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Manuscript Type:
Date Submitted by the Author:
Original Article
24-Aug-2015
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Keywords:
TIJR-2015-1247
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Manuscript ID:
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Journal:
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Abstract:
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Figure 1. Odd quarter wave symmetric 9-level cascaded inverter waveform.
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Figure 2. Optimised harmonic stepped voltage waveform of a nine-level inverter.
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Figure 3. Column chart showing the amplitudes of the harmonic components of 9-level inverter.
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Figure 4. Column chart showing the comparison of the THD between the three multilevel inverters.
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ABSTRACT
Multilevel inverters have received considerable attention from industries and researchers for its high power and voltage
applications. Various switching techniques have been suggested for improving the quality and performance of inverters. One
of the conventional techniques for implementing the switching algorithm in these inverters is Optimised Harmonic Stepped
Waveform (OHSW). However, this technique involves the major problem of solving nonlinear and complex equations,
which indicates a possibility of multiple solutions. This paper describes a novel technique that uses the simple arithmetic
sequence of natural numbers to determine the optimised switching angles of a single phase cascaded multilevel inverter of
any number of levels and fed by equal dc sources. The basic objective was to avoid the laborious process of solving the nonlinear equations using complex switching algorithm for finding the optimal solution of the switching angles. This technique
is implemented to calculate the optimised switching angles of a 9-level cascaded inverter that reduces the total harmonic
distortion to below 9%.
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Keywords:
Arithmetic sequence; multilevel inverter; natural number, optimised harmonic stepped waveform; switching angles; total harmonic
distortion.
1. INTRODUCTION
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for odd n
Hn() =
(1)
0 for even n
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Vout() =
(2)
where
E
dc voltage supply;
n
odd harmonic order;
s
number of dc sources;
optimised harmonic switching angle, which must
satisfy the condition: , ! , " , #
!
For determining the Fourier series of the 9-level output
voltage waveform, four switching angles, , ! , " , , need
to be known. Mathematically, four equations are required to
be set up to solve these switching angles. Unfortunately,
these equations are nonlinear as well as transcendental in
nature, which indicates a possibility of multiple solutions.
Moreover, the estimated solutions must be less than /2.
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Page 6 of 11
Page 7 of 11
(3)
THD =
* 1
$ (
&)'+
'
,-.
/0 2
& 0)*
1
0)* ,-.
/0
(4)
3.
t=
PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
Then,
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THD =
time for the 1st step space, 2 units of time for the 2nd step
space, 3 units of time for the 3rd step space and so on till the
last step space is completed at /2.
Since the 9-levelwaveform of Figure 1 is considered to be
quarter-wave symmetric, so Fourier analysis of the first
quarter wave from 0 to /2 is sufficient to compute the
amplitude of the fundamental and odd harmonic components
of the complete waveform. There are five steps in the 1st
quarter wave of the waveform, which indicates that there are
4 H-bridge cells in the 9-level cascaded inverter. Following
this technique, the step spaces can be assigned as follows: 1st
step space is assigned 1 unit of time, 2nd step space is
assigned 2 units of time, 3rd step space is assigned 3 units of
time, 4th step space is assigned 4 units of time, and the 5th
and final step space of the 1st quarter wave is assigned 5
units of time.
The procedure can be further described as follows. Let t1,
t2, t3, t4 are the switching instants of the four H-bridge cells
of the cascaded 9-level inverter. Initially, all the H-bridge
cells are in the OFF state and will continue to be in the OFF
state for 1 unit of time till t1 is reached. At the instant t1, the
1st H-bridge cell is switched ON. The 2nd H-bridge cell is
switched ON after 2 units of time at the instant t2. Now both
the 1st and the 2nd H-bridge cells are in the ON state for the
next 3 units of time till the instant t3 is reached. At the
instant t3, the 3rd H-bridge cell is switched ON and the 1st,
2nd and 3rd H-bridge cells operate simultaneously for the
next 4 units of time till the instant t4 is reached. At the
instant t4, the 4th and the last H-bridge cell is switched ON.
Now all the four H-bridge cells operate simultaneously
for the next 5 units of time when finally /2 is reached and
the first quarter wave is accomplished.
Total number of units assigned for all the step spaces of
the 1st quarter wave = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15
For the waveform of Figure 1, let the frequency be 50Hz,
so that the time period of the complete wave is,
T = 1/50 second = 0.02 second.
Time for half wave = 0.01 second.
Time for quarter wave = 0.005 second.
Let tbe the time for each unit. Since there are total 15
units assigned in the 1st quarter wave which has a time
period of 0.005 seconds, therefore, we can write,
15t = 0.005 second
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5.556
s
6
t = 0.000333 s
1st step space, t1 = t = 0.000333 s
2nd step space, t2 = 2t = 0.000667 s
3rd step space, t3= 3t = 0.000999 s
th
4 step space, t4 = 4t = 0.001333 s
5th step space, t5 = 5t = 0.001667 s
t1 = 0 + t1 = 0.000333 s
t2 = t1 + t2 = 0.001 s
!
!
5.5!
9 0.000333, ! =
!
!
5.5!
9 0.001,
" =
9 0.002, =
9 0.003333
5.5!
5.5!
Thus the optimised harmonic switching angles of the four
H-bridge cells in the first quarter wave are
= 0.0333, ! = 0.1, " = 0.2, = 0.3333 in
radian
or, = 6,! = 18, " = 36, = 60 in degrees
These switching angles were used to generate the
optimised harmonic stepped voltage waveform of the ninelevel inverter operating at 50 Hz frequency and fed by four
equal dc sources of magnitude E each, so as to maintain
equal step height. The waveform is depicted in Figure 2,
where 1,2,3,4 and 5 indicate the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th step
space respectively.
4.
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450
400
Voltage Amplitude
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9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63
Harmonic Order
Figure 3.Column chart showing the amplitudes of the harmonic components of9-level inverter.
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8.8
8.6
THD
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7.8
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11-level
13-level
5. CONCLUSION
The goal of this technique was to calculate the optimised
harmonic switching angles for which the multilevel
waveform exhibits minimum harmonic distortion. The idea
was to avoid the tedious process of solving non-linear and
complex equations to find the optimised harmonic switching
angles.
A
fast,
efficient
and
reliable
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9-level
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REFERENCES
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