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Sethumadhavan Pa*, Arul Mozhi Selvan Vb
b
a
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,Tiruchirappalli, India
Assistant Professor , Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology,Tiruchirappalli, India
*Corresponding Author. Tel:+91 (431) 2503417, Fax: +91 (431) 2500133, E-mail:qualitysethu@gmail.com
Abstract
Biogas is a renewable and economical source of energy for the rural community. It addresses the twin problems of energy and climate
change. Deployment of biogas systems for combined heat and power generation for rural community not only helps to avoid the fossil
fuel emissions, but also provides employment opportunities. Agriculture dominating developing countries can develop biogas systems
that utilize waste from agricultural processes. The result of comparison of performance and economic viability of a novel low cost biogas
system applicable for the rural community has been presented in this paper. The result shows the possibility of easy acceptance by the
rural community.
Keywords: Biogas, Cooking, Low cost digester, Renewable energy, Rural development
1. Introduction
Rural households in most of the developing countries use about 90% of their total energy consumption for meeting their
cooking needs[1]. Commonly used fuel in rural community is biomass based materials such as firewood, charcoal,
agricultural wastes and animal wastes. Among these fuels, firewood occupies more than 34% of the total fuel consumption
by the rural domestic sector and has been a dominant energy source. It contributes to the problems of forest depletion,
global warming and climate change. Oflate there is energy crisis due to shortage of firewood for cooking purposes .This
shortage forces rural women to travel longer distances everyday to collect firewood. Burning wood for cooking purpose is
not only inefficient but also harmful to the rural women and children as they are exposed to the firewood smoke for
prolonged hours during cooking [2]. It has been reported that smoke can lead to birth defects and even cancer. Hence
availability of clean form of energy for the rural community has become an important issue. Level of economic
development of a country can be evaluated by the amount of energy usage by a rural community. Only with adequate
energy supply, people can fulfill their basic needs like cooking, lighting up their homes, communication, medical attention
and preserving the essential commodities. Energy availability has become the most important differentiating factor
between the living styles of Urban and Rural communities. Governments make policies and takes steps to improve energy
supply to the rural community. Even today, Indias 80% of energy needs are fulfilled only by fossil fuels [3]. Fossil fuels
are non-renewable sources with limited availability which can last only for next 100 or 150 years. Even in developed
countries fossil fuel dominates the energy supply with contribution from renewable energy sources as low as only 11 % of
its total demand [4]. It has been estimated that atleast 620 kcal per capita per day of useful energy is required for cooking
in India[2]. In the rural areas people are forced to consume the available domestic energy sources like biomass, dried
animal wastes, dried agro wastes in the absence of clean energy source at affordable cost. With the commercial availability
of renewable energy technologies like Solar photovoltaic power plants, Small wind turbine generators, biomass
gasification systems, biogas plants, the possibility of generating and providing clean energy to the rural community at their
own place is becoming possible. Solar energy is a promising solution to rural community areas with bright sunshine, but
for using it as cooking fuel, the following obstacles are faced. a) Solar thermal energy for cooking purpose is deployed
through solar parabolic cookers which utilizes solar beam radiation. But beam radiation is available only between 9 am and
3 pm even in tropical region. This limits the cooking time. b) For using the solar thermal device like solar cooker, user has
to take the cooking vessel to open space with beam radiation. c) The user needs to attend to the cooker at regular intervals
to focus the parabolic collector towards the moving sun. These aspects slow down the deployment of solar cookers at rural
level. Wind energy systems and Solar Photovoltaic systems can generate electricity, which is a clean form of energy, but
the initial cost of the systems and converting the electrical energy to heat energy for cooking purpose make these systems
economically unviable for the rural cooking application. Biogas is a promising renewable energy source for supplying
clean energy to the rural community. The aim of the present work is to design a small biogas digester, which can be
fabricated at an affordable cost by the rural community itself and to study its performance characteristics for successful
deployment.
Capital cost in
Indian Rupee
Expected life of
the plant
(kWhr/Year)
(Lakhs of Rs.)
(years)
(Rupees)
1500
1.40
25*
93
1.2 kW
1200
1.80
20
150
5 m3
1800
1.05
20
58
RE system
Specification
1 kW
Wind
FRP Biogas plant
* only for SPV panel. Batteries are to be replaced once in four to five years adding to capital cost.
It is observed from the above table that biogas system has the lowest financial input per kWh output. The only
significant operation cost of biogas plant is the cost of feedstock. This can be overcome by utilizing the agricultural and
domestic organic wastes as feedstock material, thus making biogas system easily adoptable by the rural community.
Considering the above points, it is observed that biogas system has the potential to be used as cooking gas which can
replace the dry biomass fuel thereby reducing the indoor air pollution and making the rural kitchen hygienic. The
performance of a novel low cost biogas system installed on experimental basis is presented in this paper.
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Biogas Plant
Biogas is a combustible gas produced by the biological process of degrading organic materials [7]. India has pioneered
in installing biogas system with rich experience gained over the last 100 to 150 years of its usage. India is credited for the
contribution it has made in developing the floating drum model. Most small type biogas plants working on waste to energy
principle are based on the floating drum design. The floating drum adds to significant cost as it requires mechanism to keep
its movement without gas leakage. In addition, the open fluid to keep the drum moving contributes to breeding of
mosquitoes which can spread diseases like Dengue. Hence, the experimental biogas plant has been made as a fixed drum
design to evaluate its performance to digest the food and kitchen waste generated in rural area. The photographic view of
the biogas digester is shown in the Fig. 1. and the specification of the same is shown in the Table 2.The advantage of this
digester is the availability of the cement material at rural level itself and the design of the outlet pipe which can expel the
digestate without losing any gas. The pipelines are also designed with plumbing pipes which are easily available at rural
area at affordable cost. Altogether the overall cost of the biogas plant which can deliver 1 m 3 biogas per day which can
meet the needs of a rural family works out to only Rs 4500/-. This is a significant contribution to the society as the cost of
the plant compared to existing commercially available plants is lesser by more than 50%. The stove used has been specially
designed for biogas systems. The top cover is also made using cement slab with provision for gas outlet valve thereby
arresting the chance of the fluid in contact with ambient air and eliminating the chance of breeding of mosquitoes. These
features make the system novel in achieving the objective of providing clean energy at affordable cost.
Size
Material of construction
Cement concrete
Unit
Diameter of Digester
1000
mm
0.5
m3
Volume of Digester
722
Litres
Height of Digester
1.22
0.55
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
Quantity of biogas generation
0.25
0.20
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Day
Fig. 2. Trend of biogas generation
Biogas generation im m3
0.50
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
0
10
15
20
Day
Fig. 3. Time taken for water boiling
25
30
35
From the graph at Fig 2, it is evident that the biogas generation depends on the feed rate and the process stabilizes after
a period of 10 to 15 days based on the start up conditions. Once the methane formation starts, then feeding at a constant
rate with organic content provides gas output. It is also recorded that after 16 days of feeding of kitchen waste, the digested
liquid started flowing from the output port provided on the side of the digester. This liquid is a organic fertilizer that can
give value to the rural community. The trend of time taken for water boiling, which is an indicator of biogas is placed at
Fig 3.
5. Conclusion
It is understood that the acceptance of renewable options depend on the understanding of the process by the community,
lower initial cost for establishing the plant and the usage value of the output for their day to day needs in rural areas. From
the performance study of this novel experimental biogas digester, it is observed that there is a possibility of using the
biogas formed in the morning for cooking purpose. Immediately after usage further quantity of waste can be fed inside the
digester so that equal quantity of gas can be produced , which can be used in the evening. This present work will throw
light on the rural community to design own biogas plants to collect waste at community level and generate clean burning
fuel for their rural household cooking needs thereby converting waste into useful energy to satisfy their day to day needs. It
is planned to conduct experiments with refining of biogas before usage in stove and report the specific fuel consumption of
the biogas stove so that the improvement in performance with a refining method can be compared with previous works.
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