Structural Be Hav I 00 Hire

The Structural Behavior
of Higher Strength Concrete
by
Narayan Babu
B. E.
D.
Hiremagalur
Bangalore University, 19 82
A MASTER'S THESIS
submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Civil Engineering

KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Manhattan, Kansas
1985
'
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Mi
.TV
A115D5 btllOM
Iff 5
M?7
iAGE
List of Tables
III
List of Fi gures
Chapter
Chapter
Introduction
Objectives
Selection of Materials
Introduction
Cement
4
6
Strength
Maximum Size and Graduation
Particle Shape and Surface Texture
Cleanliness
Mineralogy and Formation
Aggregate- Paste Bond
Fine Aggregate
Water
Admixtures
Chapter
- Literature Survey For Compressive Stress Block
Chapter
Test Specimen and Method of Testing
Method of Testing
Strain Gages
5 -
Present Usage
Coarse Aggregate
Chapter
10
10
12
15
15
17
Experimental Work and Results
18
Casting
18
l&BLfi
3E CONTENTS (Continued)
PAGE
18
Curing
Instrumentation and Apparatus
18
Test Procedure
19
Results and Discussion of the Results
20
Strain Behavior
Chapter
Appendix
23
- Summary and Conclusions
Appendix II
25
Summary
25
Conclusions
25
Recommendations For Future Work
26
References
27
a)
b)
Mix Proporations
Derivation of Ultimate Strength Factors
kik3, k2
dm Q
Steel Frame
d) Computer Program for Calculating 5
c)
e)
Calibration of Minor Load P2
Appendix III - Tables and Figures
Appendix IV
Notation
Acknowledgements
ii
&
30
31
df
33
34
36
37
LIST QE TABLES
TABLE
PAGE
5.0
Information about the test specimens
5.1
Cylinder data corresponding to Beam
3 8
39
5.2
Cylinder data corresponding to Beam II
5.3
Cylinder data corresponding to Beam III
41
5.4
Cylinder data corresponding to Beam IV
42
40
5.5
Stress-strain relation for cylinder #1,

corresponding to Beam I
43
5.6
Stress-strain relation for cylinder #2,

corresponding to Beam I
44
5.7
Stress-strain relation for cylinder #2

corresponding to Beam II
45
5.8

corresponding to Beam II
46
5.9

corresponding to Beam III
47
5.10

corresponding to Beam III
48
5.11

corresponding to Beam IV
50
5.12
Load-Strain data for flexural test of Beam
5.13
Load-Strain data for flexural test of Beam II
53
5.14
Load-Strain data for flexural test of Beam III
55
5.15
Load-Strain data for flexural test of Beam IV
57
5.16
Load and average strain at each level for flexural

test of Beam I
59
5.17

test of Beam II
61
5.18

test of Beam III
63
5.19

test of Beam IV
65
51
JLIST .QE TABLES (Continued)
TABLE
PAGE
5.20
Load and ultimate strength factors for Beam
5.21
Load and ultimate strength factors for Beam II
69
71
67
5.22
Load and ultimate strength factors for Beam III
5.23
Load and ultimate strength factors for Beam IV
5.24
Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam

using equations (4.1) and (4.2)
5.25
Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam II

78
5.26
Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam III

80
5.27
Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam IV

82
5.2
Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam

using equations (4.1) and (4.2) and cylinder
stress-strain curve
84
73
I
75
5.2 9
Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam II

stress-strain curve
86
5.30
Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam III

stress-strain curve
87
5.31
Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam IV

stress-strain curve
88
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
FIGURE
cement
on
89
concrete
90
2.1
Effect of various brands of type

concrete compressive strength (20)
2.2
various cements
Effect
of
compressive strength (2)
2.3
aggregate
Effect
of
size of coarse
compressive strength in different types
concrete (adapted from Ref . 5)
2.4
Maximum size aggregate for strength

envelope (15)
2.5
on
on
of
91
efficiency
92
Compressive strength of concrete using two

sizes and types of coarse aggregate for 7500
93
psi concrete
2.6
(1)
Compressive strength of high-strength concrete

coarse
of
three
sizes and types
using
aggregate.
94
superplasticizer
95
time
when
using
2.7
Slump
4.1
C-Shape structural element for flexure test.
4.2
Concrete stress-strain relations
4.3
Reinforcement layout
4.4
An arbitrary section A-A with rebar arrangement

at each leg (11)
99
4.5
An arbitrary section of column part with rebar

arrangement (11)
100
vs.
(11)
96
97
(7)
98
5.1
Cylinder
Beam I
compressive stress-strain
5.2
Cylinder
Beam II
compressive
5.3
Cylinder
Beam III
compressive stress-strain
5.4
Cylinder
Beam IV
compressive
5.5
Location of strain gages vs. strain for Beam
curve
for
stress-strain curve
for
102
curve
for
103
stress-strain curve
for
104
105
101
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

FIGURE
PAGE
5.6
Location of strain gages vs. strain for Beam II
106
5.7
Location
107
of strain gages vs.
strain for
Beam
III
5.8
Location of strain gages vs. strain for Beam IV
10
5.9
Stress block of Beam
109
5.10
Stress block of Beam II
110
5.11
Stress block of Beam III
111
5.12
Stress block of Beam IV
5.13
Axial load vs.

Beam I
5.14
Axial load
Beam II
112
strain for gages
and
strain for gages
vs.
and
for
113
for
114
for
115
5.15
Axial load vs.

Beam III
5.16
Axial load
Beam IV
for
116
5.17
Stress factors k_, k,k, vs. concrete strain for

z
j
j.
Beam I
117
5.18
Stress factors k, ,
Beam II
k, k,
J.
J
vs.
concrete strain for
118
5.19
Stress factors k,
Beam III
k.k, vs.
concrete strain for
119
5.20
Stress factors k_
*
Beam IV
k.k, vs.
concrete strain for
5.21
Condition at ultimate load in test specimen
5.22
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
strain for gages

strain for gages
vs.
vs concrete strain for Beam
and
and
120
121
122
vs concrete strain for Beam II
vs concrete strain for Beam III
124
vs concrete strain for Beam IV
125
126
vi
123
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

FIGURE
PAGE
5.27
5.2
5.29
128
129
127
5.30
Average f from Eq.

for Beam II
(4.1)
and (4.2) vs. strain
130
5.31
Average f from Eq.

for Beam IV
(4.1)
and (4.2)
131
vii
vs.
strain
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION:
term
The
assemblage
strength concrete is relative
high
of
concrete
any
to
concrete
Most
technologists.
technologists classify concrete as follows:

2500 - 6000 Psi
(13.8 to 41.5 MPa)
>
Normal strength concrete;
6000 - 12000 Psi

(41.5 MPa - 83 MPa)
>
Higher strength concrete;
12000 Psi
(> 83 MPa)
>
High strength concrete.
>
report
this
In
implies
concrete
strength
higher
concrete of strength 6000 Psi (41.5 MPa) and above.

A
above
with
the
development
even
processers,
of
new
concrete
of
concrete.
materials,
6000
Psi
and
MPa)
years ago concrete of 5000 Psi (34.5
few
was considered high strength
But,
today
admixtures
(41.5
MPa)
and
is
considered normal strength concrete.
PRESENT USAGE:
There
are
many advantages in
using
higher
strength
load
carrying
concrete over normal strength concrete.

a)
Higher
capacity
strength
concrete
has
greater
than normal strength concrete.
This helps in
reduction of member dimensions and hence dead weight

greatly reduced.
is
b)
Higher
strength
compression
concrete
members.
is
very
In columns,
decreased the self weight decreases,

to
self
weight is much lower,
advantageous
if
in
section
the
is
and the stress due
hence greater
external
load can be taken.

c)
precast and prestress industry is the largest
The'
of
higher strength concrete.
members,
the
In prestressed
moment due to self weight
higher external moment can be taken,

of the structure is increased.
concrete
strengths
user
concrete
decreased,
is
and the efficiency
In prestressed concrete,
of up to 10000 Psi
have
(68.9 HPa)
been used.
d)
It
not
is
particularly
strength concrete in slabs,
advantageous
to
use
higher
as thin sections have
more
deflections.
Higher
New
York
10,000
strength concrete is being used extensively

and
Psi
buildings
Chicago.
(18.9 MPa)
(21)
the 8000 Psi
In the Chicago area
was used in at least
concrete
six
different
Nuclear power plants require concrete
(55 MPa)
range.
in
of
in
OBJECTIVES
a)
To study the compressive and flexural behavior of higher
strength
concrete
[11,000 Psi or 75.8 MPa]
Kansas
aggregate,
strain
relationships
made
in order to verify proposed
and
to study the
shape
with
stressof
the
stress block.
b)
To
compare
the
cylinder
and
flexural
curves.
c)
To find Poisson's ratio.
d)
To determine strain at
e)
To determine modulus of elasticity.
'
and at rupture.
stress-strain
CHAPTER 2
SELECTION
materials
INTRODUCTION
Material
production
selection
of
requirements
Locally
for
an
workability
available
advantage,
is
important
materials
subject
and
strength
should
to suitability,
develop
in
the
meet
to
development.
used
be
fullest
to
to make the production
of higher strength concrete economical.
are selected,
factor
higher strength concrete as it has
Once the materials
the remaining variables should be studied
an optimum mix on the basis of strength,
cost
to
and
field performance.
CEMENT
The
of
strength of a mix is proportional to the
the cement.
strength
As reported in the state-of-the-art report
of high-strength concrete
[24]
published in the ACI
Journal
"The choice of Portland cement for high strength concrete is
extremely
important.
Unless high initial strength is
the
objective, such as in prestressed concrete,
there is no need
to
within
use
cement
Type III cement.
type,
development
Furthermore,
given
different brands will have different strength
characteristics
because of the
variations
in
compound composition and fineness that are permitted by ASTM

C 150".
Walker
and
compressive
Bloom
strength
(see Ref.
5)
for concrete
presented
from
values
different
of
cement
suppliers and offered the following conclusions:
Average
a)
strength
for
different
cements
varied
substantially.
At least one-half of the individual cement differs
b)
shipment
from
to shipment sufficiently to have an effect
on
uniformity of concrete strength.
There is a need for better control of uniformity of
c)
the
cement within individual sources.
Figure
types
2.1
(20)
concrete
on
shows the effect of
compressive strengths
having the same workability

II
(low heat)
concrete
tively
mixes
(standard) or Type
cement should be recommended for high strength
the
job
(5)
and
Type III cement is
accelarated
used
be
too
finely
heat
high early strength development with
of
rela-
the
present
investigation,
Nikaeen (11) was used.

shows
moderate strength gains at 91-day or one year inter-
(5)
In
Type
and results in rapid setting,
hydration,
vals
cement
on
mixes and the same brand of cement is to
throughout
ground
(5)
various
based
that
Type
strength at all ages.
Type
mix
developed
cement was used.
cement gives
the
highest
by
Figure 2.2
compressive
COARSE AGGREGATE
coarse aggregate comprises a major portion
As
in
developing
Kaplan
(8)
that the use of different coarse aggregates has
reported
the
has
a
effect on the strength of concrete with the same mix
marked
Depending on the aggregates,
proportions.
40%
of
it is very important to use proper coarse aggregate
volume,
difference of
compressive
flexural strength and 29% in
in
strength
were obtained in Kaplan's experiments.

strength,
The
to
up
5000
Psi
(34.5
MPa)
depends
essentially on the quality of the hardened cement paste that

The aggregate
the aggregate particles together.
holds
strength
this
strength
should
than
be
level
and above always has a
the cement
paste.
The
greater
following
factors
considered in selecting a coarse

a)
Strength
b)
Maximum size and gradation
c)
Particle shape and surface texture
d)
Cleanliness
e)
Mineralogy and formation
f)
Aggregate-cement bond
at
much
aggregate
for
STRENGTH
aggregates
The
have
should
cement paste.
hardened
strength
crushing
hence,
chosen
strength
for higher
least
crushing strength at
the
to
Most good quality aggregates
have
MPa)
and,
excess of 12000 Psi
in
concrete
equal
(83
strength is not a major problem in the production of
MAXIMUM SIZE AND GRADATION

researchers
Several
10)
4,
(3,
have shown
that
in
concrete the compressive strength increases
higher strength
However,
it
is obvious that there should be some limitation in order
to
when the maximum size of aggregate decreases.
drying
keep
and
shrinkage
creep
maximum size
value.
practical
recommended for most cases (10).
to
reasonable
of 0.4 in.
and
(10 mm)
is
show
Figures 2.3 and 2.4
the size effect of coarse aggregate on compressive strength.

In
Figure
aggregate
2.4,
indicated that
is
it
provides
which
is
the
most efficient use
the
smaller
of
This higher strength
size
cement
in
efficiency
obtained when using smaller aggregate is
due
to
greater bond between the cement and coarse aggregate because

of
the
increase
in surface area.
However,
there
is
different optimum size for each aggregate and for each level
of
strength
desired,
depending on the
economics
of
the
situation.
Therefore final batching for each job is highly
recommended.
PAKTICLE SHAPE AND SURFACE TEXTURE

In the research done by Carrasquillo,
(5)
Ramon and Nil son
is indicated that the ideal coarse
it
aggregate
high-strength concrete appears to be clean,
cubical,
for
angu-
lar, 100% crushed stone with minimum flat size and elongated
particles.
It is also stated that if all other factors are
crushed
equal,
strength
stone
concrete
Figures
2.5 and 2.6,
aggregate
coarse
than
does
produces
rounded
higher
aggregate.
the compressive strength of
In
concrete
using different types of coarse aggregate is shown.
CLEANLINESS
Coarse
aggregate
used
higher
in
should
be
free of dust coating,
causes
an
increase
in
the
strength
concrete
because the dust
fines,
and
increase in the water requirement of the resulting

mixture.
strength
Hence,
the
aggregate
may
recommended
(22)
not
an
concrete
water-cement ratio increases and the
Washing
decreases.
content
consequently
always
the
crushed
necessary,
be
stone
but
is
coarse
always
MINERALOGY AND FORMATION

As
concrete
discussed
above,
the
compressive
increases when using crushed stone as
strength
the
of
coarse
aggregate.
This
aggregate
not only because of the shape of
is
but also due to its
mineralogy.
Experiment
Station
mineralogy
on concrete strength.
done some work on
has
using granite rock (14)
(117 MPa)
The
the
Waterways
effect
the
They achieved 17 000
of
Psi
AGGREGATE-PASTE BOND
When
high-strength concrete is desired,
the aggregate
paste-bond should be strong, a good quality aggregate with a

suitable surface texture should be used.
aggregate-paste
The
increasing
water-cement
aggregate.
Alexander
bond
to
bond is known
(1)
found that the
inch particle was almost
decrease
to
ratio and increasing the
with
size
of
cement-aggregate
1/10
of that to a
corresponding 1/2 inch particle.

FINE AGGREGATE:
The
gradation and particle shape of fine aggregate are
very important factors in the production of higher

concrete.
Fine
requirement
mix.
In
and
consequently the strength of the
sand of the same grading,
aggregate voids may cause a

in water demand
One
of
conventional
strength
aggregate has a great effect on the
(6)
a 1%
water
concrete
increase in
fine
gallon per cubic yard increase
the important functions of fine
concrete is its role in providing
aggregate
in
workability
and good surface finishing.
Since higher-strength concrete
contains a large amount of cement paste,
the role of fine
aggregate in providing workability and good finishing is not

so
Fine aggregates with a fineness modulus between
crucial.
3.2 have been most satisfactory
and
2.7
Blick
(9).
that fine aggregates with fineness
reported
(2)
below
modulus
this range might produce low strength and "sticky mixes".
reduction of the amount passing the No. 50 and No. 100 sieve
on
the lower side of the specification limit from ASTMEC-33
is
suggested.
compressive
Such reductions have shown an
strength
of 500
to 1000 Psi
increase
(3.5 to
7.0
in
MPa)
(15).
In
this investigation,
sieve size of No.
Kaw River Sand with a
maximum
was used.
WATER
Studies (6,20) have shown that water meeting specification
ASTM
concrete.
C-94(19)
has no harmful effect on
Therefore, water meeting ASTM C-94
high-strength
is adequate.
ADMIXTURES
Due
to
the
low
water-cement
ratio,
high-strength
concrete
has low slump and workability is not adequate.
chemical
admixture called superplasticizer or "super
reducer" can be used to improve workability and slump.
admixture
actually
reduces the friction angle between

10
water
This
the
water
limited
It is important to note that this effect is for a
time and the mix changes to its
within
slump
compressive strength,
original
position
original
Therefore superplasticizer
a short time.
after
the
more
and surface of contact and causes the mix to be
workable.
limited
time
without
property
increases
altering
the
because the slump will go back to its
as if no admixture was used in the
mix.
Figure 2.7 shows the effect of superplacticizer on the slump

time on a mix with water cement ratio
0.35
versus
the
(11).
It is believed to have a similar effect on all other
In this investigation,
mixes.
used
was
was Sikament.
in
accordance
Nikaeen (11)
of
the brand of superplacticizer
The quantity of superplacticizer
with the mix
proportion
As slump decreases rapidly with time,
important to consider this effect on the job site.
"
used
developed
by
it is
HAEIE 1
LITERATURE SURVEY FOR COMPRESSIVE STRESS BLOCK
ultimate strength of reinforced
The
subjected
flexure
to
members
concrete
and axial loading can
predicted
be
using the equivalent rectangular stress distribution in

concrete compressive zone.
depth
depth of the actual one,
sive strain,
concretes
gested
In
Based on beam tests,
the American Concrete Institute
p.
using
6000
psi,
(ACI)
(17)
sug-
equal to 0.65,
strength.
was sug-
The validity of this stress block,
always been in question with regard to higher-strength

crete.
Hence,
there
the
than
depending on the concrete
minimum value of
gested by the ACI.
to
the extreme fibre compres-
compressive strength less
values for
1975,
are to be known.
with
HPa)
(41.3
and
the
the ratio of the
equivalent compressive stress block
the
of
In designing,
is a need to study the shape of
has
conthe
stress block in higher strength concretes.

Many views have been expressed concerning high strength
concrete,
but
the
views
are
not
consistent
and
they
contradict each other.

In
the
work done by Leslie,
[9], they concluded:
12
Rajagopalan and
Everard
a)
The ACI building code rectangular stress block does
predict
not
b)
the behavior of beams with
8000 psi
(55 MPa)
Further
research
maximum
strain in concrete for
warranted
is
with
f'
above
'
to
respect
exceeding
8000
psi (55 MPa)

c)
Pending
with
further tests,
stress
a triangular stress
extreme fibre stresses of
an
the
at
conservative
f'
block
and
zero
neutral axis is recommended
as
model for predicting the behavior
of
beams with f'c above 8000 psi (55 MPa).

In the work done by Wang,
and Naaman [16]
Shah,
the
following conclusions were made:

a)
The rectangular stress distribution gives a
suffi-
ciently
accurate prediction of ultimate loads
moments
for reinforced concrete beams and
and
columns
made with high strength concrete.

b)
The value of maximum concrete compressive strain at

ultimate was always higher than 0.003 in/in.
In the work done by Nikaeen

a)
The
from
at
he concludes:
changes
rectangular to parabolic type as the strength
increases,
the
[11]
shape of the stress block at ultimate
because
he found that the position
concrete internal reaction force is k_ =

ultimate
condition
13
for
higher
strength
of
0.37
mix
(i.e.,
'
close
to 0.375 which is the center of gravity of a
= 9500 psi,
65 Mpa)
This value is very
parabolic stress block rather than 0.5 which is the

center of gravity of a rectangular stress block,
b)
The
strain
different
strain
behavior of high strength concrete

from normal strength
at
0.003 in/in.
be
greater
the
ultimate
concrete,
condition
proposed by ACI code

than
that proposed
decreases with time drastically.
by
less than
is
(17)
is
because
or it might
ACI,
but
it
Therefore, a more
conservative value of 0.002 in/in. was recommended.
14
CHA PTE R A
TEST SPECIMEN AND METHOD OF TESTING
the
McHenry and Hanson
In 1955,
Hognestad,
ultimate
strength design criterion for
formulated
[7]
concrete.
In
their work, they used a special C-shaped structural element.
Tensile
stresses
were completely eliminated
region of the specimen,
in
the
test
by applying loads at two points and
varying them such that the neutral axis remained at the face
of the test specimen throughout the test.
The
region,
test
and
specimen
reinforced
had a
central
unreinforced
brackets at the end
test
the
of
test
specimen which accomodated the two thrusts.

The
test reported here was done on a similar
and the dimensions were as used by Nikaeen [11]

In this test,
are
very
behavior
the method and analogy adopted by Nikaeen
closely
and
specimen
(Fig 4.1)
followed
shape
of
in order
the stress
to
block
investigate
in
the
the
higher
strength concrete beam section.
METHOD OF TESTING
Suitable tension,
compression, and shear reinforcement
were placed in the end bracket to assure that failure

occur
in the central,
thrust P
unreinforced
test region.
would
A major
was applied and the neutral axis was maintained at
15
the face of the test specimen throughout the test.
Strains
were measured over the test region.
investigating the behavior and shape of the
In
block,
method
the
Hanson
McHenry,
and
ultimate
strength
equations
present
and equations developed

[7]
design
were
used a C - shaped
and
used.
criterion,
by
stress
Hognestad,
To
formulate
they
derived
some
element.
The
structural
the
code for ultimate strength theory is based
ACI
their work.
on
They formulated stress in concrete fibres as a
function of strain in those fibres.
stress-strain
relationships
for
They also showed
concrete
in
compression
are
indeed applicable to flexure
shows
fact)
this
The following equations
that
concentric
(Figure
which
4.2
permit
stress to be expressed in terms of measured strain and other
known parameters were developed by them [see

df
f
c "
cd^
+ f
7]
(4.D
dm
c =
P
f
o "
cdTc
+ 2m
o
(4.2)
+ p2
(4-3)
be"
p a
+ ?2 a
l l
2
(4.4)
be 2
where
16
Concrete compressive stress in outer fiber of

the beam;
Concrete strain in outer fiber of the beam;
c
P.
= major thrust;
P, = minor thrust;
a,
and a_ are lever arms;
b is the width
and c is the depth of the
testing
region.
The details are shown in Figure 4.1.
Figure
4.3
gives the reinforcement layout of the test
Figures 4.4 and 4.5 give the sections at A-A and
specimen.
B-B respectively (see Figure 4.1).
STRAIN GAGES
Strain gages were used to measure strains.
were
monitered
by
an automated
data
The strains
acquisition
system
controlled by a model 2E Apple Computer.

Ten
resistance
of
EA-06-7 50DT-120
Micro Measurement
electrical
strain gages were used on the test beam
locations shown in Fig.
(4.1).
17
of
the
CHAPTER
5_
EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND RESnT.TS

CASTING
specimens were
The
cast
horizontally on
level
surface.
Vibration was used to consolidate the concrete.
There was
minimum cover of 3/8
used for all the

Some 3x6
in.
in.
The mix proportions
specimens are shown in Appendix Ila.
cylinders were cast at the same time with each
mix.
CURING
Twenty-four hours after casting, the specimen was taken
out of the mold and then placed in a 100% humidity curing

room.
All the specimens were in the curing room for 52
days.
The specimens were then taken from the curing room
and were kept in a 50% humidity environment for

order to prepare them for the test.
of
the test specimens.
days in
Table 5.0 shows details
Cylinders corresponding to each
specimen were taken out at the same time as the specimen.
INSTRUMENTATION AND APPARATUS
The location of the strain gages used to measure the
strain can be seen in Fig. 4.1.

4.1,
is applied by a 300,000 lb,
18
The major load P^, Figure
load-controlled testing
machine through a system of bearing plates and rollers.
The
minor load P is applied by a hydraulic jack through a steel

shown
frame
in
Appendix II-c.
calibrated prior to the test,
A pressure
gage
system,
was used to control the load.
TEST PROCEDURE
Tables 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 give the average compressive
stress for the 3x6in cylinders corresponding to the
test
specimens.
strain
gages were mounted
on
and strain was recorded as a function of load
cylinders
corresponding
determine
some
up
Cylinders were tested on the same day that the
to failure.
tables
Two
structural
element was tested
strength of the mix.
the
and 5.6 corresponding to beam
5.5
in
The data are

I,
5.7
order
to
in
the
and
5.8
corresponding to beam II, 5.9 and 5.10 corresponding to beam

III,
5.11 corresponding to beam IV.
and
sponding
to
structural elements
Cylinders corre-
and II and some
of
the
cylinders of structural element III were tested on a machine

which was not functioning properly.
the
mix
corresponding
Hence,
the strength of
to specimen IV (f' = 11100
psi
or
specimens in computing
the
The test specimen was loaded in such a manner that
the
76.49 MPa) was used in all the
stress factors.
neutral
axis always coincided with the outside face of the
specimen.
Figure 4.1.
The
location
of the neutral axis is
After each increment of major thrust

19
shown
P.,
in
the
corresponding
across
increment
was such that the
strain
average
neutral surface was approximately
the
This
zero.
monitored by connecting the strain gages on the neutral
was
potential.
face to a wheatstone bridge and maintaining zero
and
strain at each level were recorded
and
load
The
procedure repeated up to failure.
the
surface
The zero strain
represents the neutral axis of the specimen and the opposite

side of the cross section represents the extreme compressive
surface.
The recorded data for specimens

5.13,
are shown in 5.12,
I,
II,
III,
and IV
The
5.14, and 5.15 respectively.
strain at each level is given as a function of load
average
and is in Tables 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, and 5.19 corresponding to

the
specimens.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS

The
average
Tables 5.6,
I,
II,
III,
5.7,
values of cylinder stress-strain data
and IV are plotted in Figures 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and
5.4 respectively.
strain
curve
The
I,
Using the corresponding cylinder stress-
and the strain values for
(indicated in Tables
values
the
flexure
5.16, 5.17, 5.18, and 5.19)
at each loading level could be directly
tively.
III,
test
the stress
determined.
variation of strain along the depth is shown for

II,
of
5.10, and 5.11 corresponding to Specimens
beams
and IV in Figures 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, and 5.8 respec-
The shape of the stress block for beams
20
I,
II,
III,
and IV are shown in Figures 5.9,
5.10,
5.11,
and 5.12
The average values of flexural strain at the
respectively.
inner face (maximum compression) are plotted against load in
Figures 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, and 5.16 for beams
I,
II,
III, and
IV respectively.
To determine the ultimate strength factors, k^k^ and
the equilibrium concept is used.
and
k^k^r
bcf c
bcf
a-,
+ P, a,
^\
P 2 )c
Pi
*'
can be determined.
p l + p2
C
1
By equilibrium of forces and moment from
Appendix Il-b.
Figure 5.21,
The details are shown in
<
The values of
k n k-,,
and
k,
2
-r.
5 -2
>
can be measured directly
The individual value of the coef-
from zero up to failure.
ficient kg is the ratio of maximum compressive stress in the
beam
(i.e.,
max flexural
average cylinder strength
shape factor,
of
k^^
and
f,!,.
test)
to
the
corresponding
To calculate k^, which is the
are to be evaluated.
The values
ultimate strength factors are given in Tables 5.20, 5.21,
5.22, and 5.23 for beams
strength factor
I,
II,
III, and IV.
The ultimate
indicates the position of the resultant
reaction force which is produced by concrete.
21
Figures 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, and 5.20 show the values of

and ^2
^1^2
computed by equations
function of strain
II,
III, and IV.
c at
and
as
the compression face for Beams
I,
The term
(5.1)
(5.2)
indicates the position of the
resultant force in the concrete from the outer fiber of the

beam.
Figure 5.18 shows that the position of the resultant
force is 0.32 at lower loads and 0.36 at ultimate condition.

In beam II, k 2 changes from 0.32 at lower loads to 0.36 at
ultimate (Figure 5.19).
From Figure 5.19, 5.20, and 5.21,
one can see that k 2 changes from 0.31 to 0.35.
This indi-
cates that the stress block is more triangular than rectan-
gular or parabolic, but it tends to become closer to para-
bolic towards the ultimate.

beams had
Beam
unlike the other three
changing from 0.37 to 0.43 which indicates the
stress block appears to be close to a rectangular shape.

The curve pattern for beam
looks exactly like the
curves
for the other three specimens but it seems to be shifted.

This may be due to some error in conducting the experiment.
The
f,!,
value corresponding to
the beam IV cylinder was
used in calculating k3 for all the four specimens as the

cylinders corresponding to the other beams were tested in a
defective machine.
The outer fiber stress is calculated
using equations 4.1 and
4.2
for
all the specimens.
results are given in the Tables 5.24,

5.28,
5.29,
5.30,
5.25,
5.26,
and 5.31 corresponding to beams
22
The
5.27,
I,
II,
Ill,
A computer program was used to find the dif-
and IV.
flexural stresses using both the methods

4.1,
4.2,
give
Tables 5.28, 5.29, 5.30, and 5.31
ferential parts.
i.e.,
Equations
and the cylinder stress- strain curve, for compari-
son purpose for beams
II,
I,
III, and IV.
Figures 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, and 5.25 show the values of

f
(Equation 4.3) as a function of strain
at the compres-
sion face for the four beams respectively.
function of strain
beams respectively.
from Equation
(4.1)
Figures 5.26,
values of m Q (Equation
5.27, 5.28, and 5.29 show the
4.4) as
at the compression for the four
Figures 5.30 and 5.32 give
and Equation
(4.2)
average
strain for beam
vs.
II and beam IV respectively.
Comparing the area of the ACI stress block

the area of the parabolic,
0.85
fÔ-^Jb
k-^f^bc
=
k k
l
?1
.
The values of
for beams
I,
fly,
so
with
or
85
calculated are 0.88,
II, III and IV
(17),
stress block, we have
0.8, 0.8, and 0.72
respectively.
This is higher
than the ACI recommended value of 0.6 5.

The modulus of elasticity corresponding to cylinders of
Beam III and Beam IV were 6.71

6.67 x 10
10 6 psi
psi (0.459 GPa) respectively.
(0.462 GPa) and
This was found to
be nearly equal to the modulus of elasticity calculated from
23
American
6.36
Concrete
10
corresponding to
formula
Institute
psi
(0.438 GPa).
The
(17),
which
Poisson's
was
ratio
cylinder from Beam II was found to be
0.23.
STRAIN BEHAVIOR
The maximum recorded strains corresponding to Specimens
I,
II,
0.002 80
III,
in/in.
and IV are 0.00330 in/in., 0.00303 in/in,

00021
in/in.
Maximum recorded
respectively.
cylinder strains at stress near ultimate corresponding to
Specimens
in/in.,
I,
II,
III,
0.002116 in/in.
and IV are 0.0021 in/in.,
and 0.00203
0.00243
respectively.
in/in.
The cylinders had maximum recorded strain values less than

0.003 in/in.
Two of the beams had maximum recorded strain
values greater than 0.003
and
two of
them had maximum
recorded strain values less than 0.003 in/in.
more conservative value of 0.0025 in/in.

Reference
[11]
(12)
Therefore,
is recommended.
has also suggested a similar value.
Nikaeen
has suggested a very conservative value of 0.002 in/in.
24
CH A PTE R
SDMMARY
MD
5.
CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY
shaped
"dogbone"
Four
[7]
beams of
strength
higher
concrete were tested to investigate their structural bending

The beams were loaded such that zero strain was
properties.
maintained
concrete of 11000 psi (76 Mpa)

ders
A number of 3"x
to each beam were tested in
corresponding
6"
concentric
the shape of the stress block of failure for
strength concrete.
of
cylin-
The main objective of this experiment was
compression.
study
The beams were made out
at the outer face.
to
higher-
The following conclusions were made from
the test results.
CONCLDSIONS
1.
Higher-strength concrete has a brittle mode of

failure is sudden without any formation of
and
failure.
before
stone
and
normal
failure
cracks
The failure line passes through
not through the interface of mortar
the
as
in
[This was also observed by
strength concrete.
other investigators (12, 11)].

2.
The values of k, near the ultimate condition for

II,
III,
and IV were 0.36, 0.36 and 0.35.
25
beams
These values
are very close to 0.375 the value for

stress distribution.
parabolic
Thus higher strength mixes appear
to have a parabolic stress distribution of failure in
bending.
3.
Strain-behavior
in higher
strength
concrete
is
different from normal strength concrete and is observed

to be less than the ACI proposed
value of 0.003 in/in.
A more conservative value of 0.0025 in/in. is recom-
mended.
4.
The modulus of elasticity may be estimated by the ACI
formula
5.
(17)
The value of
(Eq.
Pi
10).
strength concrete is greater
in higher
than the ACI recommended value of 0.65.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

For higher-strength concrete to be effectively used in
the future, intensive research should be conducted.
Higher-
strength concretes of ranges 11,000 psi to 15000 psi (75.8
MPa to 103.4 MPa)
should be tested to determine the
structural behavior in bending.
Also, experiments should be
done on a larger scale i.e., more beams should be tested to

get
consistent results and some definite code
should be developed.
26
requirements
APPENDIX J
references'
1.
Alexander,
K. M. ,
"Factors controlling the Strength and
the Shrinkage of Concrete," Construction Review
Vol. 33,
No. 11, Nov. 1960, pp. 19-29.
2.
Blick,
Ronald L. ,
"Some Factors Influencing High
Concrete," Kederji Concrete April 1973.
3.
Bloem,
and Gaynor,
R.D.
"Effect of Aggregates
Properties on Strength of Concrete," American Concrete
Institute Journal
Vol. 60, No. 10, October 1963, pp. 14291455.
4.
Burgess,
A. J.,
Ryell,
J., and Bunting, J., "High-Strength
Concrete
for
the Willows Bridge,"
American
Concrete
Institute Journal Vol. 67, No. 8, August 1970, p. 611.
5.
Carrasquillo,
Ramon L. , Nilson, A.H. , and Slate, Floyd 0.,
"The
Production of High-Strength Concrete," Research Report
No.
7 8-1
Department of Structural Engineering,
Cornell
University, Ithaca, May 1978, p. 2.
6.
Freeman,
Sidney,
"High-Strength Concrete," Publication No.
15176,
Portland Cement Association,
1971
(Reprint from
aoiiin Concrete . 1970-71) , p. 19.
Strength
D.L.
7.
Hognestad,
Eivind,
Hanson,
N.W.
and McHenry,
Douglas,
"Concrete Stress Distribution in Ultimate Strength Design,"
Dec. 1955, Vol.
Journal .Of ihs American Concrete Institute
27, No. 4, pp. 455-47 9.
,
8.
Kaplan, M.F. , "Flexural and Compressive Strength of Concrete

as Affected by the Properties of Coarse Aggregate," American
Vol.
Concrete Institute Journal
May 1959,
55,
pp. 11931208.
9.
Leslie,
Keith E. ,
Rajagopalan, K. S. , and Everard, Noel J.,
"Flexural Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Beams," AI
Journal Vol. 73, No. 9, September 1976, pp. 517-521.
10.
Mather,
Katherine,
"High-Strength Concrete,
High Density
Concrete," (ACI Summary Paper),
American Concrete Institute
Journal
Proceedings, Vol. 62, No. 8, August 1965, pp. 951962.
27
11.
Nikaeen,
Ali,
"The Production and Structural Behavior
High-Strength Concrete." A Master's Thesis
Department
Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, 1982.
.
12.
13.
of
of
Nilson,
Arthur H.
and
State,
Floyd 0.,
"Structural
Properties of Very High-Strength Concrete," Second Progress
R e PP ft 113^. 76-Q8752, Department of Structural Engineering,
Ithaca, New York, January 1975.
Perenchio,
W. P. ,
"An Evaluation of Some of
the Factors
Involved in Producing Very High-Strength Concrete, " Bulletin
RD014. Portland Cement Association, 1973.
JSfij.
14.
Saucier, Kenneth L.
"High- Strength Concrete, Past, Present,
Future,"
Concrete
International.
American
Concrete
Institute, Vol. 2, No. 6, June 1980, pp. 46-50.
15.
Smith,
E. E. ,
Tynees,
H.O. ,
and Sauciet,
K.L. ,
"High
Compressive Strength Concrete,
Development of Concrete
Mixtures, " Technical Documentary Report No^. XDS 63-3114
D.S.
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg
Mississippi, February 1964, p. 44.
16.
Wang,
Pao-Tsan,
Shah,
"High-Strength
Concrete
Journa l Qi ihS Structural
1761-1773.
Surendra P., Naaman,

Antoine E.
in Ultimate Strength
Design,
Division
ASCE,
No.
197 8,
pp.
.
17.
"Building Code Requirement for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 31883)," American Concrete Institute, 1983.
18.
"Cement; Lime;
Ceilings and Walls (including
cement testing)",
Annual Book of ASTM Standard
1976.
19.
"Concrete
and Mineral Aggregates
(including
Concrete Testing) ," Annual Book of. ASTM Standard
1974.
manual
of
Part 13,
Manual of
part 14,
20.
"High-Strength Concrete," First Edition,

Manual q Concrete
Mater ials- Aggregates
National
Crushed Stone Association,
January 1975, p. 16.
21.
"High-Strength Concrete
lasJs
Force Report No^.
Buildings, Feb. 5, 1977.
22.
in Chicago High-Rise Buildings,"

Chicago Committee on High-Rise
5_,
"High Strength Concrete-Crushed Stone Makes the Difference,"

Third Draft,
Presented at the January 1975 National Crushed
28
Stone Association Convention in Florida,
November 1974,
p.
31.
23.
York Gets Its First High-Strength

Engineering News- Records. Vol.
201,
No.
24.
"State-of-the-Art
Report
on
Reported by ACI Committee 363,
July- August 1 9 84
"New
197 8, p. 22.
Concrete Tower,"
18,
November 2,
High-Strength
Ad
jlojirjial,
Vol.
Concrete,"
81,
No.
4,
25.
Tentative Interim Report on High-Strength Concrete, American

Concrete Institute Journal
Proceedings,
Vol.
No. 9,
64,
September 1967, pp. 556-557.
.
29
APPENDIX II
a.
MIX
PROPORTIONS
(Based
on trial mix done
(ID)
Proportions used for
cu ft.
Quantity
Materials
Cement, Type
31.93 lb
Quartz ite
49.65 lb
Sand
60.88 lb
Water
8.28 lb
Super pi asticizers
1
lb.
340 ml.
.45 kg
30
by
Nikaeen
b.
Derivation of ultimate strength factors k.k,,
b
,
V%
V
L)bc
lc=,
c
(\
T=A
f
s
Figure a: Force Couple System
Without any assumptions we obtain the equilibrium

force and moment:
F
T = C
= 0,
x
1*3 -
M =
>
the
fj.
T(d
equation
C(d - k,c)
^21
Cc
(1.2)
same concept to the test specimen shown
5.21, we have C=
P,
in
+ p..
Substituting in Equation (1.1)
*ilc,
1*3
of
be
(1.1)
be
fj.
2 " c " Tc
Applying
we obtain
P
P2
l +
- bef
"
(1-3)
'
31
figure
where
f^ is
the cylinder compressive strength.
u " p l al + p2 a2
Substituting in Equation (1.2)

d
k
2
d = c for
* c
Pla
p2 2
l +
(P 1+ P )c
2
the test specimen
Therefore:
K
= 1 "
P 1&1 + P a
2 2
(Pl + p 2 c
)
32
c.
STEEL FRAME
The minor load P2 is applied by a hydraulic Jack through

a steel
frame shown below (Adapted from Ref. 11).
CUT SECTION
_BEAM
-ROLLER
^xCw^
JT
MOVABLE PLATE
.RAM
33
in = 25.4 mm
d_Computer
Program For Calculating
cmo
-rr-,
Q C
-df o , f_,
u C
m~ and f,*
10
INPUT -NO. OF DP.TB POINTS N"?-)N
20 DIM X (N) YIN) ,fl(31 DYIN1, Z (N)
N2 m N - 2
4a dim Bi:,3),aB(3,;i,sf(3)
1
TO N
so FOR I
Sa
PRINT"DP.TO POINT NO. " 1
70
INPUT"X(I)?-|X<I)
SO
INPUT-Y(II-?")Y(II
30
INPUT"Z(I)-?"|ZU>
100
lie
12
IS*
ite
ise
ise
178
ise
190
2ee
NEXT
340
330
FOB T-l TO 2
FOR I - 3 TO N2
FOR J 1 TO 3
b<j,
)-
- I - 3 J
B(J,2> - XIIJ) .- X(I)
B<J,3> " 9<J,2)-2
next j
FOR J
FOR K -
TO 3
1
TO 3
BS(J, k> e
2i
220
230
2*0
250
260
270
280
290
200
310
320
330
FOR L 1 TO S
SB(J.K) - BB(J,K)
- 3(L,J1- B(L.K)
NEXT L.K.J
FOR J -
TO 3
- e
TO S
IK - I - 3 * K
IF T-2 THEN Y(I)-Z<I>
IF T-2 THEN Y(IK>-Z(IK1
BF(J) BFCJ) B<K,J)
1
BF<J>
FOR K
NEXT
Y(IK)
K, J
- 3B(l.l) (BBI2.2) 3B(3,3) - 9B<. 21 BB (3, 2)

- 56(1,21 96(2, 11 *
BB(3, 31
- D BBC1.21 BB(2,31 BB(3, 1) - BB<1,3: (BB(3,2) BB (2. 11 - BB(2,2)
BB(3. 1)
- BF 1 UMBB (2, 1 BB (3, 2) E - BB(l.l) <BF(2)BB(3, 3) - BB (2. 3> BF (3)
3B(2. 3) 3B(3, 11
E - E 3BC1.31 (BB(2, 11 3F(31 - 3FI21 3B(3, 111
C(21 - E/D
- BB(l.l) (BB(2. 21 BF<3) - BF<21 SB(3,21) - BB(1,21 * (BB(. 11
BF(3) - BF(2)
BB<3, 111
E - 3F(11 CBS (2. 11 3BI2.21 - 3B(2, 21 38(3, 11!
I
CI31 - E/D
>
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
430
460
470
4aO
490
300
IF
IF
- 3 THEN 4SO
- N2 THEN 310
DY(I)
-0(2)
SOTO 360
DY(I - 21 - C(2) 2 C<3) (X<1) - X (31
LPRINT"DY/DX (11-" ;DY(11
0Y(21 - C(21 2 CC31 (X(21 - X(3)l
LPRINT "OY/DX (21-" ?DY(2)
DY(I) . C(21
GOTO 360
34
3ia
32a
33a
3*a
330
36a
373
38a
39a
saa
Sia
62a
53a
64a
63a
Sea
673
saa
esa
OYU)
C<2)
DY(I
l) - C<2) * a C<3> * <X(I 1) - XII))
LPRINT "DY/DXCjI * lt")-"|DY<I + 1)
OY<I 2) - C(2) 2 C(3) * <X(I * 2) - XI I))
LPRINT "DY/DXC'lI * 8) ")" lDY< I * 2)
LPRINT "OY/DX(' |I|")-")DY(I)
NEXT I
IF TO 1 THEN sia
LPRINT "STRAIN AT COMP FACE
Fa
GOTO 638
LPRINT "STRAIN AT COMP FACE
ITO
FOR M-l TO N
IF T-2 THEN Y<M>2Z<M>
,
FX <M)*OY<M)-fY(M)
IF T-2 THEN Y<M)-Z(KI)
LPRINT TABC3) X <K1> TAB(23)
YCM)
TAB(4a)
NEXT Kl
next t
END
35
DY(M)
DF/0
OM/0
TAB(Sa)
e.
Calibration of the minor load P

2
Pressure (Psi)
1
1
Load (lb)
75
500
150
1000
235
1500
315
2000
395
2500
475
3000
550
3500
625
4000
700
4500
750
4850
800
5200
psi =6.89 kPa

lb = 4.45 N
36
APPENDIX III
TABLES
AND
FIGURES
37
9
JJ
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10
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38
Table 5.1
Cylinder Data Corresponding to Beam I*

No.
3x6
of
Cylinders
'
Load
in.
Area in
lb.
Stress
psi
7.07
55,000
7.07
56,500
7991
7.07
55,000
7779
7.07
53,500
7567
7.07
50,000
7072
7.07
53,500
7567
SZ
t^ -
average =
in = 25.4
4*P
7779
= 7626 psi
nun
lb = 4.45 N
psi
while testing these cylinders,

the machine was not
functioning properly and hence the strength indicated
is not the true strength of the mix.
=6.89 KPa
39
Table 5.2
Cylinder Data Corresponding to Beam II*

No.
3x6
Of
Cylinders
f
1
'
Load
in.
Area in
lb.
Stress
psi
7.07
63,000
8911
7.07
69,000
97 60
7.07
65,000
9194
7.07
64,000
9052
7.07
66,000
9335
7.07
64,000
9052
Average
Z*f
= 9220 psi
in = 25.4 mm
lb = 4.45 N
psi = 6.89 kPa

the machine was not
40
Table 5.3
Cylinder Data Corresponding to Beam III*

No.
3x6
of
Area in
lb.
Stress
psi
7.07
76,000
10,750
7.07
68,500
9,6 89
7.07
68,500
9,6 89
7.07
68,000
9,618
7.07
67,000
9,477
7.07
75,000
10,622
7.07
67,500
9,547
f
1
Load
in
.
Cylin ders
in
Avei age =
c
'
25.
71 f c
7
69592
"
= 9920 psi
mm
lb = 4.45 N
psi = 6.89 kPa

the machine was not
41
Table 5.4
Cylinder Data Corresponding to Beam IV

No.
3x6
Of
Cylinders
'
lb.
Stress
psi
7.07
78,000
11,033
10,184
7.07
72,000
7.07
80,000
11,315
7.07
82,000
11,598
7.07
80,000
11,315
7.07
78,600
10,750
7.07
81,800
11,570
Load
in
Area in
Aw, =>r ^n<a
c m 777CC
= 111
in = 25.4 mm
lb = 4.45 N
psi
=6.89
kPa
42
r..'
Table 5.5
Stress-Strain Relationship for Cylinder #1
Corresponding to Beam
Load
Stress
(psi)
(Lb)
Strain
Reading in
Gage #1
Strain
Reading in
Gage #2
(m)
(m)
Average
(m)
5,000
707
32
- 216
10,000
1420
57
420
- 23 9
15,000
2120
- 117
615
- 366
- 124
20,000
2 830
- 220
- 7 93
- 506
25,000
3540
- 360
- 965
- 662
30,000
42 40
- 52 4
-1140
35,000
4950
- 707
-1330
-1019
40,000
5660
- 937
-1560
-1248
45,000
6370
-1190
-1820
-1500
7070
- 240
- 276
- 258
50,000
lb =
psi = 5.89 kPa
.45N
43
831
.
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33
44
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Table 5.7
Stress-Strain Relationship For Cylinder #2

Corresponding to Beam II
Load
Stress
(Lb)
(psi)
Strain
Reading
in Long
Gage #1
(ue)
Average
Strain
Reading
of
Longitudinal
in
Transverse
Strain
Readings
Gage #1
Strain
Reading
in Long
Gage #2
(ue)
(ue)
(|ie)
Strain
Reading
in
Transverse
Gage #2
Poisson's
Ratio
(ue)
37
- 280
- 158
30
19
.155
56
- 290
- 173
18
28
.133
2120
- 102
- 368
- 234
48
43
.194
20,000
2830
140
- 570
- 355
82
55
.193
25,000
3540
- 184
- 785
- 485
125
70
.201
30,000
4240
- 255
- 938
- 596
161
81
.203
36,200
5120
- 344
-1080
- 713
200
97
.208
40,000
5660
- 474
-1258
- 866
250
117
.212
43,000
6080
- 570
-1370
- 972
288
134
.217
46,000
6510
- 645
-1460
-1050
317
145
.220
49,000
6930
- 717
-1540
-1130
346
158
.223
52,000
7360
- 805
-1640
-1220
381
177
.229
55,000
7780
- 901
-1750
-1330
415
196
.230
58.000
8210
- 996
-1860
-1430
449
218
.233
61,000
8630
-1110
-2000
-1560
496
244
.237
63,000
8910
-1240
-2160
-1700
559
271
.244
64,000
9050
-1422
-2440
-1930
627
284
.236
1 lb =
4.45N
5,000
707
10,000
1420
15,000
psi = 6.89 kPa
45
Table 5.8

Corresponding to Beam II
Load
Stress
(Lb)
(psi)
Strain
Reading in
Gage #1
Strain
Reading in
Gage #2
(lie)
(at)
Average
(us)
- 508
5,000
707
- 110
- 253
- 121
10,000
1420
- 219
- 253
- 236
15,000
2120
- 315
- 402
- 358
20,000
2830
- 403
- 546
- 474
13
25,000
3540
- 516
- 689
- 602
30,000
4240
- 627
- 816
- 721
33,000
4670
- 707
- 904
- 806
36,000
5090
- 784
- 988
- 886
-.970
39,000
5520
- 865
-1080
42,000
5940
- 945
-1160
-1054
45,000
6370
-1020
-1240
-1130
48,000
6790
-1110
-1347
-1230
51,000
7210
-1200
-1450
-1325
54,000
7640
-1290
-1550
-1424
57,000
8060
-1390
-1670
-1530
60,000
8630
-1490
-1797
-1645
62,000
8770
-1576
-1930
-1750
64,000
9050
-1670
-2060
-1870
9340
-1770
-2080
-1930
66,000
lb = 4 .45
psi = S.89 kPa
46
Table 5.9

Corresponding To Beam III
Load
Stress
(Lb)
(psi)
Strain
Reading in
Gage #1
Strain
Reading in
Gage #2
(lie)
(lie)
2,000
280
54
Average
(|18)
45
50
- 115
5,000
707
- 115
- 116
10,000
1420
- 239
- 224
- 231
15,000
2120
- 359
- 356
- 357
20,000
2830
- 463
- 484
- 474
25.000
3540
- 570
- 623
- 597
30.000
4240
- 673
- 753
- 713
33.000
4670
- 738
- 830
- 784
36,000
5090
- 810
- 916
- 863
39,000
5520
- 879
- 999
- 939
42,000
5940
- 950
-1080
-1020
45,000
6370
-1023
-1165
-1090
48,000
6790
-1110
-1260
-1180
51,000
7210
-1200
-1360
-1280
54,000
7640
-1290
-1460
-1380
57,000
8060
-1390
-1571
-1480
60,000
8490
-1510
-1700
-1600
63,000
8910
-1650
-1830
-1740
66,000
9340
-1840
-2010
-1930
67.500
9550
-2090
-2150
-2120
lb - 4.45
1 psi =
6.89 kPa
47
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oo
Table 5.11
Stress-Strain Relation for Cylinder #1
Corresponding to Beam IV
Load
Stress
(lb)
(psi)
Strain
Reading in
Gage #1
Strain
Reading in
Gage #2
(lis)
(ue)
Average
(lie)
5,000
707
36
- 161
10,000
1410
- 161
- 238
- 200
15,000
2120
- 284
- 313
- 298
20,000
2830
- 401
- 432
- 417
27,000
3820
- 517
- 603
- 560
30,000
4240
- 655
- 609
- 632
35,000
4950
- 740
- 698
- 719
39,000
5520
- 811
- 881
- 846
43.000
6080
- 868
- 960
- 914
46,000
6510
- 941
-1051
- 969
49,000
6932
-1010
-1120
-1050
52,000
7360
-1140
-1120
-1130
55,000
7780
-1290
-1190
-1240
58,000
8210
-1350
-1260
-1310
61,000
8630
-1430
-1340
-1390
64,000
9050
-1500
-1460
-1480
67,000
9480
-1600
-1570
-1580
71,000
10000
-1620
-1720
-1670
75,000
10600
-1880
-1880
-1880
78,200
11100
-1960
-2010
-1990
81,000
11500
-2010
-2190
-2100
psi = 6.89 kPa
50
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Table 5.28:
Beam
Load and Stress Data for Flexural Test of

I
Using Eq. 4.1 and Eq. 4.2 and
Cylinder Stress-Strain Curve
Maj or
Thrnst
(lb)
P,
Minor
Thrnst Pj
(lb)
Average
Strain at
Compression
(ue)
10,000
Eq.
Average of
(4.1) and (4.2)
(psi)
f
Using
c
Cylinder Stress
Strain Curve (psi)
64
528
458
183
- 118
683
840
550
- 247
- 1580
30,000
850
- 363
- 2430
- 2530
40,400
1180
- 488
- 3280
- 3370
50,400
1410
- 599
- 4030
- 4090
60,400
1720
- 726
- 4840
- 4900
10,000
20,500
- 1740
70,000
2020
- 845
- 5620
- 5630
80,000
2300
- 963
- 6350
- 6330
90 , 000
2590
-1080
- 7010
- 7010
100,000
2840
-1230
- 7680
- 7810
110,000
3180
-1370
- 8480
- 8560
120,000
3430
-1500
- 9220
- 9180
125,000
3530
-1570
- 9660
- 9490
130,000
3630
-1650
-10600
- 9870
135,000
3750
-1710
-11000
-10000
140,000
3820
-1750
-11300
-10200
145,000
3950
-1820
-11000
-10500
150,000
4070
-1910
-10500
-10800
155,000
4130
-2000
-10400
-11100
160,000
4230
-2100
- 9660
-11400
84
Table 5.28 Continued
Major
Thrust P,
(lb)
Minor
Thrust P,
(lb)
Average
Strain at
Compression
Eq.
(us)
Average of
(4.1) and (4.2)
(psi)
f
Using
c
Cylinder Stress
Strain Curve (psi)
162,000
4220
-2160
- 9750
-11500
162,700
4220
-2200
- 9660
-11700
165,000
4230
-2260
-10200
-11800
170,000
4280
-2370
-10900
-12000
175,100
4350
-2490
-11300
-12300
179,600
4350
-2610
-11400
-12400
185,000
4350
-2730
-11500
-12500
190,000
4330
-2880
-11300
-12500
205,000
3170
-3340
-10200
lib = 4.45 N
1
psi = 6.89
values of stress from this point on obtained from extrapolated curve.
kPa
85
Table 5.29:
Load and Stress Data for Flexural Test of Beam II
Using Eq. (4.1) and Eq. (4.2) and Cylinder Stress-Strain Cnrve
Major
Thrust P,
(11>)
Minor
Thrust Pj
Average
Strainat
Compression
(lb)
Eq.
((is)
Average of
(4.1) and (4.2)
(psi)
Using
Cylinder Stress
Strain Curve (psi)
- 129
600
- 240
- 1770
- 1690
30,000
670
- 301
- 2320
- 2100
40,500
1380
- 495
- 3240
- 3410
50,000
1900
- 631
- 4080
- 4300
60,100
2360
- 764
- 5060
- 5130
70,000
2670
- 885
- 5850
- 5870
9,500
19 , 800
894
915
80,000
2970
-1000
- 6600
- 6570
90,100
3330
-1140
- 7350
- 7350
100,000
3670
-1270
- 8010
- 8040
119,800
4320
-1560
- 9310
- 9410
129,500
4570
-1720
- 9880
-10100
139,500
4830
-1860
-10300
-10700
149,400
5050
-2040
-10700
-11300
154,500
5150
-2150
-10900
-11600
159,500
5170
-2250
-10900
-11800
164,500
5220
-2350
-11200
-12000
169,400
5230
-2480
-11200
-12200
175,000
5320
-2610
-11100
-12400
180,000
5320
-2740
-10800
-12500
185,000
5320
-3070
- 9580
-12500
lib = 4.45 N
*
psi -
6.
Failure at 195,000 lb
89 kPa
86
Table 5.30:
Load and Stress Data for Flexnral Test of Beam III
Using Eq. (4.1) and Eq. (4.2) and Cylinder Stress-Strain Cnrve
Aye rage
Strainat
Compression
Minor
Major
Thrnst P,
Thrnst P<
Eq.
(us)
(lb)
(lb)
Average of
(4.1) and (4.2)
(psi)
fusing
Cylinder Stress
Strain Carve (psi)
57
490
400
- 149
785
- 1060
20,000
800
- 273
- 1650
- 1920
30,000
1150
- 389
- 2550
- 2700
39.000
1500
- 513
- 3320
- 3530
50,000
1875
- 650
- 4210
- 4420
60,000
2220
- 776
- 5050
- 1680
70,000
2500
- 895
- 5800
- 1940
80,400
2875
-1030
- 6560
- 6740
90,000
3200
-1160
- 7210
- 7450
100,000
3580
-1310
- 7970
- 8240
110,000
3920
-1460
- 8620
- 8980
120,000
4166
-1600
- 9290
- 9590
130,000
4170
-1750
- 9800
-10200
140,000
4733
-1930
-10400
-10900
150,500
5000
-2130
-10800
-11500
160,000
5270
-2320
-11000
-12000
165,000
5280
-2430
-11500
-12200
170,000
5330
-2570
-11600
-12300
175,000
5350
-2690
-11600
-12500
185,000
5270
-2810
-11800
-12500
10,000
10,000
lib = 4 45 N
*
valnei
psi
408
Failure at 195, 000 lb
6.89 kPa
of stress from this point on obtained from extr apolated cnrve.
87
Table 5.31:
Load and Stress Data for Flexure Test of Beam IV
Using Eq. (4.1) and Eq. (4.2) and Cylinder Stress Strain Curve
Major
Thrust P,
(lb)
Average
Strainat
Compression
Minor
Thrust P,
(lb)
Eq.
(ue)
Average of
(4.1) and (4.2)
(psi)
Using
Cylinder Stress
Strain Curve (psi)
7,000
23
324
173
10,000
39
477
286
782
834
11,500
200
- 117
20,000
650
- 203
- 1480
- 1430
- 2290
30,000
1010
- 329
- 2360
40,000
1520
- 482
- 3193
- 3330
50,500
1860
- 613
- 3960
- 4180
60 , 100
2300
- 755
- 4790
- 5080
70,300
2890
- 934
- 5880
- 6160
80 , 000
3150
-1050
- 6580
- 6830
90,000
3370
-1160
- 7400
- 7450
100,00
3870
-1330
- 7960
- 8310
110,100
4120
-1470
- 8560
- 9030
120,000
4580
-1660
- 9450
- 9860
130,000
4820
-1800
-10100
-10400
140 000
,
5000
-1950
-10700
-11000
149,500
5220
-2120
-10900
-11500
159,000
5430
-2320
-11000
-12000
164,400
5330
-2420
-10900
-12100
lib - 4.45 N
*
ps
= 6.89 kPa
88
12,000
Type
11,000
en
a.
10,000
UJ
cr
K
w
tu
>
CO
S
E
a.
3
o
o
9.000
stone
admixture
8,000 -
3 1/2" slump
J_
28
AGE
Figure 2.1:
56
DAYS
Effect of Various Brands of Type I Cement

Concrete Compressive Strength (20)
or.
89
90
12,000
10,000
8,000l-
Age, days
Figure 2.2:
Effect of Various Cements on

Concrete Compressive Strength (2)
90
-^ ^^
S^
^^^
nr
z
u
ii
/fef
roA
9/
!
jP/o
V <*
K
^
Ik
'
1
-o
.5
e v
>EÛ
*?!-
'mi<D
5^=
yS^
{/
<
-V.I*
1/8/1/
a
M
600
cs
tn\m
*-i
c
a
o
c
o
a
J'i
E
o
isd
'q;5uej|s
3A!ss3jduioo
91
<
10
7,000 PSi
6,000 P
5,000
PSi
e
<r>
in
Q.
2,000
3,000
4,000
JO
PSi
PS'
4-
Slump
c
Cure
a>
c75
PS"
3.8
to
28 days
5.8
,
in.
moisl
el
Max. size aggregate,
Figure 2.4:
in.,
log scale
Maximum Size Aggregate for Strength

Efficiency Envelope (15)
92
9,000 -
<0
Q.
o
Z
UJ
8,000
cr
lcn
UJ
>
7.C00
en
<n
UJ
(X
Q.
O
a
823-Jb
CEMENT/ c-y
I00-* FLY ASH/c-y
6,000-
WATER REDUCER
5,000
Figure 2.5:
Compressive Strength of Concrete Using Two

Sizes and Types of Coarse Aggregate for
7,500 psi Concrete (1 )
93
11,000-
10,000
9,000
I-
o
hi
cr
H
CO
Hi
>
CO
CO
8,000-
7,000
Figure 2.6:
Compressive Strength of Kigh-Strength

Concrete Csing Three Sizes and Types
of Coarse Aggregate
Q4
1
1
s
i
1
I
LU
o
04
a>'
r-
("'.)
95
t)
dwms
96
in
in
en
UJ
z
o
o
.002 aoz .004 o

STRAIN -FLEXURAL TESTS
.001
(5BY8BY
Figure 4.2:
16-IN
PRISMS)
.001
.002
.003
.004
Concrete Scress-Strain Relations (.7)
97
.005
STRAIN -COMPRESSION TESTS

(6 BY I2-IN CYLINDERS)
/a
OIA-
WtR
ALL OIMEMSONS
IN
INCHES
23. 4
mm
"Igura 4.3:
aaiaiorcamanc Layout (11)
98
h-6/8'
>a
Cos 45*
WO. 3 BARS AT 3.3
SECTION
l"
A -A
(SEE
FIG.
4.2,4^
22.4mm
'
'
a - the lag siza of stirrup
Figure 4.4,
An Arbitrary Section A-A

Wt
Rebar Arrangement at Each Lag (11)
99
NO. 4 BAflS
3.3*
/
0.373
11
3.25*
,1/8 01A-
0.875"
0.373
3.23*
,_
0.373
"
3*
SECTION
B-8
(SSS PIS *. 2)
I
"igure 4-5:
"=23.4 mm
An Arbitrary Section of Coliarn Parr

With Rabar Arrangement (XI)
100
7000-
MAX STRESS 7567 PS I

(52 MPa)
Note:
200
Testing machine not functioning properly.

400
S00
300
1000
STRAIN IN
1
Psi - S.S9
1200
1400
ISOO
1800
2000
(MICRO IN/IN)
kPa
Figure 5.1:
Cylinder Compressive Stress-Strain

Carve for Beaa I, Data from Table 5.6
101
Note: Testing machine not functioning properly.

200
100
600
800
STRAIN
1 Psi
=6.89
Figure 5.2:
1000
IN
frtlCRH
200
1*00
1600
1600
2000
IN/TNI
IcPa

Curve for Beam II, Data from Table 5.7
102
000-
0000-
9000
aooo-
7000
s
T
R
E
sooo.
s
s
I
1AX STRESS. og
5000-
p S]
(73 MPa)
4000-
3000
2000-
1000'
200
,
00
600
800
STRAIN
.
IN
000
Figure 5.3:
1200
(MICRO
Psi 6.89 kBa
MOO
1600
,800
2000
IN/IN!

Curve for Beam III, Data from
Table
103
5.10
000'
0000'
3000-
rooo-4
5000-
S000
3000
200
400
600
900
STRAIN
Figure 5.4:
1000
IN
200
HOO
iSOO
1800
aooo
(MICRO IN/IN)

Curve for Beam IV,
Data from Table 5.11
104
soc
ooo
500
coao
2500
STRAIN (MICRO IN/IN]
1
1
in.
25.4 mm
Load in lb
lb = 4.45 N
Figure 5.5:
Location of Strain Gages vs. Strain for Beam
105
SOO
1000
1S00
STRyUNCMCRO
1
in. 25.4
lb = 4.45 N
Figure 5.6:
2000
2500
30C
IN. /IN.)
Load in lb
nun
Location of Strain Gages vs. Strain for Beam II
106
iooo
isoo
S'SAIN (MICRO
in.
25 .4 mm
1 lb - 4.45
Figure 5.7:
jooo
2SO0
\H. 'JM.'
Load in lb
Location of Strain Gages vs. Strain for Beam
107
in
30000
so; oo
I
30000
20000
1-19300
900
200
600
2000
240
STRAIN (MICRO IN. /IN.
in. 25.4
lb = 4.45 N
Figure 5.8:
Load in lb
nun
Location of Strain Gages vs. Strain for Beam IV
10
3.0
2.5
SOO0
3000
s t ess(s:>
in = 25.4 mm, 1
lb = 4.45 N
Figure 5.9:
psi
6.89 kpa
Stress Block of Beam
109
Load in lb
s.o-4
i.5
4.0-
3.5
2000
4000
S000
8000
STRESS (PSD
in = 25.4 mm, 1 psi
lb = 4.45
=6.89
kpa
Load in lb
Figure 5.10: Stress Block of Beam II
110
2000
*000
6000
STRESS 'PS
in = 25.4 mm, 1 psi
lb = 4.45 N
Figure 5.11:
8000
Load in lb
Stress Block of Beam III
111
2000
I!
=6.89 kpa
2000
4000
S000
8000
0000
2000
STRESS (PSD
1
1
in = 25.4 mm,
si = 6.89 kpa
Load in lb
lb = 4.45 N
Figure 5.12:
Stress Block of Beam IV
112
320000
200000-
30000
J00
1000
AW
1 lb - 4.45
Figure 5.13:
IJOO
STRAIN IN SASCS
2000
UmCM
20O
3000
3J00
IN. /IN.)
Axial Load vs. strain for gaces

for Seam I
113
and
MO
1200
1S00
*VS STHAIM IN GAOSS
2000
2S00
3000
*<mCSO tM./W.I
1 lb - 4.45 H
Figure 5.14:
Axial Load vs. strain for gages

for Beam II
114
and
soo
*.VE
1000
soo
STSAIN [N SACES
2000
4(MCS0
asoo
joeo
IN. /I?).
1 lb - 4.45 N
Figure 5.15:
Axial load vs. strain for

for Beam Iir
115
gaces
'
and
(1*)
100
800
VE
1 lb
Figure 5.15:
1300
STRAIN IN SACSS 4*5
ISOO
MOW
2000
250
IN. /IN.)
4.45 H
Axial load vs. strain for gages

for Beam iv
116
and
l/3
OOO
Figure 5.17:
2000
500
STSAINIMICHO
2500
3000
IN. /IN.
Stress Factors k,
*
For Beam I
117
k_k. Vs.
J.
Concrete Strain
SCO
,00
>50O
2000
STSAImmcRO
Figure 5.18,
Stress Factors
For Beam II
2S00
3000
IK. 'IN.)
^^
118
vs.
Concrete Str am
500
,000
1500
2000
2500
3000
STRAIN tPIICRO IN./1N.)
Figure 5.19:
Stress Factors k,,

For Beam III
119
k^ltj
Vs. Concrete Strain
0.50-
v
V
0.00400
300
200
600
2400
STRAIN (MICRO IN./1M.)
Tlûre 5.20:
Figure 5.20:
Stress Factors k 2< k 1 k^
Stress Factors k_,

2'
For Beam IV
120
lt.lt
13
Vs.
Concrete Strain
3/8
l/3
STRAIN
b3
i
i
i
"*
I
25.4mm
Figure J. 21:
Condition ac Ulclmace Load in Test Specimen
121
iooo
3000
500
1000
Vlt STRAIN
iSOO
IN
2000
2500
3000
3S00
CAGES 44S!MICS0 IN. 'IN.'
psi = 6.89 kPa
Figure 5.22:
122
9000-f
rooo
5000
5000
3000-
2000-
500
1000
WE
1
psi
STHA1N
,500
IN
SAGES
2000
US (MICRO
2500
3000
iN.'IM.'
=6.89 kPa
Figure 5.23:
123
9000-1
7000
sooo-
5000
'00
1000
AVE STRAIN
,500
IN
2000
2500
300
SAGES 4*5 (MICRO iN.'lN.'
Psi = 6.89 kPa
Figure 5.24:
124
7000-
8500.
WOO
?ooo
4500
3500-
3000
2100
2000
;500-
500-
100
1 psi
90"
1200
;S00
2000
AVE STRAIN IN OAGES *4S (MICRO if).'!M.>
2100
=6.89 kPa
Pigure 5.25:
fo
125
WO
,000
AVE STRAIN
1
psi = 6.89 kPa
Figure 5.26:
,500
[H
2000
2500
J000
35
5A0ES 4301tCS0 iN.'t*.'
126
5000-
4S00-;
3500-
3000-
lpsi
3
1000
500
*VE STRAIN
Figure 5.27:
siq
;500
IN
=6.89 kPa
iOOO
2500
300;
GAGES **S(MICSO iN.'IN.'
127
2500
*VE STRAIN
psi
iN
GAGES
=6.89 kPa
Figure 5.28:
n^
* (MICRO
IN. 'IN.'
128
1Q0O-
won
2000-
,500'
500
900
100
200
600
2000
AVE STRAIN IN GAGES '45 (MICRO IN. MM."
psi = 6.89
Figure 5.29:
kPa
m Q vs concrete strain for Beam IV
129
3000-
2000-
a^.
000-
10000-
9000-
3000S
r
7000^
5000S
3000-
/
4000-
3000-
2000-
1000-
a-
500
1000
AVE STRAIN
psi 6.89
Figure 5.30:
1500
IN
200C
GAGES 445 (MICRO
23CO
III.
'IN.'
ka
Average f c from Bq (4.1) and (4.2) vs

strain for Beam II
130
800
WE
1
psi = 6.89
Figure 5.31:
STRAIN
1200
IN
i600
GAGES **SCMCS0
2000
2400
IN. 'IN.!
ka
Average f c from Eq (4.1)

strain for Beam IV
131
and (4.2) vs
APPENDIX IV
NOTATION
= strain.
= strain at compression face.
a = level
arm.
b = width of beam.
depth of beam.
c =
distance for outermost fiber to center of gravity
d=
of steel.
f
f
f
in concrete at different levels of loading.
c = stress
f' =
c
concrete cylinder strength.
cross-section stress parameters.
= estimated allowable strength in reinforcement.
h = height of beam.
kj,
IC3
ultimate strength factors (k,, k, are

shape factors and k, is the position of
concrete internal force from outermost
compresion fiber.
C = concrete internal force.
A s = area of reinforcement.
M
moment.
M u = ultimate moment.
Pj = axial load applied by testing machine
P2 =
(i.e., major thrust)
eccentric load applied by hydraulic ram system

(i.e., minor thrust).
T = force carried by reinforcement.

y = depth of stress block.
132
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The
author is greatly indebted to his major professor,
Staurt E.
study
Swartz,
Kansas
at
Dr.
for invaluable advice and guidance during his
State
University
and
carrying
out
this
investigation.
Sincere thanks are due to Dr.
Department of Civil Engineering,

for this project.
for
his
R.
Snell, Head of the
Sincere thanks are extended to Dr. Cecil Best
guidance.
Appreciation
committee member, Dr. Teddy

Special
Robert
for providing financial support
thanks
to Mr.
is
also
due
the
to
other
Hodges.
0.
Ali Nikaeen who helped me
in
this
project.
Special appreciation is expressed to Russell

Civil Engineering technician,
L.
Gillespie,
for his guidance and help in using
the facilities.
Special
thanks
also
to
Ms.
Christy
Schroller,
Processor of the Electrical and Computer Engineering

for typing this thesis.
133
Word
Department,
The Structural Behavior

of Higher Strength Concrete
by
Narayan Babu
B.E.
D.
Hireraagalur
Bangalore University, 1982
AN ABSTRACT OF A MASTER'S THESIS
submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Civil Engineering

KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Manhattan, Kansas
1985
ABSTRACT
An experimental
bending
properties
investigation into
plain
of
beams
of
the
structural
higher
strength
concrete was performed.
The
objective of this study was to obtain further
information on the shape of the compressive stress block at

failure for higher strength concrete beams.
Four "dogbone" shaped beams were cast with an unre-
inforced test region.
Loads were applied so that bending
was produced in the unreinforced test region and the neutral

axis maintained at the outer surface of the test region.
Experimental data were obtained up to the failure of

the test specimen and the
were 0.36, 0.36, and 0.35.
values of beams
II, III, and IV
These were very close to 0.375,
the k 2 value for a parabolic stress distribution.

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Structural Be Hav I 00 Hire

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The Structural Behavior

of Higher Strength Concrete

submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Department of Civil Engineering

Maximum Size and Graduation

Particle Shape and Surface Texture

Mineralogy and Formation

Aggregate- Paste Bond

- Literature Survey For Compressive Stress Block

Test Specimen and Method of Testing

Experimental Work and Results

Instrumentation and Apparatus

Results and Discussion of the Results

- Summary and Conclusions

Recommendations For Future Work

Calibration of Minor Load P2

Appendix III - Tables and Figures

Information about the test specimens

Cylinder data corresponding to Beam

Cylinder data corresponding to Beam II

Cylinder data corresponding to Beam III

Cylinder data corresponding to Beam IV

Stress-strain relation for cylinder #1,

Stress-strain relation for cylinder #2,

Stress-strain relation for cylinder #2

Stress-strain relation for cylinder #1

Stress-strain relation for cylinder #1

Stress-strain relation for cylinder #2

Stress-strain relation for cylinder #1

Load-Strain data for flexural test of Beam

Load-Strain data for flexural test of Beam II

Load-Strain data for flexural test of Beam III

Load-Strain data for flexural test of Beam IV

Load and average strain at each level for flexural

Load and average strain at each level for flexural

Load and average strain at each level for flexural

Load and average strain at each level for flexural

JLIST .QE TABLES (Continued)

Load and ultimate strength factors for Beam

Load and ultimate strength factors for Beam II

Load and ultimate strength factors for Beam III

Load and ultimate strength factors for Beam IV

Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam

Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam II

Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam III

Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam IV

Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam

Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam II

Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam III

Load and stress data for flexural test of Beam IV

Effect of various brands of type

Maximum size aggregate for strength

Compressive strength of concrete using two

Compressive strength of high-strength concrete

C-Shape structural element for flexure test.

Concrete stress-strain relations

An arbitrary section A-A with rebar arrangement

An arbitrary section of column part with rebar

Location of strain gages vs. strain for Beam

LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

Location of strain gages vs. strain for Beam II

of strain gages vs.

Location of strain gages vs. strain for Beam IV