchfield
m Maine,
ZIRCON GROUP
The
orthosihcates of zirconium, zircon, and of thorium, thorite, cona group, the members of which possess forms that are almost
identical with those of rutile, cassitente and xenotime
Indeed, parallel
stitute
Formerly zircon
Zircon
ZrSiO*
Thorite
ThSi04
Zircon
is fairly
common
'
6391
in A ill = 56
37',
=6402
=56
40'.
c=
Thorite
is rare.
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
317
Zircon (ZrSiO 4)
Zircon, like rutile,
rare metal
a fairly
is
It is practically the
common compound
of
a comparatively
It
is
number
of ele-
ments, others consist only of zirconium, silicon and oxygen in proportions that correspond to the formula ZrSiO*, which demands 67 2
per
cent ZrO and 32 8 per cent SiOg
Its axial ratio
combinations of
is
r=i
'
6301
P(uo) and
P(m),
FIG 170
FIG.
170
FIG 171
P,
Zircon
The
PIG 171
in
P,
no
(w),
ooPoo, 100
(a),
3?, 331
(},
(p)
<
170)
Elbow
=2P
(221)
and
known
(Fig 171)
cleavage of zircon is very indistinct.
is 7.5
when
strongly heated
no preceptible
reactions.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
318
The
mineral
reagents and
is easily
by
recognized
its
hardness,
its
resistance
toward
its crystallization
Small crystals of zircon are obtained by heating for sevhours in a steam-tight platinum crucible a mixture of gelatinous
silica and gelatinous zirconium hydroxide
Crystals have also been,
Syntheses
eral
made by
month
heating for a
a mixture of
bimolybdate
limestone
more
Zircon
is
it is
The
home
of the
gem
Va
It
hyacinth,
Arendal,
Penn
at Reading,
York,
Zircon
is
North
Quebec
Co
North Carolina
are
by
fire
this
"
jewelers
is
The mineral
brown
a yellowish
garnet
Production
Henderson Co.,
but
is
it
It is obtained by crushing
outcrop.
is
pounds.
there
is
also
bemg
Usually
in
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
319
Thorite (ThSiO 4)
It is black or
orangeyellow (prangeite), has a hardness of 5 and a specific
gravity of 4 5-5 for black vaneties and 5 2-5 4 for
orange varieties
Its streak is
brown
or light orange
m the
FIG
Thonte
172
Crystal with oc P,
no
neighborhood
(m)
and P
BASIC ORTHOSILICATES
ANDALUSITE GROUP
Three compounds with the empirical formula AkSiOs exist as minkyamte, or disthene, andalusite and silhmanite. The first named is
erals,
prismatic
angles
They
differ
A fourth
mineral, topaz,
is
is
A1(A1(F OH)2)Si04
The
and
if
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
320
If
would be
Andalusite
c=
=
=
Topaz
Danbunte
5069
4246
5281
43*3
5445
44
These, however, are not the accepted ratios, since other and more prominent pyramids have been selected as the groundforms
sition
The
ferent minerals
theoretical composition of
all
is
Total= 16000
8102=3702,
Nearly
both
specimens
quantities of Fe,
while
sives,
especially
Sillimanite
characteristic
is
of
were dy-
of rocks that
namically metamorphosed It
also occurs with ohvme as inclusions in basalt lavas
FIG 173
(m),
(6),
oP
OOP
(a),
00,^010
120 (), Poo, ioi
121 (*)
oo
(r),
Pa, 210
P,
in
(p)
(/),
f^
and
mamte
Silh-
more
stable at high
than andalusite
temperatures
*
is
When
found
nearer
contact rocks
the
it
is
intrusive
than andalusite
Andalusite
Its crystals are
Of 00
Poo
P 00
986*1
7024
(IOO), 00
P 00
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
The
mineral,
when
321
and transparent
more
Usually, however,
density 3 1-3 2
For yellow
light
01=16326, 1(3=16390,
6440
Before the blowpipe the mineral gradually changes to sillimamte and
When moistened with cobalt nitrate and roasted it becomes
infusible
7=1
is
It is insoluble in acids
blue
The mineral
is
its
Some specimens
sillimamte
Andalusite
Occurrence
is
found principally
by
Localities
Braunsdorf, Saxony,
Geraes, Brazil, and
Gefrees, in
Mass
at
Use The only use to which andalusite has been put is as a semiprecious stone, and for this purpose only the chiastolite variety is of any
value
acicular or fibrous
SiUimanite, or fibrokte, occurs principally
aggregates, on the individuals of which only the prismatic forms
ooP(no) and oP|(23o) and the macropmacoid ooPw(ioo) can be
detected
End faces are not sufficiently developed to warrant the
The relative
iioAiio*8
While most
i.
The
angle
values of the a
and
322
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
theoretical value
Their streak
The
a=i
6603, j8=
is
colorless, hardness
6612,
is,
it is
much more
This mineral
It
known
also in
Synthesis
rich in
is
It has
silicate solutions
aluminium
Occurrence
it is
in quartz
place
and at Media
in
Penn
known
such large
as fibrohte schist.
The
by
Al(Al(OH)2)SiOi
is
8102=32
6,
The
A12 03=SS 4,
F=2o 7=108
7,
deduct
(0 = 2F)8 7
gave.
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
323
symmetry
ties is
5281
4771
noAiTo=55
The
oo
With the
increasing presence of
43'-
They
P?(i2o) predominating
ooP(no) and
number of forms
FIG 175.
FIG 174
FIG 174
Topaz
Crystals with oo P,
no (m),
4? oo 041 00 and
,
FIG 175
OH, however,
The angle
c diminishes
oo
oo
pT, 120
P oo oio
,
(Z),
P,
I, n and y as in Fig
174.
043 (*) and 2P 55 , 201 (d)
|P
oo
in
(u),
(6)
Also 2?
oo
021 (/),
that have been observed on them, especially in the prismatic zone and
the brachypyramids
The number of the latter that have
among
is
about 45
unequal growth
The
bluish.
mineral
When
The planes
is colorless,
axial ratio is
c-
5285
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
324
when
cleavage
and P
is
very
little
a= i
=i
6072,
6104,
hydroxyl
The
a variety rich
indices of refraction
when
much
6176
=16308,
7=16375
exhibits
7= i
cut
a feature
brilliancy
gem.
Topaz
FIG 176
fj
d,
Also
4P 55
is
infusible
before the
(p)
The mineral
also
ex-
but
without regularity
different
of
fluids
inclusions
contain
containing bubbles,
Many crystals
crystals
and sometimes of two immiscible fluids the nature of which has not yet
these
are
distributed
apparently
been determined
is
may be steatite
Synthesis
acid (EfeSiFe)
alteration product
401), muscovite (p
(p
Crystals have been
upon a mixture
made by
of silica
and alumina
the presence of
The
In
all
cases
it is
magmas.
Topaz
is
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
325
SiO2
B 2 O3
49 70
25 80
The
ramidal
Al2
3 ,etc
i
02
H2
CaO
Total
20
23 26
99 98
which
oo
P &>
(100), oo
They
P 06
number of forms, of
P4(i4o), and oo P(iio)
contain a great
(oio), co P2(i2o),
oo
among
57
8'.
dark brown
vitreous
6317,
white,
and
is
95-3 02
0=1
6337,
7=1
luster
its
refractive
a=l
is
oP(ooi) and
Its hardness
Its
Its streak
JTIG
tal
Danbunte Cr>sI77
with oop, no (m),
p 2, 120 (Z), PSo , 101
<,**,*
<r)"d4P-,
041 (w)
6383
Before the blowpipe the mineral fuses to a colorless glass and colors
It is only slightly attacked by hydrochloric acid, but
the flame green
is
after roasting
decomposed with the formation of gelatinous silica.
It phosphoresces
Origin
on
Danburite
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
326
it is found
quartz and pegmatite veins in the vicinity of
igneous rocks and on the walls of hollows within them
Locahtm Its principal occurrences in this country are at Danbury,
on the walls of
Conn , where it is in a pegmatite, and at Russell,
action, as
N Y
rocks
and hollows
in
a granitic rock
occurrence
is
EPIDOTE GROUP
(CfcR'"i(OH)(Si(>4)i)
The
One
of these,
and the
other,
and
allanite
Clmozoisite
Ca2 (Al Ce
Clmozoisite
is
though
rare,
8057
15807
8057,
=64
36'
6100
8326,
0= 64
39'
SS9
* 7 6 9*,
18=64
59'
iso-
4457
epidote
aluminium
The
>
CaO=24$9,
little
and red
a small
theoretical composi-
H20=i97
iron or manganese
Total=ioooo
Fe2
39 61 32 89
II 42,81 31 14
class),
FeO
91
2
71
29
Zoisite crystallizes
pyramidal
Na2
14
i
63
89
H2
Total
2 12
100 88
64
99 13
3429.
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
327
is
cleavage
oo
P 86
(oio)
yellowish gray,
on the cleavage
Its
surface, where it is sometimes pearly
Its hardness is 6 and
fracture is uneven
In specimens from Duckdensity about 33
town, Tenn
a=i
is
molecule
Ca2 Fe3(OH)(Si04 )3
the plane of
its
from oP(oio) to
in the mixture
P 06
Zoisite
178
with*)?,
OIO 6)
sPoo, 021
.*
Crystal
no(), ooPx,
p 4'
(it)
^ in
>
and P,'
(ooi)
and gives
off water,
It is
which causes a bubbling on the edges of the heated fragments
only slightly affected by acids, but after heating it is decomposed by
hydrochloric acid with the production of gelatinous silica
Occurrence
The mineral
them
It is also a
418)
product of metamorphism
is
unknown as an independent
mineral.
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
328
Since
consists of a mixture of
it
Per cent
21
30
40
Most specimens
Epidote
is
Mg,
Fe,
Mn, Na
or
\
Epidote Crystals with o P 55 , 100 (a), oP, 001(0),
102 (), PI nI () and P ob on (0)
FIG 179
Pw
10!
(r),
|P
55
,
*FiG
180
Epidote Crystals with
iio(w), 2PS6, 2oT(0, -P 55
a, c, r,
,
ioi
*,
wand
W, -3?!,
as
m
(/O
Fig 179
Also oop,
(/)
clime system (monochmc prismatic class), with the axial ratio i 5787 i
:
18036. #=64 36'. The mineral is remarkable for its handsome
crystals,
many
The
crystals are
ilo= 109
Epidote
rarely, red
56'.
is
It is transparent or translucent
brown
or,
and strongly
pleochroic.
In green varieties the ray vibrating parallel to the b axis is brown, that
c,
yellow,
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
the plane of these two
Its cleavage is
is
green
density 3 3 to 3 5
Zillerthal are
from
The
Its
and
329
its
7=1
streak gray
is 6 5 and
hardness
7343
They
a crystal
increase
with the proportion of the iron molecule present, being i 7336, i 7593
and i 7710 :n a specimen containing 27 per cent of the iron epidote
With
is
The
and
crystallization
and igneous
walls of fissures through almost any rock and in any cavities that may
be in them, and as the pnncipal constituent of the rock known as epi-
dosite
It
is
common
Pseudomorphs of epidote
mineral
is
known. The
more commonly a product of
is
America
Piedmontite (Ca2(Al-Mn) 3 (OH)(SiO 4) 3)
Piedmontite
is
Usually, however,
epidote in possessing manganese in place of iron
the iron and the manganese molecules are both present. Typical analyses of crystals
(II),
and Pine
from
Mt
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
330
A1 2
Si0 2
Mn2
35 68
18 93
II
36 16
22 52
6 43*
III
47 37
18 ss
6 85
14 27
Fe2
i
40
9 33
4 02
The
M^Oa
92
II
MgO CaO H2
MnO
3 22
24 32
34
22 05
15 82
25
Total
24
3 20
2
08
contained also
100 oo
100 53*
100 05*
MnO
III contains also 2 03 per cent of the oxides of rare earths, 14 per cent PbO,
CuO, 23 per cent Na.O and 68 per cent K^O The specimen contained
ii per cent
also
little
The
6100
18=64
8326
39'
m habit to
with
oo
The
P 56
mineral
is
It is trans-
Its
of gelatinous silica
It
is
characterized
by
its
color
its
manganese
reaction
known
as piedmontite schists
Its
as those of epidote
Good
crystals are
St.
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
331
is
usually written as above, with the understanding that a portion of the cenum may be replaced by yttrium and
the other elements
Some idea of the complex character of" the numeral
may be gained from the two analyses quoted below The first is of
Si02
II
31 13
Al2 0s
30 81
16 25
Fe2O3
Ce2 O3
6 29
10 13
6 24
ii
44
12 50
BeO
Di2
La2
Y2
27
3
3 43
635
FeO
24
8 14
MnO
MgO
25
13 59
61
13
10 43
9 44
CaO
K20
Na2
16
tr
53
56
H2
79
C02
21
Total
99 8r
98 77
when
with
=64
59'
78
Their habit
is
much
i
5509
less
:
compli:
7691
Common
The mineral
sometimes forms
It is black
on a
parallel
fresh fracture
surfaces,
streak
It
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
332
manner
of occurrence,
and
the
The mineral
granites,
crystalline limestones
Localities
The
volcanic rock at
the druses of a
Md
CHONDRODITE GROUP
The chondrodite group of minerals includes four members of the
general formula (Mg(F OH^Mg^SiO^y in which x equals i, 3, 5, 7, and
Of these, one (humite) may be orthorhombic
The other
y, i, 2, 3, 4
three are monochmc with the angle =90
The four members of the
group with their compositions and axial ratios are
Prolectite
Chondrodite
i
i
0863
3 1445
Humite
Clinohumtte
To show
8862 18=90'
0803
0802
0803
=90
'1.4 4033
i
6588
=90
is written as i
Chondrodite, humite
and clmohumite frequently occur together Chondrodite has been
reported at more localities than either humite or clmohumite, but it is
much
of
it
is
not chnohumite
They
The
three minerals
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
333
a rather
is
uncommon
contact mineral
tic
OH
somewhat
consequence of the fact that
The two
possess the power to mutually replace one another
analyses below are typical of varieties containing a maximum amount
of F
Its composition varies
and
Si02
I 33 77
II 35 42
I.
II.
MgO
FeO
H2
57 9 8
54 22
3 96
5 72
F=0
37
14=102 222 16
9 00=104 36-3 78
Total
100 06
100 58
N Y
monoclmic (prismatic class), with an axial ratio
The crystals vary widely in habit and
18=90
0863 11:3 1445
The forms oP(ooi),
are often complex
oo P 66 (100), oo P oo (oio) and various unit
Chondrodite
is
and clmohemipyramids of the general symx?2 are frequently present, but other
bol
common
(Fig
181)
Twin-
about
showing crystal
hmestone
When
through FIG
fresh, Chondrodite
and
is
has a glassy
white or has a
a density
for
of 3 15
yellow
light
T= i
Its
are:
refractive indices
01=1607,
=1619,
181
tel
luster, is translucent
light or
scattered
faces,
_ 2 p*2
103
and
&
P
:
1"
(j^),
Chondrodite Crys-
121
2'
p,
(r 4)',
in (to)> jP7
P^, ioi
p,
***
" 7 z' *
'
ni
2 );
ioi
(e%)
&)
The
639
Before the blowpipe Chondrodite bleaches
With acids it decomposes with the production of
without fusing
gelatinous
silica
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
334
and
and conse-
brucite,
It
is
probably in
all
cases a pneu-
It
is
m the lavas
Brewster,
Sussex Co
N Y
N J
crystalline limestone of
DATOLTTE GROUP
The members
datolite
datohte
these
of
Both minerals
crystallize
Datolite
Gadohmte a
similarly in
6345
r=
6273
13215
Datohte (Ca(B
Datolite, or dathohte,
is
^ = 89
^ = 89
2657
51'
OH)SiO 4 )
CaO=3Soo,
Total =100 oo
close accord
ositlon
182
Datohte Crystal wrth P
The mineral crystallizes in fine crysPOO, zoo (a), OOP, no (m),
iPoo, 102 tals that are often very complicated (Fig
-Poo, 101, (<),
(*); -P, in (), -P3, 212
^2) About 115 different forms have
W, Poo, on (mv) and JPoo, been observed on
Because of the
'
FIG
oo
012
^^
(g)
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILlCATES
no /\ 1 10 -64
The mineral
40'
335
Datohte
is colorless
however,
it is
streak
white and
is
its luster
fracture is conchoidal
Its
glassy
It
hardness
is 5
For yellow
are pyroelectnc
crystals
and
a- 16246,
light,
0=1.6527,
7=1
6694
Before the blowpipe
and
swells,
finally melts to a clear glass and,
colors the flame green
Its powder before heating
reacts strongly alkaline. After heating this reaction is weaker. The
at the
same time,
it
it
silica
pounds in ore
veins.
at
Bergen
the
Hill,
Lake Superior
and
region
Gadolmite
is
well established
dikes
pegmatites
of which
it is
sometimes a constituent.
it is
810=2556,
Y2
FeO=iS32; BeO=io68
3 =4844,
Total=ioooo,
but nearly
all
The mineral
is
crystals with
The
an
axial
show
a b c*= 6273
crystals
0=89 26^'.
3215
comparatively few forms, of which ooP(no), oP(ooi), P>(on),
ratio
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
336
iioA 110=64
P(in)
habit
12'
usually black or greenish black and opaque or translucent, but very thm splinters of fresh specimens are translucent or
Its luster is glassy or resinous, streak
transparent in green tints
Its hardness is 6-7 and its
conchoidal
greenish gray and fracture
Gadolmite
is
been explained in a number of different ways, but no one is entirely satisIn general, the isotropic material is believed to be an amorfactory.
The
It
may
be changed
up
and
hydrochloric acid
The mineral
silver.
Before heating
weakly radioactive
Gadolmite occurs in the pegmatites of Ytterby
near Stockholm, and of Fahlun, Sweden, on the Island of Hittero, in
southern Norway, in the Radauthal, in Harz, at Barringer Hill, Llano
Co Texas, as nodular masses and large rough crystals, and at Devil's
is
composed granite
In the
last
22 13
21 86
occurs in a de-
a very complex
I
89
81
FeO
BeO
AbOs
34
54
CaO
Fe20a
13
3 S9
ii 10
9 50
6 87
19 10
12 63
12.74
15 80
Si02
Th02
21 23
(La Di)20a
Y2 0g
it
composition
ErgOs
locality
,.
10 43
7 19
H2
34
86
Other
Total
60
100 48
100 02
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
337
is
interesting from the fact that it frequently forms twinned crystals that resemble a cross in shape, and which
consequently, during the Middle Ages, was held in
veneration
great
A12
SiOo
Fe2
FeO
MgO
H2
Ti02
Total
26 3
100 oo
II
27 38
HI
30 23
98 97
loo 33
100 37
IV
27 91
I
Theoretical composition
Staurolite
crystallizes
in
FIG 183
FIG 183
(bipyramidal
6828
The indi-
FIG 184
no
P 60,101
FIG 184
FIG 185
(ni),
FIG 185
oopoo, 100
(&),
oP, ooi
(c)
and
(r)
|P oo
(032)
(232)
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
338
Sometimes the
angles of about 60 and 120
twinning is repeated, giving rise to trillings
The mineral is reddish or blackish brown, and has a glassy or greasy
It is slightly translucent in fresh crystals,
Its streak is white
luster.
the second type
but usually
is
make
opaque
and
Its cleavage
indistinct parallel to
hardness 7 and
its
density
it is
is
pleochroic in hyacinth-
distinct parallel to oo
P 06
its
crystallization,
m-
and hardness
and muscovite
(p. 355)
has not been produced in the laboratory
mica schist and other
The mineral occurs principal!}
of
result
is
the
rocks
where
it
schistose
regional or contact metamor-
Synthesis
Occurrence
It
Mte Campione,
Switzerland, in the Zillerthal, Tyrol, at AschaffenBavana, at various places in Brittany, France, and in the
United States, at Wmdham, Maine, at Francoma,
at Chester,
burg, in
field,
Mass
in Patrick
Co Va and
,
N H
m Fannm Co N C
,
is
silicates
known
It
is
a borosili-
SiO2
I.
27 99
II. 28 58
AbOs Fe2
Ti^Oa
tr
64 49
63 31
MgO B 2
21
49
4 95
5 2i
The
P2 0r> Lossonlgn
20
72
53
Total
99 35
ioo 33
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
339
The mineral
long
twinning plane
Dumortierite
is
Twinning
is
of blue, but in
some
cases
is
and
It is translucent or
transparent
colorless
and red, purple or blue Its
strongly pleochroic, being
Hardness is
a= r
678, /3=
and density 3
i
686,
7= i
089
its color
and
is infusible.
It is
m acids
its
fibrous or
columnar
Its
principal
alteration
products
are
kaolin
and
damourite
lusite or sillimanite
SODALITE GROUP
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
340
A12
Si02
Sodalite
Na2
37 14
31 60
25 60
31 65
27 03
27 26
3199
2732
16.53
31,7
26,9
27.3
3NaAlSi04 NaCl
Noselite
01
Na4 (NaS3
or
Na2 S
S*
Sodalite
A1)A12 (8104)3)
the pure sodium
is
Sodalite, theoretically,
compound corresponding
Natural
to the composition indicated by the formula given above
crystals, however, usually contain a little potassium in place of some of
the sodium and often some calcium, as indicated by the analyses of
material from Montreal, Canada (I), and Litchfield, Maine (II), quoted
below
Moreover, their content of Cl is not constant
Si02
A12 3
Na2
3752
II 3733
3*38
3187
2515
2456
K2 OCaO
78
10
*
Cl
691
683
35
.
10209
10176*
C1O
Total
-155
-154
10054
10022
Most
are dodecahedral
habit,
crystals
forms
ooQoo
(100),
are
developed
usually
The
ooO(no),
Sodalite
Inter-
186)
Twin of Two
Dodecahedrons Elon-
Twinned about
0(m)
The
penetration
light
2 3.
its
streak
is
Its luster
parent,
is
vitreous
and
its
It
white
fracture conchoidal
Its hardness
is
5-5,6,
n= 14827
to
and
is
trans-
opaque
ooO(no)
its
density
Some specimens
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
341
Before the blowpipe, colored varieties bleach and all varieties swell
fuse readily to a colorless blebby glass
The mineral dissolves com-
and
pletely in strong acids and yields gelatinous silica, especially after heatWhen dissolved in dilute nitric acid its solution yields a chlorine
ing
Its powder becomes bro\\n on treatment
precipitate with siher nitrate
with AgNOs, in consequence of the production of AgCl
The mineral is best distinguished from other similarly
minerals
by
appearing
with acids and the reac-
silica
Its
Localities
in
Hungary,
Good
crystals are
in the lavas of
and at
In North America it
southern Norway;
occur
abundant
Brome, near
in the rocks at
Litchfield,
((Na^CaHNaSCX
Maine
The
Al)Al2 (Si0 4 ) 3 )
above
usually called nosean, while those with larger amounts constitute hauyn.
The theoretical nosean and hauyn molecules are indicated on p 340
The
(I)
and of the
A1 2
Fe2
CaO
Na2
31 65
27 03
II
31 99
27 32
9 94
27 26
16 53
29 41
21
20 91
10 08
13 26
HI
35 99
IV 33 78
31
27 42
*
Ka2
S03
14 06
10 58
12 31
H2
Total
100 oo
100 oo
14 22
3 23
63
.
99 61
100 08
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
342
In line III
is
They
crystallize
0002(102),
twins
are
often
columnar.
and an uneven or
and density 2 25 to 2 5, the
Nosean is generally
value increasing with the amount of CaO present
minerals
both
but
and
may possess almost any color,
hauyn blue,
gray
Red colors are
from -white through light green and blue tints to black
lucent,
have a
Their hardness
conchoidal fracture
The
rare
5 6
#=14890
low, light
is
to
For
yel-
the
Ca
and phosphorescent.
present
Before the blowpipe both minerals fuse with difficulty to a blebby
white glass, the blue hauyn retaining its color until a high temperature
is
In
reached
this respect
it differs
on charcoal
The
minerals are easily distinguished from all others by their crystallization, gelatmization with acids and reaction for sulphur.
yield
kaolin
or
zeolites
and
calcite
Synthesis
Crystals of nosehte
large excess of
Na2SO*
occur in
rocks.
tial
Hauyn
is
so
common
rocks containing
a few metamorphic
many
component
Localities
Both minerals are found in good crystals in metamorphosed inclusions in the volcanic rocks of the Lake Laach region, in
Prussia,
the Albanian
America haiiyn has been reported from the nephelme rocks of the
Crazy Mts,, Montana,
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
343
gem purposes
color
is
given
is
it
It is bright
The
blue in color
its
blue
to the
ultramarine, which
artificial
molecule
is
is
its
SiO 2
32 52
CaO
Na 2
27 61
6 47
19 45
A12
S03
Cl
10 46
2 71
47
K2
28
Total (Less C1 = O)
99 97
99 42
Lasunte is thus the name given to the blue coloring matter of lapis
which is a mixture It apparently crystallizes in dodecahedrons
lazuli,
and
its specific
glass
Andes
of vases,
ACID ORTHOSILICATES
Prehaite (H2 Ca2Al2 (SiO 4) 3 )
The
in crystals,
though
it
occurs also in
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
344
A1 2 03=>2478,
H O = 437
CaO=27i6, and
Most
crystals, however,
Jordansmuhl,
44"
Silesia
4^ 4Q
Cornwall, Penn
Chlorastrohte, Isle Royale 37 41
*
AUOi
KO
I'cjOj
CaO
Al
26
20 88
54
21
02
2<>
27 o^
81
22
20
M0
II.O
Total
tr
49*
10090
ti
4 or
3 46
99 85
72
99 75*
Na^O
is
FIG
187
W,
OOP/, I0o
OOP/XXO
JP56, 304 (n), JP55, 308
and oP, ooi (c)
_ _
Wl
(I*)
is
Cleavage
The
as
the
plane
twinning
good parallel to oP(oor)
crystals are
to
parallel
common
187)
(Fig
12'
frequently tabular
oP(ooi), although other
many
on other
faces
Its fracture is
uneven,
its
hardness
7+
and
its
a=
yellowish enamel
At a high temperature
it
yields water
Its
powder is
artificially
438),
laumomte
(p
It is
451),
cases
it is
Localities
The mineral
is
abundant
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
345
as
gem-stones
in
1912
Axinite
Axmite
(H(Ca-Fe-Mn) 3Al2B(SiO4)4)
its richness in
crystal forms
a complicated borosihcate for ^vhich the formula given
above is merely suggestive
Analyses of crystals from different localities
vary so widely that no satisfactory simple formula has been proposed
Four recent analyses are quoted below
for the mineral
is
The mineral
is
Radauthal
Si02
Stnegau
Oisans
Cornwall
39 26
42 02
41 53
42 10
100 62
ico ii
100 32
100 66
A12 O3
FeoOs
FeO
MnO
CaO
MgO
H2O
Total
The
= 15
34'.
The
cleavage
is
indistinct parallel to
The
angle 100
A i "10
Axinite
is
is
strongly pleotints
It
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
346
and a density
For red
of 3 3
light,
a= i
glass
FIG 189
FIG 188
FIG 188
/p ilo (M),
P',
(a),
2'P'So, 201
(s),
ooP/,
no
(m),
(*)
188
Also ooPoo,
FIG 189
Axmite Crystal with
m, a, r
oio (6), aP' w 021 (v), yP, In (e), |,P3, 132 (0), 4/P^, 241 (o), 3/P3, 131 (I'),
00
/'PI. 130 (w), 3'P3, i3i () and 4'?% 241 (<J).
,
fusion, however,
it
silica
The mineral
is easily characterized
to the flame
color
it
imparts
green
by
its crystallization
and the
and
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
347
Dioptase (H2CuSiO4)
Dioptase is especially interesting because of its crystallization, which
rhombohedral tetartohedral (trigonal rhombohedral class)
Its crysTheir axial ratio is i
tals are columnar
are
5342
is
They
bounded by
oo
P2(ii2o),
- 2R(o22i)
or R(ioYi) and
jT>JL Y
- (3141) (a rhombohedron of
usually
~^i - (1341) or
^
Besides
is found also
massive and in crystalline aggregates.
The composition expressed by the formula
above
given
H20=n
by some
81023818,
is
44, which
is
CuO=504o;
analyses.
be expressed by CuSiOs
HaO
Indeed, recent
is
and
transparent
its
fracture
and
pleochroic and is
hardness
is
or
is
its
translucent,
is
FIG
tai
~~
190
Dioptase CiysWlth
P2 "20 and
2R
221
>
mtl[L
brittle
uneven or conchoidal
Its
stnations
It is
weakly
For yellow
distinctly pyroelectnc
density 3 05.
'
light,
co=i 6580,
6=17079
Before tie blowpipe dioptase turns black and colors the flame green.
the reducing
it turns black in the oxidizing flame and red
flame without fusing
It is decomposed by acids with the production of
On charcoal
gelatinous silica
Synthesis
Crystals of dioptase have been made by allowing mixtures of copper nitrate and potassium silicate to diffuse through a sheet
of
parchment paper
The mineral occurs in druses on quartz
Occurrence and Localities
in clefts in limestone, and in gold-bearing placers in the Altyn-Tube Mt.
near the Altyn Ssu River, m Siberia, in crystals on wulfemte and calamme and embedded in clay near R6zbanya, Hungary, with quartz and
Ton Mines
mixture of
it
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
348
MICA GROUP
The mica group comprises a series of silicates that are characterized
by such perfect cleavages that extremely thin lamellae may be split
from them with surfaces that are perfectly smooth. The lamellae are
elastic and in this respect the members of the group are different from
Some
other minerals that possess an almost equally perfect cleavage
of the micas are of great economic importance, but most of them have
found
little
divided into four subgroups, (T) the magnesiumiron micas, (2) the calcium micas, (3) the kthium-iron micas, and (4)
Of the latter there are three subdivisions, (a) the
the alkali micas
lithia micas,
The
alkali
aluminium and an
pris-
the potash
micas
are
more
alkali
Other
mica being KHaAk (8104)3
acid, and
some of the magnesium-iron micas are very complex The members
with the best established compositions are apparently salts of orthosilicic
alkali
is
placed
FIG
191
Percussion
on Basal Plane
The
oo
long ray
Pob
(oio)
is
of
Figure
Mica
parallel
to
known
as the
characteristic
the axes
between o and 15, in the calcium micas between 100 and 120,
and 75
When the angle becomes
zero the mineral is apparently umaxial
But etch figures on all micas
indicate a monoclmic symmetry (compaie Fig 194)
it is
and
ANPIYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
349
2d Oraer
Anomite
Meroocene
isl
This
Lepidomelane
PUogopiU
The
$= 90
i : 3 2904 with
crystals of biotite have an axial ratio 5774
They are usually simple combinations of oP(ooi), oo P ob (oio),
FlG
^ ***~^*
witu oP, ooi
(c),
oio
In
(6),
P,
^ystel
ooPSb,
(ju) and
and in
scaly aggregates
-JP 112 (<?)
The color of biotites varies from yellow,
Pleochroism is strong in sections
through green and brown to black
perpendicular to the perfect cleavage, ie, perpendicular to oP(ooi)
The
streak of
all varieties is
white
The
FIG. 193
Biotite
to the
light
They
acid,
Varieties
and
their Localities
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
350
Meroxene
is
name given
the
to the
common
land, Austria
this
in
country
Lepidomelane
Two
of
its
is
known occurrences in the United States are in the nepheat Litchfield, Maine, and in a pegmatite in the northern part
best
hne syenite
of Baltimore,
Md
because
nearly
all
cases
it
contains fluorine
it
frequently exhibits
astensm
in
Its luster
is
consequence of the
7=1
a=i
562,
=i
606,
especially characteristic of
metamorphosed limestones
metamorphosed limestones around Easton,
at Edwards, St Lawrence Co
N Y and at South Burgess,
Phlogopite
It occurs
Pa
606
is
abundantly in the
Ontario, Canada.
It
is
Si02
Ti02
A12
FeO
MnO.
CaO
BaO
MgO
Na2
48
21 08
i
55
33
9 68
45
62
89
7 oo
26 49
60
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
II
9 01
K20
H2 0H2 0+
\
I
90
3*6
III
6 40
9 97
66
I*
6'
233
10
(lessO=F) 99 19
II
IV
III
8 20
219
351
100 83
99 91
Meroxene from
granite, Butte,
24
99 66
N Y
Mont
IV Brown
The biotitcs are distinguished from all other minerals except the other
micas by perfect cleavage and from other micas by their
in strong sulphuric acid
The commoner
color, solubility
and pleochroism
epidote, sillimamte
chlorite (p
428),
ferriferous
and magnetite,
is
often a
if
the mica
separation of
is
quartz
(p. 429),
and
talc (p 401)
Syntheses
The
biotites are
common
common
constituents of
They
also are
and augite
Canada.
Most
is
imported from
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
352
is like biotite
planes
and
(I),
Peekslull,
N Y
H2
Total
gave
(II),
A12
Si02
I 31 72
II
Ga
FeO
50 03
46 58
32 73
12
Na2
CaO
MgO
12
ii 57
oo
ii
26
04
4 88
4 49
glassy luster
its streak
gray and
on other planes
100 58
100 96
white
first
order
It
Occurrence
present in
some
Localities
associated with
is
Margante
chlorite schists
In
all
cases
corundum
it is
of
dionte at Peekskill,
N Y
It
is
also
mctamorphic origin
Campo Longo, m
at
C, and
at
corundum
local-
OH)) 2 Si5 Oi
received different
but in such
names
All of
them contain
lithium, iron
and
fluorine,
lowing analyses
ANHYDROUS ORTIIOHILK'ATES
Si02
353
IV
IT
40 19
59 25
s1
46
45 87
22 79
12 57
l6 22
22 $O
III
19 78
FeO
93
MnO
21
66
66
ii 6r
02
06
NasO
63
K2
7 49
5 37
95
I0 6 5
Li 2
3 06
04
4,83
3 99
3^
44
75
42
10 46
3 28
7
94
Total
99 32
102 ii
102 71
105 48
0=F=
97 64
99 05
99 60
102 15
Sp gr =281
Cryophyllitc from Rrxkporl, Mass,
III
gray
Sp. gr
=2
Zinnwalchle occuis
of biotitc,
Contains also
956-2,087
r;i
IIjO and 08
crystals with
u,n
Twins arc
many
axial ratio
is
2.
is
attacked by acids
Qccumnte and
Zmnwaldite
Lotahtic\
is
found
The
alkali
m which the principal metallic conaluminium are lithium, potassium and sodium. All
stituents besides
which lithium
is
prominent
is
known
as lefodolite; that
That
in
m which potas-
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
364
In
is roscoelite
replaced
this,
muscovite is
about two-thirds of the AlgOs
mica which is utilized as an ore
It is a rare green
by VgOj,
of vanadium,
Lepidolite ((Li-
tion
is
indicated
American
by the analyses
of white
and purple
varieties
from
localities
Si0 2
A12
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
LiaO
NaaO
KsO
Rb2
CsaO.
F.
BfeO
Total
(lessO=F) 99 45
I.
100 53
99 74
99.63
Maine
III
*Mn08
Contains
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
The
mineral
of all
lepidolites
The
is
and purple
rose
355
varieties
is
contain a
little
The
manganese
streak
0=i
Lepidohte fuses easily to a white enamel and at the same time colors
It is difficultly attacked by acids, but after heating is
the flame red
easily
decomposed
Maine and
Cookeitc fiom
hte
Its analyses
California
concspond
is
The
pncunutolytic pioduct,
emanations
The
Localities
and
or, at least, is
localities are
line localities
Usei>
Lepidohte
is
San Diego Co
Cal
m the manufacture of
Muscovite (H a (K Na)Alj(SiOi)a)
Muscovitc is one of the most common, and at the same time the
most important, of the micas Because of its transparency it is employed for many purposes for which the darker biotite is not suitable
Two typical
Si02
I
II.
44 39
46 54
I.
II
all
of the
muscovite contains
paragomte molecule.
AlsOs FeaOs
35 7
09
34 96
59
Broad plates
FeO
i
07
ro
tr
.
32
of muscovite bordered
by
2 41
4*
lepidoiite,
Total less
9 77
*o 38
HO
a
Total
.72 10113
5 43
99 63
Auburn, Maine.
QF n
5 88
100.83
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
356
The
clearly
|P
3 3128,
ob (023),
Twins
0=89
54',
and
b
oo
c== 5774
p&
O io)
like
Muscovite
is
colorless or of
some
light
FIG 194
I'll,
1)5.
FIG 194
FIG 195
and
023
is
small
oP, ooi
(<),
<wPw,
oio
(/;),
(r)
The
(56-76),
of biotite which
3P>,
(2-22)
but
is
change
is
steatite (p 401),
and serpentine
(p, 398).
may
be culled
products,
into
ANHYDROUS ORTHOSILICATES
DomounU
357
is
Schwarzenstem, Tyiol
Crystals of muscovite have been
Synthesis
made by
fusing anda-
morphic rocks
inal
still
It is
found also
in veins
It is
m some
cases an orig-
The mineral
Localities
occurs
It is
mined
New
windows
in
stoves.
The
greater
portion
is
used
as
insulators
electrical appliances,
amber mica
js
The
sometimes built up into larger ones
ground mica consists of small crystals and the waste from the manufacture of sheet mica giound very fine. It is used in the manufacture
It is also mixed with
of wall paper, heavy lubucants and fancy paints
mica
shellac
and melted
Production
The
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
358
Roscoelite
of the
AkOs
rado Co
Si02
45 17
Cal
Ti02
gave
A12
78
FeO
24 01
ii 54
60
MgO
i
H,0-
10 37
64
H,0+
Total
4 29
99 80
40
and Na20
The
0=1685,7=1
704
Before the blowpipe
reactions for
acids
It
vanadium
it
is
Lotus,
on both
In
all
cases
it
appears to
vanadium
concentrated
is
by chemical
processes,
is
made from
Most
of the
vanadium
pro-
this ore,
Paragonite ^(Na-KJAlsCSiO-Oa)
Paragonite, the sodium mica, differs from muscovite mainly in comBoth contain sodium and potassium but in puragomte the
position
sodium molecule
The
is
in excess
analysis quoted
below
is
made on
a sample from
Monte Cam-
pione, in Switzerland
3
Fe2
40 10
tr.
AI2
Si0 2
47 75
It occurs in the
is
much
less
It
K2
Na2
6 04
same associations
common.
as
12
H2
Total
4 58
99 59
It apparently occurs
given,
m ail known
dynamic metamorphism*
CHAPTER XVII
THE
SILICATES-Cowfowwrf
BFRYL
is
important as a
the
many
gem
matciial,
and
is
It is
its
crystals
is essentially
it
little
and
in
a beryllium alummo-rnetasilicate,
some
in
many
cases small
Analyses of
a green beryl from North Carolina, an aquamarine from Stoneham, Me
and a light-colored crystal from Hebron are given below
,
Si0 2
I.
66 84 19 05
II.
66 28 18 60
III
BeO
14
13 61
17 75
21
13 73
IV, 62 44 17,74
40
ii 36
65 54
I
II,
II I
FeO Na2
,22
71
,38
,.
.83
90 54
...
2 01
100 39
2.03
100 30
,,
13
60
3.60
Alexander Co,, N. C,
Stoneham* Me.;
ako.o6%CaO.
Me
The mineral
some
its
usual
4989.
method
of occurrence
Total
100 oo
Theoretical
IV, Hebron,
H2
Cs2
Li2
.......
nearly
many
and an
crystals are
axial ratio
oo
P(tolo),
196),
class),
all
is
distinct
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
360
modified (Fig 197), the total number of forms that have been identified
The angle icli Aoi7i = 28 55' Some crystals
approximating 50
are very large, measuring 2 to 4 feet in length and
i ft
diameter
in
It is transparent or translucent
It
Beryl has a glassy luster
Its streak
colorless or of some light shade of green, red, or blue
and density
6-2 8
is
is
Its cleavage is
very imperfect
Pleochroism is
frequently a parting parallel to the base
Its refractive indices for yellow
noticeable in green and blue crystals
but there
light at 20
is
are co=
5740,
e= i 5690
ing temperature
Before the blowpipe colorless varieties
FIG tg6
1'ic,
FIG 196
FIG 197
c,
p and
3Pg, 2131
as
increas-
Fig 196
(c),
<
197
P,
unchanged except at very high temperatures when sharp edges arc fused
to a porous glass
The mineral is not attacked by acids.
Beryl is distinguished from apatite, which
greater hardness
It alters to mica and kaolin (p 404)
Syntheses
8162,
it
much
resembles,
by
its
a porcelain oven
Occurrence
The mineral occurs as an accessory constituent
pegmatites and granites, in crystalline schists, especially mica schists and
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
361
gneisses,
stones
The transparent
Uses
utilized as
varieties are
names
following
Emerald
is
is
probably
due to CroOa,
Aquamarine, a blue-giccn variety,
Golden
beiyl,
a topa/-coloiecl variety,
Blue
Localities
Crystals of ordinal y ber>l occur at Stnegau, Silesia, in
the granite dikes near
the cassitente veins near Altcnbcrg, in Savony,
S Piero, Elba, in the Mouine Mts at Down, Ireland, at various points
Peiperville,
N H
Pcnn
Carolina; at
Much of
The
in
the beryl of
Maine
is
rial
New
Sibeiia,
beryl mines
m the United
Macon
Co
and on Whiterock Mt
in
Macon
States are
m pegma-
Aquamarine,
occur at Walker Knob, Burke
Counties,
Near Clayton, Ga , a
locality are not clear enough to furnish gems.
contains
bliush
and
large
yellowish green beryls, some of which
pegmatite
yield
gem
States
The
material
finest
the United
aquamarine ever found
Near Shelby, Clevelaid Co and at
,
The
C,,
Me
The
1912 was about 2,969 carats, valued at $12,875 in the rough
cut
of
the
stone
was
but
some
value
$25 per carat,
average
especially
fine gems from the Shelby locality were valued at $200 per carat
There
were also produced
in the
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
362
on the
most natural
crystals contain
A1 2
Calculated
Mt
Mt
Vesuvius
ss 28
Vulture
54 94
24 08
25 10
The
K2 O
CaO Na2
80
60
20 79
23
15 18
0(no) and oo
HjO
21 58
23 40
oo (100)
Total
100 oo
13
100 75
100 38
some
cases
parallel to oo 0(no)
is common, but often the twins are polysynthetic and are recognizable
The twinning lamellae are
only by stnations on the crystal faces
modified by
oo
Twinning
amsotropic, as shown by their optical properties, but at 500 the twinning disappears and the crystals become completely isotropic through-
out
is
glassy in luster
It is transparent or translucent
tion approximate
i 508
Before the blowpipe leucite
is infusible
silica
Its
It
is
soluble
m HC1
with
line
It
is
and
its
by
its crystallization,
reaction toward
HCl,
by the
It is
most apt
is
former by its mfusibility and failure to yield water when heated in the
glass tube below red heat
Analcite, moreover, fails to give the flame
test for potash
The mineral alters quite readily into analcite and some other zeolite,
into a mixture of orthoclase and
nepheline, or into orthoclase (p. 413)
ANHYDROUS METASILIOATES
and muscovite, or into orthoclase alone*
363
kaolin
Syntheses
and
also
date,
Occurrence
It occurs
and high m
In some old rocks
silica
cases
lavas low in
only in igneous rocks, especially
in the plutomc rock known as missourite
potash, and
it is
it is
pimuiy
Localities
repie&ented by
mineral
Leucite
is
an
its alteration
products.
In
all
the
Rhenish Prussia,
of leucitc rocks
On the assumption
K^O it is estimated
the
that
that
THE AMPHIBOLOUS
^-T~^\Ji
pio
~ ^110
100
110
uo
FIG. ig8
Cross-Sections, of
they have
little
value.
monoclimc and
iri
triclmic systems.
The amphiboloids
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
364
i, while in the
between the prismatic
The
2
i
angle
approximately
amphiboles
and 93), and on
is nearly equal (87
planes ( oo P, no) on the former
the latter very unequal (s6-i24). Since, moreover, in all members of
both groups there is a distinct cleavage paiallel to the unit prism, the
of intersection of the cleavage planes in the pyroxenes and in the
In the pyroxenes
a and b axes.
it is
angles
This difference
between them
198)
common
common
schists
one another and with an orthosilicate of the general composition rep(Mg Fe)((Al Fe)O) 3 SiQi
resented by
THE PYROXENES
(R"Si0 3
The pyroxenes
R'Al(Si03 ) 2 and
RVoVSiO,)
and
in veins that
a and
b axes,
the pyroxenes
is parallel
The most
9702
and .9713 : i
5700 for hypersthene. By
many authors wollastomte and pectolite are placed in an independent
:
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
365
group partly because of the fact that they are much more easily decomposed by acids than are the other pyroxenes, and partly because of
their
Bronzite
MgSiO
(Mg Fe)SiO,
Hypersthene
FcSiOj
c =*
oss
587
=10308
5885
02QS
5868
CaSiO,
Peclohte
HNaCa2(Si0 3 ) 3
Diopside
Sahhte
Hedcnbcrgite
Schejfente
Aiigile
class)
0=8
0523
9649
=1
1140
9864
=84 40'
(Mg Gi)SiO,
(Mg Fc)Ca(Si0 8)2
10921
5893
FeCa(SiO n )2
S83
=74 10'
10955
5904
74
14'
= 1090-6
6012
73
ii'
7?
09'
OpO
'
74
lNd(Al Fc)(biOOa
Acmite
Aeginnc
fadcitc
(M
Fe)((Al
oqS
,0.)
613
Na\l(SiO,)j,
Spodumene
1283
LiAl(SiO,)>
6234
Rhodonite
MnSiOi
Bu\tamtte
(Mn
Rabmglonite
Fowlente
Ca)SiOi
(Ca Fe Mn)jFcfc(SiOOi
(Mn Fc Ca Zi
'6=1
0729
6213
108
=10807
6237
^saio834'
44'
In addition, there arc several comparatively rare monoclimc pyroxenes and one trichnic form, that contain zirconium. They occur only
as components of rocks rich in alkalies.
PYROXENES
Enstatite (MgSiOa)
Bronzite
Hypersthene (FeSiO 3)
and FeSiOs
Nearly
all
When
the
proportion of the iron present is small (5 per cent FeO), the mixture is
known as ewtotite Mixtures with 5 to 16,8 per cent of FeO (cor-
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
366
follow
Si0 2
A12
FeO
MgO
60 03
II
58 oo
35
36 91
55 So
52 12
3 16
16 80
i 69
20 94
21 56
HI
IV
II
III
CaO
HaO
Total
100 oo
100 22
39 97
80
100 00
27 70
3 20
99 Si
=3
The
MgO
FeO
at
Mt
Hope,
Md
three minerals occur in crystals that have a well marked orthoit is believed that this may be a case of pseu-
The
bounded by
usually
oo
P 66(100),
addition
|P 56
Enstatite CrysFIG. 199
tal with oo P, no (m),
oo Poo, 100 (a), oo Poo,
oio
amount
of
iron
oo
JP
P2(2i2),
06 (014),
on some crybtals
(034),
P(iii),
P 06(010),
oo
P(no),
with the
of
001*2(120),
aP5(an),
iP*(o)
noAiIo=88
The
16' to 88
20'.
Enstatite
Hypersthene
is
present
is light
brown
ANHYDHOUH METASILICATES
Many
oo
367
P 06(010), due
The hardness
this direction
between
of
and
vanes
3 5 increasing with
Enstatite
Hypersthene
7=1
=i
/3=i 669
665
=i
=i
692
702
674
705
Before the blowpipe the iron-free members of the series are infusible.
iron they become more easily fusible, very ferruginous
With increase
Occurrence
talline schists,
filled
by igneous magmas
and
rarely to talc
They are not very stable under the condiThey weather to serpentine, hornblende
meteorites
in
Prussia,
North Carolina,
basic coarse-grained igneous rocks
States they occur
the
of
York
volcanic
and
New
and
New
Highlands
Jersey,
Maryland,
Georgia.
Espe-
MONOCLINIC PYROXENE'S
The
Mn
of monoclinic mctasihcutes of
silicate
is
R"
R"
is
usually
Mg, Ca
or
Fe and R'"
Al or Fe.
.Although their chemical composition vanes quite widely, the crysmembers of the group is practically the same With
pectolite
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
368
All crystal-
WoUastomte Subgroup
A dimorph, pseudowollastonite, 01
made
has
been
/3 wollastomte,
by melting wollastomtc and cooling
been
nature
Its crystals arc hexagfound
not
it
has
but
yet
slowly,
small traces of other constituents
Si0 2
Theoretical
The
51 75
Bonaparte Lake,
oo
FeO
NY
mineral
50 66
forms
07
tabular
P 60(100), -Poo(ioi),
or
H2
47 98
46
05
columnar crystals
oP(ooi), P6o(io7),
Total
100 oo
72
99 94
bounded by
oop2(i2o), -PS(i22)
and
Twins
6b (100)
are
the
;-^\
and
fibrous masses
feet
parallel
little less
*,
\
tal
11
4.
Wollastonite Crys-
with bP t ooi
ioo
(a),
+P 55
102
(c),
-Poo,
ioi
(/),
oo
POO,
ioi
(),
-hJP
PO
(h)
Its
P 06
cleavage
(100)
is
per-
and only a
Wollastonite
a
TV
FIG -200
to oo
is
usually
colorless
or
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
4 5-5 and density
8-2
9,
and
its
369
are
transparent glass
NaOH
When
fused
it
wollastonite)
The mineral
distinguished from other white silicates by its crysIts princleavage and its solubility
hydrochloric acid
is into apophylhte (p 443)
alteiation
cipal
Ciystals of wollastonite have been made by fusing SiCfe
Syntheses
is
tallization, its
Occurrence
is
metametamor-
characteristically a product of
It occurs in
abundantly in caltaicous
slags
Pectolite
analyses
is
SiOs
AlaOs
MgO
CaO
some weathered
NasO
I.
54 23
33 72
9 34
IL
45 32
34 oo
9 32
32 21
8 57
III
53 94
I
IT
TTT
71
43
K2
Theoretical
Niakornat, Greenland
Point Barrow, Alaska
Contains also
per cent
material,
EM)
Total
2 71
KX> oo
2 55
,47
4 09
100 30
100 82
..
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
.370
The
oo
oo (100).
is
colorless or
It yields
Before the blowpipe the mineral fuses to a white enamel
hot
with
treated
when
and
tube
water when heated in the closed
hydrochloric acid it decomposes, leaving a residue of flocculent silica.
is talc (p 401).
principal alteration product of pectohte
been produced
have
of
fine
needles
pectohte
Small,
Synthesis
The
and as
by
in various
isolated crystals on
and as a constituent
of
metamorphic rocks.
It is mainly a
secondary mineral
Localities
m basalts at Edmburghshire,
in clefts in traprock,
syemte at
Magnesmm-Calcium-Iron Pyroxenes
Diopside-Augite
The calcium-magnesium-iron pyroxenes include a number of compounds that have been given distinctive names They are apparently
isomorphous mixtures of the metasihcates of Mg, Ca, Fe and Mn, or of
these together with the magnesium and iron salts of the basic orthosilicate
of iron and aluminium (Mg-Fe)((Al- Fe)0) 2 Si04.
The crystals of all members of the group
m their
and
similar
iron present.
The
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
371
ooPob(ioo),
The
planes
POO(IOI) (Fig
cleavage
and 87*
about 93
is
66 (100)
(Fig 202)
In the mterpeneFa
and
(Is 2) are the twinning
203)
common,
parallel to
one or the
FIG
FIG 201
FIG 201
FIG 203
202.
no
(m),
oo
P 55
joo
(a),
oo
P So
oio
(b)
and
P, Tn(s),
FIG
FIG 203
202,
Interpenetration
Twin
of Augitc, with
oo
P 65
-P So
(100)
(101) the
Twinning Plane
density 3
it is fairly
and
their cleavage.
by
their
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
372
Diopside
is
silicates
of the cor-
The
calculated
first line
The compositions
in the following
two
m which
indicated in
lines
Si0 2 A12
Theoretical
55 55
Albrechtsberg, Aus
Alathal, Switzerland
55 6o
54 28
Fe2
l6
51
98
CaO
Total
18 52
5 6 18 34
25 93
26 77
100 oo
17 30
25 04
100 02
FeO
91
MgO
by the presence
101 43
of the basal
The
value
A 110=92
So'
The
FIG 204
(m), oo
ooi
31
Poo, 100
(c),
1 (A),
+P5o,Toi
(o),
3P3,
light are.
(p)
indices
7=16980,
increase with increase in the iron molecule
Among
for
yellow
1.6685,18= 1.6755,
All these values
distinct
Hedenbergite is the calcium-iron pyroxene, though it always consome of the diopside molecule The calculated compositions of the
type mineral (FeCaS20e) and of a specimen from its best known locality
tains
are.
Si02
Theoretical
Tunaberg, Sweden
48 39
47 62
88
10
29 43
26 29
MgO
2,76
CaO
Total
22 l8
IOO 00
21. S3
lao 18
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
The
mineral
is
It occurs in crystals
grayish green
lamellar masses
and
refractive
for
indices
=
/3=i 7366, 7
Sahhte.
yellow
a= i
light,
Mn
which are
205)
and
7320,
Intel mediate
hedenbergite
characterized
(Fig
7506
are
373
several
It occurs
FIG
Forms a,
u an(* s as
in F '? *4 Also aP *
021 (s) and
typical
tr
follows,J
the
Hedenbergite
205
Crystal
specimen
A
'
>
&>
20
Schefiferite
FeO
MgO
CaO
Total
8 07
13 52
24 88
100 69
is
by the
fact
that
it
It occurs
of the zone
The
17,
known
CaO=i9 62=99
22
mineral
is
(oio),
yellowish
of iron present
Its
I200-I250
known as wolan, from St Marcel, Italy, is charby the presence of about 5 per cent NagO, due possibly to the
admixture of NaMn(SiOa)2
Its sp gr.=3 21.
fine blue variety,
acterized
Jeffersonite
is
is
a variety containing
zinc, occurring at
Franklin Fur-
Its color
found in large crystals with rounded edges
greenish black on fresh fractures and chocolate brown on exposed sur-
nace,
faces.
Si0 2
49 91
J.
It is
An analysis yielded
AlaOs
i
Q3
FeO
ro 53
MnO ZnO
7
oo
4 39
MgO
CaO
8 18
15 48
H2
i
20
Total
9862
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
374
The
compounds
three most
Fassatie,
Sp gr
298
Ordinary augite
in igneous rocks
>
Specific gravity 3 24
5=1717,7=1733
a variety that is characterized by the possession of a
to oo P 60
parting and a lamellar structure, usually parallel
Diallage,
distinct
(100).
is
Omphacite
Sp gr
=3
33
and
Analyses
of onipha-
A12
Si0 2
I
41 97
II
50 41
III 51 01
IV 46 95
54 21
I
Fe20a
10 63
6 07
36
09
Na2
FeO
MgO
CaO
26 60
10 29
12 92
22 75
16 58
20 80
*6
19 02
10 03
14 61
4 84
3 51
55
6 78
3 16
9 75
10 91
4 47
3 12
33
Loss
2
70
Total
100 10
100 02
4.51
.05
99 90
100 32
100 15
III
Yellow,
Dark
green,
Also
The
They
on the
earth's surface
common.
known
Steatite,
as
urahte.
Alteration
to
serpentine
is
also
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
Syntheses
common
375
m furnace slags.
open
crucibles,
Molten hornblende
They
with or
crystallizes
as
monoclmic pyroxene
black varieties
igneous rocks, especially the basic ones
Augite often
occurs also in ore veins, especially with magnetite
The occurrences of the various pyroxenes are so numerous
Localities
It will be sufficient to state that
that they cannot be enumerated here
of
are
the
found
Ala Valley, Piedmont, at Zerdiopside
good crystals
m Sweden.
Mt
Norway,
Mt Monzom,
the
Me
Alkali Pyroxenes
The
them of
pyroxenes are characterized by the piesence
sodium They may be regarded as isomorphous mixtures of the sodium, lithium, iron and aluminium metasihcates, thus
alkali
alkalis, especially
Aegirine
these limits
The
it is
Between
aegirine.
and the
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
376
and aegirme-augite as
composition of specimens of acmite, aegirme
found by analyses are
A12
Sl02
Si 97
II. 51 66
5 65 4 28 9 39
12 37 10 98 22 01
30
8 68
43
68
too 25*
ioo 41 t
94
99 73
12 46
5 23
16 28
4 88
33
Total
100 OO
13 43
28 28
49 3 2
IV. 5
K2
FeO
34 60
III
Fe2
14
Theoretical acmite
III
IV
Aegirme-augite, Laurvik,
II
Norway
* Contains also
69 per cent MnO, 39 per cent
i
also
Contains
25 per cent TiOa
t
and
11
Acmite
more
acicular
m habit
P(Tn) and
ordinary pyroxenes, and their terminations are steeper
are
common
and
and other
6P("66i)
Poo(Toi)
steep pyramids are not
uncommon
(Fig 206).
vitreous luster, and is
Its color is reddish
transparent or translucent
brown to brownish black and In some cases
green
Its hardness
is
and sp
gr.
j3=i 7990,
7=1
8126
greenish black
yellowish gray or dark green.
Aegirme
FIG 206
tal
with
(a),
_oop,
in
(5),
Acmite Crys-
oo
p 60
oo
Poo, oio
no
ioo
(6),
+P,
(m),
+3P5> 3"
+6P, 56t (0)
(5),
(12)
= 3 52 Its
a = 1,7630,
is
brown
tints.
streak
is
Plcochroism
is
Its
Haulncss
is
and density 3 52
Before the blowpipe acmite and aegirine fuse
after fusing
Occurrence
nch igneous
Localities
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
377
Aeginne
nephehne
m some
cnmte
instances in crystals a foot long. They are found also in cansyenites at Elfdalen and elsewhere in Sweden, in nephehne
syenite
in the
Springs, Ark.
Jadeite (NaAl(Si0 3 ) 2 )
Jadeite
is
not
known
in
almost universally present in the mineral spodumene, where it is apparently in isomorphous mixture with LiAl(Si03)2, it is assumed that the
is
is
the mineral
The
is
known
mineral
is
as chloromdamte
composed
many
orna-
II
59 39
58 18
25 56
68
21 56
III. 58
I
II
III
23 S3
FcO
CaO NagO
MgO
KgO
H2
67
1,72
94
2 49
3 37
35
Total
ioo oo
IS 35
81
77
13 09
49
53
.
100 56
100 62
Theoretical
Oavua, Mexico
Ornament, China
with a glassy
is
in
Its fracture is
white, but
tough and
splintery.
Its cleavages
make
Its hardness is 6 7
angles
and
its
=*
1.654
density 3.3-3 35. Its intermediate index of refraction,
a
Before the blowpipe jadeite fuses easily lo transparent, blebby glass
It is unattacked by acids.
After fusion, however, it is easily decomposed
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
378
Ornaments and instruments made of jadeite, and waterworn fragments of the mineral are known from many localities in China,
Tibet, Burma, Switzerland, France, Egypt, Italy, Mexico and Central
Localities
America
in a dike at
metamorphic
schists.
as a constituent in
some
Theoretical
Branchville,
64 49
64 25
27 20
Conn
Si02
27 44
Yellowish green,
Mmas Geraes,
Brazil
Kun*lto,
S Diego
Co C tl
,
64 32
64 42
27 79
27 32
20
FeO
67
CaO
17
8 07
Li20
Na2
K2
7 62
74?
39
55
100 oo
39
03
Total
7 20
24
12
99 90
101 07
99 51
Crystals are usually columnar parallel to oo P (no) or tubular parto oo P 66 (100) (Fig 207)
They are more complex than those of
allel
The most
Some of
ooP3(i 3 o), 2PSb(o2i), 2P(22i) and P(Tn)
are of enormous size
In the Etta Mine, Black Hills, South
ooP2(i2o),
them
Dakota, are many 30 ft long and 3-4 ft. in diameter. One measured 47 ft, in length. Most crystals are striated vertically. Twins are
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
379
are not
Spodumene has a
is
green, or amethystine
It is transparent or
Its
translucent, and its streak is white
fracture is uneven or conchoidal, its hardness
between 6 and 7 and its density 3 2
Dark
marked
exhibit
green crystals
pleochroism
Two
as
gems
7=1677
varieties
^^
^
FlG
These are
Kut^s^te,
or
pmk
lilac
variety,
it
Spodumene Crys-
W|
from
I20
(r),
2P 2 2 1 1
,
>
(ju)
gj
P^
2? So, 021
130 (),
-HP, 221^
but at 400
'
(/)
(d),
+P,
and P
65
IOJ
mix-
or cumatohte.
$ spodumenc,
Spodumene
crystals
tures of these
and ciyRtallme
schists,
It is often associated
Localities
The
where
it
artificially
with cassitente
Spodumene
crystals occur at
Huntmgton, Mass
in a
Brazil
the lepidolite localities in California and in Mmas Geraes,
The ordinary varieties of the mineral are used as a source of
Uses
lithium
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
380
TRICL1NIC PYROXENES
include the four mmcials rhodonite, bmtamtlc,
They are completely ibomoiphous The
fowlente and babingtonite
first is the manganese metasihcate, MnSiOs, and the otheis aic iso-
morphous mixtures
con expending
silicate of
11011
(babmg-
R = Ca,Fe,Zn)
RhodomteFowlente (R"MnSiOa.
is the pure manganese silicate with the pcitentagc comIn II is the result of an analysis of ciyslals fiom
in I
shown
position
An
Sweden
analysis of bustamite fiom Campiglia, Italy, is
Pajsberg,
fowlente from Franklin Funute, N J., in IV
one
of
in
and
III
quoted
Rhodonite
A1 2
Si02
MnO FeO
458s
54 IS
II 45 86
45 92
III 49 23
26 99
34 28
37
IV 46 06
All
are trichmc
ZnO
M0
Ha O
CaO
Total
JOO OO
36
65
40
100 09
72
81
18 72
100 38
3 63
7 33
04
04
<><;
10729
.6213,
=-io3
lO'.jS-ToB^'.r-Si
JO'
and i 0807 i
and 01-102
27',
for rhodonite,
:
.6237
jS=io834 7-82
S3
bahmgtonitc.
tals
possess
for
Thoir crys-
many
habits, of
208
(JO*
P''
ioo (a)I,-"
221 (n)
oo
Poo ,010(6),
P 08(100),
2,P(22i) (Fig
2,P, 221
'p,
i7o
oo
pas,
Wand
common.
They an
usually
The most
f requont i y
-'
f
forms
are oP(ooi),
curnng
'
oo
P 06(010),
208)
oo'PCiTo),
37',
P/(iu")
and
Their cleavage
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
is
381
perfect parallel to
fairly
common
in
They
= 5-6,
nite
and density
3 4-3 7
of rhodo-
is i
all
become
The
of
black, swell
rhodonite
and fuse
is
to a
about 1200
brown
and of
fusing tempeiature
bustarmte about 1300
They are attacked by acids with loss of color
When exposed to the weather the membeis of the group containing
glass
manganese
manganese
alter to
OKide,
M^Os,
and calcium
Syntheses
mixtuie of
SiCfe
MnCb and Si02 Rhodonite and babmgtonformed in the slags of manganese iron furnaces, and
has been found in cavities in roasted iron ores
the latter
Occurrence
The members
of the
m veins
of magnetite, copper
where
may be
it
as a rare
of secondary origin.
component of
Babmgtomte occurs
principally
siliceous rocks
Localities
Crystals of rhodonite and bustamitc occur in iron ore
Fine crystals of rhodonite
deposits in the gneiss of Langban, Sweden
the iron ore at Pajsbcrg, Sweden, and crystals of fowlente
are found
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
382
by
veins of pyrolusite
The Montana
material
Transparent rhodonite
The
slight extent
used as a gem-stone
is
THE AMPHIBOLES
(R"Si0 3 R'At(Si03 ) 2 and R"(R"'0),Si0 4 )
,
The amphiboles
some other
common
are
and
abundant as components of ceitain
instance, the hornblende schists, and they otuu
The> are
silicates
also
>
between
parallel to
igSB)
The plane
The members
of
symmetry
of the
156
(see Fig
(is
those of the
common
Gcdnte
(Mg Fe)SA
(Mg.Fe)(A10) 2 &iO4
fl
Mg Ca(Si0 ) 4
Actouhte
(Mg
Cummingtonite
Gr&nente
"
Hornblende
fc
521
-.523
Monochmc (monochmt
Tremolite
r*
a-fe
.^17
prismatic class),
6
r,s4T5
'
.3886
Fe) 8Ca(Si03)4
(Fe MgJSiOj
FeSi0 8
.2937
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
}NaAl(Si0 3 ) 2
Glaucophane
(Fe Mg)SlOl
NaFe(SiOJ
j^o
Riebeckilc
NaFe(SiO,)2
Crocidohte
Na Fei)(Al
Aemgmatite
S3
29
"
S4 9 6
75
= 7545'
=5475
2925
= 76lo'
3506
/3- 7 7
(Na2 Ca Fe)Si0 3
Arfvedsowte
383
class)
Fe)^(Si TiJi^O*
6778
j8
= 7249'
ORTHORHOMBIC AMPHIBOLES
Gedrite
Anthophyllite
nature
it
The
The name
two minerals
is
is
thus
shown by the
Si0 2
I
II
FeiAi AbO,j
57 98
46 18
I
II
44
Brown
MnO
FeO
63
31
10 39
21 78
..
2 77
crystals,
Franklin,
Macon Co
H2
28 69
79
99 99
25 05
37
99 89
20
.
2 30
Total
C-
can
are,
however,
be recognized
as
they
oopco(ioo),
perfect parallel to oo
The cleavages intersect at angles 54
Cleavage
is
2o'-55 i8\
minerals have a glassy luster which is slightly pearly on cleavage
surfaces
They are green or brown in color and have a colorless, yellow
(oio)
The
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
384
Their fracture
Hardness
is 5 5
m anthophyllite
and density
are
is
somewhat conchoidal
The
3 2
^=1633,
7=1
and i 644
Pure magnesium metasihcate has been made in orthoSynthesis
rhombic crystals mixed with monochmc crystals, by rapid cooling of a
magma made by heating Mg salts and silica with water at 375-47s
i
623,
636,
Occurrence
The minerals
and hornblende
more
where they
schists,
some
cases,
They
alter
to talc
MONOCLINIC A.A1PHIBOL&S
/
5
\
FIG 209
P w on
,
of
o P,
(r)
no (m},
-P So
and
Al and Fe
oo
p Sb oio
,
jor
(6),
*>
PJ, 130
(e);
(/).
indi-
pyroxenes
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
385
about 56-! 24
The amphiboles
crystallization
and
by
their
their cleavage
all
the
and nebecfote
The
by
acids
Magncsium-Calcium-Iron Amphiboles
Tremohte-Hornblende
This group includes the monoclimc amphiboles that are mainly metamagnesium and iron and the mineral hornblende, which is a mix-
silicates of
(Mg Fe)((Al'Fe)0)2Si04
is
short columnar or
ooP(no), oP(ooi),
3? 00(031),
by ooPob(ioo), oo P 03(010),
+P6o(Toi), -Pob(iot), 2P2(T2i), 2PI(2ii) and POO(OII) (Fig
Contact twins arc common, with cop<x>(ioo) the twinning
209).
the pyroxenes
plane as
Polysynthetic twins are larc
All the amphiboles of this group have a glassy luster and are transAll the members but hornblende arc white or
parent or translucent
colorless
varieties are
Their streak
is light,
hardness
is
Pleochroism
is
strong
all
green
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
386
and yellowish green tones in the green varieties, and brown and
brown tints in the brown varieties
yellow-
ish
best represented
Si0 2 A1 2
I
in lines I
Fe2
FeO
28 83
33
IV
57 40
38
58 80
VI
55 50
13
25 93
36
2 S 69
*3 89
3 05
6 25
22 23
22 56
16 47
MgsCa
90
Total
ioo oo
ii
tr
Theoretical for
Na 2 O HoQ
10 93
42 17
ioo oo
T
25
13 46
22
09 40*
40
99 12
TOO 55
29
99 06
(SiO.)*
III
Tremohte, Easton, Pa
IV
Tremolite, Gouverneur,
QiO
MgO
57 72
II
II,
by
II 46 90
III 58 27
and
Asbestus, Bolton,
N Y
Mass
VI Actmohte, Gremer,
ZillerLhal,
*Also
Tremolite
is
Tyrol
oSMnOand
42
is
terminations
The
in plates
is
green
and occasionally
The
in libers,
7=16387
Both minerals melt
for tremohte being
Asbestus
is
is
it is
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
387
It
coloi
Mg
to
as
amphibole-anthophylhtc
It
intermediate
is
in
composition
SiOa
I
57 26
II
47 17
FcaOs
75
oo
73
12
FeO
15 64
43 40
MgO
70
2 61
MnO~
tr
i
I
II
Na2
C<iO
21
Grunente,
08
47
90
also,
H2
Total
2 22
99 88
100 08
80
07,
KaO^
07
and
These two minerals are comparatively rare and have not always
In general appearance
been recognized as worthy of different names
much
like
are
more
brown or gray in
actinohte,
though
they
perhaps
The specific gravcolor, and they occur in nearly the same association
ity of
cummmgtonite
about 3
1.65 in
52.
The
varies between 3
and
3 3
and that
of grunente
cummmgtonite and
is i
is
62-
1.697 in gninerite
Hornblende is the name given to the monoclmic aluminous aznphiboles that contain only a small quantity of alkalies. In other words,
most of the hornblendes are isomorphous mixtures of the actinolite molecule and the molecules (Mg- Fe)((Al- Fe)0)aSi04
The
containing NdaO
aegirme among the pyroxenes
varieties
(known as
katojorrfc)
correspond to
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
388
The
varieties of
names are
bluish green or greenish black variety, and
Edemte, the white, gray or light giccn variety, both of which coneither the ferrous or feme condition,
little iron
tain
Pargasite,
the green,
very
of parasite,
Smaragdite, a bright green chromiferous variety
black
the
Common hornbletide,
vanety,
greenish
Basaltic hornblende,
and
is
ferric iron
black in color
ft
Common Hornblende,
Basaltic hornblende,
Norway
Kragero,
Bohemia
613
020
042
629
680
725
is
about 1150
and
632
6153
752
of horn-
Si0 2
I
A1 2
51 69
4 17
II 42 97
16 42
III 49 33
IV. 39 17
I2 7 2
I
II
III
IV
14 37
MgO CaO
Fe2 03 FeO
2
.
34 9 83 17 17 12 17
i 32 20 14 14 90
72
4 63 17 44
12 42
5 86 10 52
Common Hornblende,
Vosgcs
9 Qi
Aho
Also
Niii0
82
18
14 per
<
53
K a O Tn
79
2
85
i^
87
Total
100 25
102 75
25
03
*<)
<)g
48
2 OJL
39
99 91
15
cnl T\(\
66 per tent F
Among
the
commonest forms
of
alteration
in lhi
umphihoIoR
and wipcntiiu*, and
also brought
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
have been obtained by heating to 555
months, a mixture of
components
its
for three
389
Tremolite occurs
Occurrence
crystalline limestones
and dolo-
mites that have been subjected to regional metamorphism and in crystalline schists
Actmohte, cummmgtomte and grunente are found in
nente
quarts
Common
it is
it
is
common metamoiphic
also a
it
ib
hornblende occuis
and
blue-green
fibrous
When
frequently pscudomorphs
it
is
vhich
the
pscudomoqjhmg hornblende
known as urahte
The chemical
produced from
it
AlaOs FcO
I
S3
9*
27
7 81
42 02
30 3 25
9 30
II
Also
19 per cent
Basaltic hornblende
those rich
is
MnO CaO
i
24 51
20 90
99
94
Kj0
found only
MgO NagO
10 92
48
9 63
45
Loss
26
i
07
Total
100 37*
100 04*
and
especially
miion
Pargasite
in gneisses
and
crystalline limestones
at Easton,
Norway,
Buckingham Co., Va at the Bare Hills, Md,; at Mineral
and at Unionville, Penn in the soapstone
Hill, in Delaware Co
at Bolton, Brome Co
and New Fane, Vt
Wmdham
at
quarries
at
and
other
many
points.
Quebec,
at Willis
Mt
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
390
Asbestus
is
Sterzig, in Tyrol,
abundant at
N Y
on the Island
of Corsic
being mined
The
of
principal occurrences
arc kongsbcig,
Norway,
gneisses and schists at Mt
cummmgtomte
layer
Md
Grunente occurs in a rock composed of this mineral, gai net and hemIt has also been dcbcribcxl as the
atite near Collobneres, Var France
,
of
localities
at
bombs
the dikes
within the lavas of Aranyer Mt Siebenburgen, Hungary,
inclusions in
of porphyry, near Roda, Tyrol, on the walls of cavities
,
In
the lavas at Vesuvius, Italy, and at various points in Sweden, etc
at Russell
North America fine crystals are found at Thonu&ton, Me
and Pierrepont, N Y at Franconia, N H and in the glacial debris
at Jan Mayen, Greenland. Pargasite occurs at Paigas, Finland, and
,
Phippsburg,
Me
Alkali Amphiboles
The
Glaucophane
The
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
among
pare p
quoted in
is
lines II
and
Si0 2
line I for
III
FcO
AbOs FeaOa
45 S3
4 10
9 35
IL 56 65
12 31
3 01
15 14
9 ?8
4 31
I-
III.
56 71
I
II
III
391
23
CaO
Na2
46
4 89
6 07
29
MgO
72
4 58
12
4 80
4 33
Also
20
93
K2
88
i
4 83
Total
05
99 96
100 02
25
100 15
Glaucophane
is
rarely
Even when
The
Glaucophane
its
is
fracture uneven,
its
its
density 3
Its refractive
a= i
mdU
to
an
manner
of occurrence,
it
mica
schists
teristically
one instance as
artificially.
a metamorphic mineral
Localities.'
Glaucophane occurs
Syra, Cyclades, Greece; in hornblende schists in the He de Groix, Brittany, France, in a glaucophane schist on the Island of Shikoku, Japan,
and abundantly
in various schists
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
392
and Crocidohte
Arfvedsonite, Riebeckite
rare
These amphiboles are comparatively
They
occiu principally
without terminations,
m some
ever,
in
cases, occuis
minations can be
Riebeckite,
on some of which
groups of crystals
tei-
identified
near that
NaFe(S Oa)2, has a composition veiy
molecule FcSiOa
of acmite,
Ai fvodsomte
the pyroxenes
quoted below
typical
is
an
analysis of crocidohte
II
Arfvedsonite
oo
is
usually
in
long
much
like
It s hardst rcaL
dark green and translucent, and has a dark bluish gi ay
Thin
1S
rt
splinters
plcochroic
strongly
and
6
ness is
density 3 4-3 5
to oo I>6b
those
and
olive
are
paialM
oopSb
to
giccn
(oio),
parallel
Its refractive
indices
for
7=i7S
05=1687, 0=1707,
Before the blowpipe the mineral fuses easily to <i black magnetic
It is not acted upon by acids.
flame yellow
globule and colors the
Riebeckite is found only in embedded prisms, showing no terminaIt is black, vitreous and very plcochroic m gieen and dark blue
tions
tints
Its density is
about 3
is about
3,
and
its
hardness 5.5-6.
fuses easily,
i 687.
index for yellow light
flame.
the
to
imparting an intense yellow color
Crocidohte is an asbestus-hke, lavender-blue or dark green nebeckitc,
that contains a larger amount of iron, due to the presence of the molecule FeSiOa
it
It occurs also in
or leek-green and
secondary mineral,
its
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
393
known ornamental
"
stone
"
tiger's-eye
Riebeckite
is
formed
also
It is
Dungannon township,
Ontario,
Corsica
Ocean, in fine-gramecl granitic locks at Ailsa Crag, Scotland,
and a few other places The crocidolite variety occurs in a clay slate
on the banks of the Orange River in South Africa, at various pomts in
Co
m the United
States,
TR1CUN1C AMPHIBOLE
The only known tnclmic amphibole is the comparatively rare aenigmatite, an alkali amphibole with a complicated composition that may
be represented by the formula Na4Feq(Al-Fe) 2 (Si Ti) 12 O3s
The
mineial
occurs
very
complex
crystals,
and at
It
with
noAiTo=66,
the Fourch
Mts
in
Ark
is
It
is,
tints
of
66.
BASIC METASILICATES
Kyamte
((A10) 2 SiO 3 )
Kyanite, cyamte, or disthene, is a fairly common product of metaThe name kyamte suggests the sky blue
moiphisni in certain schists
color noticed in
many
specimens
The name
different directions.
great difference in hardness exhibited
The mineral is regarded as a basic metasihcate of the theoretical
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
394
=
8102=3702, ^203 6298 (compare pages 319,
composition
320).
all
Nearly
respond
above formula
B C upon
,
A light
A12
Si02
Fe2
62 25
36 29
Kyamte
Thompson
River,
gave
analyses,
CaO
55
crystallizes
MgO
100 51
tnchmc system
the
Total
06
(luclinic
piruicoiddl
2' and
i
Si', 0= 101
709* = 9
with an axial ratio 8991
Their
well
are
habit
is
developed
Very few crystals
oo
66
P
with
tabular
or
columnar
(ioo) predomiMore frequently the mineral occurs
nating
class),
in long,
flat
isolated blades, or in
flat,
Some
210)
(Fig
plates
diveigmg
are
crystals
the
oo'P2(2io)j oo'P(iTo)
(c),
00 P'2,
co'P,
no
oo P',
210
10 (Jf)
and
(m)
pres-
common
according to several
Twinning
of
most
however,
which,
yield twins in
laws,
which the basal planes (oP) of the twinned inThe most frequent
dividuals are parallel
ent
is
The
and
cleavage of
is
kyamte
P 06
(oio)
is
Otherwise
pearly
gray
different faces
macropmacoid a
and
it is
l8=;i
its
is
Its
The
specific
brown or
varieties are
on the same
face.
tints.
on cleavage
often hght blue
luster
in different directions
about
The
The mineral
glassy.
oop65(ioo)
It is translucent or transparent
pleochroic
on
it is
it is
to
and
On
the
7 in the
is
a 2=1.71 71,
7222,7=1.7290.
it
reacts like
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
other minerals that
it
acids
It is distinguished from the few
resembles by the great differences in hardness on
It is insoluble
sillimamte
395
it
appar-
FTO 2TT
hwiUcrlaml
crystals in micaceous
and
m cons
IV!
(About natural
st/e
211),
At Horrsjoborg,
PM/O Forno,
and as an important
Wermland, Sweden,
In a few places
forms a distinct layer of schist several meters thick
zones of contact metamorphism, but it is more frequently
found
it is
mineral also occurs in fine plates at Chesterfield, Mass , at Litchfield, Conn,; at Bakersvillc, N. C, and on North Thompson River,
The
B C Canada
,
Uses
Transparent kyanite
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
396
Calamme, or hemimorplute,
the few
silicates
it
Si0 2
Theoretical
25 01
WytheCo, Va
23 95
Fnedensville,
Pa
24 32
ZnO
FeoOj
12
HjO
Total
100 oo
67 49
6 7 8S
50
99
65 05
89
99 38
9<>
orthoihomlnc and
<*>P&(oio)
Many
modified but
some are
ple,
oo
with
P(i 10)
ate
and
highly
fairly simoo
66 (TOO)
the
3? 05(301)
prismatic zone, 3Po6 (031), Poo (101),
Poo (on) and oP(oot) at the analogue pole and ^P2(i2j) at the
Calamme Crystals with
FIG 212
no
(m), oo
oio
(6),
Poo,
P56, 100
2P*2,
on
(e),
12!
(i)),
Poo
3P3oi
oo P,
>po6,
(a),
,
101
Wi
(A),
3P,
(c)
Calamme
is
The angle
212)
no A no
76
c/
Often
grouped
in
The mineral
crystals sue
many
sheaf-like,
is
also
lilmms
01
granular and
is
colorless or white
In contact twins both ends are analogues. The mineral becomes phosphorescent upon rubbing, and is fiuoiescent m ultra violet light. Its
ot- 1 6136, 0= r 6170, 7=1 6360.
Before the blowpipe calamme is almost infusible, but on charcoal
swells, colors the flame greenish and fuses with difficulty on the edges*
it
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
With soda
it
397
it
de-
crepitates
in
its crystallization
produced
It
Occurrence
ish Prussia,
at Fnedensville,
in Cumberland, England, at Sterling Hill,
J
at the Bertha Mine in Pulaski Co , and
near South Bethlehem, Penn
at the Austin Mine, in Wythe Co Va , and in the zinc-producing areas
,
It is
Usett
ores
and
is
common
zinc.
ACID METASILICATES
SERPENTINE GROUP
The
silicates
present and
crystals,
occur in
BUMgaSigOo, or
H(MgOH),<(Si03 )2
HUMgsSisO i o, or
Serpentine
Meerschaum.
H3 Mg(MgOH) (8103)3
Steatite
importance.
H2Mgij(SiOs)i
and nearly
infusible,
and
Si02
MgO
=43 'So
4346
1304
=60
"63
83
27 01
12 16
52
31 72
4 76
all
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
398
pentine"
is
when
2 5-2 6
Serpentine fuses
When
as olivme
It is
it
crys-
sulphuric
fibrous* varieties,
acids with the separation of gelatinous silica, which,
retains the shapes of the fibers. It is also soluble in dilute carbonic acid
Its
powder
reacts alkaline
Chrysolite
veins
It
is
monochmc
Si02
A1 2
I 42 05
II 42 42
I
II
Fc2
30
FeO
MgO
CaO
.10
42 57
41 01
05
62
63
H2 O
Total
14 66
99 73
15 64
100.55
J
Also 33 NiO.
acids
ampkibok asbestus
by
the presence in
it
of water,
Synthesis.
Serpentine has been made by the action of a solution of
Na2SiOs upon magnesite for 10 days at 100.
Occurrence
The mineral is a common decomposition product of
several other
magnesium
silicates,
more particularly
olivine,
pyroxene
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
Many
and chondrodite
399
pentimzed
Localities
of Quebec,
in
m North America,
It is also
known
Europe
The
Serpentine when massive is used as a building stone
finer varieties are sawed into thin slabs and used for ornamental purposes
Uses
of serpentine
"
is
known
as ophicdcite and
name
incombustibility,
and
is
It
pipes
The
Preparation
of serpentine that
its
The
method
mined
by many
in
The rock
is
separated by washing, or by some other mechanpulp rock at Easton is a mass of serpentine, talc and
chrysotile
cut
is
It is
facture
Production
is
Chrysotile
is
mined
in
The
production
has not been disclosed.
for the
ford district in Quebec. This is about 80 per cent of the world's production. The value of the serpentine used as an ornamental and build-
ing btonc
is
not known,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
400
Garnierite
of the
of a colloidal
magnesium
silicate
it is
Si0 2
NiO
35 45
4S IS
37 78
42 61
33 9i
21 91
MgO
diminishes,
NiO
increases.
It is infusible
When
decrepitates
when heated
It is partly soluble in
HCl and
HN03
It
is
readily distinguished
structure, its
greasy
feel
of a
good copper
its
test.
as earthy masses, as
allied
of nickel,
Production
Thio,
Garniente
is
with chromitc
N.
in
C., at Malaga,
of
New Caledonia,
6| per cent
ore.
nickeL
The
aggregate
ANHYDROUS METAHIIJCATES
401
Two
duced
Of
When
wet
easily
these, one,
sepiohte,
is
HsM^SiaOi*) and
the other
j8
sepiolite,
results
Al 2 0j
Asia Minor
52 4$
80
Utah
52 97
86
Of
this 8
80%
was driven
off at
Fe20j
70
100,
MgO
23 25
22 50
Included also
H2 O
Total
23 50
100 oo
18 70 *
tire
99 74
14 Mn 0j and
2
87
CuO
Before the blowpipe the mineral fuses on its edges to a white enamel
Often, at first, it tuins brown 01 black and then, upon higher heating,
it
bleaches to white
At low temperatine
in the
ebbed tube
it
yields
little
kaolin,
from which
it is
easily dis-
secondary
Cfre^
-Mecrathaum
is
Steatite
(HaMgaCSiOaM
and
in plates that
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
402
and those
of
tile
Urserenthal, Switrerlanil
Si02
A12 3
Fe2
63
29
24
09
32 08
MgO
H2
4 9S
100 90
99 68
Total
85
7i
FeO
Si02 =63
Soapstone
Gnqualand, Africa
MgO=3i
The cleavage
and
to the formula
HjMg^SiOa)!
is-
cleavage surfaces
its
H 0=4 8
3
of talc is well
marked and on
its
known
Occurrence
The mineral
is
common
magnesium silicates, often pseudomorphing them. Thus, pseudomorphs of the mineral after actmolite, Imnuite and siihlite are common
Pseudomorphs after pectolite, dolomite and quarto are also known. In.
these forms
it is
secondary.
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
403
The vein
material
Bohemia,
platy talc occurs at Lampersdorf, in Silesia, near Piessnit?,
Steiermark, at Andermatt, in Switzeiland, at Russell,
near Mautern,
New York, at Webster,
C and at
Gouverneur and other points
Easton, Penn
Ground
U$e\
ons, etc
tubs,
tories
and
in the
Because of
itb
nonabsorbent
Production.
The
and soapstone
the
United States are m a belt on the east side of the Appalachians exLargest producers
tending from Vermont to Georgia
1912 were:
Of
aggregate 133,289 tons, valued at $1,097,483 were talc and 25,981 tons,
In addition to the home producvalued ai. $609,480 were soapstone
tion, there were also consumed in the United States 10,989 tons of high-
grade
talc,
KAOLIN1TK GROUP
aluminium
sili-
Kaohmte,
HiAbSfeOo, or
H2 Al(Al(OH)3)a(Si0 3 )4
HzA,h(SiQz)4
Pyrophyllite,
H2
H2
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
404
Kaolmite corresponds to serpentine in which all the Mg has been reIn addition to these, there
placed by Al and pyrophyllite to steatite
which
related
are other closely
may be intei mediate in comcompounds
of
all
tile,
bnckb, etc
Kaolinite
The ciystals,
jnonoc hnu
which are
planes oP(ooi),
'
ratio is
:
5748
base
the
to
parallel
5997 with
(oio)
=83
bounded by the
and +P(7ii). Thou axial
Their cleavage
n'.
is
peifect
The
when
mineral,
has a hardness of
and a
specific gravity of 2
45
and transparent.
It
is
It
infusible before
It is
only slightly attacked by HC1
decomposed
by alkalies and alkaline carbonates with the production of hydratcd
Its index of refi action is about i 56.
silicates
is
ft
usually
names have
been assigned
Naknte
is
have a pearly
made up of tiny
The individual
lustei
bodies
Kaohn is an
becomes
earthy, friable
mass
of flaky kaolmite
plastic,
pottery
It is
Kaolin
is
meerschaum and
talc
by the
by
its
Co (NO;*) a, and
front
mfusional earth by the fact that its powder will not scratch glass,
Clay is a mixture of kaolinite, quartz, fragments of other mineral
ANHYDEOUS METASILICATES
405
have received
diffei
ent
Among
Fje
Sample analyses
of
kaohmte and
of
some
F
IS
Total
ioo
100 oo
100 00
99 97
Occurrence
Here
it
was
Kaohmte
foimccl partly
occurs
in feldspathic
by ascending magmalic
solutions
and partly
silicate
AlaO,* 6SiOi(
behind.
Thus,
for the
KAlBLAt) - K a O 48102
*
which with
(kaolimte).
Other
kaohmte on weathering
in
some
cases
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
406
some
of the best
known beds
Kaohnite
Locakhes
localities
kaolin
in
is fairly
of kaolin in
principal localities
Ala
Mt
Illinois,
Savage,
Missouri,
Production
Md
The
Pennsylvania
United States during 1912 was over $172,800,000, of which by far the
common brick, of which $51,706,000 worth
largest part is represented by
with an output valued at $3 6 504,000
It
followed
were made
Pottery
,
not possible to estimate the value of the clay represented in the manufactured product because in most cases the manufactui CM s mine their
own clay and make no account of the raw material The quantity of
is
clay mined
amounted
during 1012
In 'addition, there
to 2,530,000 tons, valued at $3,946,000,
tons of clay, valued at $1,952,000
Pyrophyllite
(H2Al2 (SiO,j)4)
m groups of radiating 01
monochmc
The bundles
diveigmg
in crystallisation
It
is
Dense, struc-
The
mineral
the blowpipe
is
it
Synthesis
Upon heating to 3oo-soo a mixture of SiOs>, AliAt and
potassium silicate a mass is obtained which consists of aiulalusite,
muscovite and pyrophyllite
Occurrence and
locator
Pyrophyllite
is
found at a number
of
ANHYDROUS METASILICATES
bonton and Glenclon,
Chesterfield, S
407
Penn
Uses
making
Agalmatohte
small images
is
and
of the mineral
is
slate pencils,
CHAPTER
Tim
SI
LIC
XVIII
ATKS
ontmmd
THE
filling
Their principal
veins
they indicate
which they
by
scientific
impoitaiuo
lies in
the
fact that
magmas from
some systems of rock classithe rocks is based primarily upon the presence
and the naming of the fddsputhie rocks is in
Consequently, in
crystallize
or absence of feldspar,
accordance with the nature of their most prominent feldspathic constituent
Moreover, some of the feldspars aie of economic importance.
and murodme, barhimlt* and Mite, anthird, Na2AlAlSioOs, has been mule m the
and cdswn
The
laboratory, but
called carneg^e^te
and
its
mixtures anemomitn
drogen
is
replaced
(NaSi)AlSi2
8,
The
feldspars have
by various
albite,
celsian
crystallines
molecule
in a nearly
that they are separated from the other feldspars and formed into a clh408
ANHYDROUS TRIMETASILICATES
409
subgroup under the name of the plagwdaw group, with albite and
The plagioclases constitute the best
anorthite as the two end members
tinct
and
K2
7
Albite
64
68
18 4
TO 5
Anorthite
43
36 7
Celsian
32 o
27 2
Orthoclasc
the realm of
mineralogy.
orlhoclase (or microclme),
Na2
CaO
BaO
Sp Gr
16 9
8
20
41 8
55
61
76
3 34
monoclmic a\es, but since the habits of all feldspars are the same they
can be as readily understood when referred to the tnclimc axes The
crystallographic constants for the
of unmixed molecules are
members
Anglc(ooi)A(oio)
*{
90
86
24'
85
50'
The simple ciystals of feldspar exhibit three habits, but on nearly all
the same forms occur. These are oP(ooi), ooP 06(010), ooP'(no),
oo'P(no),
&
and
less
commonly
s/P' 00(021),
(QJ
i),
oo
these, however,
vicinal, as
large indices,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
410
is
albite
is
the
is
/77\
%
LLV
FIG 214
FIG 213
FIG 213
oo P,
aP
FIG 214
55
in
oo
(0),
P3
b,
130
no
(m),
201
(y)
wPw
oio
(a)
(ft),
(c)
and
P oo loi
(c),
oP, OOT
Albo
^
\zw
FIG
FIG 215
FIG 216
composition face
ooPw
216
Twinning plane
ia 00
(oio)
composition face.
prominent, since they are nearly equally inclined to the c axis the twin
may be mistaken for a simple crystal (Fig. 216), In rare cases the
composition face
is
ANHYDROUS TBIMETAHILICATES
411
The Baveno
twins are contact twins, with 021 the twinning and comAs the individuals are elongated parallel to
position planes (Fig 217)
the a axis the result of the twinning is a square prism with its ends
crossed
individuals
results
mon
FIG 218
FIG 217
FK, 217
Fid 218-
description of these
CUSSed.
is,
ob (021)
all
known
also
mam
All
have u white
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
412
by
their crys-
two nearly perfect cleavages approximately perpendicular to one another, and their hardness
They are distinguished
in the descriptions
indicated
be
will
from one another by characters that
tallization, their
Feldspars rich in orthoclase and soda weathei fanly leadily to musThe soda feldspars in some cases change
covite, or kaolin and quartz
addition of the calcium molecule calcite
the
With
to zeolites (p
445).
often found in the weathering products.
in rocks containing
pounds
This mixture
is
often designated
pure albite
Syntheses
and pure orthoclase (including microchnc), have been made by slowly
Albitc and
cooling a dry fusion of their components m open cuinbles
orthoclase have been produced from similar fusions to \\hi<h tungstic
acid, alkah-tungstates or phosphates, or alkali-fluoride ha\r been a dried
They have
also
the presence
rare
mound a few
volcnnic
The barium
feldspars are
seen only in dolomite associated with Imnte and
magma, primary
deposits
from
may be primary
separations from a
few uses
common
compara-
ANHYDROUS TRIMETASILICATES
413
present the principal use of the feldspars is in the manufacture of porcelain and other white pottery products and enamel ware
They are
used as fluxes to bind together the grains of emery and carborundum
in the
The
ground
principal varieties
though ohgoclase
albite,
mined are
(a plagioclase rich
orthoclase, microchne
m soda)
mined
is
and
in small
quantity.
ALKALI FELDSPARS
Orthockse and Microcline (KAlSbO?)
Barbierite
and Albite
known
exibt as
as anorthodase.
a mineral
SiO 2
AlaO,i
63 80
21 00
II
65 23
19
TIT
67 oo
IV 66 18
67 99
VI. 68 ?8
T
II
CnO
Na 2
K20
13 80
76
o 31
10 12
78
15
ii 74
IQ 52
36
13 03
01
19 27
7<5
3 o5
10 62
31
39
6 23
10 81
315
HjjO
I
152
known
to
Total
40
IOO 00
27
loo 00
QQ 70
ioo oo
oo
09 03
09
99,82
Norway
Mmn
MgO
Albite
is
described
among
Also .23
Also
82 FcjOj and
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
414
FIG
219
and miciocline
The most
is
Section of
its
tnchnic symmetry by
( ifltv
Rownbmck
its
twinning,
The
grating
is
FIG
220
Adulana
Crystal with m,
b,
and x as m
Figs 2x3 and 214
c,
Also
fP 55, 203
fo)
If this
method
of twinning
orthoclase
names that
mon
use
refer to
more or
less dis-
are*
ANHYDROUS TRIMETASILICATES
415
embedded
in lavas
from
reddish flashes
and
albite
and
Oithoclase and the other pseudomonoclmic feldspars may be distinguished from the distinctly tnclmic forms by the value of the cleavage
angle which in orthoclase
except in microclme
= 61
#=i
oj=i 519,
524,
7=1
in the tnclmic
The value
of the angle
noAi^o
526
With
The sp
90, and
p 409
(See
orthoclase
13' in
is
feldspars
by
its specific
Syntheses
Crystals
by
fusing
KOH
silicate at
potassium
Occurrence
igneous rocks
600
The potash
crystalline schists,
(adulana)
and at
Mt
at St
Gothard
Antcro, Chaffee
developed at Stnegau,
Silesia;
Co
in
at Baveno, Italy,
Microclme crystals arc well
the pegmatite dikes of southern Nor-
Col
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
416
in the
,
components of igneous
POTASH-BARIUM FELDSPARS
barium comprise an isofeldspars containing potassium and
as
the two end members as
celsian
and
with
orthoclase
series
morphous
The
follows
Sp Or
Ortioclase
Barium
KAlSi3
(Or)
orthoclase
OrjoCei
Or^jCei
503-2 645
2 725-2 818
Or-iCei-OrrC^i
BaAl2 (SiOi) 2
Hyalophane
Cdsim
2 55
(Ce)
3 384
The chemical
trated
Si02
I 51 68
II 52 67
A12
BaO
21 85
16 38
21
15 05
12
III. 53 53
23 33
30
IV. 54 15
29 60
26
I
II
III
IV
CaO
MgO K2
04
3 23
71
12 47
..
46
i
oo
Ha O
Na2 O
10 09
7 82
52
Total
100 oo
14
99 88
99 xo
ioo oo
58
Bmnenthal, Tyrol
Jakobsberg, Sweden
Sjogrufran, Sweden.
is
6584.1
The
a\ial ratio
7 = 00
Its
5512 01=90,
115 35',
Its crystals, as a rule, have the udularia habit.
cleavage angles are 90
The Indices of refraction of the barium feldspars are:
hyalophane
|8
ft
Barmm-orthoclase
(OrioCei)
5201
Hyalophane
(OnCei)
5373
539S
5416
Hyalophane
(Or 7 Ce3 )
5419
5419
5469
5837
5886
5940
Celsian
5240
5257
ANHYDROUS TRIMETASILICATES
417
m metamormanganese mines at
Jakobsberg and Sjogrufran, Sweden, and mtergrown with albite m a
pegmatite at Blue Hill, Delaware Co Penn
These feldspars are rare
phosed dolomites
SODA-LIME FELDSPARS
feldspars of
is
the general
which
albite
them are
68 7
NaAlSiaOsCAb)
Ab(,Ani
Qligodase
J
19 5
22 i
CaO
Sp Gr
2 605
10 o
30
24 o
87
53
55 6
28 3
57
10 4
2 679
49 3
32 6
*5 3
34 4
17 4
20 i
2 765
64 9
62 o
Na2
AbOs
Si02
Albite
649
Andenne
Ab]An
Labrador ite
AbjAni
AbiAnj
Bytotvmte
AbiAn
AbiAn J
Anorthite
CdAl^SiCXjMAn)
fJ
708
46 6
43
36
2 742
Nearly all plagioclases contain small traces of K20, MgO and Fc20s,
but otherwise their composition is nearly in accord with that demanded
by
be calculated
composition
termined
is
if
one constituent
is
known
the others
may
oligoclascs, however, contain a large admktuie of the micromolecule so that they contain a notable quantity of KsO
These
are known as potadi-oligodc&e and are represented by the feldspar in a
Many
clinc
SiOa
Al a On
59 50
22,69
FcaOs
2
47
CaO
S
MgO
tr.
K2
2
50
Na2
6 38
as follows
is
H2
i
37
Total
100 37
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
418
Some authors
limit the
name anorthodase
and
as soda-microclme
designate the trichmc soda-potash feldspar
which the anorthite
There is another group of soda-lime feldspars
form isomolecule and an analogous sodic molecule (Na2Alo(SiCh)2)
been
not
found
has
sodic molecule
among
morphous mixtures The pure
but it has been prepared synthetically at temperatures above
minerals,
carnegieite
a=i
to exist independently
it is
Its sp gr
509,
=2
7=i SH
513 and
its refractive
believed to be present
the feldspar of
have hitherto
that
possibly in other feldspars
is
If future
fact that
of isomorphous mixtures
AbiAm
but
its
line I.
The composition
of
is given in line II
II
_
THE
is best expressed by
All the plagioclases have a tnchmc habit, which
are parallel to
which
the value of the angle between their cleavages,
of
the common
some
of
The crystal constants
ooi and oio
the
planes
the table
mixtures and the values of their cleavage angles are given in
below.
Albite
6357
55*1 93
23'
6377
5547 93
3*'
"6
n6
"6
"6
-55* 93
13'
'
<?- 6335
-6321
SS77 94 3'
'
Ohgoclase.
Andesme
Labradonte
Bytownite
Anorthite
=
-
55*4 93 4'
86
90
29' 89
3'
24'
86 32'
59' 86 14'
55' 86
5'
'
6347
55' 9*
85
50'
are rich
forms, but those of
Crystals of the soda-rich plagioclases
are
much simpler Albite crystals
anorthite and the hme-nch members
ANHYDROUS TRIMETASILICATES
419
feldspars
(Fig
222),
more frequent
mon, but
after
impossible
with
spars
habit
the
in
are
feld-
monoclinic
The
two
most
common
among
twinning laws
FK,
the plagioclases are
co
221
P'
no
;Py CO
Toi
Crystals with
Albite
(/;/),
oo
oo
oio
(&),
oo'p,
no
oP, oor
(c)
and
(l)
of
Fie,
Fro
222
Albite
to oio
and
222
Twinned about
oopcoj 100
Composition
Compare Fig 316
fate
ool*oo,oro,
Carlsbad law
FIG 223.
Albite
Twinned about
law
oo
So,
oio
Compare
Albite
Fzg. 222
all the plagioclascs is greater and less than 90, it must follow that
the surface of then basal cleavages is not a plane, but that it consists of
parallel strips of surfaces parallel to oio, and inclined to one another at
ooi in
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
420
proper
It
is
angles
this
(Fig
224)
Ivunnmg uhich,
repeated in submicioscopic
lamelltie, is believed to pro-
FIG 224
-Twmnmg
of Ohgoclase
bi/c
of
orthoclase
of
hymmdiy
the
in
plane of
monodmiC
mono-
contiguous layers of
clmic crystals
^^/
oo P 06
to
(oio),
known
"rhombic section"
as
(Fig
^
the
Fio 225
* the
u <>
8 /l
The
225)
is
position
Fio 226
Rhombic
section
vanes
Fio 226
"
Position of
of this
Flti.
Sections
"
Albitc
(*1) an<l
2*7
Amwthitc
(/*),
FIG
227
(Fig 226). As nearly all pencline twins arc elongated in the direction
of the ft axis, and the twinning is repeated, lamellae arc produced,
ANHYDROUS TRIMETASILICATES
in
which,
421
angles near 90
it its
finest
sunstones
The most
bril-
blue flashes
known, but
reflected light
it is
For yellow
Albite
(Ab l0 oAn
5290
5333
Oligoclase
(Ab?sAn22)
5389
5431
5469
Andesme
(Ab&oAn4o)
549
553
556
Labradonte
(AbisAn,^)
5545
5589
5634
Bytowmte
(AbaoAngo)
5691
5760
58os
Anorthite
(AbgAnoi)
5752
5833
5884
5386
The temperatures
Anorthite
i>55o
AbsAni
Ab4Ani
AbsAni,
1,521
i,49
1,450
Albite
1,100
1,362
1,334
1,265
est
is
plagioclases are
more or
less easily
The
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
422
monochmc
and
gravities
The
habit
plagioclases
(paragonilc)
mixed
with quartz and calcite in the more basic varieties, and to zeolites (see
basic varieties alter to epidote,
p 45) In rock masses the more
some instances into scapohte (p 423), and very commonly into the mix-
as saussunte, which
known
ture
is
an aggregate containing
/oisite or
its
Syntheses
ple,
garnet
Occurrence
but
is
much
It
plagioclases
Albite occurs
less
common
is,
it is
clase
/s^=~v
>>
common
in
m other plagiochuses by
many
mclamor-
crystalline schists
granites
Oligo-
The
m meteorites
which crystals of
the plagioclases are found are too numerous to be
mentioned here
Especially line crystals of albite
occur at Roc-Tourn6 in the French Alps,
Localities
localities at
FIG
2 28
Potash-
Oiigoclase Crystal
Forms
m and c
?R ?3oV(y)
Massachusetts
Excellent
crystals
of
oligoclase
m
m
found at Bodenmais,
m Bavaria,
ANHYDROUS TRIMETASILICATES
in
Maine
Labradonte
423
Hungary, and at
Mt
Silesia,
at Pesmeda, Tyrol,
in the
Aranya Mt,
and
Uses
Albite from the pegmatite veins of southeastern Pennsylvania
and northeastern Maryland is mined for use in pottery manufacture
SCAPOLITE GROUP
(Na4Al2 (AlCl)(Si 3
The
8 )a-HCd4Ai fi
(A10)(Si0 4 ),)
compounds
of which
represented in
The
and
collective
terms of the
of several intermediate
four specimens of
I.
II
III
IV
Contains ako
80%
MgO
Y
Werncntc, Rossie,
Mt, Vesuvius
Meionite,
Contains also
Contains also 46
material
*Volatile
MgO
and
32 FeO.
46% undecomposed
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
424
All the
members
crystallize in the
in A ill =43
45'
(101)
The
oopoo(ioo) predominating
in
The
22 <>)
and
is
always tolumnai
The
prominent
The
with
ooP(no)
Litter
only
predominates
ites
also
angle
form
miz/on-
grams embedded in
limestones, in columnar and
fibrous aggregates and in strucin crystal
tureless
All
masses
scupohtes have a
the
glassy lustei,
FIG
Scapohtc
Poo, ioo
229
1 10
oo
(w),
Crystals with
(a),
P,
ii (r),
oP,
and
aie transparent
pearly
or
or
colorless
translucent,
white, giay, greenish, bluish or
311 (s)
reddish
Their cleavage
streak
imperfect
choidal
2
54 fpr
parallel to
and
have
white
which approaches
They
are
members
marialite,
w= 1.5463,
6=15395,
meiomte,
o>=r.5897,
=15564In
Before the blowpipe all members swell and fuse to a white glass
and MagMe arc insoluble, those
hydrochloric acid, mixtures between
between Ma2Me and MaMe2 are partially soluble and those between
Ma
MaMe2 and Me
by
are rare
The common scapolites are the
mizzonites of which dipyr and wernerite are the nontrunspurent varieties
The former includes varieties occurring in elongated prisms containing between 54 per cent
i.c.,
MaaMe to MagMe,
ANHYDROUS TRIMETASILICATES
425
and the
of igneous
limestones included
masses (wernente)
They
and apatite in veins of iron ores In most cases they appear to have
been derived from feldspars by the action of metamorphic processes
On the other hand, scapohte changes to albite, epidote, bio tit e, muscoand to a mixture of minerals
Meiomte crystals occur in the fragments enclosed in the
lavas of the Lake Laach region, Prussia, and of Monte Somma, the
Mizzonite is associated with meiomte
precursor of Vesuvius, Italy
vite
Localities
Monte Somma
at
ennees,
manahte
at Ripon, Quebec,
CHAPTER XIX
THE SILICATES
Continued
all
be assigned to the
metasilicates
brittle
The group
and not
elastic as arc
known
HaCaMgAi^O^, and
The drst three are
ddoritoid
Clintomte
Clmtomte, or
crystallize in the
(H (Mg-Ca
seybertite,
may
line II
Si0 2
A12
FeaOs
FeO
11909 4097
II 19 19
39 73
61
88
CaO
H2
2228
13.36
21 09
13
MgO
426
Total
430
....
100.00
4,85
1,26
101.72
ANHYDROUS POLYSILICATES
427
Well developed crystals are so rare that their axial ratio has not been
The best crystals appear as long, thick, sixsided plates with a well developed basal plane and several pyramids and
domes with rounded edges If the axial ratio is assumed to be the
satisfactorily established
same as that
P*
(056),
fP & (052),
-f
P ob
(027),
Many
those of muscovite
The mineral
is
(Fig 230)
reddish or brown, and
has a glassy
Twinned
Pressure and FIG 230 -Clmtomte
r
j
j
According to the Mica Law
percussion figures are easily produced on the
_, p>
Formg
(
cleavage plates, and in nature parting often
and ;P 5* 012 (u)
337
takes place along these directions, yielding
transparent or translucent
and a white streak
It
luster
, ,
The hardness
^m
of clintomte
is
=i
4-5
646,
0=1657, 7=1658
Before the blowpipe clintomte becomes white and opaque but does
It is completely decomIn the closed tube it gives off water
not fuse
Orange Co,
N Y
Chlontoid (H2 (Fe-Mg)Al 2 Si07)
Chlontoid
ferrous
differs
compound
Its
many specimens
Si0 2
AlsOs
FeO
23 72
40 71
28 46
II 25 50
38 13
23 58
MgO
5 19
H2
this.
Total
7 ii
ioo oo
6 90
99.30
II
brittle
The mineral
schists,
St Marcel, Italy
is believed lo be monochmc
crystallization because of
of
its crystals to those of biotite
the similarity
It often occurs in six-
and
sheaf-like
masses
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
428
The mineral
is
It is
strongly
ture surfaces
index
Its refracti\e
is i
741
Before the blowpipe chloritoid exfoliates on the edges and fuses with
mass In the closed tube it gi\ cs off water
difficulty to a black magnetic
unattacked by hydrochloric acid, but when in Jmc powder is comSome forms of ott relit e are solacid
pletely decomposed by sulphuric
It is
uble
gelatinous silica
Masonite
Qttreltte
I
is a dark grayish variety from Nalick,
contains a little manganese and has a slightly chfTcicnt
Ha(Fe MnjAJaSfcOo
Its
Itssp
composition
may
be best represented by
gr=33
The
Occurrence
grained schists
fine-
contact metamorphism
Localities
and Augusta
CHLORITE GROUP
The
green.
aluminium
silicates that
and the
is
known
pentine molecule
molecule (indicated
by
Sp).
The
ser-
series
The independent e\istence of the arnesite molct ult is doubtful
The mixture of these two molecules gives rise to the orthot ///orz/rs, which
1
may be
plex to be represented
Their composition
is
too com-
ANHYDROUS POLYSILICATES
429
ORTHOCHLOR1TES
minerals
Pennimte
FeO
29 3
21 6
26 6
AI 2
Si0 2
Coru'ndoph^hleSpA.U-Sp3A.t7 SpAU =26
Prochlonte
Sp3At7~Sp 2 At3 SpAt 2 =25
Chnochlore
Sp2 Ats=3o
Sp2 Ata-SpAt
MgO H2
31 8
14 9
34 8
03 22 o
14 6
7
37 7
12 8
12 9
13 o
MgO CaO H2
Total
15 19 21 88
44
III
07 28 08 15 50
i 93 33 06
29 87 14 48 5 52
33 71 12 SS
66 12 27 100 03
Corundophihte 24 77 25 52
26 02 20 16
II Prochlonte
Chnochlore
IV Pennimte
I
II
Chester,
74
3 4
34 7
99 34
9 65 100 92
13 60 100 19*
Mass
Zillerthal,
Tyrol
III
West
IV
Zermatt, Switzerland
Pa
Chester,
The
98
Contains also
NiO=
17,
Cr2O3=r
56.
are usually repeated twins so that their true nature is difficult to decipher
The simpler crystals have a monoclmic habit, but the twins are usually
?P(22 S ),
]P(Ti2),
are levolved 60
oP(ooi)
is
law have
penmmte
is in
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
430
FIG 233
FIG 232
FIG 231
FIG. 231
FIG
Pcb, oio
(c),
(?>),
4P3,
401
(f),
Plane
is
FIG. 233
Clmochlore with
Same Forms
as in Fig
FIG
FIG 234
232
as
Pennine law.
FIG 236.
235
234
Side
Pennmite Crystal with oP, ooi (c) and a Form Resembling 3!*, 3031
FIG 236
Pennmite Crystal Twinned about oP(ooi), Pennine Law
2 35
The
orthochlorites
have a glassy
luster with
(w).
They
are usually
ANHYDROUS POLYSILICATES
The
rose-colored or violet
streak of
all varieties
431
is
white or light
green
Percussion and
yielding lamellae that are flexible and slightly elastic
the
pressure figures, with rays in the same relative positions as
micas, occur naturally and often a parting takes place along their
The hardness
is
For the
2.5-3.
of all orthochlontes
properties are.
The
Sp Gr
1-2
Prochlonte
2 78-2 96
Clmochlore
2-2 5
Pennmite
2-2 5
Corundophihte
25
29
chnochlore,
0=i
=1 583
585,
in corundophihte,
585,
7=1.596,
65-2 78
6 -2 85
penmmte,
prochlonte,
*=r 575, in
#=i 58+
and
Before the blowpipe the orthochlontes exfoliate and fuse with diffiSome varieties whiten The varieties rich in iron fuse more
culty.
readily than those
which there
more ease
all
is little
iron
some instances to
all
The orthochlontes
They occur as essential
Occurrences
silicates
in
a black glass
them
artificially
by the action
rocks
Corundophihte
is
frequently
associated
with
the
mineral
corundum
Localities
The
localities at
all
of the
N C
at Batesville,
at
West
D C
Va
Chester,
and
pyrochlorite at Foundryrun, Georgetown,
,
pennmite at Magnet Co^/c, Arkansas, and chnochlore
Penn
DEBCBIPT1\E MINERALOGY
432
LEPTOCHLORITES
to the chlontes that occur in
Because
composition
,s not
ceitamly
ui distinct crystals the.r crystallization
they do not occur
e leptochlorites are
and
They
in origin
are,
soluble
however, completely
are the best
bead
It forms
pseudomorphs
Delessite
The former
a black mag-
Spurr
but
usually green,
is
fibers
Mt
iron
in lare cases
Viewed
dark peon
a common alteration
as he
frequently occuih
fibers are
This chlorite
are yellow
along their axes they
and
amphiboles, and
of
pyroxene
product
in basic volcanic rocks
filling
and
hydrochloric
known
It fuses to
scales
of amygdules
becomes brown or black
silica
of gelatinous
acid with the separation
netic
in
finally fuses
it
is
neticbead
m
.
.,
the
following table
FeO CaO
Thunngite, Spurr,
'
Mich
Delessite,
Dum-
barton,
Scot-
land
22 35 2 S 14
34 39
i 19
32 oo 17 33
"-4S
MgO H 2
6 4i
Total
99*S4
25
57 20.4^ IS 45
4i
Vesuvianite
is
Vesuvianite
It
is
extremely
complex
isomorphous mixtures
and Ca2 Al(OH)Si2 07
resented
mineral in limestones.
consisting of
apparently
composition,
common metamorphic
of the
Its
be
by the
H
from different localities
m
composition shown by crystals
great variations
Ca2 ,(A10H) 2
ANHYDROUS POLYSILICATES
H2
NaaO
I
at 100
H20+
433
Less
0=F
Total
55
II
58
III
44
36
24
13
58
IV
II
III
Contains also
Colo
ZnO=i
74,
CuO=
i 48,
crystallized
ratio of about
This
5375
an
axial
and
therefore, different
is,
specimens from
The
calities
m
lo-
are
crystals
columnar
thick
usually
different
habit,
and
oP(ooi),
P(in),
237suviamte
oopoo,ioo
(m]j
oox
l\
in
(p)
and oP,
(c)
and
IIO
Crystdlb Wlt
(a),
= 5o
In
39'
The
mineral
rarely blue or
is
is
pmk
white
and
oo
density 3 35-3.45.
=i
701
w= 1.705,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
434
heated
eral
it
The min-
powder
reacts alkaline
The mineral
characterized
is
by
its
form when
in crystals
and by
its
easy fusibility
The
Its principal
and
Vesuviamte
Occurrence
is
preeminently
contact
mineral
occurs in limestone
and
tals
on the walls
It
rocks,
It is
and ore
minerals
Production
The quantity
Ib
of californite used
valued at $18,000
Tourmaline (RoAl^ (B
R=H,
Tourmaline
tallization, its
is of
Al,
Mg, Fe,
as a
gem
stone in
OH* F) a
K,
Na
great scientific interest because of its complex cryscrystals and the phywcal properties which it
handsome
exhibits so beautifully.
Moreover,
it
furnishes
gems
of
many
colors,
'
ANHYDROUS POLYSILICATES
which the hydrogen
in
435
may be
replaced by Al,
four groups of comby Cr, by Mg and Fe" or by Li or Na,
Moreover, in most specipounds between which are many gradations
mens a portion of the hydroxyl is replaced by fluorine In other words,
giving rise to
the mineral
is
an isomorphous mixture
The
four groups
Alkah
and
trans-
parent
2
Iron tourmalines, which are usually dark blue or black and trans-
lucent
3 Magnesium tourmalines, which are yellowish brown, or brownish
and translucent
4 Chrome tourmalines, which are dark green, black and translucent,
or colorless and transparent
II
III
IV
38 07
34 99
37 39
9 99
9 63
IO 73
3^ 56
8 90
42 24
33 96
27 89
32 58
FeO
26
14 23
64
MnO
35
.06
SiO2
CaO
56
MgO
07
18
2 or
NaaO
&20
LiaO
15
44
HfeO
01
34
tr
59
4 26
28
3 62
100 29
100 oo
Ti02
Total
I
II
100 42
99 70
Maine
III
The varieties
brown,
(2)
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
436
(5)
Brazilian cm&ald, or
Brazilian chrysolite, green and transparent, (6) peridot of Ceylon, honeycolorless and transparent
yellow and transparent and (7) acfaoite,
Tourmaline forms handsome crystals that are frequently character-
by
00
FIG
238
1120
and H
(a),
FIG 239
ion
u,
p
and H
/,
oiu(ri) and
(r).
jp
-4
/,
01X2
a,
it,
(r)
2131
(/)
loTo
0221
(o)
",
P
,01 To
at
(;;/,);
analogue polo,
at dnliloguu pole
m, m\,
3P|
*u
CO
-,
---
FIG 240
FIG 239
FIG 238
6 ib
c, o, r, r\
ami
us in Fig
2^8
Also
at (inuloguc polo
FIG 240
analogue pole
u-\is are
differently
terminated (Figs 238 and 239)
The prismatic faces are vertically
striated and the mterfacial edges are often rounded,
The angle icTi
or opaque.
It
ANHYDROUS POLYSILICATES
brittle
is
and has no
Its hardness
3 036-3
is
7-7 5
104 for
distinct cleavage
and
its
magnesian
density
varieties,
colors,
varieties
The
color varies
more
The
4J7
all varieties is
Dark varieties
is
stronger
darker than
is
Viewed in the
direc-
when viewed
it
the plane
through only light that vibrates
Tourmaline tongs are two such pieces or plates of dark
tourmaline mounted so that they may be revolved in their own planes
parallel to the c axis will let
parallel to c
light is said to
When
is
be polarized because
dered fluorspar
Tourmaline
all varieties
is
by
its
chlorite
and
steatite
Synthesis
Occurrence
It
is
artificially
and
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
438
contact action
It occurs also as
an
original,
pyrogemc mineral
in acid
stones,
Tourmaline
so
common
that an enumeration of
Red
on the
its
or gieen transparent
Isle
of Elba,
at
Cam-
The green
varieties are
States during 1909 was 5,110 pounds valued at $133,192, but in 1912
the yield had fallen to $28,200,
Cordierite (OM*'Pe)2AIa(A10)aaUOui)
Cordierite, dichroite, or^iohte, may be an isomotphous mixture of
Its composition is apparently as shown by the
several molecules
most authors
I f the water
regard the water as due to some hydrous alteration product
is regarded as essential the formula becomes Ha(Mg- FiOiAlsSiioOa?
,
The
of
some specimens,
Si02
Theoretical
51 36
34 96
Haddam, Conn 49 14
CabodeGata
4858
32 84
,,
63
3244 315
MnO
,
04
19
917
tr.
MO H0
Total
13 68
JQO oo
10 40 1,84
6,63
xoo 08
99.97
ANHYDROUS POLYSILICATES
Cordiente
is
orthorhombic (bipyramidal
class),
439
.5871
5584
agonal habit due to the equal prominence of oo P(no) and oo P co (oio)
In addition to these planes, there are usually present also
(Fig 241)
common
06
They
When
glassy luster
tinge
by
reflected light.
and colored
translucent
or
and grayish
11
T.J
T.T.L
yellow shades, which become more intense
upon heating Its hardness is 7-7 5 and sp
tnchroic
gr
=2
dark
in
green
vary with
In specimens from Ceylon,
refractive
Its
63
blue,
the composition
indices
FlG
00
Cordicntc Crys
2 4*
with cop
tal
PC, Oil
OIO
iP,
00
<*>tt
'
oP? OOI
IO (w),
(fl),
(c)j
POO,
130
(d)
P in
(r)
uaj,
and 3? 3, 131
(0)
It is very slightly
Before the blowpipe cordiente is difficultly fusible
attacked by acids, but is completely decomposed when fused with alkaline carbonates
The
and
mineral
is
its
cleavage
crystallization
Cordiente
weathers
micaceous
minerals
up
Syntkes^s
constituents
in.
cordiente
is
its
identity with
doubtful
Occurrence
Cordiente
occurs
ab
crystals
embedded
in
gneiss,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
440
metamorphism
Uses
Cordiente
Localities
Good
is
gem
mais, Bavaria, and at Arendal and other points in Noiway, in the volcanic bombs thrown out by the volcanoes of the Lake Laach district in
Hampshire.
CHAPTER XX
THE SILICATES
Continued
(H2 CuSiO4-H 2 O,
CHRYSOCOLLA occurs
that are
made up
symmetry
mineral
CuSiO*
2H 2 O)
tallization,
or
it
any
sign of crys-
The
of these, however, is
unknown
The
general view
is
that the
is colloidal
The
CuO
SiOo
Theoretical
Globe, Arhs
Many
The
cially in
31 58
30 28
6 27
84
Mn2 Os
EbO
2 22
20 541
28 71
Total
oo oo
99 90
ZnO
various analyses that have been recorded vary so widely, espethe determinations of water, that the true composition of the
mineral
to
45 23
presence of
An
34 23
FeoOs AkOs
is still
It is possibly a solid solution of colloids
doubt
analysis of a specimen from Huiqumtipa, Chile, which is thought
SiO 2
46 14
A1 2
58
CuO
28 85
FeO
CaO
38
64
MgO
83
H3
Total
20 15
99
57
= 2532
It is green or
Chrysocolla has an opal-like or earthy structure
and
blue
translucent
Its
is
streak
white.
turquoise
greenish
Impure
varieties may be brown or black and have a dark brown or dark green
441
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
142
streak.
It
between
The mineral
is
It yields
is brittle
and 4 and
its
water in
is
it
decomposed by HC1
green
with the production of pulverulent silica
It is distinguished from other green and blue silicates by its reaction
toward HC1 and the green flame it imparts to the blowpipe flame
Occunence
Ch^socolU is produced by the oxida-tion of copper
oxidation products with silicic
compounds and combination of these
It sometimes replaces other
veins
acid in the upper portions ot ore
minerals, as atacamite, cerussite
morphs
them
after
Uses
with them
masses at the
and Potassium]
Glaucomte, or greensand, is an important constituent of some sediIt is probably a mixture of several substances, of which the
compound FeK.(SiOs)2 ^H20 may be most essential. Tt occurs as little
ments
beds
pellets,
also as a
component
shells of foraminifera,
forming
and sand-
stone
formerly used as
Si02
I
II
49
A12
Fe2
FeO
MgO CaO Na 2
09 15 21 10,56 3 06 2 65
4 79 19 90
50 42
Glaucomte
streak
hardness
is
5 96 2
55
3 21
28
21
,21
KaO
H0
o<[
ii 64
100 02
7 87
5 28
99,9:2
and
its
density
2-2
8.
but
It is
is
Total
light green
probably amorphous.
opaque*
Its
HYDHATED
SILICATES
443
The mineral
decomposed
It yields
gelatinous silica
Occunence and
New
It is best
known from
certain
apparently occurs also as a decomposition product of augite
In all cases it appears to have been produced by sec-
It
basaltic rocks
ondary processes, MZ
by the absorption
of potassium
compounds and
upon
iron hydroxids
It
differs from glaucomte in containing no potassium
or
a
ferrous-ferric
a
silicate
be
ferrous
lEfeO)
(FeSiOs
may
hydrated
It occurs as round grains in the cherts
silicate (Fe2Fes (8104)3 sHaO)
Greenalite
of the
Apophyllite
(H 7KCa4(Si0 3 )s 4|H2 O)
containing no alummia
Apophyllite differs from the zeolites (p 445)
some
of
its
water
its general
having
replaced by fluorine, but
and
appearance and
its
manner
of occurrence
like
it is
them
The
calculated
I
given
Analysis II is of a specimen from Bergen Hill, N. J , and
III of a specimen from Golden, Colo
Some specimens contain also
small quantities of ammonia,
is
Si02 A1 2
I
II
52 24
III
51 Bg
Fe2
CaO Na2
25
S3 7
25 03
i
54
13
24 51
K2
5
59
H2
16
Fl
Total
100 oo
4 05
16 61
21
3 81
16 52
70
100 14
too 69
DESCRIPTIVE MINKKALCXSY
444
Tn addition,
P(III) and oP(ooi), and often ooPjfoio) 01 <x>P2(2io)
about 55 other forms have been identified, but most of them die rare.
Many of these are \icmal planes with large (uiameteis The crystals
are of four types, (i) pyramidal with P(ITI) piodommating, (2) prismatic with ooPoo(ioo) and P(III), the former predominating, (Fig
242A), (3) cubical, withooP (100) and oP(ooi) equally prominent (Fig
2426), and
allel
(4)
to P(iii)
The angle
rare
in AiTi = 76
Twinning
par-
The mineral
also
Apophylhte
is
glassy
A
FIG
242
P3> 3*
(y)
Its hardness is
It is brittle
For yellow
pyroelectric
4 5-5 and
co=
TOO
(a),
P, TTT
its
density
5356,
(/>),
oP, 001
(<)
and
C T.ibulu.
B Cubical
Prisrrutu
light,
"2-24.
Tt is
stiongly
$68.
fluorine
a red heat
At 400
upon
cooling
is
Apophylhte
its
pearly luster on
Syntheses
Apophylhte crystals have been obtained from solutions
of its constituents in water containing COa, heated in a closed tube to
150-160
They have
also
HYDRATED
SILICATES
445
Occurrence
in veins in granite
some
conditions
it
alters to calcite,
Good
Localities
It is also
stone
and
to pectohte (p
369)
Under
Andreasberg
Alps, Tyrol, in the magnetite mines at Uto, Sweden, at Disko, Greenland, at many points in eastern Nova Scotia, at Bergen Hill, N, J.; at
in Brazil
THE ZEOLITES
of
paratively rare
silicates,
They are nearly always found in veins, 01 on the walls of cie vices in
rocks (especially \olcanic rocks), where they have been deposited by
They are commonly associated with calcite, pectocirculating water
datohte
All are well crystallized and some of them are
or
hte,
prchnite
m complicated ciystals
Many
of the zeolites
and
all
mon
They
are comparatively
zeolites are
Ileulandite
(Ca-K2
HtCaAIaCSiOsV 3H2
Philhpsite
(Ca-K2)Al2(Si03)4 4i>H20
Harmotome
Stilbte
Laumonfate
CaAl^SiO^ 4HaO
Ptilohte
Monoclmic
Monoclmic
Monoclmic
Monoclmic
Monoclmic
446
Monochnic
Na2 Al(A10)(SiOah 2H 2 O
Oithorhombic
Oithorhombic
Chdbazite
Analcite
NaAKSiOsV HbO
Isometric
Scolecite
Natwhte
Thomsomte
Ptilohte ((Ca
K2 -Na2)Al2SiioO24
Hexagonal
5H2O)
The
vitreous
The mineral
is
a,
cleavage pcipenchcular to
by
boiling hydio-
chlonc acid
The composition
Si02
70 35
of ptilolite
AlaQs
CaO
ii
3 87
90
from Colorado
77
i
quoted as follows
HaO
Total
10 18
09 90
KuO
NoaO
about
ib
83
480
of a volcanic lock in
Giccn and
3HL>0)
Gunmson Co Colo
Anthracite Creek,
Al 2 0<j
CaO
59 22
16 79
17 18
9 20
8 07
I
II
of a
of \vhith
may
specimen fiom
Naa O
Si0 2
II 57 38
fowwhi
82
K2
40
HaO
Total
14 7(>
16 27
roo oo
100 12
Theoretical
Gunmson Co
Colo
OD (021)
ooPw
(oio),
and P(Tn)
2P66
(Figs.
P ob
Their most
(oio)
aPoo (201), oP(ooi),
243 and 244). The angle
(201),
no A i7o=43
(oio),
HYDRATED
It is colorless, white, yellow,
447
SILICATES
a= i
light,
4998,
0= i
5003,
7=1 S7
and opaque
cipitation
of
It is
pulverulent
alkaline
Heulandite is distinguished
before the blowpipe
by
and
its crystallization
its
reactions
Syntheu*
Crystals have been made by heating anorthite powder
with gelatinous silica in water containing carbon dioxide
to 200
FIG 244
FIG 243
FIG 243
2P
FIG 244
The mineral
Occurrence
found also
Localities
P3b
201
(/)
oio
in gneisses
* P,
(b) t
and occasionally
It is
oo
no
(w),
aPoS
201
(s)
(t)
Forms same as
in Fig
243
and
in the druses
gneisses at the
Campsie
Hills, Scotland,
Md,
Philhpsite ((Ca
Phillipsite is a calcium,
Richmond, Australia,
barium and sodium.
is
shown
in line II
Many
specimens contain
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
448
A12
Si02
The mineral
'
7095
64
76
20 7
22 70
48 8
II 45 60
I
crystallizes in the
Total
16 5
16 62
6 05
4 51
4 52
H2
K2
Na2
CaO
monochmc system
\\ith
100 oo
ioo oo
23'
are always twinned parallel to oP(ooi), forming groups with an orthoThese are often twinned again
rhombic or tetragonal habit (Fig 245)
with
P ob (on)
(Fig 246A)
The
individual
and
A
FIG 246
FUG. 245
FIG 245
Phillipsite Tnterpenetration
(c),
FIG 246
Phiihpsite
The
pob (on)
ooP(no)
oo
P Sb oio
,
Fourlmg
c faces are
of
and
oo P,
two twins
on the oulbidc.
no
(m)
like FIJJ
,445
B Three
though oo Poo (ioo), ooP2(i2o) and several othoi forms also occur on
/
them The angle iioAiTo= 6o42 The faces oo p(i 10) and oo P So (oio)
are usually striated parallel to the edge between the two
JBcftidcs occur-
ish,
is
Phiihpsite has a glassy luster, is colorless or white, yellowish, grayreddish or bluish, is transparent or translucent ami has u white
streak.
It is brittle,
index,
0=i
and ooPob
2.2,
(oio).
Itb refractive
51.
it
It is
gives off water and becomes cloudy and milky.
HC1 with the separation of gelatinous silica, and in dilute
it
precipitation
decomposed
in
HgSO* without
HYDRATED
It is distinguished
solves
in
by
its
without
KfeSCU
SILICATES
449
below)
Synthens
Crystals of philhpsite have been produced by heating
potassium alummate and silicate in a closed glass tube at 200
The mineral
Localities
occurs
Australia
is
2 )Al 2 (SiO3)5
5H2O)
with philhpsite
Its theoretical (I) composition (also written (Ba
A1 2
I 46 64
crystallization
H2
BaO
23 67
21
25
and twinning
K^AfeSisOu sHgO)
(II)
CaO
IS 78
17 16
II 46 36
The
of a specimen
of
18
13 9i
Total
100 00
101 49
54
i 2310, with
7032
|8*=i24
form
more
the
contain
crystals
commonly
oo P 56 (100), and a few more orthodomes
philhpsite
The
50'
(oio)
are
striated
as
in
philhpsite
(Fig
247)
erties
a= 1.503, 7=1
Its
508
closed tube
HC1
It,
icfractive indices
It acts very
blowpipe and
much
the
that
Commonly the /;
Faces are on Ihe Outside
Note
differences
tions of strutions
figure
direc-
on
this
and 246 A,
silica,
of
BaSO^.
Its
powder reacts
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
450
its
crystallization,
It occurs
in gneisses,
giamtic rocks
It is
found at St Andreasberg
near
New York
City
Stilbite, or desmmc, is found in twinned nystals with <ui orthorhombic habit resembling the simple twins of philhpsite, and in sheaf-
Fro, 248.
like
aggregates (Fig.
Slicaf-hke
Abrogates
248), in radiating
prisms
Its
The
Mines,
Colo
Pa
Si0 2
I
II.
III
is
given
m III
A12
CaO
57 4
16 3
77
58 oo
13 40
16 78
54 67
The
80
7 98
MgO
Na2
*
1/40
tr.
,i
1.03
p~i2g
Total
100,00
19 16
47
1.1940, with
HaO
17,2
'8 30
99,93
too 06
10',
They
HYDRATED
SILICATES
451
perfect parallel to oo
P So
(oio)
and imperfect
parallel to
oP(ooi)
brown
oo
P So
of 3-4
It
(oio)
is
transparent or translucent,
and a density
of 2
2.
red or
nearly pearly on
is
is brittle,
has a hardness
a=i
494,
of pulverulent silica
Its
Occurrence
Stilbite occurs m the vacuoles of amygdaloidal basalts,
m veins cutting granites and other coarse-grained rocks, and on the walls
of cracks in gneisses
and
schists
around hot
springs
Its principal localities are the basalt rocks of the Isle
Localities.
m
m
Pennsylvania.
in
Its formula
Al 2 0s
51 07
21 72
II 51 43
21 52
Fc2 0a
Mt
CaO Na2
Colo
is
ii 88
19
35
II*
H20
ToUl
IS 31
100 00
13 81
xoo.ia
KaO
IT 90
94
quoted in
&
Laumontite
is
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
452
on cleavage surfaces
<ind its streak
translucent
or
parent
ness of 3-3 s
luster except
refractive
On
is
these
it is
white
nd
ti
of
densily
are
indices
It is trans-
pearly
has a hard-
It is buttle,
23-24
Its
7=
=1,524,
1,513,
FIG 249-Lauraontite
oP,
Crystal with
no (m) and
,1,1
and a
Laumontite
(c)
is
Occurrence
volcanic rocks
required 1o
to &norlhitc
2P,
201
is
It
the
last
by
its
crystals
also
is
occurs
off
pyroxene mineral.
best recognized
It
in a closed
dnve
slates,
and
schists
known
Its best
Locahties
at Bergen Hill,
at
Nova
shore,
and
Scotia
Scolecite
is
Scolecite
white and
2H0)
masses and also in crystals that are often aggregated into divergent
groups (Fig. 250)
Its formula (written also CaAbSiaOio sHhO), demands the composition indicated in I. The analysis of a specimen from Table Mt., Colo
,
is
quoted in II
SiOs
AbOs
26 05
25 28
I 45 92
II 46 03
The mineral
3434 and
$=90
is
Fe2 03
CaO
.'27
12 77
monoclmic (domatic
42'.
NagO
KgO
14 27
04
.13
Total
13 75
100.00
14,48
100,00
-=
class), with a : b : c
,9764 i
columnar or acicular
the direc:
tions.
being
Twins are more common than simple crystals, the twinning plane
P s> (100) and the composition plane the same* The angle
oo
88
37'
HYDRATED
Scolecite
or white.
is
SILICATES
and colorless
P(nol and its fracture
FIG 250
453
oo
conchoidal or uneven.
a=i
The
5122,
j8i
5187,
T=I
5*94-
It
Scolecite
is
distinguished
by
its
crystalliza-
tion
Scolecite has been obtained by treatSynthesis
ing natrohte (p 454) with a solution of CaCfe*
Crystals occur on Roman tiles that have been ex-
posed for
centuries
to
the
waters
of
the hot
FIG
Scolecite
251
Crystal with oop,
(ft),
P,
and -P,
Twinned
oo
P oo
to,
(a)
about
(too)
in
in
and in
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
454
Localities
Canton
Fjord, Iceland,
tain,
and
ia<hal
in
fihious, gran-
47 36
26 86
II 47 56
26 82
Natrolite
is
(II)
FcO
Si02
I
and
2H 2 O)
20
CaO
13
MgQ
09
orthorhombic (bipyramidal
NaoO
15 40
class),
HaO
Total
4<>
100 oo
with a
99 83
*
ft
<
9783
FIG 252
Natrolite Crystals
Pfj, ii 10 ii
(*)
m the
on the
the direction of
b.
Tt is colorless or
ai
Syntheses,*
by
dissolving
HYDRATED
SILICATES
455
Occurrence
and
m coarse-
of
Auvergne, France,
Langesundfjord, in Nor-
way m the basalts of Cape Blomidon and other points in Nova Scotia,
at Eagle River, in Michigan, and Bergen Hill, N J
and in the nephe,
lme syenites
of
Magnet Cove,
Ark,,
Thomsonite ((Ca
and elsewhere,
Thomsomtc, or comptomte,
soda and lime molecules
and
The
which
this ratio
basalt of Table
L
II
is
Mt
A1 2 3
CaO
37 o
31 4
12 9
36 9
31 4
11.5
III 36 8
31 3
86
IV 40 68
30 12
Thomsonite
,9932
ii 92
crystallizes in the
0066
'
as 3
i and
II, that
2
i
The analysis of tabular crystals from the
near Golden, Colo , is given in IV.
:
Nag
is
The
crystals,
Na2
48
64
95
4 44
H2
Total
100 oo
13 9
13 8
100 oo
100 oo
13 8
12 86
100 02
:
c~
which are
P
They are bounded by oo P
8P 60 (801), and often |P 06 (012), and are striated
oP(ooi), 4?
The angle 110 A 110=89 37'. The crystals
parallel to c (Fig. 253).
matic habit.
oo (401),
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
456
to
perfect parallel
Its fracture is
(ioo)
sonite
oo
is
oo P6o
5-5 5
~~
P 56
(oio)
and
uneven
and a density
has a hardness of
It is buttle,
electric
Its
of
3-2
4,
indices
refractive
and
aie
is
pyro-
01=1498,
525
up
\\ater
It gelatinizes
with
HC1
Thomsomte
253
Crystal with cc P no
FIG
(w),
oc
oopso
100(0),
P 00,010(6),
SPoc,
8oi(e),4P,40i(</)
and oP, ooi (c)
variety
curring
as
is
hardness
is
5-6,
oc-
on
pebbles
Its
the
shores 'of
Lake
It is often
Superior, especially on Isle Koyalc
It also is employed as an ornawhite in concentric zones
pink and
mental stone
Occurrence
constituent
m nephelme rocks,
and
of the plagioclases
crystalline schists
It is
found also as little pebbles on the north shore of Lake Superioi, where
was washed from amygdaloidal basalts
it
in Scotland,
in veins
Chabazite ((Ca
general
formula
Analyses
of
the
three
HYDRATED
AI 2
Si0 2
Fe2
43 84
20 99
II
47 S 2
19 48
III
49 24
18 07
SILICATES
457
84
III
Also 43 SrO
Also i 47
Md
BaO
FIG 254
FIG 254
rhombohedron which
FIG 255
(r),
FIG 256
]R, oils
(e)
and
sR 0221
7
($)
FIG 255
FIG 256
Phacolite with
1123
(/)
and
(c),
JP2,
ioTiAiioi=85
14'
The
known
The
angle
R and -JR Twinning is not uncommon Both conand Interpenetration twins are known, the former with R(ioli)
the twinning plane, and the latter with oR(oooi) the twinning plane
edge between
tact
(Fig 255)
habit
and
is lenticular
parallel to
Chabazite
glassy in luster,
or white, gray, yellowish or pink
is
is
oR
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
458
is distinct
parallel to
is
Its hardness
R(ioTi) and its fracture uneven
Its indices of rcfi action are about
08-2 16
148
Before the blowpipe fragments of the mineral usually swell and fuse
In the closed tube they yield water and
to a porous translucent glass
become cracked, but remain clear The variety from Victoria (phacohte),
The mineral
however, becomes cloudy and red and breaks into pieces
of
but
after fusion
is decomposed by HC1 and the separation
slimy silica,
powder reacts weakly
Its
is insoluble.
Chabazite
is
by
distinguished
alkaline
and
its cryblalli/ation
its
reaction in
Syntheses.
powder
'When
chabazite
Occurrence
volcanic rocks
is
is
fused alone
it crystallizes
pi capitated
SiO,
as anorlhite
found also in ore veins and as a deposit from thermal spi ings
Localities
It
is
abundant in nearly
all
Rhemsh
Hesse, Silcsiti, Bohemia, Tyrol, Italy; Canton Un, Switzerland, Kilrnalcolm and Skye,
Prussia,
In North America
on the
and Baltimore,
(haydemte], and in the basalt of Table Mt. and Golden, Colo.
walls of clefts in a gneiss at Jones Falls
Md
Its
quantities of
CaO
Highwoods Mts
Si02
I
54 54
II
55 81
III
54 90
In III
as
Mont.
AkOs Fe2
23 20
22 43
23 30
CaO MgO
tr
Na2
14 OQ
90
70
13 47
10 40
K2
.
H aO
Total
8 17
loo oo
...
8 37
100 08
60
7,50
100 30
HYDRATED SILICATES
459
show double
refraction
which
a glassy luster.
is
It is transparent or translucent,
Its streak is
oo (100)
It possesses a very imperfect cleavage parallel to oo
white
is
and
Its
hardness
and an uneven fracture
density 2 2-2 3
5-5 5
light, n= i 487
Before the blowpipe analcite fuses to a colorless glass, imparting a
In the closed tube it yields water, but retains
yellow color to the flame
For yellow
its
form and
It gelatinizes
luster.
with
HC1
Its
line
It is distinguished
Fit,
l'n.
FIG 258
FIG
257
257
258
00
,
100
(a)
(n)
sodium
silicate,
Mont
and elsewhere
It occurs also filling cavities in volcanic lavas
and as a secondary mineral, replacing nephehne, leucite and sodahte
both volcanic and plutonic rocks.
,
Localities
It is
Sicily,
m the Kaiserstuhl,
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
460
Lake Superior,
in southwestern
veins in southern
Norway,
Nova
Scotia,
in druses near
and elsewhere
Richmond,
It occurs
Victoria, and
Sydney,
and elsewhere
CHAPTER XXI
THE TITANATES AND TITANO-SILI GATES
THE titanates are salts
ogous to
H4 Ti04
silicic
acids
=H2 Ti03)
The
is
a calcium metati-
Dititanates are
tanate (CaTiOs) and tlmemte a ferrous metatitanate
=
are
no dititanates
salts of
Ti
There
2
2 05)
2 Ti205(2H4 Ti04-- 3H2
known among
is
is fairly
common
sphene, which
is
Perovskite (CaTiOa)
Perovskite occurs almost exclusively in small crystals with a cubic
Although apparently complexly modified cubes, they arc in fact
habit
'
#:&:<;=
7071 (approximately)
The formula CaTiOs is equivalent to 41 i per cent CaO and 58 9
per cent Ti0 2 but the mineral usually contains also some Fe
:
The
is
transparent to opaque
and
luster
adamantine
brown
The
yellow light
Perovskite is infusible
the blowpipe flame. The salt of phosphorus bead in the oxidizing flame is green while hot, colorless when cold
In the reducing flame it is green-gray when hot, and violet blue when
The
cold
mineral
is
completely soluble
m hot H2 S04.
461
DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY
462
some igneous
rocks,
It also occurs in chlorite schist and limeembedded in the rocks, and also implanted on the
Achmaton Mine in the District Slatonst, m the
Urals, near the Fmdelen glacier near Zernutt, Switzerland, m Val
Malenco, Italy, at Magnet Cove, Arkansas, in coarse-grained, nephelme
m great quantity at Catalao,
syenite, and associated with magnetite
magma
Goyaz, Brazil
Ilmenite (FeTiO^)
Ilmemte or menaccamte,
is
one of a
Mg,
series of
Mn and
Fe,
isomorphous compounds
of which crystallize m
all
the rhombohedral tetartohedral division of the hexagonal system (trigThe crystallographic constanth of ilmemte
onal rhombohedral class)
are,
however, so nearly
ditngonal skalenohedral,
like
that
Hematite
'
c=i
6
=1
385.
1365
An
(FVaO,*)
analysis of
Ti02
FeO
MgO
FcsOa
49 3 2
2 7 81
8 68
9 13
Ihnemte
is
rarely found
AljjOa
2
crystals.
84
SiOu
Other
76
1.56
It is usually in large
Total
100 10
homo-
sand grams.
geneous masses, in granular aggregates, in thin plates and
The crystals have a tabular or rhombohedral habit and resemble very
closely those of hematite.
|p 2
^(4223),
-2R(o22i) and
- JR(oi7a)
(Fig, 259)-
The
angle loTi
Ixoi=94
29'
Simple crystals, bounded by oR(ooox), R(io7i) and
R(OIII) are also common
The mineral is
and
its
streak
is
black to brownish
red
It
is
has a submetallic
parallel to oR(oooi),
luster,
fiacture conchoidal
its
a hardness of
It is slightly magnetic,
of 4 5-5
and
463
and
is
When
is
the micro-
cosmic
the
salt
charcoal
it
changes
to
a violet-red
color.
The
of tin
it
pIG
Ilmemte Crystal
259
with R, ioli (r), oP,
changes
t^te
Ilmemte can be distinguished from hemaby its streak, from magnetite by its
QQOl
ffi
--
2
^
'
,.
and
aR, 0221 0)
,
.
,
f
*.
strong magnetism and from most
other heavy black minerals by its reaction for titanium
i
lack of
alters to
Synthesis
and FeCl 2
The mineral
Occurrence
rocks,
and
occurs as a constituent of
many
igneous
and
also as great
In a few places
it
masses near
forms the
mam
com-
ponent of sand
The mineral
Localities
and
diorites
abound
is
found at
many
New
in large masses
the Adirondacks,
at
New
Bay
St. Paul,
York, and
Quebec, and
in northeastern
Minnesota
Because of its abundance, many attempts have been made to
ilmemte as an ore of iron, but on account of the large quantity of
titanium in it, no satisfactory means of smelting it on a commercial
Uses
utilize
scale
have been
at present.
however,
of iron
it
DESCIUPTIVK MIN1GHAMMSY
464
Titamte (CaSiTiOs)
occurs as crystals, but in some places
Titanite, or sphene, usually
masses
Although the formula lor the mineral
and
compact
in granular
is
as
simple, as given above, requiring
per cent
Y2
fiom
Analyses of three specimens
Si0 2
Zillerthal
Arendal
St Marcel
&
FcjAs
26 61
o 35
41
29 01
18
30 40
42 oo
24 30
<)2
M()
Besides 04<V.
yielded
07
()
0< >
r> -
<>
tr
to";.
( )
and
'
'.
Total
101 55
100 98
So
too 50
loss.
The
.
CaO
Ti02
32 29
30 oo
tlifleient localities
Fio 260
crystals are
100
<Poo,
a and
a,
eol*,
FIG 262
<
(a),
-JP&o,
as in Kig. 260.
no
n and
10^ (i)
(/)
Also
1>,
ol*
oot
() and
(r)
(m)
c
as in Fig a6i.
Also
+1, In
(<),
JP
predominate
(Fig*
260).
On
(102)
-P(iu) and oP(ooi) are most prominent (Fig, 361), umi cm the tabular
ones oP(ooi) is the largest face
The prismatic crystals are
(Fig, 262).
often more complicated
In all about 75 forms have been identified
Both contact and penetration twins arc common, with oo P fib
(TOO)
465
which
is
29'
Its
gray, yellow, green, black, rose or white
streak is white or pink, its luster is vitreous or resmoub and it is transIts hardness is 5-5 5 and gravity 3 5
parent, translucent or opaque
It is pleochroic in yellow, pinkish
and nearly
Its refrac-
colorless tints
In a specimen from St
vary widely with the composition
Got hard, the indices for yellow light are a i 874, /3= i 8940, 7=2 0093
The principal recognized vaneties aie
tive indices
granular
alteration
product
of
rutile
or
ilmemte
Gteenovtte, rose-red, translucent variety containing
manganese.
heated before the blowpipe the mineral iuses to a dark glass,
With beads some varieties exhibit
fusing point bemsj I2io-i23o
When
its
the reaction for manganese and all show the colors characteristic of
All vaiietics aie sufficiently soluble in HCl to give the violettitanium
colored solution
tin,
and
all
posed by HaSOi
Sphene is distinguished from itainolite and fat net by its crystallizaand softness, from i/> alenle by its gi eater hardness, from other
tion
Upon
decomposition'
by the
it
and other
Synthesis
made by
fusing SiCte
and
Occurrence
where
also
acid
it
Further,
it
is
common
decomposition product
of
ilmemte and
rutile*
localities are
DEHCKIPTIVK MINEHALO(!Y
466
at Zoptau, in
MOM via,
in
at Sandford,
New
PART
III
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY
CHAPTER XXII
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS
Determinative Mineralogy. Minerals are identified by means of
and physical properties A mineral specimen may be
their chemical
is
desired
The
usual methods of determining minerals employed by mineralogists are based on their physical properties and upon blowpipe tests,
the latter being utilized to differentiate substances with nearly similar
physical properties,
may
may
Many
may be made
results
space
delicate
rapidly
467
468
gu e
The
FIG. 263
Simple Blowpipes
lips,
breathing
full,
special purposes
Frequently
the side tube is curved in
such a
way
It is
--
by
it
is
often
desirable to
free to
manipulate
blowpipe is some-
BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS
469
Source
of
Heat.
is
applied
by the
The
the Bunsen
blowpipe
with a tip which is flattened at the upper end and cut off obliquely
The blowpipe is supported on the upper end of this tip and pointed
is
downward
parallel
with
it
is
assay
Since, however, illuminating gas often contains noticeable traces of
it is
mixed a
little
With the
stitute
alcohol should be
ttu
aluminium, plaster slabs and unglazed porcelain are also sometimes employed, but for most purposes the first three are entirely adequate
Charcoal. Charcoal is used in reduction tests and
the study of
It should have a flat surface and should be well burned
sublimates
Platinum.
The
Platinum
is
used principally
foil
),
Glass
is
Other Apparatus. Other pieces of apparatus desirable for satisfactory blowpipe work are A magnet, a magnifier, a pair of forceps, a
small hammer, an anvil, a pair of cutting pincers, a piece of blue glass or
a screen composed of strips of celluloid colored different shades of blue,
or a hollow glass prism filled with indigo solution.
Reagents. Since blowpipe tests are made on minute quantities of
material, it is necessary that all reagents used be as pure as possible.
ms
salt,
bonate,
or
salt
of phosphorus,
are* Borax,
Na2B40r loEfeO,
NH4NaHP04 4H20,
sulphate,
HKS04,
microcos-
mftr,
KNOs,
cobalt
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY
470
ntfrate,
in solution,
Co(NOs)2 6H20,
copper o\idc,
employed
CuO, magnesium
HoSOi,
hydrochloric
is
Bunsen burner,
(c) an inner,
nonlummous
cone,
and an outer
purplish
mantle
protected from the air by the outer
the
mantle,
gas in the luminous inner cone is not
Because
entirely
consumed
The
FIG 265
Candle
stracting
it
it is
tides as they pass out from the luminous envelope, forming, at first,
carbon monoxide, CO
This unites with more o\ygen forming carbon
The
is placed at the
edge of the burner flame near its base, and a gentle current of air is
blown (Fig 266)
This deflects the flame without mixing too much
it
with
and
it remains luminous.
Its most energetic part is
oxygen
is
(<z).
BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS
471
pipe into the flame a short distance (Fig 267) and blowing strongly, but
sharp-pointed, nonlummous flame results, with an inner
steadily
blue cone
The most
beyond the
tip of
results.
may
ensue.
FIG, 266
Reducing Flame.
tie.
Oxidizing Flame
267
little
it
to secure satisfactory
In order to
compound
If the
is
heated in the
This, if heated
oxidizing flame, an amethyst-colored glass will result
in the reducing flame, will again become colorless, but the color will
return
if
can be
skill for
Use
the assay
made
is
to disappear
its volatile
con-
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY
472
stituents,
its
decomposition products
It is
m a substance produced
01 in
the blowpipe
Water is indicated by the condensation of little drops on the upper,
If the water, when tebted \\ith litmus paper,
cooler portion of the tube
reacts alkaline,
The charactei of the gases evolved
Gases
their color
(a)
is
is
best
indicated.
If
recognized by
and odor
Hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S)
is
recognized by
its
odor
It
indicates a
its
HN0
3,
(c)
the reaction
is
2HNOi-0+H/)+NA
Sublimates or coatings
may
and etches
it,
a fluoride
of
the tube
(a) If white, they may indicate
tnoxide or tellurium dioxide
(b) If
if
salts,
antimony
trioxidc, arsenic
and
ammonia
cold:
bismuth oxide
(d) From red to black and red agam when
The mercury oxide is volatile
Use
of the
cold:
mercunc and
used
when
ferric oxides.
it is
desired to
BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS
The tube
the end
taken to incline
rent of hot
air
it
is
473
an upward cur-
By
this
detected
is detected by the choking odor of SOj
Arsenic yields a white volatile sublimate, which disappears upon heating
Antimony gives white fumes which may partly condense on the cooler
Sulphur
Mercury
yields globules of
its
end
The
mercury
drops
Selenium gives a sublimate which is white 01 steel-gray near the assay
The odor of the volatile
(SeOj) and red at a greater distance (SeO and Se)
metal
is
If the tube
exceedingly disagreeable
it will produce a blue color
is
the flame,
The Use
of the Charcoal.
shallow depression
is
FIG. 268
this,
and the
it,
held in a tilted
is
by
the
left
If the
it
of sublimates.
Volatilization
Fusibility
in
the different
parts of the flame, some substances fusing easily and others only with great
difficulty
Decrepitation
The substance
flies
to pieces
when heat
is
applied, indicat-
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY
474
Deflagration
teristic of nitrates
difficulty
When
2PbO+C=Pb2+CO.
Thus,
In cases
(Na 2 B 4
In any
RF,
educed
its
volume
of
PbS+ 2Na2CO-,+ C
a
of great difficulty,
potassium cyanide
little
'
(kCN)
or borax
must be applied
charcoal
PbS+Na.COi
Noib+PbO+COj,
When fumes are proand a portion of the oxide may settle on the coal
duced, they are deposited upon the coolei portions of the charcoal in the form
of sublimates
Gold,
silver,
yield globules of
metal without
sublimates
out the
and by the
fact
its
solution
in nitric acid
yields a
mtnc
ammonia
copper dissolves in
of
an excess
acteristic,
at id while gold
is
insoluble.
Addition
and
Iron, nickel,
netic,
of
Molybdenum,
tungsten,
Antimony
yields
limate (Sb 2
1
in
copious white
3 ),
fumes, forming a volatile white subwhich becomes black when touched with the R.F.
minute quantities
care, as it is
BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS
When
touched by the
tip of
the
475
will
it
volatilize
and
color
the
ones
Arsenic volatilizes completely and consequently yields no globule of
metal
It gives abundant white fumes which form a white subli-
garlic
odor
The flame
at the
same time
is
colored blue
Cadmium
gives
brown fumes
in
is
F and
the
a reddish brown
yields
Lead
oxide
and the
characteristic
bad odor
is
evolved
blue
<M
dark yellow
a green color
The
with a white
sublimate
RF
bordered
by
which acquires
it
tin)
DKTKRMINATIVK MINKHAUXrt
476
Use
of the Beads.
foi
that produce tluiract eristic, coloied compounds when lusecl \\ith borax
wire
pieie of pint
or microcosmic salt or some olhei lea^ent
mum
fused mto a glass rod serves as a support. The end of the \vne is bent
This is moistened and plunged into powcleiecl borax,
into a little loop
salt or other reagent and then heated carefully until the
New material is added by
is fused to a clear glass
material
adJhermg
the
into
and
po\\dercd will and heating
again
dipping the loop again
to
fill it
are
of
until the globules
large enough
completely. A tiny
glass
is
taken
tested
up by heating the bead and
portion of the material to be
microcosmic
pressing
it
while
still
soft
upon a
bit of the
little
will
hasten
it
If
opaque because saturated with the assay, n portion is jeiked olT while it
is hot and it is built up again by the addition of more of the teugent
In some cases, compounds other than the oxides do not yield the
characteristic beads of the metallic oxides
Therefoie,
it
is
safer in
all
cases
when
uents
The
colors of the
tabulated below.
COLORS OP
tiORAJC
BEADS
Kmeruitl-ttreen
ftltitt
Kttiltlish
brown,
Rt
I'nlu bottle-gruen
Cnlfir1i*m
Opaque brown
Oray
nr gray
Yellow nr brown
('ftlorlesH
Yellow brown
le
KW
nwtrlv
BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS
477
Cobalt
all
is
the only metal which produces the same colored bead under
This is a beautiful blue
Other oxides give blue beads
conditions
under some one or more conditions, but under other conditions their
beads have other colors
is
gypsum
and gypsum is held in the flame by the aid of the platinum loop which
has been cleaned by dipping into HC1, and heated repeatedly until it
no longer colors the flame
When
assay, the stronger color may mask the fainter one, and, therefore, some
means must be made use of to shut off the brighter color, while allowing
This
medium
faint rays
and opaque
which are
unaided eye.
is
by viewing
transparent to the
In other cases, two flames
usually accomplished
(a screen) that
is
DETERMINATIVE MINKKALCKJV
478
rays that arc
be
different
common
to the
two
enough to ho distinguishable
The
si
icons most
frequently
used for
this
all
common
The most
Red by
is
lithium,
strontium,
banum
the
salts the
Ydlow by sodium.
Green by most copper compounds, thallium, barium, antimony, phosphoric
The flame of phosphoric
acid, bone acid, molybdic acid, and nitm and.
acid is bluish green, the flames of boric uud and barium are yellow KIWII, and
those of molybdic acid and antimony are very faint. The copper and thallium
The nitric acid flame coloration is bron/e green ami
a flash only
Blue by copper chloride, copper bromide, selenium, arsenic and lead
The arsenic flame is faint. Tht selenium and the copper chloride Humes arc
exists as
brilliant azure-blue
salts
BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS
479
differentiated
means
of detect-
ing the alkalies and alkaline earths, considerable attention has been
devoted to means of differentiating their flame colors
Among the
methods proposed
The potaswhile
flame is
the
sodium
blue
reddish violet through
glass,
invisible or is blue, hence, the potassium flame is detected in the presence of sodium by viewing the mixed flame through a blue scieen
sium flame
Lithium
is
is also
detected
is
screen
violet-red
is bluish green
Through the green screen the
flame appears orange
If search is to be made for the alkaline earths, the assay is repeatedly
moistened with sulphuric acid and placed in the hottest portion of the
Na
flarne
barium
off,
green,
present, through green glass it will appear bluish
The assay is then repeatedly moistened with pure hydrochloric
green
acid and again brought, while still moist, into the hottest portion of the
if
is
flame
A red coloration, appearing after the yellowish green barium
flame has disappeared, indicates calcium or strontium or both
Through
green glass the calcium flame appears green and the strontium flarne
faint yellow foi an instant
Through blue glass calcium gives a faint
greenish gray and strontium a puiplc or rose color
The phenomena exhibited by the alkalies and alkaline earths may be
summarized as
follows*
Flame Color
Potassium
Violet
Reddish violet
Sodium
Yellow
Blue to invisible
Orange-yellow
Lithium
Carmine
Violet-red
Invisible
Barmm
Calcium
Yellow-green
Yellow-red
Green-gray
Green
Strontium
Scarlet
Purple
Faint yellow
Bluish green
480
is
then extracted with water ancl the lesiclue tieated with hychochlonc
Silica will be precipitated, leaving in the solution a mixture
acid
of
tion
is
then tested
ol
The
solu-
An almost
and
loi chlorine
to the llame by
is affoidcd by the difference in the coloi imparted
copper
substant
es beside*;
Seveiul
chlonde and most other coppei salt**
copper
in the case ol eoppei alone the colot oi the flame
give green flames, but
is
When
(i)
its
volume
oi
This reaction
is
3=
brown or black Thus: NaaS+Aft,+HjO+O^AftsS+2NaOIL Sulphides and sulphates are distinguished by roasting the compound on
Sulphides yield the sulphur-dio\ide odor,
tompounds, fused with N;ii>C0 j
Manganic and
(especially
when a
(hiomutm
little
niter
is
manganese compound a l>nght green mass (NagMnOt) and the chromium compounds a bright yellow mass (NtigCrOt). In the case of
the manganate, the reaction
may be
MnQj+NaaCQa+O-NaaMnOt+COa.
(3)
also
If a
and detecting silicic Acids
volume of Na2COa on charcoal,
silicate is fused
it
silicate,
will
silica
combining
thus:
is produced
(Ntt4S!Oi4-4HCI 4NaCi
This appears as a gelatinous precipitate in the solution;
but upon evaporating to dryness, moistening with
strong acid, and again
+H4Si04).
when
BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS
481
may
may
show a glassy
may
For example
2HKS04+CaF2 = K 2 S04+CaSC>4+2HF,
which in many cases
Nitrites
and
istic
m starch paste,
when a
little
MnO
ib
it
by
its
This
Sulphides yield hydrogen sulphide (HjS) with itb characteristic odor
gas blackens paper moistened with lead acetate
Fluondes yield hydroiluonc acid (III) gab, which has a pungent odor and
etches glass
and the
HF
duven up the
The
etching
Thus,
is
Si02+4HF=SiF 4 +2H.0
The SiF 4
is
volatile
glass
and
is
was taken
This
reaction is best seen by heating the assay with four times its volume of the
reagent and then cleaning and drying the tube
The reaction is more delicate if the finely powdered assay is mixed with
microcosmic salt and heated m an open tube
"When the salt is heated, it
breaks up, yielding
NaPO,
(thus
HNii(NH4)P04 4H 20=NaP03+NH
fluoride as follows
^ CaNaP04+2HF
+sH 0)
8
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY
482
By Reduction
metallic
salts
is powdered and
mixed
and
the muss is
and
nitci,
thoroughly with sodium caibonate
slightly
moistened and placed m a htlle spnal at the end of a line platinum wire
substance to be tested
After fusion,
it is
dissolved in a
and a
(if
little
colored
this
method
are:
Molybdenum, which gives a blue, then guvn, and itiully a blackish brown
solution
Vanadium, a
Columbum, a blue
on addition of water,
TiO,+aN.ij(U--N,uTi0 4
Na<Ti04+8Hn
"
TiCliiH
TK'U
.'
.|Na('l
TiClitHt'l.
the powder
is
in close contact
mm
This
The completion
ts
long, so that
then heated
in-
of the reaction
is
known by the formation of a brown or black glass, winch is the phosphide of magnesium. Upon crushing the tube and moistening its contents with water the characteristic odor of
phosphine
odor of wet phosphorus matches),
is
perceived (the
if
it
is colorless,
CHAPTER XXIII
CHARACTERISTIC REVCTIONS OF THE MORE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS
AND ACID RADICALS
Aluminium
tested for Al
blue color to
481)
(p
all
CXNOata
satisfactorily
glasses
Co(NOs)2 as
Antimony (pp
is
silicates
proven
muth, the assay is heated on charcoal with fused bone acid, which dissolves the lead and bismuth oxides, while the antimony oxide coats the
charcoal
the anti-
Arsenic (pp. 472, 473, 475, 478) .Arsenic in arscnates and arsenusually be detected by heating the powdcied assay with six
volume of a mixture of equal parts of NasCOs and KCN (or
powdered charcoal) in a dry closed glass tube, when an arsenic mirror
may
ites
times
its
form on the cold part of the tube This may be further tested by
breaking off the end of the tube and heating the mirror in the burner
will
flame
The
little
If
violet.
tains arsenic, or
mony, a
it
if it is
of the coating
which
is
farthest
away from
the assay
may
be scraped from the surface of the charcoal and placed in a narrow glass
If arsenic oxide is present in the coating, the arsenic
tube and heated
mirror will form on the walls of the cooler part of the tube.
Barium (pp
in
silicates
should
first
DETERMINATIVE MINICHALOCSY
484:
few cc of dilute
with a very
UNO* and
little
Calcium).
RF
on charcoal
form a coating
at
If
Bi
some
us
bismuth will
This test serves
little
Boron
To obtain
(p 478)
it is
the green flame in the rase of most comusually sufficient to moisten the line pow-
der with a drop of strong sulphuric acid and introduce a small quantity
The flame will be colored green,
into the flame on a platinum wire
but only for a moment. More resistant compounds, like the silicates,
must be fused with a flux; composed of one jKirt of powdered fluonqxir
and four parts of KHSOt before the green coloration can be obtained.
If
dilute
boron compounds are fused with Nua("Q and then treated with
HC1, a drop of the resulting solution will cause turmeric paper to
Bromine
or two
NasCOa
If
HNQt
in
Cadmium
difficult to recognize
the
When
present with
cadmium coating on
Pb or Zn,
charcoal,
it is
often
485
coating may be scraped from the coal and heated very gently in the
closed tube
A yellow sublimate of cadmium oxide will form just
On
masked by the
zinc
See
p 482
AgNOs,
and Iodine
Chromium
quantities of Fe,
with double
its
(pp
476,
Cu, etc
chromium and
large quanti-
is
The
precipitate is collected
tested with the bora\ bead
on a
filter,
DETKRMINATIVK MINMUALO(!Y
486
color will be
first violet,
then blue
solu-
If
the solution
boiled
is
\\itli
xu,
instead ot
tin, its
Or the
finely
tube with hot concentrated HOI, will yield the blue solution \\hen boiled
with granulated
tin,
Copper (pp
476,
474,
soluble coppci
is
of
CuCl2'6NH3
Fluonne
powder
ture
assay
SiOg
in
will lesult
a closed tube
If
fluorine
is
to be tested
MXOMIW
piesent
is
salt
t
a silicate,
and
its
this mix-
HF
be etched by the
will
is
6NH,,
ib
heated
is
or Cu(NQa),j
reaction
allaSiFn
Upon heating,
Gold
(p
the ring
474).
SiO a
The metal
is
best detected
bv Ueatment
with
%
tin*
"
purple of
Cassius,"
Or,
the mineral
if
is
is
present
m larger
powder.
Free gold
will
pass through a
fine sieve.
the substance
Brush the material adhering to
brown
until all
lie
sieve
The
to escape
gold will
fall
to the
487
open
Then
is left
the mercury
is
taken not
to bieathe its
The operation
Iodine (p
481)
as that of iodine
by
its violet
color
is
produced
substance
is
the
RF
The
the
easily
by
iron,
and becomes
vitriol-green
In the presence of cobalt, the blue color of the cobalt bead masks the
In this case, iron is detected by heating the blue
green of the iron bead
F. sufficiently long to convert all the
the
glass on platinum wire
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY
488
F is Auk violet
present, the bead produced in the
becomes green when hot and blue when cold
Tu the
RF
it
Lead (pp
it is
then red
The
m into a paste
is at
lust green,
foi
This
ib
especially noticeable
Magnesium (p 481) The Co(NOs)2 test for magnesium is applicable only to white or colorless minerals ancl is by no means conclusive.
The most satisfactory test is that employed generally in oidmary qualitative analysis, viz, precipitation with the aid of
The powdered
^soluble
sodium phosphate*
in acids, is fused
with
and evapopowdered, dissolved in a few cc of dilute
2 or 3 cc, HC1 and warmed for
It is then dissolved
rated to dryness
a few minutes
There is next added about 10 cc, of water and the solumineral,
if
HNO
tion is boiled
boiling
and
aluminium.
and
filtered to
NEUOH
This
is
is
added
remove
silica.
The
filtrate is
heated to
m slight
now
is clear
To
the
filtrate
If
a solution of sodium
magnesium
is
present
crystalline precipitate
of
Manganese
HNOs
i 2),
few drops of
ammonium
is
its
volume
of dilute solution of
persulphate (200 gr
(NHOaSsO*
purple
AgNOa
ancl
to one liter of
oxidized to perman-
489
be fused with
Na2COs
on charcoal
Mercury
and a few
The
glass tube
Na and
the
Hg
sublimes.
Molybdenum (pp 474, 475, 477, 478, 482) The white coating of
MoOa on charcoal, if touched with the R F is partly reduced, beF some of it volatilizes, but some
If heated by the
coming blue
,
is
repeatedly breathed
by heating
borax bead
the
The two
F
will remain quite distinct, any cobalt will be oxidized by the
and be absorbed by the borax, which will become blue
If the mineral
but
placed upon a clean part of the coal and the treatment is continued
with fresh portions of borax until all the cobalt has been oxidized and
is
the borax no longer becomes blue, the nickel present will impart its
and reddish brown color to the borax " (Phillips )
characteristic violet
Nickel
is
best detected
oxime ((CHj)oC2(NOH)o)
by ti eat mg its solution with dimethyl glyThe assay is dissolved in acid, after fusion
(NEWQH
if
necessary, and the solution i& neutralized with
one-half volume of dimethyl glyoxime solution, made by dissolving
one part of the compound in 100 pts of a 40 per cent alcohol, and again
with Na2CO<3,
Add
will
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY
490
Oxygen,
in
some
may
This
is
particularly
chlorine
is
by
recognized
its color,
its
odor and
its
bleaching
action
it is
on a phosphate and a
ammonium
little
dilute
molybclatc
(NHO^MoOi
HNOu be dropped
upon
it,
be placed
the crystal
m HNOs
it
The bead
must
is
first
cold is added drop by drop to a little of an ammomolybdate solution and allowed to stand without warming. If
mum
a yellow phospho*
molybdate
Potassium.
around
Many
silicates
decompose in strong
mass of silicic acid
tion of a gelatinous
gelatinous silica
is
HN04
or
HC1 with
If the solution
silica
becomes insoluble
is
warmed with a
491
little
strong
acid
In case of insoluble
silicates it is
The
sodium
itate will
which
silicate
soluble in acids
is
The
gelatinous precip-
is
evap-
orated
Silver.
Seep 474
Sodium
Strontium (pp
478, 479)
Ba
If
with
HC1 and
Ba
color of the
is
been added,
will
of
SOj
OH
The
two
classes of
The
sulphides
Anothci means of
compounds
is
as follows
The
contents
is
strip of silvei
If
the
with
when
lunde
cold with hot water, yields a purple red solution of sodium telThis color will disappear if air LS blown through the solution.
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY
492
become carmine
will
will disappear
Thallium.
Tin (pp
fairly easily
on charcoal
Seep 478
475, 4^ x )
RF
brown
Titanium (pp 476,
cosmic
salt in the
color.
When
becomes
477, 482)
If iron is piesent,
this is
violet
very characteristic reaction is obtained as follows Fuse on charfoil one pa.it of the assay with ft paits oi NujCOj and a
Then dissolve m a small quantity of toncent rated HC1
bora\
coal or platinum
little
tin
several hours
For an extremely
and borax, as m the
by heating
2 cc
If
Tungsten (pp
ties,
tungsten
is
When
small quantipresent
the assay with five or six times
its
The blue
493
tungstate be decomposed by boiling with HC1, it is not necesSimply boil with strong acid until a light yellow precipisary to fuse
Then dilute with an equal quantity of water,
tate (WOs) is obtained
If the
Uranium
metals that
(pp
its
Na2COs
ammonia and add a
fusing with
(first
\\ith
If the
476, 477,)
characteristic
bead
is
or borax,
uianmm
if
change to
Na2COs
HC1 and
If
so
will
m HC1
is
This
strong solution of
The
let
compound
first
uranium
is
until precipita-
present,
precipitated
COa
it will
is
expelled
be precipi-
tested for
vanadium
in a
microcosnuc
salt bead.
color
If
if
the solution
is left
This, however,
standing in contact
zmc
with
If
the substance
tion thus
produced
is
soluble in concentrated
will
be red-brown
On
will
of
vanadium, add
NHiOH
in
and pass
DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY
494
through
The
HsS
it
solution will
become garnet
if
vanadium
is
present
Infusible white or light-colored zinc comZinc (pp 472, 475, 48*)
a paste with a drop of
pounds, when finely powdered and made into
Co(N03)2 solution, and then heated on charcoal by an O,F assume a
,
zinc
by blowpipe
blowpipe reactions
Co(N03)a
tests,
as
all
three
whereas the
tin
green
may be
APPENDICES
L GUIDE TO THE DESCRIPTIONS OF MINERALS
BECAUSE of the great number of minerals known and the difficulty
of recognizing them at sight, some means must be employed to aid in
their systematic study in order that they may be identified without an
inordinate
expenditure of
time
of
Those
on their physical properties. Both kinds possess advantages
based on chemical properties are more effective in leading to the name
of the mineral being studied, but those based on physical properties
are
more apt
its
teristics
mind as
to
its real
nature
found
In
many
radicals
The tables in the following pages are divided into two great divisions.
The first division includes those minerals that have a metallic luster,
and a few which might be confused with these Minerals possessing a
opaque on their thinnest edges Most of them give a
The second
parent in splinters and on their thin edges, and most of them give a
495
APPENDlUJkb
496
ness
it is
than
2 5
The
and hardness
With
on color
reference to hard-
It is also to
fresh fracture
is its
color
on a
must be stated that the tables in this book are not expected
names of minerals; they are to serve
as
on
to
the
which the minerals are described.
merely
guides
pages
Recourse must be had to the descriptions of the individual minerals
Again,
it
APPENDICES
497
The
ref<
'
APPENDICES
498
STREAK BROWN
(C
4l
(Cow)
APPENDICES
(Cm)
STREAK RED
STREAK YELLOW
499
(Con)
APPENDICES
500
(Cm )
STREAK CRAY
(Cow)
APPENDICES
MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTER (Co)
STREAK WHITE
STREAK BROWN
501
APPENDICES
502
STREAK RFD
(Coil )
(Con)
APPENDICES
B
503
(Cow)
STREAK YELLOW
STREAK ORANGE
STREAK GREEN
374
196
APPENDICES
504
GREEN
(Con)
(COW.)
STREAK BLUE
STREAK WHITE
464
300
*0S
388
374
373
365
273
330
176
176
461
418
APPENDICES
B
505
(Cm
(Con)
APPENDICES
506
B.
(Con)
(Con
APPENDICES
B
(Cotl )
507
(Cow)
APPENDICES
508
(C(JW
APPENDICES
B
509
(Con
(Can
APPENDICES
510
(Con
(Cow)
APPENDICES
B
511
(Cofl
(Con)
APPENDICES
512
(C<)U
(Con
APPENDICES
II.
513
LIST OF
CONSTITUENTS
ALUMINIUM
Albite
Epidote
Orthoclase
Alum
Feldspars
Piedmontite
Alumte
Garnet
Prehmte
Amblygomte
Gibbsite
Pyrophyllite
Sillimamte
Analctfe
Glaucophane
Andalusite
Harmotome
Sodahte
Anorthite
Heulandite
Spinel
Augite
Hornblende
Spodumene
Axmite
Jadeite
Staurohte
Bauxite
Kaolin
Stilbite
Beryl
Battle micas
Kyanite
Laumontite
Thomsomte
Cancrmite
Lazulite
Tourmaline
Celsian
Lazunte
Chabazite
Lepidolite
Leucite
Turquoise
Uvarovite
Chrysoberyl
Cordiente
Topaz
Vanscite
Margarita
Vesuviamte
Wavehte
Cryolite
Micas
Microclme
Cyanite
Natrolite
Zoisite
Diaspore
Nephehte
Corundum
Zeolite
Dumortiente
ANTIMONY
Ar Simony
Bournomte
Jamesomte
Stibmte
Breithauptite
Pyrargynte
Senarmontite
Sulphantimorates
Tetrahednte
Dyscrasite
Stephamte
Valentimte
ARSENIC
Proustite
Arsenates
Enargite
Arsenic
Erythnte
Realgar
Arsenolite
Gersdorffite
Scorodite
Arsenopynte
Lollmgite
Smaltite
Chloanthite
Munetite
Sperryhte
"Niccohte
Claudetite
Olivemte
Cobaltite
'
Domeykite
Orpunent
Sulpharsenites
Tennantite
514
APPENDICES
BARIUM
Barite
Celsian
Harmotome
Psjlomelane
Hyalophane
Withente
BERYLLIUM
Bertrandite
Chrysoberyl
Beryl
Beryllomte
Gadoliriite
Herdente
Phenacite
BISMUTH
Bismite
Bismuthmite
Bismuth
Bismutite
Sulpho-bismuthimtes
Tetradymite
BORON
Axinite
Danbunte
Sassolite
Boracite
Datohte
Dumortiente
Tourmaline
Borax
Ulexite
Colemanite
BROMINE
Bromyrite
Embohte
lodobromite
CADMIUM
Greenockite
CAESIUM
Pollucite
CALCIUM
Actinohte
Andradite
Chabazite
Colemanite
Margarita
Anhydrite
Danbunte
Phillipsite
Ankente
Datohte
Picdmontite
Anorthite
Diopside
Prchnitc
Apatite
Dolomite
Apophyllite
Epidote
Fluonte
Scheehte
Sooledte
Aragonite
Asbestus
Gaylussite
Pcrovskite
Stilbitc
Thomsonite
Glaubente
Tftanite
Grossulante
Gypsum
Harmotome
Tremolite
Uvarovite
Vesuvianite
Calcite
Heulandite
Wollastonite
Cancnnite
Hornblende
Laumontite
Zoisite
Augite
Autunite
Babingtonite
Bustamite
Carnotite
Many
other silicates
APPENDICES
515
CARBON
Cancrmite
Diamond
Carbonates
Graphite
Hanksite
CERIUM
Allamte
Monazite
Thorite
Fergusomte
Gadolimte
Samarskite
Xenotime
CHLORINE
Apatite
Atacamite
Cryolite
Halite
Boracite
Hanksite
Pyromorphite
Scapohte
Sodahte
Carnalhte
Kamite
Sylvite
Cerargynte
Mimetite
Vanadmite
CHROMIUM
Chromite
Crocoite
Uvarovite
COBALT
Cobaltite
Glaucodite
Erythnte
Linnaeite
Smaltite
COLUMBIUM
Columbite
Samarskite
Tantalite
Columbates
Polycrase
YtrrotantaJite
Fergusomte
COPPER
Atacamite
Chrysocolla
Malachite
Azunte
Copper
Melacomte
Berzelianite
Covelhte
Ohvenite
Bornite
Cuprite
Stromeyente
Bournonite
Cypnne
Tennantite
Brochantite
Dioptase
Tetrahednte
Chalcanthite
Domeykite
Tenorite
Chalcocite
Torbermte
Chalcopyrite
Enargite
Libethenite
Allamte
Gadolinite
Turquoise
DIDYMIUM
Cerite
Monazite
APPENDICES
510
ERBIUM
Allanite
Gadolmite
Fergusonite
Xenotime
Amblygomte
Fluonte
Herdente
Yttrotantahte
FLUORINE
Topais
Lepidolite
Tnplitc
Vesuvianite
Cryolite
Phlogopitc
Waguentc
Durangite
Tourmaline
Apatite
Chondrodxte
GERMANIUM
Conficldite
Argyrodite
GOLD
Calaverite
Petzite
Gold
Sylvamte
lodyrite
Marshite
Krenncrite
IODINE
Mteraitc
IRTDIUM
Platfniridium
Iridosmine
IRON
Actmolite
Fayahte
Almandite
Andradite
Ferberite
Ankerite
Gadolinite
Marcasite
Melontcrite
OKvine
Pen tlaiK lite
Franklinite
Gedrite
Anthophyllite
Pharnmconiderite
'
Arsenopynte
Augite
Glauconite
Goethite
Pyrope
Biotite
Greenaljte
Babmgtonite
Gruenerite
Pyrrhotite
Scorodite
Bormte
Hematite
Hornblende
Sidertte
Chalcopyrite
Hypersthene
Tantalite
Chromite
Columbite
Ilmenite
Triphylite
Iron
Triplite
Turgite
Bronzite
<
Pyrite
Staurolite
Cordierite
Lepidomelaae
Crocidohte
Limomte
Vivianite
Cummingtonite
Dufremte
LoJlingite
Wolframite
Magnetite
Many other
silicates
APPENDICES
Altaite
Anglesite
Bournonite
Cerussite
Clausthahte
Crocoite
Descloizite
Dufrenosite
Amblygonite
Lepidolite
Lithiophihte
Actmolite
Ankente
Anthophylhte
Asbestus
Augitc
Biotite
Boracite
Brittle
micas
Bronzite
Brucite
Carnalhte
Chlontes
Chondrodite
Chtysotile
Alabandite
Babmgtonite
Bra unite
Bustamite
Columbite
Fowlente
Frankhnite
Hauerite
Hausmanmte
sir
518
APPENDICES
MERCURY
Amalgam
Coloradoite
Calomel
Cinnabar
Metacmnabarite
Onofnte
Tiemannite
MOLYBDENUM
Molybdenite
Molybdite
Wulfcnitc
Powellite
NICKEL
Annabergite
Gersdorffitc
Niccolite
Breithauptite
Chloanthite
Linnaote
Melonitc
Pentlandite
Ullnwnite
Garniente
Genthite
Mjllente
Zaratite
NITKOCt N
Soda-niter
Niter
OSMIUM
Indosmine
PALLADIUM
Palladium
PHOSPHORUS
Phosphates
PLATINUM
PI atinir idium
Platinum
Sperrylite
POTASSIUM
Alunite
Jarosite
Niter
Apophyihte
Kainite
Orthodasc
Biotite
Kahnltc
Carnallite
Lepidolite
Carnotitc
JLeucitc
Phlogopite
Psilomelanc
Glauconite
MJcrocline
Sylvitc
Hanksite
Muscovite
Many
Harmotome
Nephelme
other silicates
SELENIUM
Aguilante
Berzelianite
ClausthaHte
Naumannite
'Oxxofrite
Selen-tellurium
Tiemannite
APPENDICES
519
SILICON
Opal
All silicates
Quartz
SILVER
Amalgam
Hessite
Pyrargynte
Argentite
lodynte
Silver
Bromynte
Petzite
Stephanite
Calavente
Miargynte
Stromeyente
Cerargynte
Pearceite
Sylvamte
Dyscrasite
Tetrahedrite
Embolite
Polybasite
Proustite
Acmite
Glaubente
Paragonite
Albrte
Glaucophane
Soda
Analcite
Halite
Sodalite
Beryllonite
Hanksite
Soda-niter
Borax
Cancnnite
Jadeite
Stilbite
Lasunte
Thenardite
Chabazite
Mirabilite
"Thomsomte
Trona
SODIUM
Crocidohte
Natrolite
Cryolite
Natron
Ulexite
Durangite
Nephehte
Many
other silicates
Gaylussite
STRONTIUM
Strontiarute
CcIestJte
SULPHUR
Arsenopynte
Lazunte
Pyrrhotite
Brochantite
Leadhilhte
Sulphates
Cobaltite
Marcasite
Sulphides
Hanksite
Noselite
Sulpho-salts
Hauymte
Pyrite
Sulphur
Kaimte
TANTALUM
Columbite
Samarskite
Fergusonite
TantaLte
Altaitc
Krennente
Calaverfte
Melonite
Sylvawte
ColoradoHe
Nagyagite
Tellunte
Hessite
Petzite
Tetradymite
Yttrotantahte
TELLURIUM
Selen-tellurium
520
APPENDICES
THALLIUM
Loranditc
Crookesite
THORIUM
Aeschynite
Monazite
Uraninitc
Yttnalitc
Pyrochlore
Thorite
TIN
Canfieldite
Cassiterite
Stannitc
TITANIUM
Anatase
Astrophylhte
Brookite
Rut ilc
Ilmenite
Perovskite
Schorlomfle
Pseudobrookite
Titanite
TUNGSTEN
Ferberite
Stohsile
Huebnerite
Polycrase
Scheehte
Autunite
Gummite
Carnotite
Torbernite
Wolframite
URANIUM
Uranimte
Uranophanc
VANADIUM
Carnotite
DescJoizite
Patronite
Roscoelite
Vanadinite
YTTRIUM
Allanite
Samarskite
Yttrialite
Fergusonite
GadoJinite
Xenotime
Yttrotantalite
Calamine
Goslarite
Troostite
Fowlerite
Franklinite
Hydrozincite
Smithsonite
Willemite
Wurtzite
Gahnite
Sphalerite
Zincite
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
Baddeleyite
Zircon
APPENDICES
521
Alunite
Dufremte
Dumortiente
Opal
Piedmontite
Analcite
Epidote
Phaimacohte
Annabergite
Epsomite
Garni en te
Allanite
Apophyllite
Atacamite
Pharmacosiderite
Phlogopite
Prehnite
Gaylussite
Gibbsite
Autunite
Axuute
Azunte
Psilomelane
Glauconite
Pyrophylhte
Goethite
Skorodite
Bauxite
Gypsum
Serpentine
Biotite
Kainite
Staurolite
Borax
Kaohnite
Steatite
Brochantite
Kiesente
Struvite
Lazuhte
Torbernite
Brucite
LeadhiUite
Tourmaline
Calamme
Lepidohte
Cancrmite
Libethenite
Topaz
Trona
micas
Brittle
Carnalbte
Limonite
Chlontes
Malachite
Turquoise
Vanscite
Chondrodite
Mangamte
Vesuvianite
Chrysocolla
Viviamte
Chrysotile
Margante
Meerschaum
Colemamte
Micas
Wavelhte
Cordiente
Mirabihte
Zeolites
Datoiite
Muscovite
Zmnwaldite
Diaspore
Olivemte
Zoisite
Wad
Dioptase
IIL
LIST
(probably colloidal)
Bauxite
Limonite
Skorodite
Chrysocolla
Opal
Turquoise
Garmente
Psilomelane
Wad
Glauconite
Pyrolusite (?)
ISOMETRIC
Arsenolite (?)
Lasurite
Senarmontite
Uraninite
a-Cristobaiite
(?)
APPENDICES
522
HEXOCTAIIEDRAL CLASS
(HOLOHEDRAI)
Rylvite
PSEUDO-ISOM KTRTC
Perovskite
Leucite
Analcite
HEXAGONAL
Breithauptitc
Carnotite (?)
Hanksite
Covellite
Niccolite
Pyrrhotite (?)
Molybdenite
Tridymite
Beryl
(HOLCMIEMIMOKPHIC)
Wurtzile
Zincitc
Mimetite
Pyromorphite
(HEMIHEDSAL)
Vanadinite
APPENDICES
523
Quartz
Selenium
Antimony
Graphite
Sidente
Arsenic
Hematite
Bismuth
Indosmme
Brucite
Magnesite
Tellunum
Calcite
Millente
Tetradymite
Chabazite
Rhodochrositc
Alumte
Smithsomte
Ice
Soda-niter
(?)
(HEMIHEDRAL-HEMIMOBPHIC)
Proustite
Pyrargynte
(TETARTOHEDRAL)
Cinnabar
Quartz
(TETARTOHEDRAL)
Ankente
Phenacite
Willemite
Dioptase
Troostite
Dolomite
Ilmemte
TETRAGONAL
a Cnstobakte
(?)
(HOLOHEDRAL)
Phosgenite
Plattnente
Rutile
Pohanite
Xenotime
Cassitente
Thorite
Zircon
Hausmanmte
Torbernite
Anatase
Apophyllite
Braunite
Vesuvianite
(HEMIHEDRAL)
APPENDICES
524
OKAI)
MIIII
Wcrnonte
Wulfemlc
Scapolitc
Scheelitc
Meiomte
(Hi
Mizzonite
ORTHORHOMBIC
Acanthite
Dumorticnlo
Anthophylhle (?)
Boracite below 263
Enslatitc
Bronzite
Gcdntc
Serpentine (>)
St rat
(?)
Hypcrsthcne
(?)
Samnrhkile
(?)
(?)
it
c (i)
Tantalite
Brookite
Jamcsomtc
<*
Chrysotile (?)
Kaohnite
Thomsorute
Columbitc
Meerschaum
Domeykite
Porovskite
Dufrenite
PyrophylHlc
(?)
(?)
(?)
Trulyniitc
Vans<itt*
Vilrotantahie
(?)
ORTHORHOMBTC B1PYKAM1OA1-
Andalusite
Cordiente
Sillirnnnit
Anhydnle
Danbuntc
Skoroclitc*
Anglesitc
Diaspora
Dyskrasite
Aragonile
Arsenopyri 1 e
Atacamite
Autumte
Bante
Slituroht e
Kn argi to
SU'phnnile
S bn t e
Kiyahte
Htromcy<Ttte
1 1
Forsterile
Ht ront iunit c
Sulphur
BeryUonite
Glducodot
Gocthitc
Bismuthmite
Libelhenite
Bournonitc
Brochantite
Brookite
IJthiophilite
Topu
Lollingfte
a Truly mite
Manganite
Triphylite
Carnallite
Marcasile
Natrohte
Niter
Wavellilc*
Olivcnlte
Zoisitc
Celestite
Cenassite
Chalcocite
Chrysoberyl
Tcphroit e
Thcnardil c
Valcntint'te
Withcrilc
Olivine
Prehnite
Caiamme
Stephanite
Struvlte
525
526
APPENDICES
TRJCLINIC
Aenigmatite
Fremontite
Amblygomte
Melacon 1 e
1
Montchrasite
1 'u rq u
Aenigmatite
Babingtonite
Albite
Bustarnite
Andesine
Anemousite
Bytownite
Oligcx hisc
Celsian (?)
Chalcanthite
Orthotlase
Anorthite
Anorthociase
Aximt e
Fowlente
Kya.ni t e
Rhodonite
(?)
REFERENCE BOOKS
IV.
GENERAL TEVTS
Handbuch der Mmeralogie, by Dr
(2
Carl Hintze
Veit
& Comp
Leipzig, 1897
volumes)
New York,
2d Appendix, 1909
ist Appendix, 1899
3d Appendix, 1916
1892
Stone
Useful Minerals of the United States, by S Sanford and
Geological Survey
Bulletin
No
624
Washington,
D C
1917
DETERMINATIVE TABLES
Determinative Mineralogy with Tables, for the Determination of Minerals by
Means of Their Chemical and Physical Characters, by J. V Lewis John Wiley
&
Manual
McGraw-Hill Book Co
New York,
Kraus and
F Hunt.
1911
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Crystallography,
by T L Walker
Elementary Crystallography, by
York, 1910
Essentials of Crystallography,
by
1906
G Lmck
Jena, 1913
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Optical Properties of Crystals,
by P Groth
edition),
edition),
by P Groth
by Jos P Iddmgs.
Hill
Book Co
New
John Wiley
Wemschenk. Translated by
Jackson
John
Wilhelm Engelmann,
1911
Petrographic Methods, by
Translated by
&
Sons,
Clark.
New
York,
McGraw-
York, 1912
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Handbuch der Mmeralchemie, 4 volumes,
edited
by C Doelter
Theodor Stein-
kopff,
1908, 1910
The Data
of
Geochemistry,
by F
Clarke
527
No
616
U. S Geological
REFERENCES
528
New
York,
MUJraw-Hill Book Co
New
ALTERATIONS
A treatise on Metamorphism, by
graph, Vol 47, 1904,
Treatise
C.
Washington,
Van
I),
on Rocks, Rock-weathering,
MacmiUan Co
New
York, 1906
Hibe.
C.
and
Soils,
by
I*
Merrill
The
GENERAL INDEX
Acid arsenates, 292
Acid phosphates, 279, 292
Acid silicates, metasihcates, 397
orthosihcates, 343
Acids, silicic, 300
Albite twinning, 419
Alkali amphiboles, 390
Alkali feldspars, 413
Alkali micas, 353
Alkali pyroxenes, 375
Alteration of minerals, 30
Alteration pseudomorphs, 31
Alum
hydrated, 281
286
basic, 274,
normal, 281
Arsenic group, 49
Arsenic, tests for, 483
Arsenides, 68, 77
metallic, 77, 100
Atomic weights, 6
Alummates, 195
Aluminium, tests
483
Alummosilicic acids, 301
for,
Analyses, calculation
of,
records, of, 6
microchemical, 13
wet, 4
Andalusite group, 319
basic, 231
tnmetasihcates, 408
Anhydrous phosphates, 261
basic,
274
tests for,
483
483
polysihcates, 426
tests for,
silicates,
metasihcates, 393
orthosihcates, 319
salt,
477
Bellows, 468
529
GENERAL INDBX
530
tests for bismuth,
Blowpipe
484
Bondn/a, 21
boron, 484
bromine, 484
cadmium, 484
Boron, tests
calcium, 485
carbonates, 485
Bromides,
chlorine, 485
Bromine, tests
4S;
for,
$4
48 1
for,
chromium, 485
Cadmium,
cobalt, 483
fluorine,
iron,
Calcium, tests
,152
for,
487
lead, 488
Caliche, JQ>
lithium, 488
Carbonates, 212
anhydrous,
magnesium, 488
manganese, 488
<?
21
Jt
normal, at a
btwit, a^i
mercury, 489
molybdenum, 489
hydrous, 234
489
Carbonates, tests
nitric acid,
48
Calculation of analysts, 4
Calculation of formulas, (*, to
487
nickel,
484
486
gold, 486
iodine,
tests for,
Calute group*
columbium, 485
copper, 486
Carbon group,
489
485
for,
,47
oxygen, 490
(Yrargyrite group,
potassium, 490
ChaUotite group, 84
selenium, 490
silicon,
silver,
tf
47,$
490
Chemical Hubatatuvs an mi
491
sodium, 491
tt?st
strontium, 491
Chlorine,
sulphur, 491
for,
485
tantalum, 491
Chromatea, 253
Chromitcs, IQS
tellurium, 491
thallium, 492
tin,
Chromium, twts
492
for,
485
titanium, 499
Cinnabar group,
tungsten, 492
Claasification of minerals, 15
t)7
uranium, 493
vanadium, 493
zmc, 494
Closed tube,
467
of,
Cockscomb twin,
zirconium, 494
Blowpipes, 468
Blowpipe analysis*
ue
471
470
reducing, 470
MO
Columbates, 293
GENERAL INDEX
Composition of water of Borax Like,
Dead
Sea, 23
I*
Goodenough Lake,
Uike tteisk, 2^
23
blowpipe, 470
colored, 477
oudumg, 470
480
Copper, tests
lames
candle, 470
Contact minerals, 2?
test,
Copper
531
for,
480
Corundum group,
152
reducing, 470
of minerals, 30
magmatie water, 23
Galena group, 78
Garnet group, 308
Ge-nthite, 400
(Jeotles,
29
Gold group,
springs, Ji
>3
486
Guide to descriptions
of minerals,
478
Determinative mineralogy* 467
1
Diantimonicles, 100
Diareenides, too
'
Dike, 28
100
Double
fluorides,
2Q2
Imau, 286
normal, i8 1
ACi<i,
Dioxides, 158
Diselenideft,
Honestonc, 16$
Hot
149
acid, 292
basic, 286
normal, 281
Druse, 21, 38
Dyskrasite group, 77
Kclogite, 3QX
Klbow twin,
Key
Elements, 36
deposits from, 20
of,
95
495
GENERAL INDKX
532
Lead, tests for, 488
Limestone, 216
dolomitic, 229
513
according to crystallisation,
List of reference books, 527
"jar
Nelsomte, jog
Ncphelm? group,
Magmatic water, 23
Magnesium - calcium
Non-me tills, 37
-
iron
amphiboles,
384
Magnesium-calciunviron pyroxenes, 370
Magnesium-iron micas, 349
Magnesium tests for, 488
tests for,
488
Manganites, 195
Marble, 216
Marcasite group, xoq
Mechanical pseudomorphs, 32
Melantente group, 246, 249
Mercury, tests for, 489
Metallic antimomdes, 77, too
Metallic arsenides, 77, 100
Ocrurromc, of minerals, S
til water
Ocean, umiposition
deposits from, ut
(hktone, i6>
Ohvenite Krwtp, ^77
Olivine group, ^oa
Oolitic* ore,
Open
154
tube, use of, 47*
Orgarm
secretittns, .*o
Origin of minerals,
anhytirourt, ,*oj
30 a
Metalloids, 37
Metals, 52
Metaxnorphism, 24
acid,
117
contact, 2$
dynamic, 26
Metasihcates, 359
anhydrous, 359
normal, 359
Oxides, 146
Oxidi/vd me
Oxychloruies, 144
Oxidijsing flame,
470
4jo
393
acid, 397
Metasomatism, 24, a$
Mica group, 348
Oxygen, testa
Partial pseudomorphft, 31
Microchemic&l analysis, 13
Microcosmic salt beads, 477
Millente group, 94
Mineral names, 36
Molybdates, 253, 254
Molybdenum, tests for, 489
basic,
Monoantimomdes, 77
Monoarsenides, 77
Monoclinic anpkiboles, 382, 384
of,
Paramorpha,
for,
,v
279
basic, 274
hydrated, 281
acid, 292
bask, 286
GENERAL INDEX
Phosphoric acid, tests
for,
490
hydrated, 441
Silicates,
Placer, 20
Silica group,
Platinum-iron group, 63
Silicates,
Pneumatolysis,
17,
158
hydrated, 441
Silicic acids,
25
533
300
Pncumatolytic products, 25
Soapbtonc, 401
PoUssium,
tests for,
boda-hmc
490
Precipitation, 18, 20
Socialite
20
from magmas, 25
from ocean, 22
490
491
feldspars,
417
group, 330
Sodium, tebtb
for,
Solidification of
491
magmas, 25
Solubility of minerals,
from solutions, 18
from springs, Jt
in water, 18, 19
in
carbonated water, 20
no
Primary minerals, 17
Spearhead twin,
Pseudomorphs, 30
Sphalerite group, 87
alteration, 31
chemical, 32
mechanical, 32
partial, 41
Pseudowollastomt e, 369
Stalagmite, 216
Stibnitc group, 72
Strontium, tests for, 401
Sulphantimonates, 116, 122
Quartette, 165
Sulpharsenates, no,
Record
of analyses, 6
Rhombic
section,
2*2.2
Sulphates, 236
anhydrous, 236
420
basic, 243
normal, 236
hydrated, 240
Sandstone, 165
Sulphdiantimomtes,
Sulphdiarsenitcs, 122
Sulphides, 68
of metalloids, 6g
Screens, 477, 47
6t>
basic, 124
ortho, 117
158
Silicates,
n^, 129
Sulpho-aalts, 116
Sulphur group, 47
Sesquioxides, 151
Silica,
300
anhydrous,
metasthcates, 350
Synthesis, 15
orthosilicates, 302
trimctasilicates,
408
polysihcates, 426
Tantalates, 293
Tantalum,
tests for,
491
GENERAL INDHX
534
Table of atomic weights,
Vanadatvs,
V.in.idium, tests for, 493
Tellurides, 68, 69
of metalloids, 69
Vadose water, Jt
Verd-tintique, ^99
Visor-t\\in, r<>o
Vitriol group, .'49
with
Na 8 CO
480
Tetradymite group, 75
Tetrahednte group, 126
Thallium, tests
492
for,
&i
e gnnip, 273
atmosphcru
\V,iter,
ticposits from, 20
Water, lomhint'tl,
Titanatcs, 461
Water, magmatu, j^
492
for,
Water
tf
<u win,
cumpt^it ion
rystalli/ution,
Water, vati*se,
Weathering,
Willcfflite
for,
492
in, 18,
;i
,jj
Whetstone, 105
group, ,406
Wolframite group, 358
WurUite group, 90
Ultramarine, 343
Uranates, 203
tests for,
Zeolite group,
493
Ximm group,
Vanadates, 261
normal, 261
445
Xirionium,
Zone
404
,<i<
tent 8 for,
of, j \
1 1
Titano-silicates, 461
Tungsten, tests
nnmr.iK
Titanium, tests
tif
20
494
of secondary enrichment,
33
i<),
jo
INDEX OF MINERALS
Tht
w,
Athroite, 436
At mite, 305, ???, 506, 507
Ac tinohU 382, jA'rt, 500, 507
Adulana, 414
Anoxmtc,
Anhydrite, 338,
Acginne, 36$,
^5
5,04,
Anthracite, 4$
Anthophylhtc, 382,
AntiKontc, 308, 428
Agate, 164
Agmluntc, 78
Alabandihs 87, yo t 500
Alabaster, 248
Albite, 301, 408, 400, 4^3)
730,
?<??,
26 1, 266,
^0,511,
<M>
4*8, 4*9
Ante, 04
Arsenic, 40, $a, 407
501
Araenopyri te,
W, 50^ 5
or ,
; 11,
49 7
mica, 350
365,
3?o,
374,
500,
501,
Autumte,
503
Aventurme, 164
<?>
ipA,
508,500. 510,512
Ailophams 404
Amber
507,
rf<5
^,
w,
504,
<?i2
504, 506
7<^
^o?, 507
AlgodomU', 78
Altalte,
?o6
Agdlmatolitu, 406
Allopalladjum,
^n
Atginnc-augitc, l?j
Allanite, 326,
508, >to,
5<^>j
,508, 512
428
Axinite,
j^,
Azunte, 231,^^,504
Amethyst, 164
Oriental, 156
Amphiboloids, 363
Amphiboles, 363
Baddeleyitc, 167
Anakite, 446, 4$
Baltimonte, 398
413
Barbierite, 408,
Andesme, 4i74/<?
Andradite, 309, 312
Anemousite, 408, 418
Bartte,
238,^?,
5"
535
503,
INDEX OF MINERALS
536
Carbonado, 39
Beaumontite, 447
Beryl, 359, 507, 509, 511, $12
Carnalhtc, //j,
CurnegiciU>
<yoo,
1
//A
Carnclun, 164
506
508,
^4. o,
(\irnotite, 2X8, j
Cassitente,
if>7,
501,
Blende, 87
Bloodstone, 164
Bog
iron,
Ccrargvntv, in.
185
,<?
Si*
(Ceylon
U'
tt* t
100, /y^
Bort, 39
Boumomte,
Brandisite,
ji>
Bortz, 39
426
("haltotrhhitf,
C'haltopvnte, ttd,
Brazilian emerald,
Chalk,
436
(*hathamitcs
Chert,
if>5
Jt>,
407
?f,
to.S
xMo
ChiuHtolttc, 33 r
Brittle micas,
Chile saltjwU'r,
426
J^
Brazilian sapphire,
436
I.J.H
jto^
Chloanthitf, iot
BrQggente, 298
Chlorupatitts JA^>
Bromargynte, 137
Chlonwtrolitc, ,ws,
Bromhte, 231
Chloriti*,
4^
^7
407
/<*V,
4^
4S.
l<?f*
So,
sor,
Chlromt'luitt% 377
Chlrophanc 140
Chlorapmcl, 106
Brushite, 292
Brucklandite, 329
Chryaoberyl,
ChlorophylliUs 4$)
501;, si
Ma,
*)'.
$ot>>
^>
507,
4oH, so
^^,
Cabrente, 281
Cacholong, 180
Chrysolite,
51 j
Sto
?J
Chryaoprase, 164
**,
3,
3*>
3>
Cinnabar, 22, $
a, 213*
$n
Citrine, 164
Claudetitc, 151,
Clausthahte, 79,
Clay, 405
^,
497
INDEX OF MINKHALS
537
Cleveitc, 298
IXtfrenoybite, 122
Clmohumitc, 332
Clmosoibitc,
Clmtomte,
])yskrasite
1st)
Cobdltitc, ioi,
Colenumte,
s^
50$,
/;?<>,
/oft,
207,
77, 7$,
407
Edenitc, 388
512
2r)<S',
Klcctrum, 50
Coloradoitc, 07
KleolUc, ?/;
Comptomte, 455
Emerald, ^61
Kmewld,
Cookeite, 3<n
Copper
pyrites,
W)
Emery,
/ ?/
4<A
5 ot > SX>,
507*508. 500,510,511,512
Covelhte, 96, 407
Outotahtc, r^V
?w
Kpidote, 3J6,
Erythnte, 281,
50 j
J.V>,
512
^%
500,
505,
7.7,
500, Sio
Kssomtc,
^04
15-;, is<>
CorundophylHte, *po
Crocidohtc, 383, 30 r,
Brazilian, 4^6
Corundum,
500
Dysluite, 196
$ob,
511
j; i
30(),
Kucryptite, 313
5H
Eukante, 79
Cryophyllite, 353
CumatoHtcs 370
Fahlunite, 439
Fairy stones,
Cuprotungstite, 254
Fanmtmitr, I*M
Cymatohte, 379
Cyprine, 434
Fassaite, 374
n8
Kiyalite,
2,
302, y>
507
Feldspars, 408
l)amourite, 3^7
w, 506,
509, 5x2
5*o, 512
Fl&hesd'timour, 174
Belessite, 432
180
Delvauxite, 276
Flint, 165,
Demantoul, 3x2
Diallage, 374
Fluorapattte, 266
Diamond,
Dichroite,
#*,
Fotttente, 302,
,?o ?,
510, 512
Dioptasc,
500,
510,511,512
jw, 504
507
$o<>, soft
jrpp,
497>
48|
4QQ
Dipyr, 434
Disthene, 319, jpj
Frernontite, 274
FuthUe, 357
Domeykitc,
Dry-bont
7^?,
497
ore, 221
GadoHnite, 334,
Gahnite, 196
#5
500,
s5
506, 507
INDEX OF MINKI5ALS
538
Galena, 32, 79, 81, 407
Garnet, 308, 312, 501,
iihrous,
50".
510, 512
$oto
s<*),
511
5^
58 W,
-Jio,
-/A
<ju
sou,
Gigantohtc, 439
Girasol, 180
Glaiw, 100
Glauberite, 2jrf, 507, 508,
Glauber
salt,
<jo),
511
VV
Hornsttmt', 16^
246
Morsi*
Glauiodot, 101
Ili'sb
on*,
Glaucophane, 383,
Gocthitc,
2,
w,
37,
4,
Hulnuritc, .^A
504, 5*o
4<,A 400.
/$/?
$00,
jtf,
408,
^j
flumitv,
Hussikitc*. ^fto
499
Gold amalgam, 53
Golden beryl, 361
<n ^17
Hv.uinth,
',
So
5<, 501
Greenahte, 44 ?
Greenockite, 90, gi, 499>
505
S<>3
itt
Greenovitc, 465
Grecnsand, 442
500,
Grossularite, 300, ?/
Guano, 268
Gypsite, 248
Gypsum,
18,
10,
at,
a*,
So
3^1
SOP, 51
*4'
at6
r,
304
J'J^.
Halloysite, 404
Infuwdul earth,
lodyritf, 137
jtf
Hancockite,*326
lolite,
Hanksite, 251,^5^509,511
Hauerite, 101
Iron-platinum, 6$
Hedenbcrgite, 365,
JacobsUe, 196
&z
JM, 377
Heliotrope, 164
Hematite,
17,
499) 503
Jdeite, 365,
37,
x S x,
* S 2,
i$3> 498,
,377,
507, 51 a
Jalpdte, 78
Jamesonit*,
iw, 497
504,
INDEX OF MINERAL
Jasper, 165
539
Malocolite, 372
Mtinganapatite, 268
Jeffersonite, 373
Mdngiinitc,
509, 911
<?o8,
/<;/, 4Q.H,
499
Man^nopcctolitr, 370
Kahnite, 251
?n
Kahophthte,
Kdolimte, 40*,
Marbles 216
A SW,
4<>
my, 407
Martabite, 101,
510, <;u
Kaolin, 404
Marit&litc,
Martitc, i?4
Kiescntc,
Korvnitt*, 101
Masonite, 428
Meerschaum, 397,
KottmKitc, 281
Meumite,
Kraurite,
Molaconite,
Jtjft,
27<>
Kreittomtc,
r/<>,
MeUntentc,
14
Kunxite, 370
Mercury,
*?to,
/or,
511
407, 501
vs
62
52, 53
Meroxcne, 349,
512
./- ?
Melamte, 309,
igft
Krennente,
^Jj
,??f>
Lake
Mua, 348
(leortfe iliamonds,
Ltipis la/uli,
,{4,{
Lasunte, ^.^,
,^40, ?/.? T
fc
Laumontite,
445,
104
*/5^
510
S7
S<>5,
amber, 350
S"
SfPt
La/ulite, 274, .75, 510
Lead, si>
S,i.
littodhiltittt,
Munxlme
tot 407
251, 252,
Lcpjclohte, 353,
?(
Mhpickel, xn
Muzonite, 423
*^ 54
Limestone, 216
Monazite,
512
77
P5 497
Milleritc, t)4
-505, 5o<>
w, 507,
Libethenite, 274,
4W
perthite, 415
/.Vj r
w%,
<??
Montebrasite, 274
499.
503
Lintonite, 456
Montmorillonite, 404
Moonstone, 415
S<>9
497
Nail-head spar, 2141 215
Lucinite, 284
Nakrite, 404
Natrohte, 446,
Magnesioferrite, 196
Natron, 234,
Magnetic
Naurnanmte, 78
pyrites,
Magnetite,
2,
<tf ,
25,
497
37,
190,
195,
196,
*P#, 497
Magnofernte,
Malachite, 12, 30, 31, 212, 231, 232, 504
^,55
Neotype, 223
Nepheline, 313, 314
S$
So7
So8, 510,
INDEX OF MINHKALH
640
P<rthit<, 413
Nephrite, 387
Niccohte, 04, OS* 497
jn
Niter, 206,
Nivemte, 208
Nosean, 339, 340, 341
Ochcr, 185
Ocher
rcd, i<;4
445, //,,
tins,
MHU
509,
yellow, 185
Ohvemte, 274,^77,
Ohvme,
>02,
Iliosphontr,
504
Omphacitc, 374
,
Onofnte, 97
507
Onyx, 165
Onyx, Mexican, 216
Opal) 179, 506, 507,
59>
5*
S*a
precious, 180
180
Platin indium,
common, 180
Ophicalcite, 399
Plutimim, s-J*^
Platinum u<m,
Orangeite, 3x9
IHttttnentc, t^H
PIronantr t
fire,
wo,
emerald, 156
40?
topaz, 156
Polyiwhtc,
Orthoclase,
58,
MJ
4^>
6*7,
500
Pricdfe* 30^
52, 63
Osteolite,
Potash
IVuHc, 164
S09, 5*o> s
Osmiridium,
Osmium,
*,
>n
268
Prochlorkc, 4**y
Ottrebte, 428
Pr<nilitc,
no,
PKcudowalkMttmttr,
Pwlomciane,
PtlWite, 44S
$00
^u
iA'A\ 4tj7,
4^8, 501
Parasepiohte, 401
Parasite, 2x0
19, at,
magndic,
Pargasite, 388
Patronite, 373
Pearccit^
j,
506,500,511
42$
of Ceylon, 37,
Pcndot
M> wi,
497
Pearlspar, 229
Penninite,
s,
92, 4<J7
436
4*
403,
S"
Pyroxenes, 363, 364
PyrrhoUte, oo,
ftf,
497
$04,
INDEX OF MINERALS
T1Q,
28, 32,
17,
',
505, 50^,
S07,
541
^12
',
Selcnitc, 248
Selenium, 47
Scnarmontitc, i;r, 752, 50?,
;o7,
511
nulk>, 104
rost,
SeruiU', 357
164
smoky, 164
1508,
Rammelsbergite, 101
Realgar,
Red
SOT,
Silver, 3
t<>4
1,
508,500,51-*
Smaltite, toi,
Rhodolite, 311
$<J, 508,
3615,
510
SiiLiragditc,
#J
,?<V<V,
389
Smoky
quartz, 164
Soapstone, 402
Roepperite, 30 j
&o
Socialite, 339,
Soda
Ruby, 156
Ruby
Ruby
498, 499,
Rhodium, 03
Rhodonite,
505,512
other, 154
Rhinestone,
w, W,
53
<ty>
500
Rabenghmmer, 353
wlvcr, //;
//<?
pmol, 1^7
Ruthenium, 63
Rutik, 167, 168, ///, 408, 4Q9, 500, s
S*o
2,
503, 505,
$02,
5"
Hufloritc, 101
Sugenite, 164
Sahlite, 365,
50C>>
511, 512
StasHfurtite, 210
373
490
Sanidmc, 415
Stemmarkite, 404
Sapphire, 15^
Steplmmtc,
Sardonyx, 165
Stilbite, 445,
Stotate, 254,
Mcapdite,
-w,
348
Stream
422
sn, 513
tin,
/-?*/,
479
&
sn
170
5"
4<*
542
INDEX OF M1NKKAIJ4
5*
Urancx
Symplesite, 281
Unio, *
Uvaruvile,
5>
3W,
Vanothnite,
W,
Vtittl-untique,
W,
;o8
50j
50/1
jjo<>,
Viokn, ^7^
Vitriol, ^4()
5"
Viviamte,
Watl,
-f.V;,
504, $ot
407
/.Vo,
4<)H, 4')<)
510, 511
*/,
^04,
57t 5**
Wavellite, 380,
^,
W&gnvrite,
Tiger's-eye, 393
S*'3
5to, 51^
Tin, 52
Werneritc, 424
Tinstone, 170
White
Titanomorphite, 465
Topaz, 319, 320, 322, 507, 508, 509,
510,511,512
164
Oriental, 156
joTj,
508, 510, 51 j
Withamitc, 3*)
Witheritc, ^23, wtf, 512
Wolfachl^cs tot
Wolframite, ^54,
400
497.
434,
59> 5*$
501,
505,
506,
Wulfenlte, 354,
507,
385,
3^,
508,
S"
a$jr>
503, SoS
S09S"
Wurtzite,
Travertine, 2x6
382',
367,
5o8S09i5^
Wood tin, 170
Tremohte,
$fti
50 r, soa
Topazojlite, 312
508,
Willemite, j/w5
Titanohvme, 302
Tourmaline,
beryl,
Whitncyite, 78
508, 510
false,
50$,
3t>t>
Vcsuvianito, ^?j,
.71,
511
5*
S^>/
f,
j^p
2,
J/
30*),
50
Tenonte,
JM8
irritt\
Tellurium, 47 49
407,
SOJ, 505
$K>,
498
Xanthophyliite, 426
S3
5<>S
Tridymite, 158
ZeollteB,
Turquoise,
^p,
445
Zeunedte, 288
Zindte, 150, 409,
Ullmanite, xox
tlraJite, 374,
3^9
S<> So
503
Ji^
506,
s9
506, 507*
(x)