Chapter-3

Theory of Projection

Engineering Graphics

AutoCAD

Theory of
Projections

Multiview
projections

Single view
projections
3

Axonometric and Perspective View

To draw in perspective, draw a horizon line

and draw a vanishing point anywhere on
the horizon. Lines which are parallel in real
life are drawn to intersect

Axonometric and Perspective View

Systems of Projection
Projection

Multi view projection Single view projection

(Orthographic projection)
(isometric projection)

Natural / Direct View Method

Glass Box Approach

Place the object in a glass box

Freeze the view from each
direction (each of the six
sides of the box) and unfold
the box

Glass Box Approach

Project all key points
to get front view

Glass Box Approach

Project all key points
to get top view

10

Glass Box Approach

Project all key points
to get right side view

11

Glass Box Approach

Now unfold the glass
box

12

Glass Box Approach

Object in a glass box

Unfolded glass box

13

Elements of projection

Planes of projections

Basically 2 planes
Intersecting at right angles
V.P (Vertical Plane) & H.P. (Horizontal plane)
Reference line xy
Front View (FV) or Elevation
Top View (TV) or Plan
Third is the PP (Profile Plane)

DIRECTION OF
VISION FOR TV

IIND

IST
VP

IIIRD
X

IVTH

Four quadrants
Position of the object is described by above,
below, behind, in front of
Planes are assumed to be transparent
Can the object be situated in any of the
quadrants??
If object in II or IV quadrant, TV and FV will
overlap.

L (X)

D (Z)

H (Y)

1st Angle
Method of
Projection

3rd Angle
Method of
Projection

I.S.I. Code of Practice

The method of first-angle projection is the British
standard practice.
The third-angle projection is the standard
practice followed in America and in the continent of
Europe.
In our country, the first-angle projection method
was formerly in use. The Indian Standard
Institution (I.S.I.), in its earlier versions of Indian
Standard Code of Practice for General Drawing
published in 1955 and revised in 1960 had
recommended the use of third-angle projection
method.

Contd.
In the second revised version of this
standard published in December 1973, the
committee responsible for its preparation has left
the option of selecting first or third-angle
projection method to the users.
Persons engaged in engineering profession
may come across drawings from industries and
organizations following any one method.
It is therefore necessary for them to be
perfectly conversant with both the methods.

Example

Symbolic Representation