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MECHANICS OF
SOLIDS
Pure Bending
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Pure Bending
Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Bending Deformations
Strain Due to Bending
Beam Section Properties
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Sample Problem 4.2
Bending of Members Made of Several
Materials
Example 4.03
4-2
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Suggested Problem
Chapter 4
4.4, 4.8, 4.9, 4.15, 4.18, 4.19, 4.22, 4.26, 4.31,
4.33, 4.3, 4.39, 4.42, 4.55, 4.65, 4.66, 4.100,
4.102, 4.104, 4.106, 4.102, 4.127, 4.129,
4.140, 4.145, 4.146, 4.148, 4.149.
4-3
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Pure Bending
4-4
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Other Loading Types
Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
4-5
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
4-6
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
4-7
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
4-8
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Strain Due to Bending
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L y
L L y y
x
m
L
c
or
y
c
x m
4-9
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Due to Bending
For a linearly elastic material,
y
c
x E x E m
y
m (stress varies linearly)
c
0 m y dA
c
M y x dA y m dA
c
I
M m y 2 dA m
c
c
m
Mc M
I
S
y
Substituti ng x m
c
x
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
My
I
4 - 10
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Beam Section Properties
The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
I
S
I section moment of inertia
I
S section modulus
c
4 - 11
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Properties of American Standard Shapes
4 - 12
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
4 - 13
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1 Mc
m m
c
Ec Ec I
M
EI
1
z x
4 - 14
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y
yA
A
I x I A d 2
Mc
I
M
EI
4 - 15
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2 y , mm
yA, mm3
1 20 90 1800
50
90 103
2 40 30 1200
20
24 103
3
A 3000
yA 114 10
3
yA 114 10
Y
38 mm
3000
A
1 bh3 A d 2
I x I A d 2 12
I 868103 mm 86810-9 m 4
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
4 - 16
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 4.2
Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
I
M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m
A
I
868109 mm 4
M cB
3 kN m 0.038 m
B
I
868109 mm 4
A 76.0 MPa
B 131.3 MPa
M
EI
3 kN m
20.95 103 m -1
47.7 m
4 - 17
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
4 - 18
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
4 - 19
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
Normal strain varies linearly.
x
E1 y
2 E2 x
E2 y
My
I
1 x
dF2
nE1 y dA E1 y n dA
E
n 2
E1
4 - 20
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section
Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n
1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT 0.4 in 1.933 0.75 in 0.4 in 2.25 in
5.063 in 4
Mc 40 kip in 1.5 in
11.85 ksi
4
I
5.063 in
b max m
s max n m 1.93311.85 ksi
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
4 - 23
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Concentrations
m K
Mc
I
4 - 24
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
x x centric x bending
Eccentric loading
FP
M Pd
P My
A I
4 - 25
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 4.07
SOLUTION:
Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment
4 - 26
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 4.07
Normal stress due to a
centric load
A c 2 0.25 in 2
0.1963in 2
P
160 lb
0
A 0.1963in 2
815 psi
I
.068103 in 4
8475psi
4 - 27
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 4.07
t 9260psi
c 7660psi
P My0
A
I
P I
3.068103 in 4
y0
815 psi
AM
105lb in
y0 0.0240in
4 - 28
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 4.8
The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.
SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent centric load and
bending moment.
Superpose the stress due to a centric
load and the stress due to bending.
From Sample Problem 2.4,
A 3 103 m 2
Y 0.038 m
I 868109 m 4
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Sample Problem 4.8
Determine an equivalent centric and bending loads.
d 0.038 0.010 0.028 m
P centric load
M Pd 0.028 P bending moment
A
I
3 103
868109
0.028 P 0.022 1559 P
P Mc
P
B A
A
I
3 103
868109
A
P 79.6 kN
P 77.0 kN
4 - 30
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Unsymmetric Bending
Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
Members remain symmetric and bend in
the plane of symmetry.
The neutral axis of the cross section
coincides with the axis of the couple
Will now consider situations in which the
bending couples do not act in a plane of
symmetry.
Cannot assume that the member will bend
in the plane of the couples.
In general, the neutral axis of the section will
not coincide with the axis of the couple.
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
4 - 31
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Unsymmetric Bending
0 Fx x dA m dA
y
c
or 0 y dA
y
m dA
z
c
I
or M m
I I z moment of inertia
c
y
c
or 0 yz dA I yz product of inertia
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
M z M cos
M y M sin
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
M cos y M sin y
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
Iz
Iy
y Iz
tan
z Iy
4 - 33
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 4.08
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z M cos
M y M sin
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
tan
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the
z Iy
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
4 - 34
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 4.08
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z 1600lb in cos 30 1386lb in
M y 1600lb in sin 30 800 lb in
1 1.5 in 3.5 in 3 5.359in 4
I z 12
1 3.5 in 1.5 in 3 0.9844in 4
I y 12
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB
M z y 1386lb in 1.75 in
452.6 psi
4
Iz
5.359in
M yz
Iy
max 1062psi
4 - 35
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Example 4.08
Determine the angle of the neutral axis.
Iz
5.359in 4
tan tan
tan 30
4
Iy
0.9844in
3.143
72.4o
4 - 36
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces.
The eccentric force is equivalent to the system
of a centric force and two couples.
P centric force
M y Pa
M z Pb
A
Iz
Iy
4 - 37
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
4 - 38
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
4 - 39
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
4 - 40